1

D,f.

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering AERO 4306

Final Examination
December 2005

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CARLETON

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FINAL
EXAMINATION
December 2005
DURATION: 3 HOURS
Department Name: Mechanical
Course Number: AERO 4306
Instructor(s) Daniel Feszty

No. of students: 48
& Aerospace

Engineering

Student MUST count the number of pages in this examination question paper before beginning to write. and report any
discrepancy immediately to a proctor. This question paper has 5 pages.
This examination

paper MAY be taken from the examination room.

Note: ANSWER ALL THREE (3) QUESTIONS.

1. (40%) A Bombardier Canadair CRJ 200 -LR (long range) aircraft is to be delivered to a
customer in South Korea. This aircraft is a twin-engine jetliner with capacity of 50 passengers and
maximum payload range of 2,885 km. However, the distance between the most western point in
Canada (Vancouver) and Seoul in South Korea is about 3 times longer: 8,180 km. Your task is to
evaluate whether this aircraft could be configured to fly over the Pacific from Vancouver to Seoul
or the longer route via Iceland, Northern Europe and Asia should be chosen, where stopovers are
possible.
The aircraft technical data are given below. For your calculations, assume that 250 kg of fuel is
burned during taxi, take-off and climb and that the distance covered during these mission
segments is 120 km. Also, you may assume that the fuel burned for descent, landing and taxi is
negligible, however, fuel worth of 45 min of flight must be maintained upon landing for safety
reasons. The distance covered during descent can be assumed to be 100 km.
CRJ 200-LR technical data:
Wing span:
Oswald efficiency:
Wing planform area:
Vertical tail planform area:
Horizontal tail planform area:
Fuselage wetted area:
(one) engine nacelle wetted area
Number of engines:

Engines

21.2 m
0.68
48.3 5m2
8.56 m2
7.38 m2

174.5m2
9.78 m2
2

General EJectric CF34-3B1

SFC ; 0.0714 kg/(N.hr) at cruise altitude

Cruise Mach number:

Cruise altitude:

0.74
41,OOOft

.~'

'D.'F.

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering AERO 4306

Final Examination
December 2005
Max. take-off weight:
23,134 kg
Max. landing weight:
21,319 kg
Operating empty weight:
13,835 kg
Max. fuel weight:
6,489 kg
Max. payload weight:
6,124 kg

Total baggage volume

Fuel density:
a)

Determine

the drag polar

13.93 m3

0.8 kg/L
relation

of the

cow=O.OO28.

aircraft

if its aerodynamic

cleanness

is

~"-

b)

Determine the ferry range of the aircraft. Is it long enough to fly from Vancouver to Seoul
over the Pacific?

c)

Let's assume the ferry range is not sufficient to fly over the Pacific, hence, you consider
installing auxiliary fuel tanks in the baggage compartment to extend the ferry range. What
would be the maximum possible volume of the auxiliary fuel tanks if the max. take-off
weight is not to be exceeded? Would this fit in into the baggage compartment?

d)

Calculate the "extended ferry range" of the aircraft, i.e. the ferry range with the auxiliary
fuel tanks full. Is this range now long enough to fly from Vancouver to Seoul?

e)

How long would the flight from Vancouver to Seoul take? You may assume the cruise
taking place at the cruise altitude at constant speed and no head-wind. Also. the time to
cover the climb and descent segments is 40 minutes in total.

.~

D-fMechanical & Aerospace Engineering AERO 4306

Final Examination
December 2005
2. (40%) The time to climb to a certain altitude was one of the most important performance
parameters in the Battle of Britain in WWII. British pilots on duty were usually waiting standby in
their aircraft on the ground so that when the enemy entered the airspace, they could intercept as
soon as possible. Every second mattered and so your task is to perform an accurate second-bysecond estimate of the time to climb to the ceiling altitude for a Supermarine Spitfire Mk1. The
aircraft technical parameters are the following:
Suoermarine Soitfire Mk1
Maximum take-off weight:
Wing span:
Wing area:
Wing ground clearance:
Wing planform shape:
Airfoil(s):

2,415 kg
~..
11.20 m
22.48 m2
1.54 m
elliptic
NACA 2213 (root)
NACA 2209.4 (tip)
Aircraft drag polar (landing gears and flaps retracted, out of ground-effect):
Co = 0.019 + 0.057 CL2
Aircraft lift curve slope:
dcJda = 4.62 rad-1
Aircraft zero lift AOA:
-2.3 deg
Aircraft max. lift coefficient (no flaps):
1.45
Aircraft AOA on the ground:
12 deg
2 deg
Aircraft AOA at the end of T -0 ground roll:
0.015
Drag increment due to extended landing gears:
0.0 (no flaps used for take-off)
Drag increment due to extended flaps (T -0 config).:
(one) Rolls-Royce Merlin MK2

Engine:
Maximum take-off power (sea-level):
Propeller efficiency:
Rolling friction coefficient (grass):

1,050hp
0.80

0.05

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1;\

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D.F
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering AERO 4306
Final Examination
December 2005
a)

Determine the rotational, lift-off and take-off safety speeds for this Spitfir~ according to
the FAR guidelines presented in the lectures.

b)

Estimate the total take-off distance and time of the aircraft via the detailed solution
method presented in the lectures. For your convenience the intermediate results after 8
seconds into the ground roll are given in the table below:

Ground Roll

Your task is to complete this table for the remaining of the ground roll as well as all the
other segments of the take-off until the FAR prescribed obstacle height of 50 ft is cleared.
You may assume that the thrust force exerted by the propeller during take-off remains
constant at 12,600 N. List all equations entering the cells below the table (with the
substituted values as well).

c) In the figure below, the velocity hodographs at two altitudes are shown for the Spitfire
Mk1. Estimate the maximum rate of climb and the corresponding
altitudes. (Note: Po = 1.225 kg/m3, P23000
= 0.590 kg/m3)
~

climb angles at both

--

Climb velocity hodograph for SupermarineSpitfire'-'<1

30
I-H=OIt

!-

~
oS
u
~

-H=23.0001t

20

.0
.~

'5
CII

10

-,

20

,-

-,

40

horizontal

r--

60

80

velocity component,

--,---

100

,---

120

140

vh_EAS [rn/s]

d)

Determine the absolute ceiling of the aircraft. You may assume that the maximum rate of
climb varies linearly with altitude. You get 5% bonus mark for an analytical solution.

e)

Determine the time to climb to the absolute ceiling of the aircraft. Again, 5% bonus mark
is award.e9 for an analytical solution.

f)

Finally, determine the time to intercept. i.e. the total time to reach the absolute ceiling
from the beginning of the take-off.