and
H. S. K. El-Goharey
Abstract.
Key words
Back to back converters, PMSG, WECS.
1. Introduction
During the last decades, Wind Energy Conversion System
(WECS) has grown dramatically. Variable-speed wind
turbines (VSWTs) attract considerable interest around the
world, which is one of the solutions with the highest
potential to reduce wind energy cost [1]. The VSWT
systems are usually based on doubly fed induction
generators (DFIGs) or permanent magnet synchronous
generators (PMSGs). Direct-drive PMSG raises great
interest because of its high efficiency and elimination of
the gearbox [2]. Many power electronic converters are
used to interface the PMSG with the grid. However, the
most commercial WECSs are based on back to back
voltage source converters [3].
This paper presents a detailed study of the dynamic
performance of the gearless WECS based on PMSG. The
interface system with the grid is based on back to back
dcVltg
1
wm
g5
g1n
3
g3n
5
g5n
Phb
0.001 [ohm]
B
B
Phc
0.001 [ohm]
C
C
0.001 [H]
Ian
B
0.001 [H]
Ibn
C
0.001 [H]
A
0.01
Vsa
B
Vsb
C
Icn
C
Vsc
0.001 [ohm]
ic
ic
P
A
Power
Q
B
ib
g4
6
g6
g2
g4n
6
g6n
A
P
Power
Q
B
ib
A
Pha
6000 [uF]
3 Phase
PM
Synchronous
M/C
ia
g3
Tm
wm
ia
g1
Tshaft
g2n
Pg
Fig. 1. Back to back converters for interfacing the PMSG with the grid.
i =
(2)
1
0.035
+ 0.08 1 + 3
(3)
A
B
Ctrl
0.0
F
Ia
d
dt
Lq Pm
i e
Ld
Ld ds
(5)
e v e P
Rs iqs
m pm
qs
Lq
Lq
e
vds
B
Ctrl
ibRef D
0.0
F
Ib
enable
Ctrl = 0
g3
enable
e
e
vds
, vqs
Stator direct and quadrature voltage components,
(6)
g6
e
e
ids
, iqs
Stator direct and quadrature current components,
Tm - Te = J dm /dt + Bm
Ctrl = 0
Ctrl
g1
enable
A
where,
enable
Ctrl = 0
Ctrl
0.0
Rs
L
d
=
Ld Pm
Lq
g4
e
ids
e
iqs
Ctrl = 0
0.0
Ctrl = 0
B
Ctrl
icRef D
F
Ic
0.0
g2
A enable
Ctrl = 0
B
Ctrl
g5
enable
3.
Vw
*
0.252
N/D
Iqref
D
TIME
Delta-T
1000.0
KA
wref
wm
wm
dt
IaRef
0.0
idref
iqref
Iqref
iaRef
Indirect
Rotor
FOC
IbRef
ibRef
*
-1
Igref
D
Q
0
Igref
0.0
F
dcVltg
(8)
P
1.3
Reference Capacitor Voltage
0.0
wm
A
B
C
ianRef
ibnRef
icnRef
Va
Vsa
Vb
Vsb
PLL
theta
theta
Vc
Vsc
IcRef
icRef
P
3.5
D
rated speed
3.5
rated speed
Max
d/dt
BetaRef
wm
4. Simulation Results
Fig. 6 explores the dynamic behavior of the proposed
direct-drive wind turbine system. The wind velocity is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
P1
P2
(g)
(h)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Fig. 10: Dynamic performance of the gearless wind turbine
system at high wind velocities.
5. Conclusion
P3
P2
Fig. 11: Trajectory of turbine power and speed when the wind
velocity is changed from 15 m/s (P2) to 15.2 m/s (P3).
The paper presents a detailed model for gearless variablespeed WECS based on PMSG. This model is simulated
on PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The dynamic
performance of the machine-side converter, the grid-side
converter, and the pitch-angle controllers are
investigated. The trajectories of the turbine power and
speed illustrate the action of the MPPT controller of the
machine-side converter. The operating point is moved
along the turbine power-speed characteristics and is
tracked by the machine-side converter until the point of
maximum power is achieved. The results demonstrate the
coordination between the controllers of the machine-side
converter and the pitch-angle. The machine-side
converter takes over controlling the generator speed as
long as the q-axis reference current is less than its limit.
The pitch-angle controller takes the action of regulating
the turbine/generator speed as the current of the machineside converter reaches its limit value. The presented
model can be used for investigating the dynamic
interactions between variable-speed WECS and the grid.
Acknowledgement
This project was supported financially by the Science and
Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt, Grant
No 1496.
References
P4
P3
Fig. 12: Trajectory of turbine power and speed when the wind
velocity is changed from 15.2 m/s (P3) to 16 m/s (P4).
Fig. 13: The currents of the PMSG and the grid-side converter.
This agrees with the setting for zero reactive power on the
grid-side converter. The current of both converters are
sinusoidal and tracks their references. The previous results