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Computer networks
Name: K.SUDHA
Designation: Lecturer
Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Subject code: CS2361
Year: III
Unit: I
Title: Introduction to computer networks
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Computer Networks
Computer network connects
two or more autonomous
computers.
The computers
geographically
anywhere.
can be
located
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Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processingwww.chennaiuniversity.net
(GRID Computing)
Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !
Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other
devices
are
connected. A network
topology describes the
layout of the wire and
devices as well as the
paths used by data
transmissions.
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Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices
on a bus topology are
connected by one single
cable.
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Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node wants
to transmit data, it adds the data as
well as the destination address to the
frame.
The frame then continues around the
ring until it finds the destination node,
which takes the data out of the frame.
Mesh Topology
The
mesh
topology
connects
all
devices
(nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault
tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks
like those used by banks
and financial institutions.
Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Applications
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Networking Media
Networking media can be
defined simply as the
means by which signals
(data) are sent from one
computer
to
another
(either by cable or wireless
means).
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Networking Devices
HUB,
Switches,
Wireless
Access
Modems etc.
Routers,
Points,
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Applications
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio
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Network Architecture
Provides a general, effective, fair, and robust connectivity of
computers
Provides a blueprint
Types
OSI Architecture
Internet Architecture
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OSI ARCHITECTURE
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OSI Architecture
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Link Layer
Framing
Error Detection
Reliable Transmission (ARQ protocols)
Medium Access Control:
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Link Technologies
Cables:
Leased Lines:
Copper based: T1 (1.544Mbps), T3 (44.736Mbps)
Optical fiber: STS-1 (51.84Mbps), STS-N (N*51.84Mbps)
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Link Technologies
Last-Mile Links:
POTS (56Kbps), ISDN (2*64Kbps)
xDSL: ADSL (16-640Kbps, 1.554-8.448Mbps), VDSL (12.96Mbps55.2Mbps)
CATV: 40Mbps downstream, 20Mbps upstream
Wireless Links: Cellular, Satellite, Wireless Local Loop
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FRAMING
An efficient data transmission technique
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Approaches
Byte oriented Protocol(PPP)
BISYNC
Binary Synchronous Communication
DDCMP
Digital Data Communication Message Protocol
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SYH
SYH
SOH
Header
STX
Body
ETX
Address
Control
Protocol
Payload
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Flag
CRC
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SYN
SYN
Class
Count
Header
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Body
CRC
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Collection of Bits
1.HDLC
High-Level Data Link Control
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Header
Body
CRC
Bit Stufffing
After 5 consecutive 1s insert 0
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Ending
sequence
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9 rows
90 columuns
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ERROR DETECTION
Detecting Errors In Transmission
Electrical Interference, thermal noise
Approaches
Two Dimensional Parity
Internet Checksum Algorithm
Cyclic Redundancy Check
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Number of 1s
even
odd
0000000 (0)
00000000
100000000
1010001 (3)
11010001
01010001
1101001 (4)
01101001
11101001
1111111 (7)
11111111
01111111
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Reliable Transmission
Deliver Frames Reliably
Mechanism:
Stop and Wait
Sliding Window
Concurrent Logical Channels
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Receiv er
Sender
Timeout
ACK
Timeout
Timeout
Fram
e
(a)
AC K
Fram
e
ACK
(c)
Timeout
Fram
e
Fram
e
Sender
Timeout
Receiv er
Timeout
Sender
Timeout
Time
Fram
e
Receiv er
Receiv er
Fram
e
ACK
Fram
e
AC K
AC K
(b)
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Sender
Receiver
Sender
Receiver
Timeout
Timeout
Timeout
Timeout
Sender
(c)
(d)
(e)
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Sliding Window
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LAR
LFS
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LFR
LFA
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Ehernet
local-area network (LAN) covered by the IEEE
802.3.
two modes of operation:
half-duplex
full-duplex modes.
.
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Wireless
The process by which the radio waves are propagated through air
and transmits data
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Types
Infrared Wireless Transmission
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Types
Connectionless
each packet is labeled with a connection ID rather than
an address.
Example:Datagram packet switching
connection-oriented
each packet is labeled with a destination address
Example:X.25 vs. Frame Relay
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Star Topology
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Source Routing
0 Switch 1
3
1
2 Switch 2
2
3 0 1
1
2
1 3 0
0
Host A
0 1 3
0 Switch 3
3
2
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Host B
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2
5
Analogy: phone
call
3
11
2 Switch 2
1
Host A
Each switch
maintains a VC
table
0 Switch 3
3
4
2
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Host B
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Datagram Switching
No connection setup phase
Each packet forwarded independently
Sometimes called connectionless
model
Host D
Analogy: postal
system
Each switch
maintains a
forwarding
(routing) table
3
Host C
Host E
0 Switch 1
1
2
Host F
2 Switch 2
1
0
Host A
Host G
1
0 Switch 3 Host B
3
Host H
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Datagram Model
There is no round trip delay waiting for connection setup; a
host can send data as soon as it is ready.
Source host has no way of knowing if the network is capable of
delivering a packet or if the destination host is even up.
Since packets are treated independently, it is possible to route
around link and node failures.
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C
Port 1
Bridge
Port 2
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B
B3
C
B5
B2
B7
K
F
B1
G
B6
B4
I
J
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Algorithm Details
Bridges exchange configuration messages
id for bridge sending the message
id for what the sending bridge believes to be root bridge
distance (hops) from sending bridge to root bridge
Each bridge records current best configuration message for
each port
Initially, each bridge believes it is the root
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Algorithm Details
Bridges exchange configuration messages
id for bridge sending the message
id for what the sending bridge believes to be root bridge
distance (hops) from sending bridge to root bridge
Each bridge records current best configuration message for
each port
Initially, each bridge believes it is the root
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Thank u
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