ABSTRACT
Now a days Reversible logic has received great attention due to their ability to reduce the power dissipation. It is
the main requirement in low power Very large scale integration (VLSI) design. Using reversible logic circuits Quantum
computers are constructed which has applications in various research areas such as DNA computing, low power CMOS
design, optical computing, nanotechnology bio-informatics, quantum computing, and thermodynamic technology. It is very
difficult to construct quantum circuits without the use of reversible logic gates. Since fan-out and feedback is not allowed
in reversible logic circuits, Synthesis of reversible logic circuits is significantly more complicated than traditional
irreversible logic circuits. There are several reversible logic gates. Some of them are: Taffoli gate, Fredkin gate, Feynmen
gate, Peres gate, etc. These logical gates as well as some derivatives of these gates are explored in this project and will be
used conveniently to design the single precision floating point multiplier to improve its area, speed and power parameters.
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The number of input bits is equal to the number of output bits. For example, a circuit with input vector is of length
4 then the output vector length should be 4.
There should be one-to-one correspondence between input and output vectors. None of the two or more than two
input vectors should give the same output vector.
The reversible circuits input vector can always be reconstructed from the output vector.
Toffoli and Fredkin discovered reversible logic in the late 70s and early 80s . Any reversible logic gate can be
characterized by its number of inputs and outputs. A m*n gate has m inputs and n outputs. There are several 2*2 reversible
gates and all of them are linear. A gate is said to be linear when all its outputs are linear functions of input variables.
Implementation of Full-Adder Design Using Reversible Gates
CMOS implementation is the most conventional way to synthesize a logic circuit, hence reversible circuits can
also be constructed using CMOS. We cannot guarantee that the power consumption of reversible logic circuit implemented
using CMOS is less than that of conventional circuit i.e. non-reversible. This is because the power saved by the reversible
circuit is pretty much less compared to the power consumption by any CMOS design. Therefore, in order to make use of
this power saved due to reversibility we need to use the technology that implements logic circuits, so that it would consume
much less power compared to current CMOS technology. For functional testing and for comparing delay and area CMOS
technology can be used.
Three full adders can be constructed using different combination of basic reversible gates i.e. Toffoli, Fredkin and
Feynman gate.
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complexity in comparison to above three full adders. As compared to any other reversible full adder, that produces two
garbage outputs, it has minimum number of garbage outputs. For the three distinct input combinations (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)
and (1, 0, 0), the full adder output produces the same output (1, 0). Hence, to separate all the repeated values of outputs S
and Cout we need to have at least two garbage outputs.
Figure 1.1: Full Adder Using 3 Feynman Gate and 1 Fredkin Gate
Figure 2.1: IEEE 754 Format of Representing Single Precision Floating Point Numbers
The algorithm for Floating Point Multiplication consists of the following steps.
Normalize the product and round using the specified rounding mode. Also generate exceptions.
Figure 2.2: Flow Chart Describing the Single Precision Floating Point Multiplication Algorithm
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Fredkin. It is universal, which means that any logical or arithmetic operation can be constructed entirely of Fredkin gates.
The basic Fredkin gate is a controlled swap gate that maps three inputs (C, I1, I2) onto three outputs (C, O1, O2).
The C input is mapped directly to the C output. If C = 0, no swap is performed; I1 maps to O1, and I2 maps to O2.
Otherwise, the two outputs are swapped so that I1 maps to O2, and I2 maps to O1. It is easy to see that this circuit is
reversible, i.e, "undoes itself" when run backwards. A generalized nn Fredkin gate passes its first n-2 inputs unchanged to
the corresponding outputs, and swaps its last two outputs if and only if the first n-2 inputs are all 1.The Fredkin gate is the
reversible three-bit gate that swaps the last two bits if the first bit is 1.
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RESULTS
The area and speed (delay) information can be noted from the Synthesis report generated by the Xilinx synthesis
tool. Power analysis is done using the Xilinx XPower tool.
Table 1
Area (LUTS)
Speed (MHz)
Power (mW)
Conventional
4357
16.6
0.412
DKG
4750
18.77
0.047
Peres
4395
16.47
0.081
Fredkin
4420
23.46
0.040
FTRG
4403
16.584
0.110
TSG
4378
16.668
0.114
Clearly, of the various implementations, the floating point unit with reversible logic in almost all the chosen cases
has performed better in-terms of power. However, there can be variations in area and speed since reversible logic uses
more regular logic to satisfy and implement the reversible logic principles in the design. One more point to note is that this
analysis is done on the FPGA platform that uses LUTs and flip-flops.
CONCLUSIONS
Floating-point implementation on FPGAs has been the interest of many researchers. Multiplier implemented with
the reversible logic can be conveniently modeled in Verilog and tested on a FPGA. A lot of work has been done on
implementing basic multipliers but not the floating point multipliers with reversible computing. In this project work,
a floating point single precision multiplier will be designed with Verilog and implemented on the FPGA. It can be
concluded that the floating point multiplier shows significant improvement in terms of power and improvements in certain
cases in terms of area and speed when implemented using reversible logic.
REFERENCES
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