Evaluation of Air-Cooled Solar Absorption Cooling Systems

ISHPC 02, Proc. Of the Int. Sorption Heat Pump Conf.
Shanghai, China, September 24-27, 2002
EVALUATION OF AIR-COOLED SOLAR ABSORPTION COOLING

SYSTEMS
D.S. Kim, C.H.M. Machielsen
Refrigeration and Indoor Climate Control, Mechanical Engineering and Marine
Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft,
The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
Several air-cooled solar absorption cooling systems have been compared in terms of cost and
performance.Absorption chillers, working at higher temperatures than single effect chiller, turned out to be
unsuitable for solar cooling. The 1R cycle showed remarkable performance but its complexity and high
initial cost would make its application impractical. Compared to single effect system of the same cooling
capacity, half effect systems would require about 40% more heat exchange surface and -10~60% more
collector area. Solar fraction of a single effect system would be lower than half effect system, unless vacuum
tube collectors or comparable types are used. Among the working pairs compared, NH3/LiNO3 showed the
best results.To cut down initial cost by using economical non-vacuum collectors, it was suggested that lowcost half effect or other type of low-temperature driven chiller should be developed.
KEYWORDS
air-cooled, absorption, solar collectors, half effect, single effect, NH3/H2O, NH3/NaSCN, NH3/LiNO3
From this background, this study has been carried out to

investigate feasibility of low-price air-cooled solar absorption
cooling system through comparison of various systems in
terms of performance and manufacturing cost.
INTRODUCTION
Solar absorption cooling systems have been appealing to
the air conditioning market for many years as a promising
solution for the ever-increasing energy and environmental
issues. Driven by solar energy which is ample in the season of
high cooling demand and working with environment friendly
refrigerants, it may be really an ideal solution. However, in
spite of the continuous efforts for commercialisation over
decades, its market share is still discouragingly small.
The advanatge of solar cooling system lies on primary
energy savings from the use of free solar energy. Considering
high initial costs compared to other conventional systems,
payback period should be minimized.
In the past, however, many systems failed to provide
reasonable savings from solar driven operation. Since they
required heating medium at high temperature, solar collectors
couldnt operate efficiently for substantial period of time
resulting longer payback period.
From this reason, many systems now use high-efficiency
collectors like vacuum tube collector. They can operate
efficiently in wide working temperature range and so
guarantee sunbstantial savings in cooling season. But that
does not necessarily mean shorter payback period, because the
collector price is high enough to counteract suubstantial
portion of the savings.
Most of solar absorption cooling systems have been based
on water-cooled H2O/LiBr chillers. Generally, water-cooled
systems can operate with lower temperature heat than aircooled one and consequently yield higher efficiency. Some
drawbacks, however, are associated with their cooling towers.
Initial and operation costs for water-cooled system may be
quite burdensome for the small- and medium-sized systems.
Hygienic concerns, scarecity of water, unfavourable climate
conditions also can be decisive factors in selection of a
system.
SYSTEM OPTIONS
Absorption cycles and working pairs
Following five absorption cycles were considered.
- HE (Half Effect) Cycle: Also called two-stage or double-lift
cycle. It can provide refrigeration or air conditioning with a
relatively low-temperature heat source. The cooling COP of
this cycle is roughly half of the single effect and so often
called half effect.
- SE (Single Effect) Cycle: The most basic form of cycle with
moderate generator temperature. It has one major
recuperator, SHX (Solution Heat Exchanger). RHX
(Refrigerant Heat Exchanger) is also generally used in highpressure systems.
- AHX (Absorber Heat eXchange): Cycle This is a variation
of the single effect cycle. With smaller circulation ratio, it is
possible to recuperate absorption heat with solution at the
upper part of the absorber. High temperature solution from
generator outlet can be used also to heat the solution inside
the generator (GHX, Generator Heat Exchanger).
- GAX (Generator Absorber heat eXchange): Cycle This is a
further variation of the AHX cycle. With even smaller
circulation ratio, it is possible to have temperature overlap
between generator and absorber so that absorption heat from
absorber can be used to generate refrigerant vapour in the
generator.
- Multi-Pressure Regenerative Cycle: Basic idea of the cycles
in this category is to make generation and absorption
117
d.s.kim@wbmt.tudelft.nl

approach isothermal process by using multi-stage generators

and absorbers. Among them, the single regenerative cycle
(1R cycle, K. Dao, 1990) was originally devised for solar
cooling. Recently it was shown that it can start operation
from as low temperature as the half effect cycle and its COP
can approach 70% of the Carnot cycle at high generation
temperatures (Alizadeh, 2000).
For woking pairs, NH3/H2O, NH3/NaSCN and
NH3/LiNO3. pairs were considered.
- NH3/H2O: This has been adopted in many applications
where H2O/LiBr is inapplicable, especially in refrigeration
and small size air-cooled systems. A rectifier is necessary to
remove the water content in the refrigerant vapour for
NH3/H2O systems.
- NH3/salts: Generally, the rectification process deteriorates
the performance. In order to avoid this problem, attempts
were made to replace water with salt. Among them, two
promising ammonia salt mixtures may be NH3/NaSCN and
NH3/LiNO3. Both of the pairs don't require rectification.
And in particular, NH3/LiNO3 was proven to start generation
of refrigerant vapour at much lower temperature (Infante
Ferreira, 1984; 1985).
SYSTEM MODELLING
Design and simulation programs were based on the
following basic assumptions.
- Liquid-vapour mixtures are in equilibrium states.
- Pure refrigerant in condenser and evaporator.
- External heat source and sink have infinitely large thermal
capacities.
Since pure refrigerant and infinite thermal capacity of heat
source and sink are assumed in condenser and evaporator,
CATs(Closest Approach Temperatures) in these components
are simply arithmetic difference between external and internal
temperatures. When CATs of the two components are given,
the high and low system pressures can be determined readily
from equilibrium correlation.
Three different collectors were considered. The first one is

a vacuum tube collector and the other two were flat plate
collectors.
Collector I
Vacuum
tube
Dimension
LxWxH
2.39x0.73x0.12
(2)
(Teva ) = P
(Tchil CAT eva )
X strng = X sat ( Plow , Tabs ,out ) = X sat ( Plow , Tamb + CATabs )
(3)
X weak = X sat ( Phigh , Tgen ,out ) = X sat ( Phigh , Thmd CATgen )
(4)
sat
Q& con = m& ref hlat = (UA) con (Tcon
Tamb )
sat
Q& eva = m& ref qeva ,in hlat = (UA )eva (Tchil Teva
)
Collector II
Flat
0.723/2.65/0.0110
1.27x2.45x0.11
Collector III
Flat
0.682/4.30/0.0077
1.94x1.03x0.08
* sol= 0-a1T*m-a2T*m2, T*m=(tm-ta)/I, Gross efficiency with wind
(5)
(6)
Term qeva,in in eq.(6) is the vapour quality at evaporator

inlet and is determined by eq.(7), assuming adiabatic
throttling process in expansion device.
0.8
Collector I
Collector II
Collector III
Collector Efficiency
Plow = P
sat
Heat transfer rates in condenser and evaporator can be

determined as follows.
Tab. 1. Solar collectors

Efficiency*
0/a1/a2
0.537/0.87/0.0023
(1)
sat
Similarly, when CATs are given for absorber and generator,

concentration of strong and weak solution can be determined
as follows.
Solar collectors
Type
Phigh = P sat (Tcon ) = P sat (Tamb + CATcon )
qeva ,in =
0.6
hl , rhx ,out hl ,eva
(7)
hlat ,eva
Term hl,rhx,out in eq.(7) is a function of the upstream

temperature of expansion device, Tl,rhx,out which is determined
by heat transfer eq. (8) and energy eq. (9) for RHX
(Refrigerant Heat eXchanger).
0.4
0.2
sat
sat
sat
Tv ,rhx ,out = Teva
+ rhx (Tcon
Teva
)
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
sat
Tl ,rhx ,out = Tcon
0.2
T*m (m2 oC/W)
Fig. 1.Efficiency Curves of solar collectors (Gross

efficiency with wind, I=800W/m2)
Cpv
sat
(Tv ,rhx ,out Teva
)
Cpl
(8)
(9)
For SHX(Solution Heat eXchanger), single-phase heat

exchanger where weak solution preheats strong solution,
following equations apply.
Specifications are summarised in Table 1. Their efficiency

curves can also be found in Fig. 1.
Collectors were chosen from an information source (SPF,
www.spf.ch). Collector I and II were selected because they
were best in performance. Collector III was moderate in
performance and presumed to serve as a more economic
model.
sat
sat
sat
Tabs ,in = Tgen
, out shx (Tgen , out Tabs , out )
sat
Tgen ,in = Tabs
, out +
1 Cpweak
sat
(Tgen
, out Tabs ,in )
Cpstrng
(10)
(11)
The term on the right hand side of eq.(11) is called

circulation ratio and defined by eq.(12).
118

1 X weak
X strng X weak
sat
&
f1 (Taca
,in ) = mref [( 1) hl , ahx ,in + ahx hv , rhx , out
(20)
( 1 + ) h
] Q& = 0.
(12)
ahx
Rectfier separates refrigerant from absorbent. Rectification

heat and its UA value are determined by eq.(13). In this study,
rectification heat is rejected to ambient.
Term R in eq.(13) the reflux ratio and defined by eq.(14).
R=
sat
Tahx ,in = Tsfgsat,out ghx (Tsfgsat,out Tghx
,in )
sat
Q& = ( 1) Cp (T
T )
(14)
Yrec ,in X rec ,out
ghx
hl , gen,in R hl ,rec ,out ]
Heat transfer rate is a function of the temperature and is

given by eq.(25)
sat
&
Q& gax (Tahx
,in ) = mref [( 1) hl , gax ,in + gax hv , rhx , out (25)
( 1 + gax ) hl , gax ,out ]
Q& abs = m& ref [( 1) hl ,abs ,in + hv ,rhx ,out hl , abs ,out ] (17)
= (UA)abs LMTDabs
gax in eq.(25) is the fraction of vapour absorbed by GAX.

Outlet temperature on generation side (GHX inlet), Tghx,in is
determined by heat balance eq.(26).
SE(Single Effect) systems can be designed and simulated

by equations (1) through (17).
Half effect chiller is basically a combination of two single
effect chillers. Absorber of one chiller is mass-coupled to the
generator of the other at intermediate pressure. Modelling is
basically same with SE system and not repeated here.
Instead of SHX in SE chiller, AHX chiller has AHX in
absorber and GHX in generator.
AHX(Absorber Heat eXchanger) is added on to top of
ACA(Air-Cooled Absorber) absorber. In this component, high
temperature weak solution is cooled down by strong solution
from solution pump while absorbing vapour from evaporator.
Then, strong solution flows to generator and weak solution
gets cooled further in ACA. Strong solution temperature at
AHX outlet (generator inlet) Tgen,in and heat transfer rate are
determined by eq.(18) and (19) respectively.
sat
sat
sat
(18)
Tgen,in = Taca
,out + ahx (Tahx ,in Taca , out )
Q& ahx = Cpstrng (Tgen,in T
(23)
sat
sat
sat
sat
(24)
Tahx
,in = Tweak , gax ,in gax (Tweak , gax ,in Tstrng , gax ,in )
Absorber heat and necessary UA value can be determined

by eq.(17).
sat
aca , out
(22)
ghx in eq.(23) is the fraction of vapour generated by GHX.

In GAX cycle, GAX is added between AHX and GHX. In
basic GAX cycle, absorption side has smaller thermal capacity
and the temperature on absorption side (AHX inlet), Tahx,in is
determined by eq.(24)
(16)
sol I
ahx ,in
+ ghx hv , ghx ,out hl , ghx ,in ] Q& ghx = 0.
(15)
Necessary solar collector area can be readily determined

from eq.(16). I is the radiation normal to collector surface.
Q& gen
sfg ,out
f 2 (Tsfgsat,in ) = m& ref [( ghx ) hl , ghx ,out
= (UA) gen LMTDgen
( A) sol =
weak
(21)
Corresponding outlet temperature on generation side (SFG

inlet), Tsfg,in, is determined by following heat balance eq. (23).
Heat transfer rate in generator and UA value can be

determined by following eq.(15).
Q& gen = m& ref [( 1) hl , gen,out + (1 + R) hv,rec,in
ahx
Term ahx is a fraction of vapour absorbed in AHX out of

total refrigerant vapour to be absorbed.
GHX (Generator Heat eXchanger) is a heat exchanger
inside generator where high temperature weak solution from
generator(SFG outlet, Solar-Fired Generator) heats strong
solution before reaching absorber. The weak solution
temperature at GHX outlet (AHX inlet) and heat transfer rate
are determined by eq.(21) and (22) respectively.
Q& rec = m& ref [(1 + R) hv ,rec ,in hv ,rec ,out R hl ,rec ,out ] (13)
= (UA)rec LMTDrec
Yrec ,out Yrec ,in
l , ahx , out
sat
&
f 3 (Tghx
,in ) = mref [( gax ) hl , gax , out
(26)
+ gax hv , gax ,out hl , gax ,in ] Q& gax = 0.

Term gax is a fraction of vapour generated by GAX.
1R cycle has multiple numbers of intermediate stages
containing absorber-generator pairs. They are connected by
vapour channel, where vapor condenses partly before reaching
absorber while exchanging heat with cold strong solution in
regenerator.
Generator and absorber heat at ith intermediate stage are
determined by eq.(27) and (28).
(Q& gen )i = [(m& l , gen,in m& v , gen,out ) hl , gen,out
(27)
+ m& v , gen,out hv , gen,out m& l , gen,in hl , gen,in ]i
(19)
(Q& abs )i = {m& l ,abs ,in hl ,in (m& l , abs ,in + m& v , gen,out ) hl ,abs ,out (28)
+ m& v , gen,out [qin hv ,in + (1 qin ) hl ,in ]}i
AHX outlet temperature on absorption side (ACA inlet)

Taca,in, is determined by following heat balance eq. (20).
119

Term qin in eq.(28) is the vapour quality of the flow at the

ith absorber inlet.
On hot side of the regenerator, weak solution absorbs
vapour from evaporator at systems low pressure and vapour
from intermediate generator partly condenses at each
intermediate pressure, rejecting heat at such high temperature
as to boil strong solution at systems high pressure on cold
side.
On the cold side, intermediate absorbers supply
concentrated strong solution through separate channels so that
boiling can take place from the channel with highest
concentration.
In order to achieve maximum heat recuperation, the
regenrator in 1R cycle has extremely complicated geometry.
To simplify this complexity, the regenerator has been
modelled on a heat exchanger having one single fluid on each
side, of which the thermal capacity is equivalent to the sum of
all constituent fluids'.
When hot side flow has smaller thermal capacity, outlet
temperature on hot side and Heat transfer rate can be
cool =
+ {m& v [hv ,in qout hv ,out (1 qout ) hl ,out ]}con
eva
dt
(35)
I ASC dt
SYSTEM DESIGN
To compare all systems under the same conditions,
following design conditions were chosen.
- CATabs=CATcon=8K, CATeva= 8.7K, CATgen= 5K
- Effectiveness 0.9 for all internal heat exchangers
- Cooling air temperature Tamb= 35oC, Chilled water
temperature Tchil= 12.7oC
1.2
SE
HE
AHX
GAX
1R
COPchiller
determined by eq.(29) and (30).

sat
sat
sat
sat
Thot
, out = Thot ,in reg (Thot ,in Tcold ,in )
Q& reg = [(m& l hl )in + ( m& v hv )in ( m& l hl )out ]abs
Q&
(29)
0.8
0.6
0.4
(30)
0.2
60
80
100
120
140
160
Max. Generator Temp. (oC)
The subscripts abs and con in eq.(30) denote absorption and

condensation term respectively. Summation index i in the
equation indicates the vapour channel at ith intermediate stage.
Outlet temperature on cold side can be determined by eq.
(31). Summation index i in the equation indicates the ith strong
solution flow.
sat
&
f 4 (Tcold
, out ) = ( ml , out hl , out
i
+ m& v ,out hv ,out
Fig. 2. Cooling COP curves with generator temperature

(I=800W/m2, Collector II, NH3/H2O)
Fig. 2 is an example of the calculation results. COP
variations with generator temperature for NH3/H2O chillers
are shown. The COP of the HE and the SE chiller decrease
with the generator temperature, but the others increase. All the
chillers, except for the 1R, have distinct cut-off temperatures
below which operation is impossible.
The chillers in Fig. 2 were combined with different types of
solar collectors and corresponding cooling efficiency curves
are presented in the Fig. 3.
As can be seen in Fig. 3, even with the vacuum collector,
Collector III, the AHX and GAX system show only slightly
higher efficiencies than a single effect system. From this
result, it is clear that only the chillers that can operate with
heating medium temperature of about 110C or lower, should
be considered for solar cooling.
Based on the result above, AHX and GAX chillers have
been excluded. Among the rest of chillers, the 1R chiller
showed its ability to outperform all the others in wide
temperature range. Although it seems unreasonably
complicated and expensive to build for practical application, it
was reserved for comparison.
By assuming unit price of heat exchanger and solar
collector, it was possible to estimate costs of systems. As
shown in Fig. 4, curves have minimum values for the same
cooling capacity. Although the assumed unit prices might not
be realistic in absolute values, it was also confirmed that
minimum-cost points are relatively insensitive to the variation
of unit price values within quite wide range. All the costs were
normalised with minimum cost of the SE chiller.
(31)
m& l ,in hl ,in )i Q& reg = 0.
Similar procedure applies when cold side has smaller

thermal capacity.
COP of chiller is defined by eq.(32).
COPchiller =
Q& eva
Q&
(32)
gen
Thermal efficiency of solar collector is the net heat gain

from solr radiation and defined in eq.(33). Term I is the
radiation level that is normally incident upon solar collector.
Q&
Q&
sol = &gen = gen

Qsol I Asol
(33)
Cooling efficiency in eq.(34). is the overall efficiency of

system converting solar energy to cooling power
Q&
cool = &eva = COPchiller sol

Q
(34)
sol
Assuming instantaneous heat transfer throughout system,

daily average cooling efficeincy of a system can be
determined by eq.(35).
120

30
20
20
10
10
Collector II
40
30
20
20
10
10
0
SE
HE
AHX
GAX
1R
Collector III
30
20
40
10
0
100
120
140
30
20
10
20
0
80
NH3/H2O
NH3/NaSCN
NH3/LiNO3
30
10
60
40
40
30
40
as shown in Fig. 5. NH3/NaSCN needs excessively high

pumping power for the same cooling capacity.
40
Collector I
30
Cooling Efficiency (%)
Instantaneous Cooling Efficiency (%)
40
0
80
100
120
140
160
160
Fig. 5.Effect of working pairs on instantaneous cooling

efficiency (Collector II, I=800W/m2)
Fig. 3. Effect of generator temperature on instantaneous

cooling Efficiency (I=800W/m2, NH3/H2O)
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE
SE
HE
1R
250
100
Solar irradiance
Ambient temperature
200
0.8
80
0.6
60
0.4
40
0.2
20
100
Tamb (oC)
150
I (kW/m2)
Normalized Cost (HEX+Collector,%)
300
50
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fig. 4. Normalized cost with generator temperature

(Collector II, I=800W/m2, NH3/H2O)
0
5
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time of Day (hr)
In the Fig. 4, the minimum cost of the HE system is about

30-40% higher than that of the SE system. This difference
comes mainly from the solar collector cost. Therefore when
the cheaper Collector III was considered, the cost difference
between two systems became smaller. However, conventional
HE systems would always be more expensive than SE systems
by the fact of the extra solution pumps and their complexities.
The 1R chiller seems cheaper in the Fig. but the extra costs of
6 solution pumps and extreme complexity would surely far
exceed the difference.
Minimum-cost points can be found at temperatures around
80, 100 and 120C for HE, SE and 1R respectively. Although
the minimum-cost point of the 1R chiller exists at a generator
temperature around 120C, because most of solar collectors
cannot operate efficiently at that high temperature, the 1R
chiller was designed at the lower temperature where its
normalised cost is 100%. For HE and SE chillers, the design
point was set near minimum-cost point with reasonable
pumping power.
NH3/LiNO3 starts generation earlier than NH3/H2O by
about 6-7. It is early enough to increase instantaneous
cooling efficiency by about 4% compared to NH3/H2O system
Fig. 6. Meteorological conditions

In order to compare performance variations of different
systems with the change of climatic conditions, imaginary
meteorological conditions were devised as shown in Fig. 6.
Solar irradiances of different maximum intensities (500800W/m2) were assumed normally incident on collector.
Ambient temperature varied from 30 to 35C with time.
In Fig. 7, cooling efficiency curves of 9 different NH3/H2O
systems are shown with daily solar radiation levels. In each
case, circulation ratio of the chiller was set constant at the
chiller's original design
Interesting is the behaviour of SE system. Superiority of SE
system over HE system is strongly dependent on collector
efficiency and energy level. With Collector III, the
performance of SE system is the worst. Even with the
collector II, it is only slightly better than HE system in high
radiation region.
Only the SE system with Collector I, vacuum tube
collector, outperforms HE system. But it is doubtful that its
cooling efficiency is high enough to well justify the increase
121

in cost, because cost of the SE system was estimated to be at

least twice higher with Collector I than with Collector II or
III.
Average Cooling Efficiency (%)
25
25
Collector I
20
20
15
15
10
10
25
25
Collector II
20
20
15
15
10
SE
HE
1R
5
20
Collector III
10
NOMENCLATURE
P
T
X
Y
A
Cp
I
20
15
15
10
10
0
4
4.8
5.6
6.4
Daily Solar Radiation (kWh/m2)
Q&
R
h
Fig. 7. Effect of daily solar radiation level on average

cooling efficiency (NH3/H2O)
Average Cooling Efficiency (%)
heat exchange surface and -10~60% more collector area

depending on the collector type.
Single effect system can yield higher average cooling
efficiency than half effect system only with vacuum tube
collector or its comparable types.
Low-cost half effect or comparable type of lowtemperature driven chiller is recommended for the use of
flat collectors.
NH3/LiNO3 system is better than NH3/H2O system in
both performance and cost.
NH3/NaSCN system is unfavourable because of its
excessive pumping power requirement.
m&
Pressure, bar
Temperature, oC
Ammonia concentration in liquid
Ammonia concentration in vapour
Area, m2
Specific heat, kJ/kg oC
Solar irradiance, W/m2
Heat transfer rate, kW/m2
Reflux ratio
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Mass flow rate, kg/s
Vapour quality
20
18
Greek letters
Effectiveness
Circulation ratio
Instantaneous efficiency
Time averaged efficiency
16
14
12
Subscripts
l
Liquid
v
Vapour
strng
Strong solution
weak
Weak solution
ref
Refrigerant
sol
Solar collector; solar radiation
cool
Cooling
NH3/H2O
NH3/NaSCN
NH3/LiNO3
10
8
4
4.8
5.6
6.4
Daily Solar Radiation (kWh/m2)
Fig. 8 Effect of working pairs on average cooling

efficiency (Collector II)
REFERENCES
If Collector I should be avoided because of its high cost, the

HE chiller with flat collector can be considered as an
alternative. But, since conventional HE chiller is relatively
complicated and costly compared to SE chiller, development
of low-cost HE chiller is desirable.
Superiority of NH3/salt pairs can be seen in the Fig. 8. As
expected, efficiency of the SE NH3/LiNO3 system is higher
than that of the NH3/H2O.
Dao, Kim (1990) Advanced Regenerative Absorption

Refrigeration Cycles, UA patent 4,921,515
Alizadeh, Sahab (2000) Multi-pressure Absorption Cycles in
Solar Refrigeration: A Technical and Economical Study, Solar
Energy vol.69, No.1, pp.37-44
Infante Ferreira, C. A. (1984) Thermodynamic and Physical
property data Equations for Ammonia-Lithium Nitrate and
Ammonia-Sodium Thiocyanate solutions, Solar Energy vol.
32., pp231-236
Infante Ferreira, C. A. (1985) Vertical Tubular Absorbers
for Ammonia-salt Absorption Refrigeration, Ph.D. Thesis,
TUDelft
CONCLUSIONS
From this study, following conclusions have been made.
Absorption cycles working at generator temperatures
higher than that of single effect are unsuitable for solar
absorption cooling system.
Compared to single effect system of the same cooling
capacity, half effect system requires about 40% more
Solartechnik Prfung Forschung (SPF) Institute for

Solar Technology at the University in Rapperswil
(HSR), www.spf.ch
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ISHPC 02, Proc. Of the Int. Sorption Heat Pump Conf.

Shanghai, China, September 24-27, 2002