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CONTENTS
UNIT ONE
NEWSPAPERS

.........

.......:.....,.:..

UNIT TWO
RADIO AND TELEVISION

..............4

:..................... 30

UNIT TREE
POLITICS, DIPLOMACY, WAR
UNIT FOUR
THE ENVIRONMENT .........
UNIT FIVE

woRK,
uNtT

UNEMPLOYMENT

.......;..........

stx
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

UNIT SEVEN
MEDIA AND

TRANSLATION

soux'CES

ADVERTISING

PRACTICE

...:.........................:......

...r......:....!.........;.......................... 98
.......... IO7

......122

UNIT

ONE

NEWSPAPERS

NEWSPAPERS

1.

Almost every adult in Britain reads or sees a daily newspaper, and manypeople remain loyal
to a particular paper for life. There are daily papers, published from Monday to Sunday, and Sunday
papers. In some cities, evening papers are also published. Newspapers are broadly divided into the
quality press and the popular press. The "qualities" are the serious and more expensive papers, with
detailed and extensive coverage of home and overseas news, and with a range of additional features
such as sports sections, financial reports, book reviews, womsn's pages, arts summaries. A11
"qualities" are broadsheet in format, that is with a large page size.
The "populars", also known as the "tabloids" (because of their smaller size) or as the "gutter
press", cater for less demanding reader, who is not interested in detailed news reports. They are
cheaper in price, and are easily distinguishable by their large, headlines, colloquial use of English,
and abundant photographs, often in colour. Their many short items usually concenhate on the
personal aspects of the news, with reports of the latest scandals, sensations, especially of celebrities,
not excluding the royal family.
The oldest of the daily "qualities" is The Times, founded in 1785.It has a long-standing
reputation as one of the most influential papers in the country, and has become well-known for its
extensive news coverage, its unbiased editorials, its letters to the editor, its financial and sporting
pages, its personal column and its daily crossword. It ciaims to be politically independent. Of the
Sunday "qualities", The Sunday Times leads the field with a circulation of over a million. It is produced
in eight separate sections: a main news section and others devoted to sport, news reviews, business, the
1822. Altttough
arts, job advertisements, fashion and tavel, and book reviews. It was founded
newspapers are normally associated with a particular political viewpoint, either of the right or the
1eft, most have no formal links with political parties. The views expressed are those of the editor,
who is appointed by the proprietor of the newspaper.
The Sun, founded in 1964, has a circulation of around 4 million and currently outsells all
other "populars". The best-selling Sunday "popular" is the News of the World, with a circulation of
around 5 million. The paper founded in 1843, has a reputation for its detailed reports of crime and sex
stories but also for its sports reports and its political comment.
As well as the national press, there are many regional daily papers such as the Yorkshire
Post, the Northern Echo, the Western Mail and the Scotsman. Evering papers include the Evening
Standard in London, the Manchester Evening News and the Liverpool Echo. There are also local
weekly papers, and many local papers delivered free and paid for entirely from advertising.
Because of the size of the USA, there are few national newspapers. Apart from the popular
paper USA Today, only the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune and the lilall Street Journalbave
anything like a nationwide readership. T\e Times is generally regarded as America's most prestigious
paper. USA Today, founded tr17982, is the leading popular daily paper, with short news reports, lively
feature stories, and items of practical advice. There are no separate Sunday papers, as there are in
Britain, but most dailies have special Sunday editions with the exception of the Wall Street Journal
and USA Today. Some of them are remarkable for their size, particularly the New York Times,
which can nrn to 150 pages.

3.

4.

5.

6.

(From Oxford Advanced Learner's

Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 9 I 5)

Comprehension check

l.

Try to ftnd the words in the text thut me&n the same or nearly the same us the phrases
below.
d.
reporting of the events (1)
b. a published report that assesses the merits of a book, film, etc.(l)
special or prominent articles or programmes about sb' or sth. (1)
speciai articles in newspapers , etc. giving an opinion on some topical issue, usually

e.

f.

written by the editor. (3)

person who edits (esp. a book, newspaper, magazine, radio or television programme) or
who is in charge of a part of a newspaper. (3)
attitude; opinion. (3)
to sell more than; to be sold in greater quantities than sth else.(4)
number of copies of a newspap e4 magazine, etc. sold to the public. (4)
number of readers of a newspaper, periodical, etc. (6)
total number of copies of a book, nelvspaper, etc. issued at one time. (6)

2.

Mattipte-choice qaestions. Choose the appropriate endings for thefollowing statements.

1) Evening papers in GB are published in
a) the biggest cities; b) big cities; c) some cities (1)
2) One can {ind detailed coverage of home and foreign news in
a) "popular" papers; b) "quality" papers; c) in some "qualities" (1)
3) The "gutter press", the '1abioids", the "populars" mean newspapers
a) broadsheet in format; b) small in format; c) different in format (2)
4) Personal affaires of the members of the royal family are featured in
a) the "tabloids"; b) none of the Englishnewspapers; c) the "qualities" (2)

5) The Times is

a) in favour of some parties; b) politically dependent; c) not affected by favourism (3)

6) One of the following papers outsells all daily broadsheets
a) The Times ;b) The Sunday Times; c) The Sun (4)
7) Themost detaiied reports of crime are found in
a) The Sun;b) The Times; c) The News of the World (4)

S) In the USA there are Sunday papers

a) in the biggest cities only; b) not any of the kind; c) in small towns (6)

3,

Discussion points. Let your partner answer these questions

a) Do you read a newspaper everY daf
b) Which are your favourite newspapers? Why?
c) Which newspapers published in your counky would you recommend to a visitor from
abroad who speaks your language?

TYPICAL SECTIONS FOUND IN NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES

'"One thing

:j

I always read in the paper is the obituaries; it's so interesting to read about the

lives of weil-known people. I also usually read the leader (or editorial); it helps me form my
opiriion on things. Although national newspapers give you all the important news, I find that if you
just want to sell your car or something, the classified ads in a local paper is the best place. But at
the weekendl just love the Sunday papers. Most British Sunday paporshave supplements with
articles on travel, food and fashion and so on, and that keeps me more occupied for hours. Last
week there was a feature on new technology in one of them; it was fascinating. My teenage
daughter prefers magazines, especially the agony columns. I just can't imagine writing to an agony
aunt. It amazes me how people are prepared to discuss their most intimate problems publicly."
1. descriptions of the iives of famous people who have just died
2. anarticle giving the newspaper editor's opinion
3. pages of advertisements in different categories
4. separate magazines included with the newspaper
5. an articie or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
6. sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems
7. person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony coiumn

SOME TYPES OF PRJNTED MATERIAL

pamphlet

leaflet

brochure
prospectus

4.

Fill

small book with a soft cover, dealing with a specific topic, often political
single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something
small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information,
often about travel, or a company, etc.
small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school,
college or university, or a company

flyer

single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc., often
glven out in the street

booklet
manual

small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
book of detailed instructions how to use something

in these sentences with appropriate words

1. I've decided to do my own car maintenance, so I've bought the

the gups

for

my

particular model.
2. Someone was giving out
in the town centre todav about a
demonstration that's going to take place on Saturday.
3. I love looking through holiday
and dreaming about flying off to
exotic places.
4. I never read political
5. This

I've got this really useful

7 .I've read the

6.

they're so boring.
gives the opening times for the art gallery
with details of all the local siehts.
and like that university; I think I'11 apply.
;

5.

Here are some of the best known British newspapers. How tnany of them have you heard
oJ? Have you ever read any?

TIIE

MIRROR

THE DAILY

THE

GUARDIAN

THE

MAIL

SCOTSMAN

THE EXPRESS
THE SUN

TIIE INDEPENDENT THE DAILY TELEGRAPH THE TIMES

Read the list of contents of The Guardian, below lefi, and the explanation of the words below rigftt,
and then decide an thefollowing:

t)
b)

Which sections of the newspaper would you choose to read?

Under which headings would you place an article about?

o
.
r
.
o
o

pollution
exchange rates
the Oscar Awards
ar.eport on debates in Parliament

reform in Central and Eastem Europe

choosing the host country for the next Olympic games

Page

Press terms

Analysis

2l

article

Appointments

26-29

or a magazine

Arts,

33-34

feafure a special article in a newspaper

editorialthe article that gives a newspaper's opinion
on a news story
column an article by a particular writer that
regularly appears in a newspaper
obituary a fonnai report that someone has died,
usually with an account of his or her life
reporf an account of a piece of news
appointments positions orjobs as advertised in a

Reviews
Law
Crosswords
Diary
Environment
Financial News
Health
Home

23

22
2A

29
12-14
31

News

4-6

InternationalNews 9-10

Obituary
Science
Sports & Radio
Weather

a complete piece

of writing in

a newspaper

35

newspaper

30

analysis a detailed examination of a subject,

including thoughts and judgements

15-18
35

NEWSPAPERS AND PUBLISHTNG

Parts of the newspaper: headlines, news reports, the editorial, feature articles, e.g. about
fashion or social trends, horoscope, cartoons, crossword, small ads, business news, sports reports,
scandal, the letters page.
newspaper focuses more on sensation than real news whereas a quality
newspaper professes to be more interested in real news than in sensations. A tabloid usually has a
smaller format than a quality paper, it has larger headlines and shorter stories and, in Britain, it
prefers stories about film stars, violent crimes and the royal family.

A popular or tabloid

, /

journal is the name usually given to an academic magazine. A colour supplement is a

magazine which comes out once a week (often on Sundays) as an addition to a newspaper. A comic
is amagazine, usually for children or teenagers with lots of picture stories and/or cartoons.

o
o

A foreign correspondent is ajournalist based abroad.

A sub-editor is someone who works in a newspapers office and decides on how the paper
should be laid out, how stories need to be cut, what headlines should be used.

r
o
o
o

An editor is the person responsible for the production of a newspaper or magazine.

A publisher is a person or company responsible for having a book printed and organizrng its saie.
A columnist is a journalist who writes aregular column or feafure for anewspapeilmagazine.
A critic is person who writes reviews of books, films or theatre plays.

Choose any newspaper (it could be in

complete the following sentences
The main story today is about

1.
2.
3"
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.
9.

your own language if you cdn't frnd an English one)and

The editorial is about

There are readers' letters on

page

.. and they deal with the following topics

The most interesting feature is about.

.., a crossword on page .

...., a cartoon on page
There is some scandal on page
. and some small ads on page
The most interesting business story is about
... .... and the largest sports article is about
The most striking photograph shows
There are advertisements for ..........i
An article about
.... on page .

..........and
made me feel

Think ubout newspapers in this country. Answer these questions

1. How many daily national newspapers are there?
2. How many are tabloids?
3. Are any of the 'quality' papers in tabloid form?
4. How many broadsheets are there?
5. How many newspapers only come out on Sunday in this country?
6. Which newspaper has the largest circulation?
7. Can you name at least one editor of a daiiy paper; and two or three famous joumalists who
write for daily or weekly papers?

Quality or Popular?
Read the information below and write down some of the churacteristics of these two kinds
netospapers under the headings Broadsheets and Tabloids

which
and

Broadsheets are quality papers

include long, information articles

editorial comments, and comparatively

few illustrations. Their main aim is
provide readers with comprehensive

to

coverage and analysis of the

international

a
formal, serious tone, a wide vocabulary
and standard English, The best selling
quality papers are The Daily Telegraph
and national news of the day. They use

Tabloids printed in half broadsheet size,

are also called the "popular press". Generally
they contain short articles and lots ofphotos.
They are read for entertainment rather than for
news, the emphasis being on sensational
scandals, glamorous people, soap operas,
'showbiz' gossip, sport. They use simple
language, though this is sometimes cqlptic for

foreigners because of their use of slang and word

play. The Sun is the best-selling (over 4 million

(over 1 million copies per day), TheTimes copies per day), followed by The Daily Mirror
(about 500,000), The Guardian, and
(over 3 million), md The Daily Mail and. The
Independenl (over
Daily Express (over 1.5 million).

400,000).

The

6. Naming of parts. Match these newspapers expressions to their descriptions

a) small advertisements about films, plays, concerts, firm for sale, and so on
b) news about the country,the paper is published in
c) exclusive story, especially an exciting one
d) (often critical) stories about the social activities and private lives of famous people
e) headline in extremely large print

g)

7.

1.

2.
3:
4.

top of front page carrying the namo of the paper

article about the life of someone who has recentlv died

Rewrite these sentences so that they mean the same thing, using the word in brackets
Every newspaper inevitably gives its own particular view of events. (spIN)
I have to find some articles from some previous editions of The Times. (BACK)
Read all about the royal divorce! Onlyjust published. (HOT)
The floods took up more space in the papers than any other story in the week.

(coLUMN)

5' Politicians are always ready and willing to give their opinions to the pross. @fR)
6. The story about the scandal surrounding her uncle broke on her wedding day. (HIT)
. Any newspaper does all it can to prevent being sued for libel. (GHARACTER)
7

8.

of

Muck-raking is a characteristic activity of an inferior kind of newspaper. (PRESS)

Read the

following extract from

.a

book, and do the tasks following

it

LANGUAGE IN THE NEWS

1.

As readers of newspapers, and viewers of teievision, we readily assume that the Nine O'Clock
News, or the front page of the Daily Express or the Guardian, consists of faithful reports of events
that happened 'out there', in the world beyond our immediate experience. At a certain level, that is
of course a realistic assumption: real events do occur and are reported - a coach crashes on the
autobahn, a postman wins the pools, a cabinet minister resigns. But real events are subject to
conventional processes of selection: they are not newsworthy, but only become 'nsws' when
selected for inclusion in news reports. The vast majority of events are not mentioned, and so
selection immediately gives us a partial view of the world. We know also that different newspapers
report differently, in both content and presentation.
2. The pools win is more likely to be reported in the Mirror than in The Times, whereas a crop
failure in Meghalaya may be reported tn The Times but almost certainly not in the Miwor. Selection
is accompanied by transformation, differential treatment in presentation according to numerous
political, social and economic factors.
3. As far as differences in presentation are concerned, most people would admil the possibility of
'bias': the Sun is known to be consistently hostile in its treatment of trade unions, and of what it
cal1s 'the loony Left';the Guardiar is generous in its reporting of the affairs of the Campaign for
Nuclear Disarmament. Such disaffections and affiliations are obvious when you start reading
carefully, and discussing the news media with other people. The world of the Press is not the real
world, but a world skewed and judged.
4, Now what attitude might one take towards the 'bias'? There is an argument to the effect
that biases do exist, but not everywhere. The Daily Express is biased, the Socialist Worker rs
not (or the other way round). In a good world, all newspapers and teievision channels would
report the unmediated truth. This view seems to me to be drastically and dangerously false. It
allows a person to believe and to assert, complacently, that their newspaper is unbiased,
whereas all the others are in the pockets of the Tories; or that newspapers are biased, while TV
news is not (because 'the camera cannot lie').

Comprehension and languaqe work

8.

Match the following words with their meanings us used in the text
a. favourable
1. readily (1)
b. particular
2. faithtui (1)

willingly

3. immediate (1)

c.

4. certain (1)
5. generous (3)

d. unaltered

6. unmediated

e. accurate

()

f. personal

9.

Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases

1. admit the possibility (3)
2.the ioony Left (3)
3. disaffections and affiliations (3)
4. in the pockets of the Tories (4)
5. the camera cannot

lie

(4)
10

n.

In

Left'. Below are a number of other

with
their
meunings and complete the
common expressions. Match the expressions
sentences thatfollow
l. an entirely dffirent kettle offish
a. an environment cut off from the realities of life
b. reservations
2. afar cryfrom
gutter
press
c. a completely different (unacceptable) matter
3. the
4. afew home truths
d. tabloids carrying sensational stories and scandals
e. be motivated by hopes of personal gain
5. an ivory tower
f. unfair treatment
6. a raw deal
g. unpalatable but correct criticism
thoughts
second
7.
h. not at all the same as
8. have a vested interest
the passage there utas the expression 'the loony

l.As Kim's manager, I

obviously

in

seeing that her new record gets a

lot of

good

publicity.
2.Iam tired of reading about sex scandals involving ministers that constantly seem to appear in ----

------ about
I had tentativeiy agreed to sharing my office with Jonathan, but I'm having
it now, and would like to keep it formyself.
4. I had to point out---------------------to Sophie; she was upset by what I said, but as a friend, I could
3.

not let her behave so selfishly without saying anything.

5. There was a lot of sympathy for the manager after he was sacked so unfairly; most people
thought that he had got
6. It's no use asking university professors to solve the problem of football violence - they all live in
their -----and don't know what is happening in the real world.
7. I agreed that your mother could stay for a couple of weeks, but I'm afraid that having her hete
on a pennanent basis is --------8. The village now has a golf course, there's a car park and it's full of tourists; all in ali, it's ----------- the sleepy little hamlet that I knew thirty years ago.
Read reports A and B and decide which eomes from a broadsheet and which from a tabloid. Give
reasons for your choice. See the words below text B

A.
Two

Britons die as gun maniac runs amok

British tourists died and two others were wounded when an armed policemun ran amok in a

Morocco hotel.
Builder Martin Gower and his wife, Margaret, from Ruislip, Middlesex, both in their sixties,
were killed instantly when the man, who had already murdered his wife and shot his brother-in-law,
began firing indiscriminately at the holidaymakers'in the bar.
Two other Britons rvere injured in the bloody attack at the Hotel Tarik in Tangier. Police
Say the shootings seemed to be a crime of passion by a demented husband, Mustafa Hamouch,
a 30-year-old police inspector, who thought his wife's frequent visits to the hotel meant she was
being unfaithful. He first shot her dead at their home and left her brother and another man seriously
injured. Then dressed in civilian clothes, he set off for the hotel, apparently to avenge himself on
her clients. Staring wildly, he stormed into the crowded bar and sprayed the bar with gunfire. As
customers dived for cover under tables, he caught sight of the terrified British couple and fired
several shots in their direction. Confusion surrounded the events and after the shooting spree the
policeman escaped in panic, sparking a massive manhunt, police said.
11

B. Two Britons Shot Dead At Hotel In Morocco

An elderly British couple holidaying in Morocco have been shot dead in their hotel

bar,
allegedly by a policeman who believed his li'ife went there to meet other men.
Martin and Margaret Gower were killed when the off-duty inspector opened fire on drinkers
in the Tarik Hotel, Tangier. He had earlier killed his wife and wounded his brother-in law at their
home in the city, police said. A hotel,employee said that the alleged gunman, Mustafa Hamouch,
shouted Allahu Akbar! (God is Great) each time he fired.
A spokesman for the Foreign Office said last night that Mr. And Mrs. Gower, both in their
sixties and from Ruislip, Middlesex, were random victims. "We don't believe that the couple were
singled out as Britons or as tourists or that the hotel was targeted."
British guests still at the Tarik Hotel with their travel company First Choice have been
transferred to other accommodation or offered flights home.

run amok
shooting spree -----to spark a manhunt

allegedly
random victim
target (v) ---------

LexicaVstylistic
choice in

Tabloid

o ambiguous: Britons die

lleadline

to rush about in a wild rase

heavy fire
to start a chase
doubtful whether it is really true
---- without choice
-- to direct a weapon towards an object

Broadsheet

... (how many?)

. strong words meant to shock and attract

attention: gun maniac, runs amok

dead at hotel in Morocco

Body

details

of motion in quick succession

suggesting the drama of the scene: storm,
spray, divefor cover, spark

o abrupt closing

lt

tlt
I

{
il

tt

T2

nutshell

o normal length sentences

e matter-olfact presentation of

o verbs

Conclusions

factual, to the point, cautious

in venturing an opinion (who
and why); allegedly by a
policeman, who believed.. .

wound, armed policeman, ran amok

o gist of the story in bigger, blacker print
c long sentences
o stroog adjectives and adverbs bloody,
demented, unfaithful, wildly, teruified,
nouns: gun maniac, murder, crime of
passion, confusion, shooting spree, panic,
manhunt

whole story in

r extension of headline: strong words: die,

Opening

clear statement: (who, what,

where) Two Britons shot

no strong words, no added

t'colourt'

objective appraisai ofthe

overall situation

newspaper
a rival papen Replace the
underlined words with the most appropriute expression from the list below

11. Read thefollowing editorial in a popalar

ROYAL SCANDAL FATIGUE

SUPER SNOOPER Cyril, who taped Princess Di's private phone conversations, is (1) too
inqlrisitive. Listening in on other people's phone calls is absolutely illegal. The police ought to (2)
prosecute him, And what's the fuss about anyway? Absolutely nothing. Ihe Daily Sun is (3)

will all look like (a) a shbnlived

in the paper day after day. I think it istime The

exaggerating th-e importance of the story. In a few months it

furore. We're fed up with hearing the same stories

Daily Sun (5) chaneed its behaviour.

1 A. a dark horse
B. a nosy parker
C. an armchair critic
D. a wet blanket
4.

3. A. making a mountain out of a molehill

2. A. throw the book at

B. get wind of

C.

B. doing the donkey work

C. taking it as read
D. seeing the light

speak volumes about

D. short-change

A. adrowned rat

5. A. looked a gift horse in the mouth

B. a storm in a teacup
C. a stuffed shirt
D. abig fish in a small pond

B. went out like a light

C. picked up the pieces

D. turned over

new leaf

lt

is a common practice arnongst newspapers to play jokes on their readers on April Fool's
Day (April l't) and to print stories that are not true

12. As you read through the following April Fool story, lookfor eight grammatical
mistakes. (The article appeared before the tunnel was completed)

CHANNEL TUNNEL WILL NOT MEET

Red-faced executives at Eurotunnel were hyrng making light of a report that the two sides of the
channel tunnel, which has been under the construction for the last five years, are not meeting in

the middle. Not until the latest surveyor's report was published did they realize the terrible
truth: the two ends will be approximately 300 metres apart when the digging is completed at the
end of the year, that will cost an additional f20 million to put right. The error thinks to have
stemrned from the fact that while English engifieers have been doing calculations in feet and
yards, the French have been used to centimeters and metres. A Eurotunnel spokesman denied
this a serious matter and said: "We never actually expected the two ends would meet up exactly.
It can have been a 1ot worse, and we are absolutely delighted to have got so close, A11 we need
to do is putting in a few sharp corners and everything will be all right."

13

13'.

Read through the second story andftlI in the missing words

THAT CERTAIN SMILE

Picture restorers working (1) ------------ Leonardo's masterpiece, the Mona Lisa, famous (2) -------a halt amid fears that
her enigmatic smile, have been ordered to bring their work (3) -------its mysterious expression.
festoration might rob the world's most famous painting (4) -------(5) ------*--- the centuries, alayer of dust and dirt has gradually built (6) ----------- forming a film
over the paint, slightly distorting the colour and bringing (7) *----------- other subtle changes. X-ray
popular
photogaphy has revealed that (8) ---------- the original painting, contrary (9) ------(10)
---*--smile.
Now an
was
closer
a
snarl
than
a
belief, that Mona Lisa's expression
-- between academic art historians who are
acrimonious argument has blown (11) -------- seeing the painting as Leonardo intended, and the curators of the
interested (LZ) ---*--

Louwe, who are anxious ( 13) *-----

14. Transformations, Finish each of thefoltowing sentences in such a htay that it means exactly
the sume as the sentence printed before it
1. I was very annoyed by his refusal to listen to reason.
What -----2. The company have been reviewing their recruitment policy for the last three months.
The company's recruitment policyhas -------3. The comedian soon made everyone in the audience laugh. The comedian soon had -;----4. I am absolutely sure he took the money on purpose.
He couldn't possibly
5. Starting srnoking was a big mistake.
I wish
6. Winning the crossword competition made him extremelyhappy.
He was absolutely
7. It is thought that the Prime Minister is considering raising taxes.
The Prime Minister
8. He did not pass his driving test until he was nearly thirty.
It -----------9. It was the weakness of the foundations that led to the collapse of the building.

If----------Next Saturday is our tenth wedding anniversary.

We will
11. "I think you ought to see a doctor," he said.
He suggested ---------12. I do not intend to discuss this matter anv further.
I have
13. It started to pour with rain moments after we had started our walk.
Hardly
14. Could you tell me the time of the last train to London?
Could vou tell me when

10.

t4

of phrasal verbs in the English press, lYork in pairs. Place the phrasal verbs from the
sentences below into one of the following four groups A-D. The Jirst otne has already been
placedfor you
Group A: Beqinning or leavins
I
Group B: Rejectine or preventing
Group C: Stopping or cancelins
Group D: Decreasing
1. He set off for the hotel, apparently to avenge himself.
2. The impact of the editorial was beginning to wear off.
3. All the press was there to see the space shuttle take off.
4. Keep off fishy stories and everything willbe fine.
5. He dashed off after the cameraman but it was too late.
6. Large crowds gathered at the airport to see their favorite team off.
7. Reporters have gone off using typewriters; these days they all use word processors.
8. We'1lhave to call off the meeting.
9. Subscriptions have fallen off recently.
10" She has broken off her contract with The Observer.
1 1. Sales have dropped off dramatically.
12. She wouldn't be put off once she had made up her mind to be a war correspondent.
15" The use

16. trn thefollowing sentences, replace the underlined words with phrasul verbs, asing look, put,

turn and the adverbial purticles below:

down
away
in

up
off

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

up

forward

an
up
off

through
into

down
up
out

I would have liked to see his face when she refused him.
He always saved money for a rainy day
The lights are off. They must have gone to bed.
Only one man came to rescue us, the rest, just watched in silence.
You'll have to write everything they say.
I lost his phone number. I'11 have to see it in the phone directory.
We'il be very happy to eive you aclalqlnedatieq whenever you visit our town.
I always check my work carefully before I hand it in.
Come and visit me when you coms to Britain next year.
You never know when he may appear in the middle of the meeting.
I simply can't ntake her change her mind now that she has taken her decision.
They produced ail the arguments for people to consider.
The cause of the explosion has been carefully studied by experts.
Could we possibly postpone the meeting till next week?
"How did everything end?" "Everything worked {ine, thank you."

Discwssion Points. What do you think the followircg sayings mean? Discuss
A newspaper is a rnarket where wisdom sells its freedom.
When a dog bites a man, that is not news, but when a rnan bites a dog, that is news.
Bad news has wings (Bad news travels quickly; Ill news flies fast).

1.
2.
3.
4.

No news gocd news.

15

Understanding Headlines
Headlines are the short titles above newspaper reports. The headlines in the English-language
are
newspapers can be very difficult to understand. One reason for this is that newspaper headlines
are
there
often written in a special style, which is very different from ordinary English. In this style
result of
some special ruies of grammar, and words are often used in unusual ways. This is a direct
restrictions of space, or of the need to attract readers' attention. This style makes use of syntactical
conventions such as: noun plrases, strings of nouns, omission of articles, dropping of the auxiliary
"to be" in passive constructions, use of infinitives to express future events and plans, simple tenses
past
instead of progressive or perfect forms. Present Simple is used to express both present and
of the
events, worcls are used both as verbs and nouns.lYord choice often results in an exaggeration
puzzltng
meaning: short, snappy and rhyming words are prefened. Headlines can sometimes be
piays
because of the use of uncommon words or abbreviations or because of cultural allusions and
on words.

headline into a futl sentence using the present perfect passive or the
simple past passive. If necessary, add articles and other deleted. words
1. TWO CHILDREN INJURED IN TRAIN ACCIDENT
Two children have beea iniwred in a train accident.
Two children were iniured in a train accident:

1.7. Chunge each newspaper

2.

NEW CANCER TREATMENT DISCOVERED

3. PRESIDENT'S TR.IP POSTPONED

4. BUILDING DAMAGED BY EXPLOSION

5. RESTATIRAN'T CLOSED

6.

LOCAL BANK ROBBED; TWO KILLED

7. HIGHER WAGES

DEMANDED BY STRIKERS

8. GOLFER STRUCK

:.]

BY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

BY LIGHTNING

9. THREE JOURNALISTS RELEASED FROM

10. TEEN CHARGED

11.

JAIL

WITH BURGLARY

MAN HOSPITALIZED AFTER MOTORCYCLE CRASH

16

Headlines are not always complete sentences. Many headlines consist ofnoun phrases with
no verb.

MORE WAGE CUTS

HOLIDAY HOTEL DEATH

2.

Headlines often contain skings of three, four or more nouns; nogns earlier in the shing modify
those that follow.

FTIR}I-ITURE FACTORY PAY CUT ROW

Headlines like these can be difficult to understand. It sometimes helps to read them backward.
The headline above refers to a ROW (disagreement) about a CUT (reduction) in pAy at a
FACTORY that makes FURIIITURE.

3.

Headlines often leave out articles and the verb be.

SIIAKESPEARE PLAY IMMORAL, SAYS HEADMASTER

WOMAN WALKS ON MOON

4. In headlines, simple tenses are often used instead of progressive-or

perfect forms. The simple

present is used for both present and past events.

BLIND GIRL CLIMBS EVEREST (has climbed)

STUDENTS FIGHT FOR COURSE CHANGES (arefighting)

{,

The present progressive can be used, especially to talk about changes. ,Be is usually dropped.

BRITAIN GETTING WARMER. SAY SCIENTISTS

TRADE FIGURES IMPROVING

5.

Many headline words are used as both nouns and verbs, and nouns are often used to modify
other nouns (see paragraph 2). So it is not always easy to work out the strucfure of the
sentence.
Compare:

US CUTS AID TOTIIIRI} WORLD

(The US reduces its help-----CUTS is a verb, AID is a noun.)

AID CATS ROW

(There has been a disagreement about the reduction in
CUTS

aid. AID andCUTS are both nouns.)

AID REBELS

(The reduction in aid is helping the revolutionaries. CaTS is a noun,

AID

is averb.)

6.

Headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future. For is also used to refer to the future
movements or plans.

PM TO VISIT AASTRALIA
HOSPITALS TO TAKE FEWER PATIENTS
TROOPS FOR IRAQ? (Are soldiers going to be sent to IRAQ?)

7.

Auxiliary verbs are usually dropped from passive structures, leaving past participles.
MURDER HUNT: MAN HELD (... man is being held by police.)
SI){ KILLED IN EXPLOSION (Six people huve been killed ...)

Note that forms llke held, attackedare usually past participles with passive meanings,
not past tenses (which are rare in newspaper headlines). Compare:

AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKED (The President has been attacked.)

AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKS CRITICS (...the President hus attacked
her critics.)

BOY FOUND SAFE (The missing boy has been found safe.)
BOY FINDS SAFE (A boy hasfound a safe.)

8.

A colon (:) is often used to separate the subject of a headline flom what is said about it.
STRIKES: PM TO ACT
MOTORWAY CRASH: DEATH TOLL RISES

Quotation marks

('...')

are used to show that words were said by somebody else, and that the

newspaper does not necessarily claim that they are true.

CRASH DRIVER'HAD BEEN DRINKING'

A question mark (?) is often used when something is not certain.
CRISIS OVER BY SEPTEMBER?
18,

In English some words can be used either &s nouns or verbs. In the headlines below you

have examples of words used as verbs. Look at the underlined verbs and explain what they mean,
You muy need to use rnore than one word

Example: PM TO CURB SPENDING /irztf

BOOK LINKS MI5 WITH KGB

2. CHANCELLOR CUTS INTEREST RATES
3. BOMB BLASTS CENTRAL LONDON
4. PM PLEGES BACKING FOR EUROPE
5. PRESIDENT HEADS PEACE MOVES
1.

18

VOCABULARY OF HEADLINES
Short words save space and so they are very common in newspaper headlines. Some of
the short
words in headlines are unusual in ordinary language (e.g. curb, meaning 'restrict' or 'restriction'),
and some
sr
are used in special senses which they do not often have in ordinary language (e.g. bid,
meaning ' attempt')' Other words are chosen not because they are short, but b ecause thev sound
dramatic (e.g" blaze, which means 'big fire', and is used in headlines to refer to anv fire). The
following is a list of common headline vocabulary.

Act take action; do something FooD cRrsrs: GOVERNMENT To ACT

Aid military or financiai help; to help MORE ArD FaRpooR couNTRrEs
UNIONS

Alert

//D

HOSPITAL STRIKERS

alarrn, warning FLOOD ALERT ON EAST COAST

Allege make an accusation woMAN ALLEGESAI{FAIR TREATMENT
Appear appear in court accused for a crime MP To APPEAR oN DRUGS CHARGES
Axe abolish, close down; abolition, closure couNTRy BUS sER\rrcNS AKED

SMALL SCHOOLS FACE,4XN

BA British Airways BA}.'4.AKES RECORD LOSS
tsack support AMERf CA BACKS BRITISH PEACE MOYE
something; prohibition CHINA BANS us rMpoRTS
NEW BAIVS ON DEMONSTRATIONS
Bar refuse; refusal to allow entry HorEL BARS FOOTBALL FAIIS
NEWAAR ON IMMIGRANTS
Bid attempt JAPANESE WOMEN IN NEW EVEREST B/,
Blast expiosion; criticizeviolently BLAST AT pALACE; pMB LASTSEC
Blaze fire SIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE
Block stop, delay TORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' pAy DEAL

Ban fbrbid, refuse to allow

Blow

bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happening

SMITH tLL: BLOW TO WORLD CUp HOPES

Bclsten give support / encouragement to
EXPORT FIGURXS EOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE
BONd POIitiCAI / business association INDIA CUTS TRADE BhNDS WITH PAKISTAN
Boom big increase; prosperous period SPENDING BooM ovER, sAys MTNISTER
Boost encourage(ment); to increase; an increase
GO\TERNMENT PLAN TO BOOSTDXPORTS
BR British Rail B& CLAIMS 50% OF TRAINS ON TIME
Brink edge (of disaster) WORLD ON BftINI{ OF WAR
CaIt (for) demand lappeal (for) CALLFOR STRIKE TALKS
HOSPITAL ROW: MP CALLS FoR ENQUIRY
campaign organized effort to achieve social or political result
MP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFOR.M
Cash money MORE CISHNEEDED FORSCHOOLS
crrARGE accusation (by police) THREE MEN HELD oN BOMB 1HARGE
Chop abolition, closure 300 BANKBRA|{CHES FACE CHO?
city London's financial instirutions NEW TRADE FTGURES PLEASE cITy

Claim (make) a statement that something is true (especially when there may be disagreement);
pay claim demand for higher wages
SCIENTIST CLAIMS CAI\CER BREAKTHROUGT{
RACISM CLAIMIN NAYY
TEACHERS' PAY CLAIM RJEJECTED
19

Clamp down on deal firmlywith (usually something illegal)

POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING
clash quanel, fight (nounorverb) STUDENTS CL4SIIWITH POLICE
CIEAr fiNd iNNOCENI DOCTOR CI.EARED OF DRUGS CIIARGE
Commons the House of Commons (in Parliament)
MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER IIOUSING
CON SWiNdlE TEENAGERS CONWIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAWNGS
Crackdown firm application of the law
COVTNNMENT PROMISE S CRACKDO T'4T ON DRUGS DEALERS

Crash financial failure

BANKCR,4SflTREATENSTOBRINGDOWNGOVERNMENT
Curb restrict, restriction NEW PRICE CURBS
Cut reduce, reduction BRITAIN CATS OVERSEAS AID
NEW HEALTH SERVICF CTITS
(usually
financial) TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS
cutback reduction
Dash (make) quick joumey PM IN D/,SHTO BLAST HOSPITAL
Deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved DEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS
Deal agreement, bargain TEACI{ERS REJECT NEW PLY DEAL
Demo demonstration 30 ARRESTED IN AI\TI-TAX DEM
Dole unemplol.nent pay DOLE QUEUES LENGTIIEN
Drama dramatic event; tense situation PRINCE IN AIRPOR"r DRAMA
Drive united effort DRIVE TO SAVE WATER
TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLAN
Drop give up; get rid of; fall(noun)
. GOVERNMENT
BIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL II\MESTMENT
Due expectedto arrive QUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY
EC The European community EC TRADE MINISTERS TO MEET
Edge move gradually WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAR
Envoy ambassador FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARS
Face be threatenedby HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTS
STRIKER FACE SACK

Feud long-lasting quarrel or dispute

FAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD

Find

lr

something that is found

BEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWN DINOSAT]R

Firm determined not to change PM FIHM ON TAX LEVELS
Flak heaw criticism GOVERNMENT FACES FLAKOVERVAT
Flare begrn violently RIOTS FLARE IN ULSTER
Foil prevent somebody from succeeding TWELVE-YEAR-OLD F OILS BANK RAIDERS
Fraud swindle, deceit JAIL FOR TICKET FRAUD MEN
Freeze keep(ing) prices etc' at tn"t*'ff;$fff

ltKh$Tln?J5;'ffi;1"
DRI,]G PROFITS FROZEN I

F RE E z E

Gag censor(ship), prerrent (ion) from speaking

AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS
Gaol older British spelling for jail
Gems jewels tzl{ GEMS STOLEN
Go resign; be lost; disappear PM TO GO? 4.000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH
Go for be sold for PICASSO DRAWING GOES fon $5M
Go-ahead approvai SCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD
Grab take violently GERMANS GR-4.8 SIIARES IN BRITISH COMPANIES
20

Grip

hold tightly REBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON NORTII

COLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY

Gun down shoot TERRORIST cUNDOTfAf PRIEST

Halt stop CAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION
Haul amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customs
TRAIN ROBBERY: BIG GOLD HAT]L
RECORD DRUGS HAUL'AT AIRPORT
Head lead; leader PM TO HEAD TRADE MISSION
COMMONWEALTII HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA
Head for move towards ECONOMY HEADING fOfi DISASTER" EXPERTS WARN
Hike (US) rise in costs, prices etc. TNTEREST HIKE ll4LL Hrr BII9TNESS
Hit affectbadly SNOWSTORMS.EilTTRASORT
Hit out at attack (with words) PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS
Hiteh problem that causes delay

LAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH

Hold, arrest; keep under arrest POLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECT
MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST
In (the) red indebt; making a financial loss BRITISH STEEL IN RED
IRA kish Republican Army IRALEAD ERMAKES STATEMENT
Jail prison JAIL FOR REACE MARCHERS
Jobless unernployed (people) THREE MILLION JoBLEss By ApRrL
Key important, vital KEf WITNESS VANISHES
Landslide victory by large majority in elections
LANDSLIDE FOR SCOTTISII IVA,TTONAT,TSTS
Lash criticize violently BrsrroP LASESTV SExAND YIOLENCE
Launch send (satellite etc.) into space; begin (campaign etc.); put (new product) on market
SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYED
EIYVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUN CHE S CAMPAIGN FOR CLEAhIER BEACHES
BRITISH FIRM LAUNCHES THROW-AWAY CHAIRS
Lead clue (in police enquiry) NEw LEAD IN PHoNEBox MURDER CASE
Leak unofficial publication of secret information PM FURIOUS OVER TAX pLAl[ LEAKS
Leap big increase LEAP IN IMPORTS
Life imprisonment 'for life' LIFE FOR AXE MURDER
Link connection, contact NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERU
Loom threaten to happen VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMS
Lords the House of Lords (in Parliament) LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATION
Mar spoil CROWD VIOLENCB MARS CUp tr'INAL
Mercy intended to save lives DocroR rN MERCTDASH To EVEREST
Mission delegation (official group sent to confere4ce etc.) SHOTS FIRID AT UN MISSION
Mob angry crowd; organized crime /Ivlafia (US)
MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETS
MOB LEADERS IIELD
Move step towards a particular result (often political)
MOW TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAIY
MP Member of Parliament MP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE
Nail force somebody to admit the truth NIP NAILS 1VtrNISTER ON ptrT CLOSURE PLAI\S
Net win, capture TWO SISTERS IfEf $3M IN POOLS WIN
odds chances, probability JoNEs RE-ELECTED AGHNST rIrE 0DDS
On about, on the subject of, conceming I\IEW MOVE ONPENSIONS
21

Opt (for) choose WALES OPTS FOft INDEPENDENCE

Oust drive out, replace MODREATuS OUnfnn IN UNION ELECTIONS
Out to intending to SCOTS NATIONALISTS OUf fO CAPTURE MASS VOTE
Over about, onthe subject o{ because of ROW OWR AID CUTS
Pact agreement D.EFENCE PACTRUNS INTO TROUBLE
Pay wages TRAIISPORT PIyTALKS BREAKDOWN
PC police constable PCSHOT IN BANK RAID
Peak high point BAITIK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK
Peer lord; Member of the House of Lords
PEERS REJECT GOVER}IMENT WAGE.FREEZE PLAII
Peg hold (prices etc.) at present level BANKS PEG INTEREST RATES
Peril danger FLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY
Pit coal mine THREAT OF MORE PTZCLOSURIS
Plant factory STEEL PLANTBLAZB'
Plea call for help BIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID
Ptedge promise GOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGEON JOBLESS
PM Prime Minister EGG THROWN AT PM
PolI election; public opinion survey TORIES AHEAI) IN POIIS
Pools football pools: a form of gambling in which people guess the results of football matches
SISTERS SHARE BIG POO'S WIN
Premier head of government GNEEKPREMIER TO VISIT UK
Press the newspapers BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFFENCE SPENDING
Press (ror) urse' encou'"?i-tJ,L[T]1lrr

ro ACr oN HousrNG
OPPOSITTON PftESS rOR ENQUIRY ON ArR CRASHES
Probe investigation; investigate CALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBE
POLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL
Pull out withdraw; Pull-out withdrawal AS PaLLS OUT OF ARMS TALKS
CHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISIil PULL.OUTFROM ULSTER
Push (for) ask for, encourage SCHOOLS PUSH FAR MORE CASH
Quake earthquake HOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE
Quit resign, leave CHURCH LEADERQAIT; MINISTERTO QUIT GOVERNMENT
Quiz question (verb) POLICE QUIZ MILLIONARE BOSS
Raid enter and search; altack (noun and verb), rob, robbery
POLICE RAID DUCHF',SSOS FLAT

Rampage riot FooTBALL FArrs RAMpAGEt""JJ:;:ffit#ftowNs

Rap criticize DOCTORS R.4P NEW MINISTRY PLANS
Record bigger than ever before RECORD LOSS BY ENSURANCE FIRM
Riddle mystery MISSING ENYOY RIDDLEIWOMAN IIELD
Rift division, disagreement LABOUR MFT OVER DEFFENCE POLICY
Rock shock, shake BANK SEX SCANDAL ^ROCK,S CITY
IRELAI\D ROCKED BY QUAKE
Row noisy disagreement, quarrel NEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS
Rule out reject the possibility of PNI RULES OaT AATUMN ELECTION
Sack dismiss (al) from job STRIIING POSTMEN FACE SACK
22

saga long-running news story NEw REVELATT0NS rN BANK sEx slcl4

scare public alarm, alarmingnrmour TYPHOTD scARE rN sourHwEST
scrap throw out (as useless) GOVERNMENT scRAPS NEw ROAD pLANs
Seek look for POLICE SEI9KWITNESS TO KILLING
Seize take (especially in police an custom searches)
POLICE SEIZE ARMS AF"TER CAR CHASE
$3M DRUGS SEIZED AT THE AIRPORT
Set to ready to; about to INTEREST RATES SET TO RISE
Shed get rid of BRITISH RAIL TO SHED5.000 JOBS
Slam criticize violently BISHOP SLAMS DEFENCE PLICY
Slash cut, reduce drastically GOVERNMENT TO SLASHHEALTH EXPENDITURE
Slate criticize PMSLATES BISHOP
Slay (US) murder FREEWAY KILLERSIITS SIX
Slump fall(economic) EXPORTS,SI{/MP,. CITY FEARS NEW SLUMP
Snatch rob, robbery BIG WAGES SNATCH IN WEST END
Soar rise dramatically IMPORTS SOAR FOR TIIIRD MONTH
Spark cause to start REFEREE'S DECISION SPIXKS RIOT
Split disagree(-ment) CABINET SPLIT ON PRICES POLICY
Spree wild spending expedition
BUS DRIVER SPENDS $3O.O(}O IN THREE-DAY CREDIT CARD SPREE
stake financial interest JAPANESE BtrY srAKE IN BRTTISTT ArRwAys
Storm angrypublic disagreement STORM OVERI\EW STRIKE LAW
Storm out of leave angrily TEACHERS' LEADERS STORM o(IT OFMEETING
Stun surprise, shock JOBLESS FIGURES,SIUTCITY
Surge sudden increase; rise suddenly SURGE IN JOBLESS FIGURES
Swap exchange I{EART SIYAP BOY BETTER
Sway persuade HOSPITAL PROTEST SWAYS MINISTERS
Switch to change;.a change DEFENCE POLICY S\|/ITCH
Swoop to raid; a police raid Por,rcE oN DAWN styoop oN DRUGS GANG
Threat danger TEACHERS' STRIKE THREAT
Tolt number killed QUAKE TOLL MAY BE 5.000
Top (adj.) senior, most important fOP BANKER KIDNAPPED
Top (verb) exceed IMORTS fOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES
Tory conservative VICTORY FOR IOftYMODERATES
Trio three people JAILBRE LK TMORECAPTURED
Troops soldiers MORE TROOPS F'ORBORDERARDA
UK The'tjnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern keland)
EC CRITICISES UK JAJL CONDITIONS
Ulster Northern Ireland PM IN SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER
UN The United Nations UIVIN RED: CA|INOT BALATICE BUDGET
Urge encourage GOVERNMENT ARGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION
us The united States of America u,s URGED To PULLour oF ARMS DEAL
V.AT value added tax I\EXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD?
walk out leave in protest cAR woRKERs IYALK oUT ovFR WAGE FREEZE
Wed marry BISHOP TO I|/ED ACTRESS

23

WORK ON HEADLINE
19, Match each headline word (column 2)

with

its meaning (column3). The headline (colurun 1)

can help yoa

Headline

word
1. aid
2. axe
3. back
4. bid
5. blast
6. clash
7. dash
8. deadlock
9. envoy
10. lash
11. raid
12. stun

Headline

American plan aid to Columbia

2.000 jobs axed
MPs back Blair policy
Bid to save the Tories
Man held after station blast
City council clash over homeless
Prisoners in dash to freedom
Peace talks reach deadlock
American envoy taken hostage
Bishop lashes TV violence
Police raid hippie camps
Jobless figures stun City

Meaning
a) to attack verbally
b) hurried journey
c) quarrel, dispute
d) an attempt
e) ambassador
f) help
g) explosion
h) to support
i) failure to reach agreement
j) to surprise greatly, to shock
k) to enter and search
l) to cut, to reduce

above into full sentences, inserting all missing elements (artieles,

genitives, auxiliaries) where ftecessary and changing the vocabulary as appropriate, e.g.:

a\ Expand the headlines

MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST

A man was arrested after an explosion at the station.
JOBLESS FIGURES STUN CITY
The figures for the number of unemployed have shocked/greatly surprised
experts in the City af London.

b)

the

financial

Translate the headlines above into yoar native language. lYhich are eusier to translate: the
headlines or the expanded versions? Why?

20. Shock

Horror Headlines.

Some

pflper$ especially tabloids, are famous for thefu headlines.

Match these heudline words to their meanings and use them to complete the heacllines below
1. BID
a. argument
2. DASII
b. inquiry
3. PLEDGE
c. questioning by police or at an enquiry
4. PROBE
d. fast joumey, often with an uncertain outcome
5. QIJIZ
e. a period of waiting, perhaps by an ill person's bedside

6.
7.

ROW
VIGIL

promise

g. attempt

I. GLENDA KEEPS
Actress Glenda Jackson left hospital iast night after spending the day at her son's bedside, and
spoke of her relief that he was still alive.

II. MAN

FACES

.. ON WIFE DEATH.

Detectives were waiting by the hospital bedside of a man to question him about the death of his wife.
.A

LN

III. NIGEL'S -----------,---.

World champion Nigel Mansell took a lingering look across the Portuguese Grand Prix hack which
has caused him both heartache and joy yrsterday before declaring: 'I will never come back here
again- I'm finished forever with Formula One.

IV. OLYiUPIC BOSS IN BRIBE

The head of the Olympics is threatening legal

action over a TV documentary alleging his officials are comrpt.

V. PRIVATE HEALTH PRICE FIXERS F'ACTNG

Fees charged for private medical treatment are to be investigated by monopoly watchdogs.

VI. SRI LANKA PEACE

A Sri Lankan govemment negotiator is expected to try to

reopen talks with the Tamil Tigers today

in an attempt to end the outbreak of fighting between Tigers and the Army.

VII. TEENAGE PAIR KILLED IN.---.----.--- ACROSS M.WAY.

A teenage judo champion and a girl pal were killed in front of friends
a

as they

took a short cut across

motorway.

21. Here ure some

mini

items

from the News in Brief section of

a newspaper. Skim them and

match them to the appropriate headlines

1. CAT

TRAP

2.

KILLS 3. TOO SICK

DOORMAN foT JAIL

GUNMAN
CLUB

5, GUARDS STABBED
OVER HAIRCAT RULE

documents saved by rain

from a bonfire lit by fleeing troops
almost 2.000 years ago have been found

CHINESE
WHISPERS

6. I{OLIDAY BOAT EXPLOSION

CAUSED BY HEATWAVE

7. DOWNPOUR SAVED
SLICE of HISTORY

A. Roman

4.

8. CLINTON

tO

RESCUE D.C.

B.

Earwigo a Burmese kitten, was rescued

by firemen after climbing into a washing

machine. Owner Diane Wiilows, of

by archaeologists. The site at Vindolanda Maidenhead, Berkshire, heard his miaows as
Fort on Hadrian's wall, Northumberland, the washer fi1led up with soapywater,
has yielded about 400 post-card-size thin
stopped the machine but could not open the d.oor.
wooden pages which will go on show at
the British Museum in London.

25

C. Five prisoners

upset for religious

reasons about a new policy requiring

inmates to cut their hair, stabbed five
guards at South Carolina state prison and

took three hostages. Four of the rnjured

guards were in serious condition with
head, chest or back wounds; one was
not seriously hurt.

D.

A bill to rescue the District of Columbia

from near-certain bankruptcy, imposing strict
new spending controls and stripping away
powers from the Mayor and the City Council,
will be signed by the President next week.

A six-stone pensioner, Dorothy

Pittaway, 64, of Tividale, West Midlands,
escaped jail when police refused to send
her there on health grounds after Warley
magistrates sentenced her to 20 days for
non-payment of her poll tax.

F.

G.

I.

E.

Engineers have halted work onbridge

repairs after being told they would disturb

evil spirits if they dug under a Chinese
restaurant in Llanrwst. North Wales.

Fine Bank Holiday weather was blamed

yesterday for explosions in the fuel tanks of
two cruisers on the Thames which injured five
people.

A murder hunt has been launched after

the doorman at the Plaza nightclub in
Handsworth, Birmingham, was shot dead.
Police said Keith Copeland, 36 was killed by
a single shot to the head.

26

MAKING HEADLINES
thefollowing newspaper headlines where inudvertent puns have creuted second
meanings. ( 'Pun' is an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or af words
having the same sound but dffirent meanings: "7 days without water make one week"l "She
told the child to try not to be so tryingu).Can you explain what the news stories below are
probably sbout and what the other interpretations might be?

22. Look through

MILK DRINKERS
ARE TURNING
TO POWDER

THAGS EAT THEN ROB PROPRIETOR

MANHELD OVER
GIANT L.A. BRUSI{ FIRE

DRANK GETS NINE MONTHS

IN WOLIN CASE

POLICE DISCOYER CRACK

IN AaSTR /ILIA

23. Read the

TRAFFIC DEAD
RISE SLOWLY

following heudlines and make whatever ehanges that would clarify the meaning

Miners refuse to
after death

work

2 Enraged

Cow

Injures Farmer with

Axe

3 Two ships
Collide,
One Dies

24.

Stolen Painting Found

by Tree

Drunken Drivers
Paid 51.A00 Lust Year

Fill in each of the blanks in the following

passage with one suitable word

There are few industries that have embraced new technology with as much enthusiasm as
press. (1) -------- are the days when typesetters would laboriously set out each word letter by letter.
Nowadays computers with sophisticated graphics and word-processing (2) --------- have
almost made misprints and spelling effors a thing of the (3) -------- .
While it may be true that papers have - at (4) ---------- in linguistic terms - become more
accurate, it does not necessarily (5) --------- that the same can be (6) ----------- for the content.
Few papers (7) --------- printed stories that they knew to be entirely false, but new technological
developments (8) ---------- as the advent of colour printing have meant that the visual appeal of a
paper has taken (9) ----------- a new importance in the circulation war. This pressure (10) -------pander to the tastes (11) -------- the television generation, to opt (12)
the visually exciting
or sensational (13)
than the analyticai, has already transformed the popular
press and is making inroads (14) ----------- the more serious papers. Where it all will lead is sti1l
(15) ----------- to question, but already there are some pointers. There is a popular paper (16) --------- headlines lrke'ELVIS PRESLEY FOUND ALIW AND WELL ON MOON'are regularly
splashed across the front (17) ------------ ; fact is blended with fiction, and the accuracy of a story is
immaterial as (i 8)
as it entertains. Harmless fun, you may say, and you may be right.
But as the trend continues and papers bear less and less (19)------------- to the real world, the
dangers of the press falling into the wrong (20) ----------- would become ever greater.

27

THE MEDIA
Read these pieces of inforrnation and focus on the words in bold

News and entertainment are communicated in a number of different ways, using different
media. The media include print media such as newspapers and magazines, and electronic media
such as radio and television. The word media is most often used to refer to the communication of
news, and in this context means the same as news media. Media and mass media are often used
when discussing the power of modem communications.
The press usually refers just to newspapers, but the term can be extended to include
magazines. The people in charge of newspaper content are editors. The people who write for them
are journalists, sometimes referred to informally as journos or insultingly as hacks. Someone who
writes articles that appear regularly, usually in the same place in the paper, and often with
powerfully expressed opinions, is a columnist. The British national press is referred to as Fleet
Street, although no national paper is now produced in this London street. Fleet Street, in the City of
London, for so long known as the "street of ink", is still an important centre for publishers, but the
advent of printing technology has prompted most national newspaper publishers to move to new
sites - many of them in Docklands. Only the Daily Express still has its head offices in Fleet Street.
It is therefore inevitable that Fleet Street will eventually be better known for the rolling presses of
the past than for being the hotbed of today's news.
Newspapers run or carry articles or stories. Articles other than the most important ones can
also be referred to as pieces. Editorials give the paper's opinion about the news of the day. In a
quality paper, the most important editorial is the leading article or leader. These, and the other
editorials, are written by leader writers.
Newspapers, especially tabloid newspapers, are often accused of taking an excessive interest
in the private life of famous people such as film stars: celebrities, or very informally, celebs.
Celebrities are sometimes referred to slightly humorously, and perhaps critically, as glitterati. This
expression has repiaced beautiful people and jet set, reminiscent now of the 1960's.
Celebrities, as well as more ordinary peoplg complain about invasion of privacy or a breach of
privacy when they feel their private lives are being examined too closely. They complain about infusive
reporting techniques like the use of paparazzi, photographers with long-lens camefiN who take pictures
without the subject's knowledge or permission. Other inkusive methods include doorstepping, waiting
outside someone's house or office with microphone and camera in order to question them, and secretly
recording conversations by bugging rooms with hidden microphones, or bugs.
In some countries, you can take legal action and sue newspaper editors for invasion of
privacy: different countries have different laws about what breaches privacy are actionable. You
may also sue for libel in a libel action, if you think that you have been libeled: in other words, that
something untrue, and that damages your reputation, has been written about you When someone
starts legal action for libel, they issue a libel writ. In both cases, the objective of the lawsuit is
financial compensation in the form of damages.
Govemments that limit press freedom are accused of gagging the press. This may be carried
out by a body referred to informally as a watchdog. If the watchdog is ineffective, it is described as
toothless. If this is not enough for the govemment, it may impose statutory (legally enforceable)
controls. The authorities are then described as cracking down or clamping down on the press.
They may aiso be accused of press censorship and of limiting press freedoxn or the freedom of
the press.
28

Supplementary material
Read this article from The sunday rebsrayh and do the tasks foltowing

I'm a Republican,

it

Says Rebel Shadow Minister

Ron Davies, the shadow Welsh Secretary, was embroiled in fresh controversy
over his views on the Royal
family last night after The Sunday klegraph established that further personal criticism
of the prince of
Wales were edited out ofthe Welsh television progranllne broadcast by the BBC
on Friday evening.
Sources at BBC Wales have described Mr. Davies's contribution to the prograrnme
0.10
as
minutes
of undiluted republican analysis of why the Prince of Wales should not be tiig'.
Among the lengthy remarks which were not broadcast, Mr. Davies declared: ..I am
a republican,,,
adding that he believed most people shared his view that the monarchy had
become a discredited
institution. He also embellished his view that the breakdown of Prince Charles's
marriage *J fri,
hypocrisy over wildlife disquaiified him from succeeding to the throne.
He said that Prince Charies could not be king and "live a sin" with Camilla parker
Bowles, and
neither could he perform his constitutional duty as the Defender of the Faith
if he were to marry his
long-term mistress.
The fresh revelation will add to the Labour leadership's discomfort, proving
that the remarks were
part of a considered contribution rather than an off-the-cuff observation on the prerecorded
programme' It will also increase pressure on Mr. Davies to resign his frontbench
post.

right explanutionfor each of thefoUowing words (underlined in the passage)

embroiled a) involved; b) praised; c) disappointed
2. edited a) discovered; b) printed; c) cut off
3. to embellish a) to give no details; b) to give fewer details; c) to give
more details
4. off-the cuff a) planned; b) improvised; c) prepared

25. Choose the

1.

26. choose the appropriate endings for the

following sentences
1. The controversy arose
a. only over what had been broadcast.
b. only over what had been edited out.
c. both only over what had been broadcast and what had been edited out.
2. The decision was made to edit out some remarks because it was thoueht
a. the prograrlme would be too long.
b. the remarks would shock some of the viewers.
c. the programme would be too expensive.
3. Ron Davies criticized
a. only the Prince's private life.
b. only the Prince's character.
c. both his private life and his character.
4. kr his attacks on the Prince of Wales, Ron Davies
a. also included religion.
b. made no mention of religion.
c. put reiigion first.
5. We know that Ron Davies was a front-bencher
a. from the beginning of the extract.
b. half way through the extract.
c. only at the end of the extract.
29

UNIT TWO

RADIO AND TELEVISION

RADIO
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was founded in 1927 as an independent public
corporation. There is no advertising on BBC radio. It is not required to make a profit and its income
comes almost entirely from the sale television licences which everyone who owns a television has
to buy. Although the c hairman and g overnors of the B BC are a ppointed by t he monarch on the
advice of the government, the government has no control over the BBC's broadcasting policy.
The BBC broadcasts radio programmes both at home and abroad, its domestic and extemal services
respectively. At home, the BBC currently broadcasts five radio networks. Radio 1 broadcasts rock

and pop music, while Radio 2 transmits mainly popular music, light entertainment and sports
programmes. Radio 4 programmes include regular news bulletins and reports, as well as plays,
documentaries, quiz shows and live broadcasts of important events. Radio 5 is aimed at younger
listeners and broadcasts mainly educational and sports programmes.
Programmes on local radio concentrate on local news and information, together with music,
entertainment and educational broadcasts. The public is able to take part in 'phone-in' programmes.
where listeners speak by telephone to a presenter or guest in the studio.

Thernainexternalnetworkofthe BBCisthe WorldService,whichbroadcaststo almostevery

country of the world tn37 languages, including English. The main English services include the
World Service in English, which is broadcast world-wide 24 hours a day, with special programmes
for African and South Asian audiences, BBC English by Radio and Television, which teaches
English as a foreign language, and a service that provides recordings of BBC programmes for
overseas radio stations.

In the USA radio is controlled by private commercial companies, with the exception of National
Public Radio, which is supported by grants and donations. By t928, the USA had three national
radio networks, two owned by the National Broadcasting Company (t\rBC) and by the Columbia
Broadcasting System (CBS). At first, sound broadcasting was almost entirely for entertainment, but
schedules are now more varied, and some stations broadcast purely educational programmes. ln
1985 there were over 900 radio stations in the USA, the largest number in any country in the world.
(From Oxford Advanced Learner's
Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 51

30

1.
1.

2.
a
J.

Find the words.in the

tut

that cowespond to the following deftnitions:

Official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth. (1)
Broadcast item (eg, aplay, discussion or documentary), (2)
A group ofbroadcasting stations that link up to broadcast the same programmes at the same
time. (2)

4.
5.
6.
7.

Short official statement of news. (2)

Spoken or written account of sth. heard, seen or done, especially one that is published or
broadcast. (2)
Factual report of some subject or activity (a radio or TV programme). (2)
A competition, esp. on TV or radio, in which people try to answer questions to test their

8.
9.

knowledge. (2)
A person who presents a programme,(esp. on radio or television). (3)
Number ofpeople who watch, read or listen to the same thing. (4)

2,

IYhat do the lollowing ftgures refer to? a) 1927; b) 371' c) 24; d) 1928; e) 900

Read the following pieces of information aboutp rogrammes and people, news programmes
and the TV diet Remember the words and phrases in bold type

Programmes on radio and television may be referred to formally as broadcasts; and they
may be referred to informally as shows, especially in American English. Programmes or
shows on radio and television are often presented or hosted b!'a programme host. Popular
music prograrnmes are presented by disc iockeys or Djs.
News programmes may be hosted, fronte{ or anchored by anchors famous in their own
right, sometimes more famous than the people in the news. Variations of the noun anchor
are the following: anchorman, anchorwoman and anchorperson. In more traditional
news programmes, the news is read by a newsreader or newscaster: newscaster is now a
rather old-fashioned word.

Reporters and correspondents, or television journalists, make reports. They and the camera
operators who go with them are news gatherers. Together they form TV crews.
Broadcasters are TV and radio organizations, the people working for them, or, more
specifically, the professional media people who actually participate in programmes.
Programmes and reports are transmitted or broadcast live in a live broadcast, with events
seen or heard as they happen, or recorded for broadcast later. A recording ofan event can be

referred to as footage of that event. A news prograrnme might include:

a) dramatic footage of events such as war or disasters;
b) interviews and studio discussions (pictures of people participating in these are often
referred to as talking heads, an informal expression used to show disapproval of what can be

boring form of television);

c) vox-pop interviews, or vox-pops getting the rsctions of ordinary people, often in the street;
d) clips, or extracts, of any of these things.

31

People sometimes say that today's news programr{es are infotainment, a mixture
information, and entertainment, something that people watch or listen to for pleasure.
example of infotainment is docudrama where real events are dramatized and. reenacted
actors. This is a combination of documentary and drama: a documentary is a serious
radio or TV programme.

J.

Match the types of programmes to their deJinitions

talk-show (chat-show)
2. game show (quiz-show)
3. God slot
4. phone-in
1.

a. contest or skill, intelligence or knowledge. The term includes

5. soap opera (soap)

quiz shows (a contest involving answering questions).

b. series about the lives of a group of people
c. awell-known host invites guests to talk, often about
something they are tryrng to sell or promote.
d. a host invites people to phone in and put questions to
studio guests, or just give their opinions about something
e. religious progftlrnme

32

TELEYISION
(1) Britain's first regular television service opened

in 1932, when the British broadcasting

Corporation (BBC) began transmitting four short late-night programmes a week. The development
of television was intemrpted by the Second World War, but resumed after it, making its first real
impact in 1953 when the BBC televised the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
(2) In 1955 Independent Television (ITV) began transmitting at first only in the London area.
Unlike the BBC, which funded its broadcasting with the revenue from radio and television licences,
ITV derived its main income from its commercial advertising. This arrangement remains today.
(3) ITV programmes are produced by a number of regional companies A national company,
TV-am, broadcasts news, current affairs and entertainment programmes every morning. The
programmes of the regional companies are not restricted to their own area, except for local news
coverage. Programmes such as plays and documentaries are seen nationwide
(4) BBC 1 broadcasts a schedule of news, information progarammes, documentaries, plays,
films and light entertainment from early morning to late at night. ITV's schedule is similar, but its
presentation is generally slicker and more 'glossy'. Its progarammes are broadcast round the clock.
(5) I" 1989 satellite television was first transmitted on four channels by the privately owned
company Sky Television, and it was joined in 1990 by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB), under
contract to the IBA. Because both companies were loosing money in their attempts to win viewers,
Sky and BSB merged to form a single new company, British Sky Broadcasting. Despite the
increasing popularity of satellite television, the non-satellite ('terrestrial') channels form the main
part of most people's viewing. In 1990, Britain's most watched channel was ITV.
(6) In the USA, television developed rapidly after the Second World War, the first colour
transmissions being made in 1954. There are over 1000 commercial television companies, and at
ieast three households out of ten can receive ten or more of them. Much US television is geared to
news, sport and entertainment. Most television production is in the hands of 'the Big Three': the
Columbia Broadcast System (CBS), the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and the American
Broadcasting Company (ABC). These three have recently been joined by a 'fourth: Fox
Broadcasting, owned by Rupert Murdoch. There is also non-commercial television, the public
Broadcasting System (PBS), which is financed by grants from companies and individuals. It offers
quality drama progralnmes, children's prograillmes and national and international news
programmes. More than half of the viewers in the USA subscribe to cable television, often referred
to as 'public access TV' because members of the public are able to make or contribute to many of
its programmes.
(From Oxford Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1995)

5.

Resdthe passage again andftndthefollowing:

a. a noun meaning 'strong impression or effect on sb/sth.,(1)

b. a noun meaning 'official document showing that permission has been given to do sth.'(2)
c. a noun filsaning 'reporting of events.' (3)
d. an adjective meaning 'done smoothly and efficiently, without effort.' (4)

nout meaning 'person watching a TV programme.' (5)

f. a word meaning 'band of frequencies used for broadcasting television progarmmes.'(5)
g. a verb meaning 'to buy regularly over a period of time., (6)

e. a

aa
JJ

6.

Agree or disagree with the statements given below

ase:
so
- it looks like that
- that's right
- I quite agree with it
- quite so
- exactly (so)
- just so
- precisely so
- decidedly
To &gree
- very much

To disagree use:

that's wrong, I'm afraid

- not at all
- not quite
- quite the contrary
- on the contrary
- I disagree with it
- nothing of the kind

-just the reverse

- just the other way round

- definitely
- perfectly
- certainly (for certain)

a)

The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II was televised just after Britain's television service
opened. (1)

b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)

Both BBC and ITV funded their broadcasting from commercial advertising. (2)
TV-m broadcasts nothing but current affairs every morning. (3)
Only documentaries and films are broadcast by BBC 1 all day long. (4)

h)
i)

BSB and IBA won viewers rather easily.(5)

Due to high popularity satellite television forms the main part of the audience. (5)
The first colour transmissions in the USA were made just at the end of the first half of the last
century.(6)
The 'Big Three' includes four companies. (6)
The extract devotes the same space both to television service in Britain and in USA.

Types of TV programmes: documentaries, oews broadcasts, current affairs prografirmes, soap

operas, drama, chat shows, detective stories, sports programmes, weather forecasts, music
programmes, game shows (quizzes), variety shows, commercials. A serial is a story thar
continues from one progriunme or episode to the next. A series is about the same characters or
has the same format each week but each programme is complete in itself.

7.

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What sort of TV programmes do you think these would be?

Murder at the Match

The Amazing Underwater World

World Cup Special

The $10.000 Question
Last Week in Parliament

Hamlet from Stratford

34

Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the most appropriate wordfrom thefotlowing list:
camcorder; buttons; comics;remote control;pickup (reeeive);programmes ftroadcasts)
1.He doesn't even get up from the sofa to change channels; he just presses the

..

.. . .... on

the

2.You can hear BBC news

all over the world.
3.A short wave or a VHF radio can
.. ..... many interesting stations.
4.Although our ...
..... was expengive, we've taken some priceless film of our children.
S.Children often prefer looking at ....
to reading books.
Read the following pieces of information and remember the italicized words

There is, of course, a lot of competition between broadcasting orgarnzations. Most TV and radio
networks want to increase the size of the uudience, or their ratings, at the expense of other
networks. Good ratings are especially important ilxtngprime-time or peak-time, the time of day, or
s/al, when most people watch TV. Slot also means any short period in broadcasting reserved for a
specific purpose.

High audience figures attract more advertising or commercials to be shown in commercial breaks
between programmes. Commerciais are also known as spofs. The media often talk about ratings
battles or ratings wars)between networks when discussing competition in the industry.
People watching

TV are viewers. Viewers who watch a lot of television without caring what they

watch are couch potatoes. If you zap between channels, you use yout remote control ot zapper to
change channels a lot, perhaps looking for something interesting to watch, and perhaps not
succeeding. A zapper is also a person who zaps. Informal words for television are the tube or box or
telly in Britain.

TV is often accused of showing too much violence ar mayhem; scenes of fights, assault, murder
and so on. Violence on TV and in films is often referred to as gore, especially when blood is visible.
A film with a.lot of violence and blood in it is agory.
Multimedia is the combining of TV, computers and telecommunications to provide information and
entertainment services that will be interactive. Users will be able to interact with the progrilnmes
and influence what they see. Programmes such as these will possess interactivity.

PREREADING ACTIVITY. Read the following questions. See if you know the answers to
any of them. Then read the passage about the development of television to find the answers to
the questions. Read slowly and carefullyo taking about ten minutes

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

What invention was necessary before television could be developed?

What could Vladimir Zworykin's invention do?
What event occurred between the time Zworykin invented the television camera and the
time television become popular?
Why were early televisions limited to black and white?
What is the relationship between satellites and television broadcasts?
35

THE DE\IELOPMENT OF TELEVTSION

or improved parts of the systm
Television was not really invented. Many scientists invented
now. Radio, of course' was necessarily befora
that have become the television systems we know
the same principles of electromagnetic wal
television could be developed, because television uses
in the 1800s, the possibility of televisi
that radio does. As ,oon u, radio became possible
years for it to become practical'
transmission was also known, but it took many
ideas that made televisi
British and American scientists helped to develop the basic
invented a camera tube that could
possible. By 1923, vladimir Zworykin, a Russian, had
built a television **:i:11I-o^**.-.
pictures into electric energy. By |9}9,Zworykin had
,
"'""*';;];:1, ,rgrr* television broadcasts were begun in Germany. The first broadcasts in
become popular until after the Sec
united States began in 1939, but television did not really
in the practical use of television.
world war. Between 1g45 and 1g55 there was rapid growth
white' color television was possible'
A11 eariy television was broadcast in black and
middle of the 1950s' colour
was too expensive and of very poor quality until the
in 1960, and in Europe in1967 '
broadcasts began in the united States in 1954, in Japan
in 1969, and now televtr
The first landing on the moon was broadcast live on teievision
the use of satellites that transmit
programs are sent aliover the world immediately through
signats from the earth, througlr space, and back to earth'
television than through
More people get now their news and information througlr
of the most rapid and exciting events of
and radio. The development of television is one
century.

television'
Here are some useful words and phrases connected with
TV tonight?)
what,s on TV toniglnt? (: what programmes are showing on
What time's the film on? (: what time does it start?)
between programmes)
How long do the commercials last? (: the advertisements
most / best)
what,s your favourite programme? (: the programme you like
Aretheyshowingthegamelive(:asithappens)orjustrecordedhighlights?(:parts
game
after it has been played, e.g. later in the day / evening)
of the
government if you have a TV)
How much is a TV licence? (: money you have to pay the
Answer these questions about TV in this country'

'

1.
2.
3.

How many'terrestrial' channels are there?

Do you watch satellite TV and / or cable TV?
In total, how much TV do you watch every week?

4.WhatareyourfavouriteprogrammesonTVatthemoment?

5.
6.
7.
8.

What night are theY on?

Do you enjoywatching the commercials?
you watch the highlights?
Do you often watch football matches live on TV? If not, do
Do you need a TV licence in this country? If so, how much is it?

36

Read thefollowing text and do the exercises

THE INTERNET
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users over the
world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a
nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one
computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in
touch with other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called
'packet switching.' Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked
out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such
packet,switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was
not knocked out during the Gulf War.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail Most of the people, who have access to the
Interriet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular
services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet,
FTP, and Gopher. Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable aiternative to the expensive
and unreliable telecommunications systems of these counkies. Commercial users can communicate
over the Internetwith the rest of the worid and can do it very cheaply: when they send e-mail
messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers. But who actually
pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is
very simpls: A user pays hislher service provider a monthly or hornly fee. Part of this fee goes
towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger
provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations. If
people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will
drastically increase.
However some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail
message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The
data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called 'routers'.
Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even
change the data being sent over the Internet.In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding
progmms available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without
any form of encoding, i.e. "in the cleaf'. But when it becomes necessary to send important
information over the Aptwork, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and
companies conduct transactions over the

Intetnet

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Intemet?

2. What was the Intemet originally designed for?

3. What is the most popular Internet service?
4" Whom does one have to pay for sending e-mail messages?

37

In

the text there was the ahbreviation 'i.e.' Below are a number af other

abbreviutions. Do you know their origin? Match them to their meanings

a) the same

NB
2. cit.
3.e.9.
4.p-a1.

b) compare
c) important note
d) cited
e) for example
f) see above
g) after noon
h) for each year
i) pages
j) the other way round

5. cf.
6. v.s.

7.pm
8. v.v.

f. id.
1o.pp.

n.

Certain nouns bowowed from Latin or Greek, Iike the ones used in the tut
data), keep their original singalar and pluralforms. Complete the missingfotms below

Singular

PIural

1. curriculum

2. basis
3, index

4;

----"----"

5. --.---------

6. -----------7. -----------8. analysis

crises

memoranda
media
phenomena

38

Supplementary material. Resd the text and do the tasks folowing it

A MEDIUM OF NO IMPORTANCE
(1) Grown ups, as any child will tell you, monstrous hypocrites, especially when it comes
to
television. It is to take their minds off their own telly addiction that adulis are so keen to hear and

talk about the latest report on the effects of programmes on children. Surely all that nonsense they
watch must be desensitizing them, making them vicious, shallow, acquisitive, less responsible ani
generally sloppy about life and death? But no, not a scrap of convincing evidence from
the
sociologists and experts in the psyches of children
(2) The nation has lived with the box for more than 30 years now and has passed from total
infatuation - revived temporarily by the advent of colour to the present casual obsession which is
not unlike that of the well-adjusted alcoholic. And now the important and pleasant truth is breaking,
to the horror of programme makers and their detractors alike, that television really does not uttut
much at all. This is tough on those diligent professionals who produce excellent work; but since
as everyone agrees - awful programmes far outnumber the good, it is a relief to know the former
cannot do much harm. Television cannot even make impressionable children less pleasant.
(3) Television turns out to be no great transformer of minds or society. We are not, en masse, x it
wuts once predicted it would be, fantasticallywell-informed about other cultures or about the origins
of life
on earth. People do not remember much from television documentary-beyond how good it was. Only
those who knew something about the subject in the fint place retain the information.
(4) Documentaries are not what most people want to watch anyway. Television is at its most
popular when it celebrates its own present. Its ideal subjects are those that need not be remenrbered and
can be instantly repiaced, where what matterc most is what is happening now and.what is going to happen
next. Sport, news, panel games, cop shows, long-running soap operas, situation comedies these occupy
us only for as long as they are on. However good or bad it is, a niglrt's viewing is wonderfirlly forge1abie.

It's

little sleep, it's entertainment; our morals, and for that matter, our brutality, rernain intact.
(5) The box is further neutralized by the sheer quantity people watch. The more of it you see,
the less any single bit of it matters. Of course, some programmes are infinitely better than others.
There are gifted people working in television. But seen ftom a remoter perspective s&y, four hours
a night viewing for three months - the quality of the individuai programmes means as much as the
quality of each car in the rush hour traffic.
(6) For the heavy viewer, TV has only two meaningful states on and off. What are the kids
doing? Watching TV. No need to ask what, the answer is sufficient. Soon I'll go up there and turn it
off. Like a lightbulb it will go out and the children will do something else.
(7) It appears the nation's children spend more time in front of their TVs than in the classroom.
Their heads are fulI of TV - but that's all, just TV. The violence they witress is TV violence, su{ficient
to itself' It does not brutalise them to the point where they cannot gneve the ioss of a pet, or be hocked at
some minor playground violence. Chiidren, like anyone else, know the difference between TV and life.
TV knows its place. It imparts nothing but itself; it has its own rules, its own language, its own
priorities. It is because this littie glowing, chattering screen bately resembles life at all that it remains so
usefully ineffectual, To stare at a brick wall would waste time in a similar way. The difference is that the
brick wall would let you know you were wasting your time.
(8) Whatever the TV/video industry might now say, television will never have the impact on
civilization that the invention of the written word has had. The book this little hinged thing is
cheep, portable, virtually unbreakable, endlessly reusable, has instant replay facilities and in slow
motion if you want it, needs no power lines, batteries or aerials, works in planes and train tunnels,
can be stored indefinitely without much deterioration, can be written and manufactured by
relatively unprivileged individuals or groups, and - most sophisticated of all dozens of different
ones can be going at the same time, in the same room without a sound.
(From an article by McEwan in The Observer, London)
a

39

1.

questions briefly
To check your generul understand.ing of the text, answer the fottowing

Para I
1. Does the

writer think television is harmful to children? WhYAVhY not?

Para
first introduced? Wbd
2. Has the nation become:more or less keen on television since it was
development had an effect on the popularity of television?
Para 3
to the writer?
3. How successful is television as an educator, according
Para 4

4.Whydomostpeoplewatchtelevision,accordingtothewriter?
Para 5/6
people?
5. What effect does quantity of viewing have on
Para 7
to the writer?
6. Why are children not affected by television violence, according
Para I

2.

Now

passage which tnean

look again at paragraphs 1-4 and lind wotd.s or phrases in the

same as:

a. extremely shocking (1)

b. showing a desire to hurt (1)
c. careless or muddled (l)
d. absolutely none (1)
e. television (slang) (2)

f.

arrivaUintroduction (2)
g. becoming known (2)
h. critics (2)
hardworking (2)
k. cruel an violent behaviour (4)
1. complete, not damaged or changed (a)

i.

LANGAAGE CHECK
used in a wide varietY
6t n*at or" fuy of ftr - but that's all, iust W t- simply)' Justandtsexamples
below are
ways in English. Here is i lirt of itt main meanings. (The definitions
from the CiUins COBUILD English Language Dictionary')
f. simply
a. recentlY / a short time ago
g. exactly
b. soon

3.

c. at the same time

h. easily

d. only
e. barely (nearlY not)

i. roughly
j. fair / reasonable

Decide what 'iust' tneans in the examples below

1. That's jzsl what I wanted to hear'
from you'
2. Stop feeling obliged to do thingsjasf because others expect them
3.Letus be cautious in our actions, cautious butjnst'
4.I'm just coming...
5. The heat was jzst bearable.
6. She had onlYjrs/moved in.
7. She wasjzs/ about his age.
8. There'sjustno reason forhim to be here;
9. The telephone rangiust as I was about'to serve up the dinner.
lO.what a wonderful description.Icaniust smell the sea air.
40

POLITICS
Both Britain and the USA have political systems based on two opposed parties. In Britain, the
two main parties are the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party (the Socialists). In the
USA the two parties are the Republicans and the Democrats.
The Conservative Party developed in the 1830s out of the Tory Party. The name
'Conservative' indicated the party's aim to conserve all that was good in Britain. It advocates a
mixed economy with some industries privately owned and others state-owned, but generally
encourages private enterprise and property-owning.
The Labour Party was formed in 1900 as a combination of various trade unions and socialist
groups, and is now the main left-wing party. It advocates moderate socialism and favours the
nationalization of key industries and general social reform...
In Britain, there are also the nationalist parties, campaigning for the separation of their lands
from the United Kingdom. The two leading parties are Plaid Cymru ('party of Wales'), founded in
1925 to gain the independence of Wales, and the Scottish National Party (SI.{P), founded in 1928 to
do the same for Scotland. ln lreland, Sinn Fein ('we ourselves') arose before the First World War as
a republican movement standing for the political separation of keland from Great Britain. Today it
is the political wing of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and campaigns as a poiitical party for
Northem Ireland to become part of the Ireland...
Increasing popular awareness of environmental issues in recent.years has seen some increase
in support for the Green Party, founded in 1973 as the Ecology Party and campaigning for a
democratic and nuclear free society.
In the USA the Republican Party was formed in 1854 by groups opposed to slavery, and had
Abraham Lincoln as the first president. It now tends to be more conservative than the Democratic
Party, and supports an economy based on free enterprise, The Democratic Party developed in the
early 19th century out of the anti-federal party led by Thomas Jefferson, taking its present name in
1840. After the Civil War of 1861-65, it became associated with the South and with slavery and
was out of power for several years.
(From Oxford Advanced Learner's
Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)

Comprehension Check and Language Work

1. What do the following figures refer to?
a) 1830; b) 1900; c) 1925; d) 1928; e)1973;
2. Say whether the
a)

b)
c)
d)

fl 1854; g) 19th; h) 1840; i) 1861-65

following statements are true

or

false. Correct

the

false one

The Tories ambition is to encourage state-owned enterprise in the UK.

Some parties in GB advocate a policy of breaking away from the United Kingdom.
The Green Party is entireiy an Ecology Party.
The Republican and Labour Parties are the main parties un the USA.

4l

Read the following pieces of information about TALKS, DELEGATES, COMPROPMISE and
DEADLOCK and remember the words in bold type

When governments and other bodies wish to reach agreements, they hold or have talks,
discussions or negotiations. ,A, meeting or a series of related meetings of this kind is a round of
talks. Where preparation is needed before themain talks, for example to decide on the meeting
place and the participants, they may first hold talks about talks. An official organization where
representatives meet regularly to give speeches and exchange opinions, but which has no real
power, is a talking shop.
A government, party or other entity may be represented by one or more delegates. A group of
delegates representing one side is a delegation. When the representative of A has the same job as
the representative of B, they are counterparts or opposite numbers. Talks between heads of
government or other very important representatives are sumrnits. The final statements made to
journalists and others at the end of talks is a communiqu6 or a declaration.
Where there are obstacles to agreement, and discussions continue with difficulty, they falter.
When discussions end because of disagreement, talks break down, founder or collapse. When
negotiators behave in a way that may cause talks to collapse, but hope to gain advantage if they
continue, they may be accused of brinkmanship. If someone is accused of torpedoing talks, they
are accused of intentionally causing them to collapse.
Sudden progress in talks is a breakthrough, Breakthroughs are often described as
major, important, significant or dramatic and may lead to a successful outcome of the talks.
When talks are successful, the sides reach agreement or slrike an agreement. An agreement
may also be referred to as an accord or deal. Before it comes into effect, an agreement may
have to be approved or ratified by an elected body such as a parliament, which may refuse
ratification by vetoing the agreement.
A negotiating position, particularly one unlikely to change, is a stance. A stance is often
described as tough or aggressive. Negotiators try to reach agreement by making concessions,
demanding less than they demanded earlier, reaching agreement through compromise. If one side
refuses a proposal during talks, it vetoes it, or uses its veto. Where there is disagreement, the two
sides are at loggerheads, and where there is no prospect of a change in negotiating positions,
commentators talk about deadlock, or an impasse. Talks in this state are deadlocked.
The atmosphere at talks is often described in communiqu6s as cordial, and in other
ways mentioned in one of the exercises below. Commentators may talk of a frank exchange
of views and broad agreement on a number of issues. Where there is still disagreement,
commentators may talk of deep differences that remain. Differences may be described in
other ways, again mentioned in one of the exercises below. Commentators may talk of
differences narrowing (getting smaller) or widening (getting bigger). An obstacle to
agreement is often described as a stumbling block.

42

3. Talks combinations. Use the following verbs to complete the extractsz conclude; attend;
break off; resume; walk out af; convene; suspend
1.

A Brazilian delegation flies to Washington today, Wednesday, to ----------- talks

with

the IMF

which broke down without agreement last week.

2. It wants to cut interest rates as soon as it has successfully talks on cutting the budget deficit.
3. Mr. Alatas has made it clear that he would not -------------- talks unless he was convinced of the
commitment of all the parties concerned.
4. Mr. Hameed is to travel to the northern Jaffira peninsula in an attempt to meet the Tigers, who
refused to ------------- talks ananged on Thursday in the east of the island.
5.The latest attempt at negotiations broke down on Friday after one of the Mohawk factions
talks with the Quebec government.
6.Two of the world's largest tire makers, Germany's Continental and Italy's Pirelli, have decided to

------------ talks after 15 months.

T.Yesterday Nelson Mandela said the ANC would -------------- talks with the govemment about a
new constitution if a set of demands were not met by May 9th.

merge. The two companies say they have

4.

Atmosphere and differences. Some of the udjectives below relate to the atmosphere at talks
and others to dffirences between sides at talks. Compare them and. suy which describe 1) the
atmosphere and 2) the dffirences

fr-ndly
e). m-j-r
a).

i).

b-s-n-ss-1-k-

b). c-nstr-ct-v
f).

r-l-x-d

c). s-gn-f-c-nt. d). -pt-m-st-c

g).
h). sh-rp

f-nd-m-nt-l
k). fr-nk

j). p-s-t-v-

l). s-bst-nt-J

5. Compromise or deadlock? Match the two pafts of these ertracts

1.

After Lucas described the character to his collaborator, Steven Spielberg,

2. But after five hours of talks, the British government's political initiative for Northem
keland
3. Officially there has been no change in Taiwan's standing policy of 'three noes':
4. Talks between El Salvador's leftist rebels and government representatives remain
5. The 55-day budget deadlock in New York has been broken.
6. The Dalai Lama evidently has little hope of

a).

b).
c).
d).
e).

0.

remained deadlocked. And neither side appears hopeful of a breakthrough.

compromis6 with China's current rulers.
deadlocked over the thorny problem of reforming El Salvador's US-backed military.
no contact, no compromise, and no negotiation.
The government and state lawmakers reached a tentative agreement last night.
the two men compromised on 'someone like Harrison Ford'.

43

Skim the following text and make sure you've got a good understanding of

it

MINISTER CRITICIZES U.S. DOMINAI\CE

(1) Russian Foreign Minister expressed concern about U.S. domination of world affairs and
interview, he
urged Washington to be more realistic and less emotional over haq. In a wide-ranging
U.S.
reiterated Russia,s opposition to NATO mernbership for the Baltic states and dismissed
Washington and
charges that Moscow was selling nuclear technology to haq. But he also said
for
Moscow could find a common language on security matters, applauded the United States
U.S. Secretary
listening to Moscow,s fears about NATO expansion and hailed his relationship with
of State Madeleine Aibright.
(2) The minister set out his vision of a "multipolar" world in which no country was dominant'
the course
Achieving this, he said, would be a gradual process. "But soveral trends can develop in
in the
of this process, including the tendency for American dominance in world affairs," he said
indeed
interview, published just before he completed three yeaxs as foreign minister' "One may
our eyes to the
consider there is now one superpower in the world," he said. "But we must not close
processes going on in other parts of the

(3)

world'"

of
destruction. But he criticized what he called a U.S. show of

On lraq, the minister said Washington and Moscow shared the

same uitimate goal

destroying Baghdad's weapons of mass

year. He rejected
force in a dispute over United Nations arms inspectors which came to a head last
u.s. charges that Moscow, which is helping Teheran to build a nuclear power station, is helping
sever
han to develop nuclear power weapons. He dismissed U.S. demands for other countries to
business ties with Teheran, Washington's ideological foe'
(4) Russia would review ties with the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance if the former Soviet
such a
repubiics of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania joined the alliance. Moscow would consider
and called
move by the NATO as a security threat. He also regretted a'TiATO-poiicy''in Europe
which
(OSCE),
role for the Organi zation for Security and Cooperation in Europe

for a bigger

monitors democracy, human rights and arms control.

(Reuters)

6.

nearly the same as:

Now read the tact again and ft,nd words or phrases that mean the same or
a). to show anxietY (1)

b). to make definite one's position (1)

c). to put an idea (thought) out of mind (1)
d). to praise (to acknowledge enthusiastically)
e). to explain (to exPress) - (2)

fl. display of physical strength

(1)

or power (3)

g). to reach a critical stage (3)

h). to end relationshiPs (3)

i). to feel sadness, disappointment or annoyance (4)

AA
-t.+

Here is some more information about the vocabulary of this unit accompanied by exercises

Two countries beginning diplomatic relations establish them. If they had diplomatic
relations previously but broke them off, they restore them, normalizing relations between them.
Bad relations are often described as strained, tense or frosty. Relations are said to be soured by
something that negatively affects them. When bad relations between countries improve,
commentators talk about a thaw between the countries.

country having diplomatic relations with very few other countries is diplomatically
isolated. When one country wants to put pressure on another, it may limit trade with that counlry
and impose sanctions, or it may stop trade and other contacts arid impose an economic embargo.
7. lYhich of the verbs below mean the same as l)'break off and 2)'restore' in the context
diplomatic relations? Use appropriateforms of the verbs to complete the extracts below

a)

of

resume, b) renew, c) re-open, d) cut off, e) break, f) re-establish

1. Senegal and Mauritania have agreed in principle to ----------- diplomatic relations,

broken off t'wo years ago after bloody clashes along the Senegal river which forms their

2.
3.
4.

common frontier.
The Moscow talks were the first between senior diplomats of the two countries since the
- diplomatic relations with Israel in1967.
Soviet
diplomatic relations in 1867, when the reformist president
Mexico and
fuarcz confiscated all church properties and suppressed the religious orders.
The visit is taking place just over three months after Argentina and Britain agreed to -diplomatic relations eight years after the two countries broke all links

Union
Vatican

during the Falklands War.

5. In recent years, Albania has

--

diplomatic relations with most European

countries.
6. Table tennis teams were visiting China before
between Communist China and the United States.

Nixon

---

diplomatic relations

8. Translate this text into your native language. Pay special attention to the words in italics

BARBECUES AND MISSILE SHIELDS

Three days of meetizgs between President Bush and Vladimir Putin, the Russian president,
concluded yester$ay with evident good wili but no agreement on reconciling American missile
defense plans with fhe 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty. The remarkably relared and friendly
atmosphere developing between the two leaders serves both countries and may eventually help
resolve the ABM impasse. Meanwhile Washington should continue to defer any missile tests that
would violate the treaty in its current form.
Yesterday's informal appearaoce by the presidents at Crawford High School, near Mr.
Bush's Texas ranch, showed how far the two countries have moved beyond the stiff and strained
relations of the cold-war eru.Eveftwhen ties warmed under Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin,
the atmospherics of presidential meetings thawed only partly
(The New York Times, Nov. 16, 2001)
45

Read this and do the exercises. Focus on the words in bold type

If

the differences between two sides increase, there is escalating tension between them. A
standoff is a period of extreme tension that may or may not lead to violence. If two sides are very
close to war, they are (teetering) on the brink of war. If a war is prevented, perhaps by talks, it is
averted. If not, hostilities begin or break out. A hot spot is a place where tension is higb and
fighting may break out at any moment.
Before or during a war one side may accuse the other of belligerent statements, remarks or actions:
things that make a wax likely, or prolong or intensif,' a war that has already started. Belligerents,
combatants or warring parties are countries or factions participating in a war, or waging war against
each other. The different sides in a civil war are warring factions. Factions opposing a central
govemment are rebels. Counkies or factions with the same interests ally themselves with each other and
are allies forming an alliance. Opposing sides are enemies, adversaries or foes.
When fighting starts it breaks out or erupts. If fighting flares or flares up, it starts, or starts
again after a lull, a period when it has stoppedor been less intense. Fighting may be sporadic,
perhaps taking the form of brief, unplanned encounters or skirmishes with only small numbers
involved. Or it may be heavy, with large numbers of troops and other forces involved.
Casualties are people killed and hurt, or wounded, especially those severely wounded. They
may include civilian casualties, those not in the military. Military casualties may be refered to as
losses. Where there are many casualties or losses, they are described as heavy. Casualties and losses
are inflicted by one side on the other. Military casualties killed or wounded by members of their
own side are victims of friendly fire. Unintended civilian casualties and damage to non-military
targets may be referred to by the military, as collateral damage. During the wars there are calls to end the bloodshed, or violence. Military and civilians tired
of a war are wa!"weary. Outside governments may ky to end a civil war by sending a peacekeeping force, or peace-keepers, who try to stop the fighting, or prevent it ftom starting again. If
the sides say they will stop fighting, at least temporarily, they agree to a ceasefire or a truce. If a
ceasefire ortruce continues as agreed, it holds. If not, it is broken, usuallywith one side accusing
the other of having broken it.

9. Find the types of war described below and then use the following words to cormplete the
extracts (civil, gu errillu, C old, full-s cale, ca nv ention al, nu clear, devastating)
A war...
1. that isolated clashes

might degenerate into

2. between East and West that lasted from 1945 to 1989
3. where nuclear arms are used
4. where nuclear arms are not used
5. between factions of the same nationality
6. causing an enonnous number of deaths and amount of damage
7. fought by irregular forces, perhaps avoiding direct confrontation with the other side
world is learning to live without the imminent threat of --------- war
that had conditioned our lives for 40 years.
b. A grim reminder of the --.---------War - the border crossing point between East and West Berlin
known as Checkpoint Charlie - is to go,the way of the rest of the Berlin Wall and be dismantled.
c. As the
- war in Liberia enters its tenth month, thousands of people continue to stream
across the borders into neighbouring countries.
a. The Cold War is over. The

46

d. Because of the intensity of the fighting - what analysts call '1or;-intensity war' - neither
side appears strong enough to defeat the other.
e. The president himself said he is against withdrawing all NATO nuclear weapons from Europe
and thus making it safe for -------- war.
f. The question is whether anything else but a neutral outside force would be strong enough to
persubde them to leave the scene before the current clashes degenerate irto ------:--- war.
g. The two men stressed the importance of averting the catashophe of a ------------- war and the
need to achieve a common Arab stand

Here are some more words and phrases that are frequently used in the English press

A dispute may be resolved more easily with the help of someone not directly involved in it. A
mediator or arbitrator is someone from the third party who helps apposing parties settle their
differencesand reachanagreementby mediatingorarbitratinginthedispute.Thisprocessis
reconciliation.
An envoy is a representative sent by one of the parties, or a mediator sent by a third party,
who travels specially in order to take part in negotiations. ShutUe diplomacy involves a mediator
visiting and re-visiting a number of places in a short period to mediate between the parties involved.
Where negotiations are in many stages, and the progress is at times very slow, commentators
talk about the peace process. Discussions between parties trying to reach a peaCe settlement are
referred toas peace talks or a peace conference. A conference involving manyparties maybe
referred to as a convention. and so mav the agreement reached at such a conference.

Read this article from The Financial Times

(April 212002) and do the exercises.

ISRAEL TRUCE STIT,L ON TRACK

DESPITE LATEST BLOODSHED
(1) A Palestinian suicide bomber killed seven people on a bus in northem lsrael yesterday in
the worst attack since the start of the latest US efforts to bring about a ceasefire. The latest
bloodshed did not, however, provoke an immediate Israeli response and it appeared unlikely to
derail moves towards a truce deciaration. The bombing, in which four Israeli soldiers were among
those killed and dozens were injured, was claimed by the Islamic Jihad organization, which is not
directly linked to Yassir Arafat's Palestinian Authority. The bus was blown up near the Israeli Arab
town of Umm al-Fahm, near the border with the West Bank.
(2) The Palestinian Authority condemned the attack and urged a halt to such actions in order not to
hamper the efforts of Anthony Zinw,the US Middle East envoy, to bring about ceasefire. The attac-k came
the day after Dick Cheney, the US vice-president, offered to medt Mr. Arafat soon to discuss the crisis, on
condition he brouglrt violence under confol. Talks betweur security officials, seen as a prelude to a
possible tuce declmation, ended last night with no official statement on their progress.
(3) Ariel Sharon, the Israeli PM, said the bus bombing proved that Mr. Arafat was yet to take
a single step to curb terrorism. Gen Zinni has to assess how far the Palestinian leader has moved to
curb attacks before a meeting with Mr. Cheney is confirmed. Islamic Jihad, along with the more
influential Hamas, is part of the opposition to Mr. Arafat's PA, although both goups have cooperated with eiements of his Fatah movement in the recent armed operations.

47

10. Choose the right endings to thefollowing statements

1. The headline suggests the idea

of a

a) heavy fighting
b) lull in fighting

c)

deadlock in negotiations
2. The bombing was linked to
a) the Palestinian Authority
b) an Islamic organization
c) nobody
3. The US vice-president was planning to hold talks with Mr. Arafat
a) on certain condition
b) irrespective of anything
c) before talks between security officials
4. Talks between security officials ended with
a) a communiqu6
b) an official statement
c) no official declaration
5. To Mr, Arafat's PA
a) there are no opposition groups
b) there are at least two opposition groups
c) Jihad is the only opposition goup
11.

Here are the d.eJinitions of some words of the unit Find those words in the text

a) signal to stop firing guns in war (temporary period of truce)

b) to state or declare (sth) as a fact (without being able to prove it)
c) to say that one disapproves of smb/sth (to say officially that something is faulty)
d) to recommend smth. strongly with reasoning
e) to prevent the progress of sb/sth

,: f) messenger or representative,

with foreign governments

g) time of great difficulty or danger; decisive moment in history, life, etc.
h) thing that is stated; formal account of facts, views, problems, etc.
i) to prevent GmCI from getting out of control
j) political party or parties opposing the govemment
esp. one sent to deal

Trade Talks. Read this article from Today. What's the play on words in the title? Mind the
pronunciation of some words in British English and American English

WE GATT A DEAL
The world pulled back from the brink of an economic war last night as Europe and the US
finally reached a deal in the crucial Gatt talks. ... Officials from the two sides reached agreement at
the l1th hour after six years of haggling over Gatt: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
The Americans had threatened to impose savage sanctions against EC goods, including a 20A per
cent import duty on French wine.

48

this article from The Economist, written just after the beginning
the war in ex-Yugoslavia and lookfor ten lexical und grammatical mistakes

12. Keeping the peuee. Read

of

THE LTMITS TO INTERVENTION

(1). In divided Europe, America and Russia would never has let a war like Yugoslavia's start,
let alone rage this far. Now that the cold war is oveq it is up to the Europeans themselves to do
which they can to stop the fighting their fellows have been foolish enough to start.
(2). They have four means on their disposal: talk, sanctions, peacekeeping and armed
intervention. With Yugoslavi4 the last is foolhardy and nobody of the others is foolproof.
(3) Talk has so far got nowhere. So well as the Serbs and Croats showed a minimum of good
faith, the Europeans did what they can to keep them at the bargaining table. After months of
fruitiess negotiation and counting broken ceasefires, European patience has wom thin.
(a). The FC, have imposed economic sanctions, is now asking the United Nations to add oil to
its embargo on arms sales to Yugoslavia. Sanctions alone are unlikely to end the kiliing. Neither
Serbia's nor Croatia's leaders seem unduly trouble by the economic wreckage the war is causing.
(5). There have been proposals for a lJN or EC peacekeeping shength. Especially in Europe,
which has forgotten what bitter civil wars are like, peacekeeping can have a reassuring, almost
magical sound. But there is no point of sending peacekeepers where there is no peace to keep.
Without a durable truce, peacekeepers, even armed ones, are simply targets.
Now read the turt again. There are four words (phrases) of the topic in paragraph two and some
more in paragraphtive. Explain what each af them rneans
Politics and Public Institutions

Look at the definitions below taken from a dictionary of politics. Make sure you understand
not only the words listed but the words used in the definitions too.
A. Types of

'

'

government

ti

republic: a state governed by representatives and, usually,

monarchy: a state ruled by a king or queen

president

democracy: government oq by and for the people

dictatorship: system of govemment run by a dictator
indep endence : freedom from outside control; self-governing

B. People and bodies involved in politics

.-

Member of Parliament (MP): representative of the people in pariiament

Politician: someone for whom politics is a career
Prime Minister: the head of government or leading minister in many countries
Chamber: hall used by a group of legislators; many countries have two chambers
Cabinet: a committee of the most important ministers in the government
President and Vice-President: the head of state in many modern states
Mayor: head of a town or city councii
ambassador: top diplomat representing hisftrer country abroad
.mbassy: the building where an ambassador and his/trer staff are based
ministry: a department of state headed by a minister
49

Work in puirs. Try this political quiz. Let your fellow-student ansreer these questions
1. Name three monarchies.

2. Name the President and Vice-President of the USA.

3. Who is the Mayor of the place where you live?

4. What politicians represent you in local and national government?
5. What are the main political parties in the country where you are now?

6. What are the political issues in this country and what are the policies of

different

parties on

those issues?

l.What

do these abbreviations stand

for-MP, PM, EU, NATO, OPEC, CIS, UNESCO,

WHO, CNN, WTO?

13. Complete each sentence with a verb and a noun from the list. You may need to change the
form of the verb. You cap check your answers in a collocations dictionury by looking ap the
entries for the nouns

A. Politics, Qovernment

Yerbs:fulfil, impose, unveil, commission, hold, rule out

Nouns: ban, plans, pledge, possibility, referendum, report
minister of Education insists that she will ------- her ----------- to cut class sizes.
b. The government is under pressure to --------- a ---------- on ttibacoo advertising.
c. The Home Secretary
to reform the prison system.
d. The President confirmed that he intends to -------- a -----'------ on the main clauses
constitution.
e. The Higher Education Minister is to -*------ a ---------- on the state of our universities.
f. The prime Minister has ---.----- * any --------of an early
a. The

yesterday

of

election.

the new

'

B. Politics. Opposition
Y erbs: face, launch, renew

Nouns: attack, backlash, call

a. The opposition

leader

scathing
have

a
on gov'ernment policy,
b. Animal rights campaigners
their ---------. for a referendum on hunting.
c. The government is
a ------------ over its decision to raise the basic rate of tax.

*-----

C. Politics.

International Issues

Verbs: call, deploy, honour, issue

Nouns: ceasefire, forces, promise,. ultimatum

to

a. An intemational delegation urged the government

its *------- on human rights.
b. The UN will decide today whether to --------- peacekeeping --------- in the area.
c. Yesterday, the govemment an -------- to the rebels for all arms to be handed over by the 15ft.
d. The warring factions have agreed to -'------ a ----------- while negotiations take place.

50

place can actaally ftrean tlte people living or working there. For example,
'Scotland Yard' is synonymous witlt the Lonclon police force. Match the place nflmes (on the
lefQ with their synonyms (on the right)

14. The name of

l.

1. The

City

2. Westrninster
3. Downing Street 10
4; Whitehall
5. Fleet Street

B.

1. The White House

2. Capitol

Hill

3. Madison Avenue

4. The Pentagon
5. The Oval Office

British journalist or national newspapers

b. the prime Minister and the Cabinet
c. British members of Parliament
d. the financial world in central London
e. the central adminiskation of British Government
a.

in Washington
b. the US defense Department
c. the US President and Administration
d. the US President and his closest aides
e. advertising and public relations firms inNew
York
a. the US Congress

ELECTIONS
There are 650 constituencies in Britain, each represented in Parliament by its elected Member
(MP). Candidates are elected by their local party to stand for election, and the
Parliament
of
candidate who receives the largest number of votes is elected to Parliainent. Most Labour support is
in the cities and urban areas, with strong Conservative support traditionally in the south and in rural
and agricultural areas. If an MP dies or resigns, there is a by-election in his constituency, which
may strongly alter the overall majority of the govemment in power. The maximum period for which
a govemment can be in office is five years, when another general election must'lie heid.
In the USA, a presidential election is held every four years, at the same time as for other
federal, state or loca1 offices. Each state has a number of Representatives (in the House of
Representatives, the lower house of Congress) according to the size of irs population, but there is
equal representation for all states in the Senate (the upper house).
Both the British and US electoral systems are favourable in the two main parties at the
expense of smaller parties, and in both countries it is possible..for one party to win a majority of
seats even though the other party wins more votes in a general dlection, An American president can
be elected by a majority of the electoral college even though he has fewer popular votes than his
rival. All candidates for election in the USA, except for president, are chosen by their parties at
primary (ie preliminary) elections. These can be 'open' primaries, in which any registered candidate
can compete, whatever his own party, or 'closed' primaries, in which all candidates are members of
the same poiitical party.

(From Oxford Advanced Learner's

Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)

51

Notes

1' constituency: a political area whose inhabitants

are represented by one Mp
2. candidate: someone who stands in an election
3. policy: the programme of action of a particular
partyor government
4. majority: the number of votes by which p.r.on
u
wins an election
5' by(e)-election: an election in one constituency
in conhast to a General Election
6. marginar seat: a parliamentary seat herd
by avery smail majority of vores
7' the opposition: members of pariiament who do
not belong to the party in power
8. standrrun for parliament: to be a candidate
in an election
9. vote: to choose in a formal way, e.g.by marking
a ballot paper
10. elect: to choose someone or something
by voti-ng
15,

Look at this text aboatpolitics in the uK. Fiil in

the missing words

two

Parliament in the {IK consists of

(l): thq House of Commons and the House of
Lords. In the House of Commons there are 650
The ruling party in the commons is the one
which gains a ----------- (4) of seats. the
main figure in
that party is called the ------------ (5)' The
commons is elected for a maximum period
of five years
although the Prime Minister mav call a
that period.

general

(6);;;; rilffi;

16. Choose the cowect wordfrom the choices

offered

I ldi: ry1neo republic/independence/democracy from the uK in 1948.

2' our MP's just died and so we'll soon need to have
a vote/referrrrdu*/by.-election.

3. she's running/sitting/walking for parriament

in the next election.
4. His fatherwas voted/stood/ elected Mp
for cambridge city.
5' what is your counky's economic politics/poricy/potilician?
6' Do you think Bush deserved to be referred
to as a politician/statesmen/president.
17' Make some more words based on those you,ve
arready studied

revolution

revolutionary

revolutionize

representation

election
dictatorship
presidency

52

revolutionary

Read this text from The Economist (April 2do, 2002) and furfir the tasks

THE WIDEST. EVER CHOICE

THE FIRST ROUND OF YOTING FOR A FRENCH PRESIDENT
WTLL BE A BIZARRE AFFAIR
(1) Pity the opinion pollsters as France goes to the ballot box on April 21't to choose its next
president. When there are 16 candidates, compared with a previous record of 12 in 1974 election,
when two-fifths of the voters say they will decide only at the last minute, and when quite a few
people probably lie sounding out opinions ean hardly be an exact science. Will A. Lauguiller really
get 8%o or more with her message of Trotskyite revolution? Will Jean Marie Le Pen, with his
extreme xenophobia, really come close to the t5o/ohe won last time,

in lg95?
(2) But pity the two front-runners too. For months, the conservative incumbent president,
Jacque Chirac,'and the Socialist prime minister, Lionel Jospin, have been neck-and-neck in the
polls, not just for this weekend's first round of voting but also for the run-off between the top two
on May 5th. Not so long ago, it was Mr. Jospin who seemed to have the edge;just lately it has been
Mr. Chirac. But, though Mr. Chirac now 'senses' he will win a second term, neither man can be at
all certain: the gap has remained stubbornly within any sensible pollster's margin of error.
(3) One reason is that their programmes are similar. When both men talk of combating crirne
(the number-one issue for the voters) by setting up a 'super-ministry' to co-ordinate France's police
forces, when both say they will cut taxes and help the young unemployed, it is only the professional
pundits who can iook for the difference in detail.
(4) Another reason is that familiarity has bred contempt for both men. Mr. Chirac, now 69,
has been in politics for four decades. Mr. Jospin, 64, has been around almost as long. For the past
five years, since Mr. Chirac calleda premature general election which, against expectation, was
won by the left, the two men have had to endure a 'co-habitation' that has tumed increasingly sour.
Meanwhile, for a bored electorate. the scandals ...
18. What do the following tigures refer to?

a)21"'; b)1974 c)two-fifths; d)8%; e)15%; t)1995; g)5'n; h)69; \6a;.j)20th

19.

Here are the deJinitions of some words (phruses) used in the text. Idenffi them

1. the highest or lowest level ever reached (1)

2. to try to discover sb's views, opinions, etc. (1)

3. intense dislike or fear offoreigners or strangers (1)
4. a person who seems most likely to succeed or win, eg in a race or contest (2)
5. to have a slight advantage over sblsth (2)
6. opening or break in sth or between two things (2)
7. a person who is an authority in a subject; an expert (3)
8. to become unfavourable, unpleasant; to turn out badly (4)

9. happening before the proper or expected time (4)

10.

living, working together (4)

)J

20. Read again the text carefully and say what the following phrases mean. You may need to use
a collocations dictionary
1. opinion pollsters (1)

2. ballot box (1)

3. incumbent president (2)
4. to be neck-and-neck in the polls(2)
5, to have the edge (2)
6. pollster's margin of error (2)

7. familiarity has bred contempt (4)

8. has been around (4) .

9. have had to endure 'co-habitation' (4)

10. turned sour (4)

21. Test yoar knowledge of the text und say whether these statements are trae orfalse

interviews (exit polls) are highly reliable.

2.In 1995 Jean-Marie Le Pen won slightly more than 15% of the votes.
3. Mr. Chirac hardly expects to win the second term.
4. There's much difference between the two candidates' programmes.
5. Mr. Jospin has far less experience in politics than Mr. Chirac.
1. Door-step

54

THE ENVIRONMENT

UNIT FOUR

TTIE ENVIRONMENT
(1) Protecting the environment and the fight against pollution of all kinds is now a major
concern in Britain, as in many other countries. Conservation efforts are mainly directed towards the
protection of the natural environment and to preservation of old and historic buildings. The
govemment body responsible for these matters is the Department of the Environment (DoE), which
works with the support of a number of voluntaryorganizations. Two Countryside Commissions,
one for Englandand one for Scotland, areresponsible forconserving the countryside, while the
Nature Conservancy Council promotes nature conservation by setting up and managing nature
reserves. A11 these are govemment bodies. There are also several voluntary nature conservation
trusts. (See about the Green Party p. 47, Politics).
(2) There have b een many causes o f environmental pollution in Britain. These include the
dumping of chemical and other poisonous waste on the land, the emission into the air of smoke and
other toxic substances from factories and industrial sites, the discharge of industrial effluents into
rivers, and the dumping of oil and other garbage into the sea. Many of Britain's bathing beaches
have become health hazards through the discharge of untreated sewage into the sea. Local
authorities also deal with all kinds of pollution, but the seriousness of the problem has obliged the
government to introduce new measures and set up specific national bodies to combat and control it.
(3) Although there are usually litter bins in most British towns and public places, many people
do not use them, but simply drop unwanted wrappers, cans, etc. on the-ground. The govemment has
attempted to tackle the nuisance by a public advertising campaign, by increasing fines for dropping
litter. In addition, local authorities now provide 'bottle banks', 'paper banks' an 'can banks' so that
a proportion of waste material can be recycled.
(4) 'Smoke conhol areas' exist in many urban diskicts, and the emission of smoke from
chimneys in such areas is a punishable offence. In general, the pollution of air and water is now
more effectively controlled than it has been in the past. The air is now cleaner in many towns, and
fish have reappeared in rivers, such as the Thames in London, where they had long been absent. In
1955 London was declared a lsmokeless zone' and its infamous fogs and smogs have now been
entirely eliminated. However, specific problems of pollution such as acid rain and global warming,
caused partly by damage to the ozone layer have made special measures necessary. Serious air
pollution is caused by carbon dioxide emissions from industrial piants such as coal-buming powerstations and from the ever-increasing number of vehicles on Britain's roads. Additional legislation
has been introduced to control industrial emissions, and to encourage the use of unleaded petrol in
vehicles by making it cheaper than leaded.
(5) Environmental issues in the USA arc the concern of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), a govenrment organization. Many of the problems of pollution are the same as in BritainOne spectacular problem that has existed for many years but has not yet been satisfactorily solved is
the dense air pollution of Los Angeles, where a thick 'smog' is continually present as a result of the
high level of vehicle emissions. Other cities have suffered similarly. Many people, and particularly
many young people, now regard such issues as of major social importance. This has made all the
main political parties pay greater attention to their own 'green' policies and has influenced the steps
taken by the government to protect the counhy's environment.

(From Oxford Advanced Learner's

Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)
55

I.

Test

yoar understanding of the pflsssge, True or false?

l. The DoE is the only organization

set up by the government

in the UK dealing with environment

issues. (1)

2. The causes of environmental pollution are limited to those affecting the land and rivers.(2)
3. Local authorities in GB are in charge of combating all kinds of pollution. (2)
4. All city residents in the United Kingdom use litter bins for garbage. (3)
5. The government is trying to solve the problem by punishing those who drop litter. (3)
6. Thanks to the measures taken by the govemment there are some positive results in protecting the
environment. (4)
7. The emission of smoke from chimneys is a punishable matter in some areas. (4)
8. Global warming causes damage to the ozone layer. (4)
9. The dense air pollution of LA is mainly caused by emission of smoke from factories and coalbuming power-stations. (5)

Pollution Search. Overview. Here's a way for people to take a closer look at the pollution:
what it is, what its sources are, and what are some things people can do to reduce it
Pollution is any contamination of air, water or land that affects the environment
unwanted way. Here's an overview of three ttypes of pollution

in an

air, land, and water.

Air Pollution: Automobiles, coal-fired power plants, and factories send carbon dioxide,
sulphur oxides, soot, and other pollutants into the air. Firepl4ces and wood-burning stoves add
carbon dioxide, ash, and other pollutants to the atmosphere. Air pollution can cause health problems
for people and other living things. Smog can make people's eyes burn and can damage their lungs.
Acid rain has poisoned lakes in certain regions to a point where little life can survive in them.
lYater pollution: Years ago, it was common for sewage treatment plants and industrial plants
to discharge polluted waste water directly into rivers, bays and oceans. This practice continues
unabated in many parts of the world. Non-point source pollution is pollution that is wide-ranging:
for exaple, fertilizes, pecticides, and oil from car-wash into waterways from streets and agricultural
land. People should know that any pollutnt released into watershed or into the atmosphere will
eventually find its way into the water cycle.
Land pollation: Everything we throw away needs a place to go. Solid wastes that do not
contain hazardous materials can be moved to sanitary landfills or burned to ash in an incinerator and
then landfilled. Many other items (glass, aluminium, paper, etc.) can be recycled. Items like food
scraps and yard waste can be composted, turned into organic material that can then be recycled
throughout a yard or garden.
There's been a lot of concern lately that the world's climate is warming up. Some scientists
say that the increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are causing this global warming.
According to them, the only way to aviod global disaster is to cut carbon dioxide emissions by at
least 20 percent - a move that would affect people all over the world.

Check with a dictionary if you do not know any of the terms below
air, river and sea pollution; the distruction of the ozone layer; the greenhouse effect;
distruction of the rainforests; overpopulation; overfishing; batteryfarming

56

There are many different words referring to features of the environment. Here are some
nouns which are useful when talking about the environment. Check their meanings with a
dictionary if necessary
Where land meets sea: coast,shore, beach, estuary, clffi cape, peninsula
Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge,
brook, stream
Words connected with mountains:foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier
hillock, hill, mountain

2,

In

the parugrph below

all the instances of the have been omitted. fnsert them wherever thqt

flre necessary

Brazil is fifths largest country in world. In north densely forested basin of river Amazon
covers half country. In east country is washed by Atlantic. Highest mountain chain in South
America, Andes, does not lie in Brazil. Brazil's most famous city is Rio de Janeiro, former capital.
Capital of Brazil today is Brazilia.
3. Talking points
1. Is there any govefirmental body in this country responsible for the protection of the natural
environment? If any, describe its activities.
2. Are there any voluntary nature conservation units in your country? What have they done of late
in the field of protection the environment?
3. Which are the major causes of environmental (air, soil, river) pollution in your country?
4. Explain the meaning of the phrases 'global warming' and 'green hduse effect' Look them up in
the Encyclopedic Dictionary.
5. Is there any legislation in your country to combat pollution?
4. Can you snsu,er the following generul knowledge questions about the environment?
l. What is the highest mountain in Africa?
2. What is the longest river in Europe?
'r-'
3. Where is the highest waterfall in the world?
4. Name two countries that have geysers and hot springs.
5. What is delta and which famous river has one?
6.Where are the Straits of Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope?
5, Read the text below

andftnd words in tlre text whieh mean

the

following

1. average

6. rays from the sun

2. dry
3. height above sea level
4. distance from the equator
5. rain and snow

7. make less exkeme

8. situated very far from the sea
9. differing weather conditions at different times
of the vear.

Schemes for dividing the Earth into climatic regions are based on a combination of indices
of mean annual temperature, mean monthly temperature, annual precipitation totals and seasonality.
The climate of a place is affected by several factors. Latitude affects the amount of solar radiation
received, with the gteatest in equatorial regions and the least in polar regions. Elevation affects both
temperature and precipitation; mountainous areas are generally cooler and wetter. Location close to
the sea or to large bodies of water moderates temperature; continental areas are generally more arid
and more affected by extremes of temperature.
57

Read the following text and

fulfill the tasks

NOT QUITE ORGANIC AS IT SEEMS

(1) Organic vegetables me not as organic as you are led to believe. They grow with the heip of
substantial amounts of chemical fertllizer that literally rains down from the sky. Afinoqpheric pollution is
now so bad that practically every farm in Britain, whether organic or intensive, benefits from huge
quantities of free artificial fefitlizer deposited from above. Scientists calculated that a typical organic farm
receives an exta helping of nifogen fertilizer from the atrnosphere equivalent to about 8.000 cowpats
falling on each hectare of land every year. This is equivalent to 40-50 kg - about a quarter of the amount
of chsmical fertilizer t54pically used on intensive farming. 'It really is quite sigmficant' said Keith
Goulding, a soil chemist at the Experimental Station in Hertfordshire, where the oldest fie1d experiment in
the world has helped to estimate how much air-bome nitogen is falling on Britain.
(2) A field at Rothamstead has been cultivated with cereals every year since 1843, and the
amount of added nitrogen fertilizer carefully monitored on individual plots. Water running off in a
drain is monitored for nitrogen. Rothamstead scientists have aiso kept records of nitrogen in
rainwater since 1853. They have found that over the past 150 years the nitrogen content of
rainwater has increased by about three times as a result of pollution from cars, power stations, farm
animals and the increased use of chemical fertilizers.
The Independent, March 21, 1993

6. Choose the appropriate endings

for

the

following sentences

really organic because (1)

a. farmers spray chemicals to fertilize them.
b. chemical fertilizers, carried in the atmosphere, fall to the ground.
c. they are grown according to intensive farming methods.
2. For organic farmers, chemical fertilizers falling from the sky are (1)
1. Organic vegetables are not

a.

useless.

b. a benefit.
c. a nuisance.
3. The amount of chemical fertllizer used on intensive farming in comparison with the

organic farming is (2)

a. much greater.
b. equal.
c. much smaller.
4. Keith Goulding works in (1)
a. a chemist's.
b. a iaboratory.
c. a power station.
5. Water running off in a drain gives information about the amount of nikogen (2)
a. in rainwater.
b. washed away.
c. in the air.
6. The situation described in the article is
a. really amusing.
b. rather intriguing.
c. deeply worrying
58

Read this text from The Financial Times and do the tasks

CLINTON OKs NEW POLLUTION STANDARDS FOR TRUCKS

(l)

Clinton administration approved regulations Thursday that are expected to cut air

pollution from heavy-duty trucks and busses by more thang0o/o over the next decade. Attacking one
of the major sources of dirfy air, the federal standard will require that new large trucks and buses
meet strict tailpipe emission limits. The standards will also direct refiners to produce sulfur-free
diesel fuel. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the new requirements, when
widely in effect, will annually eliminate 2.6 million tons of smog-causing chemicals and 110.000
tons of soot that now belch from the heavy-duty trucks and busses. "Today's action will
dramatically cui harmful air pollution," EPA Administrator Carol Browner said.
(2) President Clinton said the emission controls "will prevent thousand of cases of respiratory
illness and premature deaths." Browner said she hoped the coming Bush administration would not
delay the new requirements, which go into effect in20A6. The president elect has not expressed any
view on the truck emission rules, but some Republicans in Congress have criticized the new sulfur
requirements for diesel fue1. Sen. James lnhofe, Okla., has vowed to push legislation that would roll
back the diesel rule next year, arguing the requirements could lead to fuel shortages.
(3) Environmentalists, who have eagerly awaited the EPA truck and diesel regulations since
they were proposed last May, expressed doubt they would be overturned given the widespread
public sentiment against trucks belching black smoke from their smokestacks. "This is the biggest

vehiclepollutionnewssincetheremovalofleadfromgasoline,"sald RichardKasselheadof
campaign to reduce truck

(The Financiar rimes, Dec.

7. What do the fottowing

a)

b)
c)
d)
e)

s)

2,

2000)

Jigures refer to?

a)90% b)l10.000 c)2.6m.

8. Idenffi

pollution'

d)

2006

e) Dec. 2

the words in the text

ruie or restriction made by an authority. (1)

a factory where something (sugar, oil, etc.) is purified. (1)
black powder in the smoke of wood, coal, etc. (1)
to promise or declare solemnly; to swear. (2)
lack of something needed. (2)
public opinion; point of view. (3)
series of planned activities with a particular social or political aim. (3)

Note: The article above is dated Dec. 2, 21)1.Remember the ways of abbreviating the names of
months in English (with the exception of May, June and July) by omitting some letters
January

- Jan.

Sept. October

February - Feb. March - Mar. April

Oct. November - Nov. December - Dec.

- Apr.

August

- Aug.

September

Avoid figures instead of the narres of months because this may lead to misinterpretation of
2. 2003 inthe US may be read. as June 2nd, 2003,whi1e in Great Britain as
well as in this country it wiil be understood as February 6'o, 20A3. Thus use Feb. 2, 2003.
the date. For example, 6.

59

Read this article by Arnold Baker and work on

it

DEATH BY TOT]RISM
(1) At the enhance to one of the ruined temples of Petra in Jordan, there is an inscription chiselled into
the soft rock. It looks as if it has been there for centuries. It could have been carved by one of King Herod's
soldiers, when they were imprisoned in the town in 40 BC. But closer inspection reveals that it is not so
ancient after all. It reads: Shane and W'endyfrom Sydney were here. April 16 1996.
(2) The ruins of Petra were discovered in i810 by a Swiss explorer, and a recent report has just
concluded that 'they are in grave danger of being destroyedby the unstoppable march of tourism'. More than
4,000 tourists a day tramp through Petra's roclry tombs. They wear away the soft red sandstone to powder
and (occasionally!) scratch their names into the rock.
(3) It is not just Petra that is under threat of destruction. More than 600 million tourists a year now
travel the globe, and;vast numbers of them want to visit the world's most treasured sites: The Parthenon, the
Taj Mahal, Stoneherige, the National parls of Kenya. The tourist industry will soon be the largest industry in
the world and it has barely reached its 50ft birthday. Many places that once were remote are now part of
package tours, Will nothing put a stop to the growth of tourism?
A brief ltistory of towrism. The Romans probably started it with their holiday villas in the Bay of
Naples. In the 19ft cenfury, the education of the rich and privileged few was not complete without a Grand
Tour of Europe's cultural sites. Things started to change for ordinary people in 1845 when Thomas Cook, of
Leicester, England, organized the first package tour. 8y 1939, an estimated one million people were
haveling abroad for holidays each year. It is in the last three decades ofthe 20ft century that tourism has
really taken off. Tourism has been industrialized: Landscapes, cultures, cuisines, and religions are consumer
goods displayed in travel brochures.
(5) Tourism today. The effects of tourism since the 1960e have been incredibie. To take just a few

()

examples:

a) The Mediterranean shores have a resident population of 130m., but this swelis to 230m each
sunmer because of the tourists. This is nothing. The IIN projects that visitors to the region could number
760m by the year 2025.In Spain, France, Italy, and most of Greece, there is no undeveloped coastline left,
and the Mediterranean is the dirtiest sea in the whole world.
b) In the Alps, the cable cars have climbed ever higher. More and more peaks have been conquered. It
is now an old Swiss joke that the government will have to build new mountains because they have wired up
all the old ones. There are 15,000 cable car systems and 40,000 kilomehes of ski-runs.
c) American national parks have been operating permit systems for years. But even this is not enough
for the most popular sites. By 1981, there was an eight-year waiting list to go rafting down the Grand
Canyon's Colorado River, so now there is a lottery once a year to select the lucky travelers. In Notre Dame
in Paris, 108 visitors enter each minute during opening hours. 35 buses, having put down their passengers,
wait outside, their fumes eating away atthe stonework of the cathedral.
d) Poor Venice with its unique, exquisite beauty. On one hot, historic day in 198?, the crowds were so
great that the city had to be closed to all visitors.
e) In Barbados and Hawaii, each tourist uses ten times as much water and electricity as a local
inhabitant. Whilst feeling that this is unfair, the locals acknowledge the importance of tourism for their
economy overall.
f) The prehistoric cave paintings at Lascaux in France were being slowly ruined by the breath and
bacteria from 200,000 visitors a year. The caves have now been closed to the public and a replica has been
built. This is much praised for its likeness to the original.
(6) The futare of tourism. Will there be more replicas like in Lascaux? There already are. Heritage
theme parks (mini-Disneylands!) are springing up everywhere. Many of the great cities of Europe, such as
Prague, Rome, and Warsaw, are finding that their historic centers are fast becoming theme parks - tourist
ghettoes, filled with clicking cameras and whirring camcorders, abandoned by all local residents except for
the souvenir sellers. Until recently, we all believed that havel broadened the mind, but now many believe the
exact opposite: 'Modern travel narrorvs the mind'.
60

Language Work and Comprehension Check

9, Try to guess the meanings of the followirtg worcls from the text
chiseled (1)
tramp (2)
treasured (3)
10.

swells (5)
clicking (6)
whirring (6)

Find a word in the tact that hus the snme or similar meaning to the following:
shows (v)

defeated and controlled (v)

choose (v)

reached a decision (v)

serious (adj)

extremely beautiful or delicate (adj)

admit, accept (v)
having special rights and advantages (adj)
left (past participle)

hardly (adv)
distant and far away (adj)
unbelievable (adj)
11.

l{hat
40

do thefollowingJigures refer to?

BC; 1810; 600m; 1845; 1939; 23Am; eight-year; 108;

Are the following statements trae (T) or false (F)? Correct

informution and discuss yoar unswers with a partner

12.

the

1987; ten times

fulse ones with the right

An ancient inscription has been discovered at the entrance of a ruin6d temple in Petra.
b. Nearly 1.5 million tourists ayear visit Petra.
c. The stone in Petra is so soft that the tourists' feet are destroying it.
d. Tourism has been the worid's largest indusky since 1960.
e. It is now possible to go everywhere in the world on a package holiday.
f. In the 19th century, Thomas Cook organized tours of Europe's cultural sites for rich people.
g. The number of foreign tourists has been growing gradually since 1939.
h. There will be a huge increase in the numbers of tourists to the Mediterranean.
i. The swiss are considering ways of creating new mountains for skiers.
j. Nowadays, yorl can only go rafting down the Colorado River if you win a lottery.
k. The caves of Lascaux are going to be closed to the pubiic and a replica is going to be built in
Disneyland.
l. Local people are moving away from many historic city centers.
a.

Work in pairs. Discuss these questions

l.

What do you understand by the title of the article?

2.What places of interest are mentioned in the text?
3 What is said about them?
4. Is the writer optimistic or pessimistic about the future of tourism?

61

Work on this text from THE CaARDIAN WEEKLY. Read it carefullv and do the tasks

DEMAND FOR BEEF SPEEDS DESTRUCTION OF AMAZON FOREST

Europe's demand for beef made last year one of the worst yet for Amazon deforestation,
according to an international research report that quotes Brazllian government figures due to b e
released soon. Last year satellite pictures showed that almost 26,A00 sq km of the world's largest
continuous forest was lost, 40o/o morc than in the previous year. And this year's loss could be
greater, says the internationally funded Centre for International Forestry Research.
The dstruction is being driven by a growing demand for Brazilian beef in Europe because of
the fear of mad cow disease and foot and mouth in European herds. EU countries now take almost
40o/a of Brzil's exported beef. Egypt, Russia and Saudi Arabia between them import35%. The US,
which has strict beef quota systems to protect its own ranchers, takes only 8%.
'The deforestation is being fuelled by beef exports, with cattle ranchers making mincemeat
out of the rainforests,' said one of the report's authors. He said that logging contributed only
indirectly to deforestation. The Amazon's cattle popuiation more than doubled to 57 million
between 1990 and 20A2, the report says. 'In that time the percentage of Europe's processed meet
imports that came from Brazil rose from A}Toto 74Yo.'
The report suggests that giant ranching operations linked to European supermarkets were now
dominating the beef export mar{<et. 'In the 1970s and 1980s most of the meat from the Amazon was
being produced by small ranchers selling to local slaughterhouses. At present, very large ranchers
are operating in the whole ofBrazll,' the report says.
Last month President Luis Inacio da Silva announced new measures worth $133m to restrict
deforestation in the Amazon and provide greater support for indigenous territories. 'The
government's approach goes in the right direction, but unless urgent action is taken the Brazilian
Amazon could lose an additional arcathe size of Denmark over the next 18 months,' another author
of the report said. CIFOR recommends that the government should also try to keep ranchers off
government land, restrict road projects that open up the forest, and provide economic incentives to
maintain land as forest.

A. Comprehension check

* cause and effect. Match

the beginnings and endings of the

sentences:

beef
2.Brazihanbeef is popular in Europe
3. The US takes only 8% of Brazilian beef export
4. Although logging is a factor in deforestation ...
5. Unless urgent action is taken
6. The transformation of the Amazon beef industry from a local one to a global industry .......:
1. Europe's demand for

a. . .......... a huge area of rainforest will be lost in the next 18 months.

b. ........... because it has strict quota systems to protect its own farmers.
c. .... . ...... it only contributes indirectly to it.
d. ........... has led directly to an increase in deforestation in Brazil.
e. . .......... was causedby a link-up between European supermarkets and big ranchers.
f. . . .. . .. . ... because European consumers are afraid of mad cow disease in European herds.

62

B. Find an expression in the text which means ,completely destroying'(par.

3)

c. Key vocabulary. complete the sentences using words from the text:
deforestation; quota; logging; slaughterhouse; indigerrous; rancher;
restrict

------2' -'-'--'--3' A ------4. If you

5. ---------6' A ------7' The
1. A

- is a building where animars are killed for their meat.

-- is the process of removing all the trees from a large area of land.
-- is someone who owns or manages a large farm in the Americas.
---- something you place limits on it.
- is the work of cutting down trees for wood.
is an amount of something that someone is officially allowed to have or do.
----- people of a region are the people who lived there for averylong time
before other people came to live there.

D. Decide whether these statements are

true or false:

1. The Amazon forest is the world's largest continuous forest.

2. Most ofBrazil's beef is exported to the United States.

3' Brazilian beef

is popular in Europe because people are afraid that European cattle are diseased
4. Logging is the main reason for deforestation.
E. vocabulary

F.

collocations. which prepositions follow these words?

*-----*---

demand

fear

support

according -----

lVhich of these are more important:

3. linked
6. due

the forests,

63

food, income for the local farmers?

Read this text and work on

it

UN WARNS OF GLOBAL WARMING DEATHS

(1) Climate change may be to blame for 150,000 deaths each year, with tropical places and
poor countries b erng the most vulnerable, the UN heaith agency'said Thursday. The increase in
deaths estimated by the World Health Organization represents a tiny fraction of 56 million deaths
reported annually around the globe for al1 reasons. Still, with some scientists waming that global
warming could worsen over the next decades, and last summer's heat wave blamed for more than
20,000 deaths in Europe, UN o fficials urged that more attention b e p aid to how c limate change
might be harming health.
(2) WHO estimated that by 2030, climate change - which may blame on greenhouse gas buildup could cause 300,000 deaths annual$. The WHO report, presented at UN climate change conference
blamed climate change for 2" C of all cases of malaria worldwide. Poor people who cannot afford proper
refrigeration aremorelikely to eat foodtainted with bacteriathatthrive in highertemperatures. And
stagnant water from floods is a breeding ground formalaria-carrying mosquitoes.
(3) Accurate projections of the toll of climate change on human health are still incomplete'
"We don't know what all the effects of ciimate change are likely to be," said Diarmid Campbell, a
WHO scientist. WHO officials said the toll from the European heat wave was still incomplete; the
agency is awaiting reports from some countries hit hard by the several weeks of soaring
temperatures, including Germany. WHO cited heat wave figures from several countries, including
France's 14,802 deaths blamed on the heat spell. It said Italy had more than 7,000 "excess deaths in
the over 65-year-old" group, compared with the same period a year earlier. Porfugal has 1,300 heat
wave deaths, WHO said.
(4) Much of Europe suffered heavily in the summer heat wave because air conditioning is not
very coflrmon in homes, pwrly because of high energy costs. Installing more air conditioning in
homes, workplaces, hospitals or residences for the elderly would also risk increasing the emissions
of gases from the burning of fossil fuels. The accumulation of carbon dioxide and other so-called
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is blamed for trapping heat and warming the globe.
(5) Some scientists have urged caution in linkmg global warming to diseases like malari4 saylng
that mosquito-bome diseases are linked to other factors, like agricultural practices. And they have noted
that malaria epidemics have plagued people in cenfuries that were notably cooler than the last one.

(Herald Tribune, Dec.l2, 2003)

13.

Identifu the words in the text whose deflnitions are given below
to affect sth. with (bV) - (2)
2. to develop well and vigorously - (2)
3. not flowing and therefore dirty and smelling unpleasant
4. rising rapidly - (3)
5. a condition caused by magical power - (3)
6. to keep in a particular place - (4)
7. to cause suffering, trouble or difficulty to sb/sth - (5)
1.

(2)

14. Skim the text again and Jind synonynrs to the following words
5) illness; 6) cause
3) appreciate; 4)
l) accuse; 2)

alter;

price;

Diseussion: Share your opinion on the problem rvith your partner

64

Now read these texts and fulfil the tasks

ABOMINABLE SNOWSTORM
GRINDS BRITAIN TO A HALT
BLIZZARDS
SNOWSTORMS sweeping in from Siberia threw Britain into chaos yesterday. Rush-hour
motorways were clogged with cars bumper to bumper in deep slush. Thousands of cars skidded into
each other on the icy roads into London with one driver describing his journey as a "ightmare." The
havoc was made worse in the capital as a wildcat Tube strike forced commuters into the roads.
Airports were also hit by the big freeze with many flights delayed because of poor visibility.
At Gatwick, holidayrnakers eager to escape the snow were kept waiting for hours as planes were de-

iced.Enginefailureforcedoneairlinercarryingl50passengersboundforNice,inthesouthof
France, to make an emergency landing in a snowstorm. The Paramount Airways' MD-83 from
Gatwick diverted to Bristol Airport when ice clogged one of the two engines. Passengers hoping to
fly to the sun from London's Heathrow were warned to set out early to catch their flights because
the roads around the airport were choked with traffic. A British Airport Authority spokesman said:
"Our concem was that passengers may arrive late and miss their flights."
At the Old Bailey law courts justice ground to a halt as only two of the 19 courts started on
time. Blizzards brought the worst snow conditions to the Derbyshire Peak District yesterday with
more than half a dozen major roads closed and many others only passable with extreme care. Police
said strong winds and drifting snow brought visibility down to 25 yards in places.
Scores of cars had to be abandoned hampering attempts by snow ploughs to clear the roads.
There was an eight-mile taiiback in the M25 in Essex and the Ml an AIM were also hit by thick
snow. Even when frustrated motorists reached their destinations, the city centre routes were jammed
solid. Many traflic lights had been knocked out of action by the cold.

WEEKEND WARMING
THE big fueeze will keep its grip until the weekend, warns today weatherman Philip Eden.
Snow showers will turn to rain but temperatures will stay around 2o C atbest before rising to 12' C.
"We have been hit by north-easterlies skaight from Russia," explained Philip.

FURY AT MANAC DKIWRS

POLICE last night hit out at "idiot" drivers who ignored warnings about speeding on snow-hit
roads. One man died and several others were injured in a three lorry pile-up on the A1 near
Wetherby, in Yorkshire. Motorists in the Derbyshire Peak District were branded maniacs after they
removed "road closed" signs and drove on into deep snow drifts. A police spokesman said: "It was
ridiculous. They ended up stuck just a few miles further on. We did not put the signs up for a joke."
Derbyshire's fleet of six specially equipped Blizzard Squad Land Rovers, which are rentqd
each winter and were due to be returned next week. were broueht back into action to rescue
stranded motorists.

Notes on the text

Gatwick and Heathrow
The Old Bailey

London's two main airports

London's major criminal court

65

15. Vocabulary. lYhich words or expressions in tlte texts mean ,..

total confusion
2. a mixfure of melting snow and dirt
3. people who travel to work every day
1.

4.

keen

5. traveling in the direction

of

16, Comprehension. Decide wltether the

6. very heavy snowstolms

7. traffic jam
8. direct
9. strongly criticized
10. cut off by the heavy snow

following statements are true

or

false

1. There were thousands of accidents.

2. Paramount Flight MD-83 had taken off from Nice.
3. There was heavy traffic around Heathrow Airport.
4. 19 Old Bailey courts managed to start on time.
5. Several major roads were closed in Derbyshire.
6. There were no delays on the M25.
7. Weatherman Philip Eden expects temperatures to fali.
8. Some drivers in Derbyshire ignored the 'road closed' signs.
17. Phrasal verbs. Explain the meaning of the phrasal verbs ased

in the texts

1. Snowstorms sweeping ilt from Siberia threw Britain into chaos yesterday.
2. Thousands of cars skidded into each other.
3. Passengers ... were wamed to sel out early.
4. Strong winds and drifting snow brouglr/ visibility down to 25 yards in places.
5. Many traffic lights had been knocked out of actton by the cold.
6. Police last night hit out at'tdiot drivers' who ignored wamings about qpeeding on snow-hit roads.
7. Motorists ... removed 'road closed' signs and drove on into deep snow drifts.
8. It was ridicuious. They ended rry stuck just a few miles further on.
9. We didnatput the signs up for a joke.
10.Six specially equipped Land Rovers ... were brougltt back into ac.tion.
Discussion

in this country.
What are the roads, buses and trains like?
2.Da the public transport services always run on time?
1. Describe the transport system

18.

Nataral disasters. In euch cuse, o nly one of tfte p air of word.s in itallcs f orms u common
collocation with the word in boltl" Use the dictionary Qooking up the lc@ word) to decide
which is the correct collocation

a. The famine has already clamed/starved thousands of victims.

b.

The president visited the affected region in the direct/immediate aftermath of

Rescuep ersonnel/workers are stil1 looking for the survivors.

d. A massive relief attempt/ffirf

is under way.

66

the flood

Sentences e-h contain two pairs of italic words. You need to choose one
look up the bold words

from

each

pair. Again

e' Several villages have been inundated/soakedby the deepest/severest floods in decades.
f. The city was affected/struckby an enormous/massive earthquake just after midnight.
g. The forest fites, blown/fanned by warm winds,flaredhaged out of control for
weeks.
h. The volcano, which hasbeen dormant/inactive for 50 years began erupting/expbdrnslate last night.
. You already know a lot of words for talking about
the environment, pollution, and so on. In the passage below we look at words that are often
used together (collocations). Try to learn some of these expressions

THREATS AND POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Shrinking hubitmsl are a threat to both plants and animals, and endangered species2 need legal
protection tf they are to survive. Meanwhile, globat warming3 will produce rising sea levels and
climafic changes4, and carbon dioxide emissions| from the burntng offossilfuels; are contributing to
the greenhoase effeaT. In addition, population growth ueyts severe pressureS on
ft.nite resourcesg,
and the ecological baluncel| may be upset by uncontrolled deforestationll. Demographic
prciectionsl2 suggested the world population will grow before it begins to stabilize. One af the worst
case scenariosl3 is thqt there will be no tropical forests l"ft by the year 2050. Our only hope is that
prhtine environmentsT4 such as Antarctica can be protectedfrom development and damage.
1. places where animals

live and breed are decreasing in size

2. types of animals / piants which are in danger of no ronger exi-sting
3. steady rise in average world temperatures
4. changes in the weather I climate
5. carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
6. coal, oil, etc.
7. warming of the Earth's surface caused bypollution
8. formal: puts pressure on
9. limited resources
10. balance of natural relationships in the environment
11 . destruction / clearing of forests
12. forecasts about the population
13. the worst possibilities for the future
14. perfectly clean / untouched / unspoilt areas

19. For questions

1-16 read the text below and think of the word which bestlits each space

RECYCLING STEEL CANS

Cans made of steel are very easy to remove (1) -- domestic rubbish because steel is the only
common metal that is attracted to magnets. Many waste removal authorities have (2)
-- advantage of this
fact and installed large magnets, which, (3)
put
it
simply,
pull
all
steel
containers
out of the general
-.
household rubbish. The system is known (4)-- 'magnefic extraction' an it has two great advantages.

Firstly, unlike most recycling schemes, the recycling (5) -* steel cans through 'magnetic
extraction' requires almost (6) --- effort from the public. As long as you throw your used steel can
into the rubbish bin, it will be collected (7) *- then the waste removal authority will (8)
-- the rest.
Other packaging cannot be recycled (9) --- the public collect the material and take (10)
67

--

it, usually

by car, to a central collection point. This often uses up more energy in pehol than (11) -- eventually
saved by recycling the material.
Secondly, local authorities actually save public money (12) --- recovering used steel cans.
Magnetic extraction equipment is simple and cheap, and the steel that has (13)
-- saved is sold to
companies who re-use it (14) --- making new steel products. (15)--- the value of the metal is greater
than the cost of magnetic extraction, the process has financial benefits.
So, magnetic recycling of steel cans from waste saves you time, effort and money, as (16) --as saving energy for us all.
Read this text and discuss the activities of GREENPEACE

GREEI\PEACE: HISTORY AND MISSION

In

1971, motivated by their vision of a green and peaceful world, a small team of volunteers
in an old fishing boat. Their mission was to ,,bear

and journalists set sail from Vancouver, Canada,

witness" to US underground nuclear testing at Amchitka, atiny island off the West Coast of Alaska,
which is one of the world's most earthquake-prone regions. Amchitka was the last refuge for 3000
endangered sea otters, and home to bald eagles, peregrine falcons and other wildlife. The joumey
sparked a flurry of public interest.
Greenpeace takes its flag, the Rainbow Warrior, from a North American Indian legend. It
described a time when humanity's greed has made the Earth sick. At that time, a tribe of people
known as the warriors of the Rainbow would rise up to defend her.
Greenpeace is an rndependent, campaigning organization -that uses non-violent, creative
confrontation to expose global environmental problems, and force solutions for a green and peaceful
future. Greenpeace's goai is to ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity. It exiits
because this fragile earth deserves a voice. It needs solutions. It needs change. It needs action.
Greenpeace, based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is a non-profit organization, with a
presence of 41 countries across Europe, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. It does not solicit or
accept funding ftom governments, corporations or political parties. Greenpeace neither seeks nor
accepts donations that could compromise its independence, aims, objectives or integrity. It relies on
voluntary donations ofindividual supporters, and on grant support from foundations.
As a global organization, Greenpeace focuses on the most crucial worldwide threats to our
planet's biodiversity and environment. It campaigns to:
- stop climate change
- protect ancient forests
- save the oceans
- stop whaling
- say'no'to genetic engineering
- stop the nuclear threat
- eliminate toxic chemicals
encourage sustainable trade
Greenpeace exists to expose environmental criminals, and to challenge goveillments and
corporations when they fail to live up to their mandate to safeguard our environment and our future.
In pursuing this mission, it has no pennanent allies or enemies. It uses research, lobbing, and quiet
diplomacy to pursue its goals. As one of the longest banners it has ever made summed things up,
'When the last tree is cut, the last river poisoned, and the last fish d"ead, we will discover that we
can not eat money.'
68

UNIT

FIVE

WORK. UNEMPLOYMENT

EMPLOYMENT
People of working age canbe divided into three groups: the employed, the self-employed, and
the unemployed. At the end of 1980s, Britain's total work-force was about 26 million, about two
thirds of the aduit population. Of this number, around 3 million people were self-employed, and

there were about 2 million unemployed. About 40 per cent of the work-force are women, a
proportion that is gradually growing.
As in many countries, there has been a gradual swing from employment in the manufacturing
industries to jobs in service industries such as banking, retailing, hotels and catering, a16 public
administration. About two thirds of the work-force are employed in service industries, compared
with one quarter in manufacturing industry. During the 1980s, the largest rises was in banking,
insurance and finance sector, which increased by 50 per cent. The number of workers in transport,
however, has declined.
During the 1980s there were years of high unemployrnent, with a peak of over 3 rnillion
unemployed in 1986. A number of government schemes, programmes and incentives were
introduced to help unemployed people find work. These range from the Youth Training Scheme,
giving young people the opportunity to obtain a vocational qualification while under training, to
Employment Training, an extensive adult training programme introduced in 1988 for people who
had been out of work for more than six months. Many unemployed people look for work in
advertisements, such as those in local newspapers. Others make their first search through the
government Jobcentres, where local jobs are advertised and where individual advice is given.
Instruction in practical skilis is provided for the unemployed at Skillcentres. These were at
first run by the Department of Employment but ar now privately managed. Training of a more
theoretical kind can also be obtained through the Open College, an independent body that provides
courses by radio and television. Two further schemes are the Business Growth Training, which
offers financial help to employers training their own employees, and the Enterprise Allowance
Scheme, which helps unemployed people start their own business.

If a person is unemployed. for six months or longer, he or she may attend an interview with
iRestart' counselor, who will suggest alternative ways of finding work. One solution is for the
a
person to attend a special five-day Restart course, with practical advice on the way to look for a
job. Another is a place in a Jobclub, where the person is given similar advice followed by heip
in finding a job. A third possibility is self- employment under the Enterprise Allowance
Scheme. People who remain unemployed for a year or more are recommended to see a Restart
counselor for every six months.
Similar schemes operate in the USA where, as in Britain, an increasing number of workers are
employed in service industries and where unemplolment in 1990 was about 5 per cent.

(From Oxford Advanced Learner's

Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)

69

-:*
Comprehension Check and Language Work
1. Comment on thefollowingfigures:

a) three groups b) 26 c) 3 million d) 2 million e) 4A%

0 two thirds g) one quarter h) 50% i) 1988 j) 1990
2. The word 'employment' in the article is a derivative noun made up of the verb 'employ' and
the saffrx '-ment'. Use the definitions to find more derivative nouns of the kind
1. new stage or event (new product or invention).

2. state body of persons having power or influence over

3. opinion about something
4. promise or contract made with somebody
5 action or process of making something better
3.

some more cases of this

pattern in tlte pussage and identify tlre clturacter und the function of the first element

In the text there is the plrrase 'working uge' (ing-form *noun), Find

Read tltis inforrnation and do tlte texts

Working hours are very different in different countries. In the English-speaking world, people
who work full-time regular hours are said to have a nine-to*five job, even if they don't work
exactly from 9 am to 5 pm. People with flexible working hours are free, within limits, to work
when they want, as long as they do a minimum number of hours. This is known in Britain as
flexitime and in the US as flextime. Another flexible arrangement is to work part-time and share a
job with someone else. This is called job-sharing.

If you commute to work, you live outside a city centre and travel to work there everyday.lf
you do this you are a commuter and you take part in the activity known as commuting.
Teleworkers are people who work from home using phones, computers and fax machines. This is
teleworking. A telecottage is a building in the country with the equipment necessary for
telecommuting, shared by people who work in this way.
Expressions connected with work
to work shift work
to give up work
to be on / take maternity leave
to be on / to take sick leave
to take early retirement
to be a workaholic
to be promoted
to applyfor a job

(nights one week, days next)

(e.g. in order to study)
(expecting a baby)
(illness)
(retire at 55)
(love work too much)
(get a higher position)

(fi1lin forms)

10

j=;:;ml;s,ffi

4. The ug; and cons of telecomntuting. Resd this article from The Times about teleworking and
complete the taskfollowing it

WORKING FROM HOME COULD SAVE BILLIOI\S

Strategic Worlatyles 2 000, an Oxford forecasting unit, s ays that inrdustry could make huge
financial savings by allowing their staff to work from home. Noel Hodson, the report,s author, says
that the effects of allowing 15 per cent of Britain's 22 mtllion workforce to work in their own
homes using telephones, facsimile machines and computers would be enormous.
London would feel the biggest benefits with 526,000 fewer drivers on the roads. More than
11,000 commuters would not need to enter central London daily. Commuters would benefit frorn
seeing their families more, saving up to four hours a day haveling to work. Companies would have
a fresher workforce which did not need to be transported onto a centrai, expensive location daily.
A study for a big financial institution planning to allow 20 people to 'telecommute' calculated
that the company would save more than f,430,000 per year. The study examines the reasons why
telecommuting has not achieved the advantages of time saved and cost cutting. It says the managers
are often nervous about leaving staff unattended and out of sight of the office. For the 'teleworker',
working from home might bring unforeseen hazards, such as a partner who does not want the house
invaded by machinery and office paperwork. 'A number of car commuters thoroughly edoy the
total isolation and privacy available to them in their cars,' the report says.
Find three advantages of teleworking for the worker.
2. Find three advantages for the employer.
3. Find one disadvantage for the employer.
4. Find one possible disadvantage for people the teleworker lives with.
1.

Apart from the salary, employers may offer a benefits package containing a number of fringe
benefits, or, more informally perks, such as a company car, or much more. A lot of people find
work by looking at job advertisements in newspapers. A few people are headhunted. Headhunters
search for executives with specialist skills and try to persuade them to leave their current job to go
to work for a new employer, perhaps by offering them better pay and benefits.
If someone such as an employer treats someone differently from someone else in the same

situation, they discriminate against them. People who suffer discrimination

are

discriminated against. People discriminated against on the grounds of their race are victims of
racial discrimination, people (usually women) discriminated against because of their sex
suffer from sexual discrimination and those discriminated against because of their age are
victims of ageism. In cases of sexual harassment, people (again usually women) are victims of
unwanted sexual advances by their colleagues or bosses. People in this situation complain of
being sexually harassed.
Complaints about discrimination and other injustices at work are called grievances. An
employee may.take or bring their grievance to a tribunal, which during its hearings (sessions),
arbitratesinthe case(listenstothearguments frombothsides)andproposesa settlement: an
agreement that both employer and employee accept. Sometimes the settlement, especially in the US,

includes a condition called a golden muzzle that prevents both sides from commenting
(Compare this expression with 'golden handshake' , p.16).

71

on

it.

5.

Luxurious packuges. Look at this article from Today and put words from below in the spaces.
Not all the words are used
a.

b.

benefit c. handshake
duty d. headhunted

package

e. heaclhunting

g.

f.

h. perl<s

opportunities

i. salary
j. tax

g 2OO,OOO TO FLY SMOKELESS SULTAN

An oii-rich Sultan is searching for a non-smoking airline captain to become the highest paid
chauffeur in the world. The pilot, who will fly the t 40 million Boeing 747 used by Sultan Quaboos
of Oman, can expect a ------------- (1) worth more than f 200,000. The health-conscious Sultan, who
(3) of at least 960,000, hates cigarettes, and prefers to
is offering a --------- (2)-free
surround himself with non-smokers.
Exact figures are s ecret, but - ---------- (4) i nclude an expenses-paid luxury home, medical
bills for consultants anyr,vhere in the world, private schools for the children back home, free air
(5) at the
tickets and two months leave a year. There would also be a handsome golden
end of the two-year minimum contract. Though applications are flooding into an exclusive London
headhunting agency from ail over the world, the Sultan is known to prefer a British pilot.
Read the article below and do the tasks

CHINA FACES TARGET OF CREATJNG 8m JOBS

(1) China said yesterday that it needed to create at least 8m new jobs next year, a task made
more onerous by a slowing domestic growth rate and an anticipated surge in competition from
foreign companies following the country's accession into the World Trade arganization. The
Chinese Press Agency said the govemment would try to keep the official urban jobless rate to
within 4.5 per cent of the workforce next year, up from an official 3.3 per cent at the end of June, or
about 6.19m people.
(2) These figures are also widely believed to be a gross underestimate of the true nature of the

problem, partly because they do not count a certain category of workers - tens of millions of people
who do not work but are kept on state company palrolls and are supposed to receive a minimum
wage. M*y, however, receive nothing. in addition to the urban unempioyed workers, there are an
estimated 150m jobless peasants from the countryside who migrate from city to city in search of a
host of manual jobs, such as construction site labourers, that can pay as little as $1.2 a day. These
rural migrants are not included in the labour ministry's calculations of jobless because there is no
social security system in rural China.
(3) The impact of lower irnporl tariffs on farm goods following China's WTO accession on
Tuesday as well as a slowing domestic growth rate, couid prompt more farmers to seek scarce jobs

in the cities. Economists estimate that a gross domestic product growth rate of around 7 per cent is
required to create the millions of urban jobs that China's workforce needs every year. But it now
appears possible, that China may fail to achieve that. Growth in the first half of this year was 7.6 per
cent, but it fell in the third quarter to 7 per cent and is expected to drop fuither in the fourth quarter.
(4) Industrial output slowed appreciably in November, especially at the state-owned
enterprises that still employ 55 per cent of China's urban workforce. These state enterprises, most
of which are vastly overstaffed, are expected to experience the brunt of the competitive impact from
China's WTO accession. Serious industrial unrest, or the threat of it, could prompt China to slow
down some of the reforms that it hoped to carry out by securing entry to the WTO.
72

6.

Comprehension Check. Try and guess the meaning of the

following words in the given
context
a. onerous (1)
b. surge (1)
c. underestimate Q)
d. estimated (2) e. scarce (3)
f. appreciably (4) g. brunt (4) h. to experience (4) i. impacr (4)
j. to prompt (4)

7. Comment on tke

followirtg figures:

a) 8m.
b/ tens of millions
c) 1.20
d) 7 p.c.
e)

55 p.c.

8. Say whether the

followirtg stotements nre true (T)

or

false (F). Correct

the

false ones

a) China needs 8 m. jobs. (1)

b) The figures count all categories of workers. (2)

c) 150 m. is the exact number ofjobless peasants. (2)
d) There exists an effective social security system in China. (2)
e) China will achieve a product growth rate of 7 per cent. (3)
f) Industrial output in state-owned farms slowed slightly. (4)
g) Accession of China to WTO will not influence the state-owned enterprises. (4)
h) Industrial unrest wlll cause china to slow down the reforms. (4)

Here are some more phrases of the topic

If

someone is told to leave their job, especially if their employers say they have done
something wrong, they are dismissed. More informal ways of talking about a dismissal are to say
that the person has been fired or sacked or given the sack. If someone feels that they have lost
their job unfairly, theymay take theircase to a tribunal and sue or makea claimagainst their
former employers for unfair dismissal.
If an organizationgets rid of employees because they are no longer needed, it lays them off, or
makes them redundant. Companies doing this sometimes talk about downsizing, rightsizing or
letting employees go. They may say that they are overstaffed: they have too many employees and
need to make cuts in the payroll or the workforce, the total number of people they employ.
When employees have no choice, the redundancies are compulsory. But where employees
can choose to leave, redundancies are voluntary. The payroll can also be reduced by natural
wastage, with employees leaving over a period of time for the usual reasons: retirement, moving to
another job, and so on. When a lot of redundancies are involved, journalists talk about jobs being
cut or axed, with mass layoffs or massive layoffs. Employees made redundant get the axe.

9.

Whose

job do these things belong to?

Example:

bucket
ladder
l.board overheadproiector
2.
mask
forceps
3. make-up script
microphone
4.
plough
bam
5. sewing machine
sclssors

leather
chalk

scalpel

tractor

needle
13

window-cleaner

Now read the following article and do the tasks

.6I

CAN'T AFFORD TO LOOSE MY JOB.

OTHERS WILL TAKE IT'

than when he started at his company

Dean Smith, 31, eams f3.20an hour. This is 20p more
many of the jobs advertised where he lives. Mr.
nearly three years ago - and 70p an hour more than
outside Manchester. He gets no overtime and works
smith is a security guard at a leisure comprex
.T've been doing mainry unskilled jobs since I left schoolup to 60 hours u *""k, mostry evenings.
he said'
I'rn married with t'wo children and this fits in with childcare,"
who had been with the company for less
He recently escaped a mass redundancy of employees
tribunal. "I can't afford to iose my job' There's
than two years by threatening to go to an industrial
it." Although Mr' Smith lives in Manchester' he
always plenty of people out there who would take
preston or chester. He is given an extra hour's pay, but no
is often sent to other complexes at
home f.93 after tax for 3i'5 hours' Money is
traveling expenses. In his last pay cheque, he took
deducted for his 15-minute tea break'
,,The worst thing about the job is the unsocial hours. I have to work every weekend' The other
on my night off - they paid me for one
day made me come utt tt way in to show this lad around
"
hours down," he said
hour at L3.20.But if I say anything they'lljust cut my
(The IndePendent, SePt. 9, 1996)

l0.Choosetheappropriateendingsforthefotlowingstatemenls

l.Bearinginmindthelocalemplolrrrrentmarket,itcouldbesaidthat,whenhestartedathis
company, Dean Smith was
a. reallY well-Paid
b. badlY Paid
c. comParativelY well-Paid
2.DeanSmith had been doing unskilled jobs for
a. a long time

b. a short time
c. three Years

3.Becauseofthehourshehadtowork,Dean'schildren
a. didn't see him
b. saw little of him
c. spent a lot of time with him

Dean Smith
4. When there was a mass redundancy in his company'
a. Put uP a

fight for himself

b. accePted it
c. wasn't concemed
5. His emPloYers

into account
b. could easily make life difficult for Dean Smith
c. didn't take advantage of the situation
a. had to take strict regulations

t+

11. Complete the words

in thefollowing sentences. Eaeh dash rcpresents one letter

only f,3.20 an hour, Dean Smith hada-o----- job.

2. He received20p. more than he started, which means he had an -n------ (or
1. Earning

his wages.

-i-) in

-l----

3. Jobs are sometimes advertised in newspapers. They are to be found in the

ads.
4. Overtime is usually paid over and above the normal
for the job.
5. If an employee feels he can lose his job from one day to the next it means he has no job -e------.
6. The time Dean Smith spent on his tea break was not -n------ in his paid working hours.

-a-

7. To combat low wages, some people campaign for the introduction of

a-i-----

wage.

12. Use appropriate forms of the key words below to complete this esctract from National Radio
Public. One of the words is used three times, one of the words is ased twice, two of the words
are ased once each and two of the words are not ased at all
(downsize; kyoff; worlcforce; sack; mass; overstffing)

GETTING THE AX
(1) used to mean making a smaller version of a product. But these days when

about

companies talk
(3) that's about to
@, employees know it's the
shrink. 20,000 jobs are being phased out at IBM. 10.000 have been cut at Digital. The recession is
fbrcing companies to make payroll cuts they should have started years ago. A lot of companies that

_(a)

right now may have been

(5) during the whole decade of the 80s
and only come about to reduce their
(6) now. During the 1981 recession
(7)
hurt factory or construction workers. But this time business managers, executives and technical staff
are getting the ax.
are

most

Now read this text from The Daily Tetegraph and complete the tasks

BARCLAYS SET TO SHED 1,000 JOBS

(1) Barclay Bank, which unveiled record pre-tax profits of f2.08 billion last month, is
expected to announce today plans to shed about 1,000 branch managerial and clerical* jobs through
voluntary redundancy. A week ago, it said that 500 jobs were to be cut in its 12 regionai offrces
about one in four.

(2) Brunch managers are expected to issue "personal invitations" to staff in back-office
functions to join a "voluntary early-leavers' scheme". It is understood that the bank does not expect
compuisory redundancies.
(3) About two- thirds of the job losses are likely to be among administrative and secretarial
staff. The rest will involve managerial positions. Nearly all the losses are due to technology. IJNIFI,
the staff union, is expected to react angnly if it thinks specific staff are being targeted. It is also
likely to contrast the job losses with record profits and may ask Barclays to carry out an overtime
survey to ensure that staff do not work excessive hours.
(4) Barclay has shed 18,500 jobs since 1990 as technological advances meanl that some
functions could be carried out more efficiently with fewer staff. It now employs 66,000 in branch
banking and recently rewarded them with one-offx bonuses averaglng f 1,400 in recoguition of their
part in its profit-making.

75

13. Choose the

right explanution for each of

clerical
2. one-off
1.

14. Say whether

a) in the office

a)unreasonable

the

following

word.s

(with asterisks in the text)

b) in the Church c) in the sales department

b) exceptional c) regular

thefollowing statements are tvue (T) orfalse (F)

It was abadyear for Barclays. (1)

2. There is a sharp contrast mentioned in paragraph one. (1)
3. Compulsory redundancies are usually looked upon as the better solution. (2)
4. Most of those leaving back-office jobs will end up in retirement. (2)
5. The reason behind the decision is clearly stated. (3)
6. The staff union thought a number ofjobs could be saved- (3)
1.

in boktface have been scrumbled. Put the letters back into the right order
Philips, the troubled Dutch electronicsgiant is tugnict up to 15,000 jobs in its secondbig
restructuring this decade. The pourg, which has been forced to set daise 1.2bn guilders to cover the
restructuring tocss, blamed its problems on the unexpected depth of the recession. Jan Timmer,
Philfus' dinrespet, who took over three years ago to implement an initial restructuring involving
the sols of more than 45.000 jobs, said renewed cuts were anceysers.
15. The words

Today. (colleagues, benefits, claimant,

payments, taxes, politicians, jobless, scroungers).Indicate where they should go. They occut in
the text in the same order. (Not all the numbered gaps in the text indicate a missing word)

16. These words have been

teft out of this

etctraet

from

(1) cabinet
Mr. Blair,s
period of eligibility for unemployment
(5) costing the govemment

financialattraction

$9,000

(2) apparently-favour cutting _(3)

(4) from 12 to six months. With every
(7) and lost-(8),
(6) a year in --_

the

the

(9)of such amoveis clear.Theideaofmakingunemploymentas

some

(11), who think that most

(10) uncomfortable as possible also appears to
(12) people are lazy and need prodding back into work. But already the British
(13) system is one of the most tight-fisted in the Western world. Many other
benefits
(14) but as people whose fall into hard times
developed countries treat the unemployed not as
needs to be softened.

Here is some more information about key words

People who are laid off may receive compensation in the form of a redundancy payment,
pay-off or payout, redundancy pay or, especially in American English, a severance payment.
Mernbers of the workforce without a job are unemployed or out of work. Unemployment is the
situation ofpeople without work. If you lose yourjob you join the dole queue. Unemployment benefit or
jobless benefitis also called,informally, thedole.People receivingit are on the dole. Unemployed
people are often referred to in the media as jobless. Jobless people looking for work are job-seekers or
job-hunters and, in Britain, receive money from the state called job-seekers allowance.
Welfare covers things like unemployment benefit, sickness benefits and state pensions. The
welfare state refers to all the things provided by a govemment such as the benefits mentioned
above, plus things like child day care centers and hospitals. Welfare is often said to cover people's
needs from (the) cradle to (the) grave, from the moment they're born to the time they die. If you
live on welfare, you depend on the welfare system for money to live. People on welfare in the US
usually receive their payments in the form of a welfare check The equivalent in Britain is the giro.
Politicians say that another way of cutting back on welfare spending is to crack down on
scroungers, a word used criticaliy to talk about people who are getting unemployment benefit but
should not be getting it, Uecause they have a job, or because they are not willing to work.
76

'17' Jobless Combinations. 'Jobless' is often used

expressions under the three headings on the right

jobless

a. benefits
b. claims
c. figures

pay
e. rate

d.

in the combinations

below. Group the

l.

the number ofpeople out ofwork

2. money grven to unemproyed people by the state
3. the requests from people for this money

f. toll
g. total
18. unemployment blaes.

Match the two parts of the expressions

f . industrialized
a-rate
2. rising
b. world

rapid
c. period
unemploynr.ent d. years
5. boom
e. growth
6. unprpcedented
f. productivity
3.
4.

19' Welfare Combinations. The word 'welfare' is often used before the numbered
words to make
two'word comhinutions. The things on the right, indicated by letters, ure examples
of these
expressions. Match the two

state
2.payments
3. reform
4. services
5. mothers
6. dependency
7. spending
1.

welfare

a. child daycare center

b. expenditure on hospitals
c. people claiming unemployment benefits
d. checks or giros
e. reducing benefits
f. Sweden in the 1970s
g. not looking for a job because you get
enough money on the dole arid becoming
used to this situation

20. Use the words in capitals to form a word thatJits in the space in the same
line

THE JOB INTERWEW

It is important to make a good (0) ----- wh'en going for
a job interview. Interviewers usualiy ask a (1) -:--- of
questions, many of which concern (2) -----. However,
also usually like to ask questions about previous (3)

they

---- as

well as (4) ----- not connected to the work place. often, the
(5) ----- candidate is not the one with the most impressive
(6) ----- but the one who shows that he or she has made the
most (7) ----use of their time. Few emproyers want employees
who are (8) ----- to think for themselves.
The (9) ----- of advancement in any job very rarely depends
on the (10) ----- of work but more on the enthusiasm and.
dedication of the employee.
77

IMPRESS

vARIous
euALITy

occupy

ACHIEVE
succESS
EDUCATE
EFFECT

ABLE
possIBLE
ACCITRATE

-rNow read this article carefutly, pick the key words out and explain what each of them meflns

SOME MIGHT BE BLOCKED

FROM JOBLESS BENEFIT
RETIREMENT, SEVERANCE MIGHT DISQUALIFY MANY LAID-OFF EMPLOYEES
Laid-off employees are finding they may not be able to get unemployrnent benefits because
they've taken early retirement or severance payrnents. It can be an unexpected blow to many of the
g.3 million Americans now unemployed. (One can have his/her benefits reduced or be disqualified
if he or she gets money from early retirement).
Many states preclude workers who are getting regular severance payments from obtaining all
the unemployment benefits they otherwise would have been eligible to receive. The amount of
pension a worker receives also can limit the total amount of unemployment benefits they can
collect.Workerscan generally getunemploymentafterseveranceruns out.Theproblem? Many
newly laid off workers think they can get both. Downsized workers who collect 401(k) annuities
might find their unemployed benefits reduced, some economists say.
Some employers are stipulating that workers who take early retirement choose between
unemployment benefits or company-provided severance. The reason? Companios are taxed to pay
for unemployrnent benefits, but are charged less if they have fewer workers who actually get
benefits. Some employees have fought such restrictions. Four former workers from Mitchell Energy
& Development lost a lawsuit against the company, which argued that the workers gave up their
right to collect employment benefits when they signed an early retirement agreement, says W'
Fulton Broemer of Houston, who represents the employees.
Many workers are already unable to collect unemployment, because states set their own laws
restricting who is eiigible. In 2000, less than 40% of jobless Americans were able to collect
unemplol,rnent. That might be for a variety of reasons, inciuding insufficient income prior to
becoming unemployed. First-time claims for unemployment benefits totaled 376,000 for the week
ending Feb.2, according to the Department of Labor.
(The Financial Times, Feb. 22, 20A2)

Industrial Action. Fight for better working conditions

stop working normally in order to demand better pay, benefits or working conditions,
or to protest about something, you take industrial action. I-n a strikeo workers stop working
completely for a time.
Workers are orgarized in'unions, trade unions, or in the USA labour unions. A union may
call a strike, perhaps after a strike ballot in which union members vote to go on strike or against
going on strike. Strikes are also referred to as walkouts or stoppages. When a strike causes a lot of
disruption, it cripples or paralyses the thing it affects, such as services, factories, cities or the
economy, stopping normal activity and bringing things to a standstill or a halt. A standstill may be

If you

described as total, cornplete, or

virtual: almost complete.

govemments and organizations say they will not give in to strikerst demands, they say
they will not agree to them. The strikers may respond by intensifying their industrial action: they
escalate it or step it up. If, in a dispute, one side reduces its demands and gives in to some or all
the demands of the other side,commentators talk about a backdown.In this situation, one side
climbs down or backs down.

If

78

Workers who continue working during a strike may have to face abuse or insults from
strikers
when they arrive for work each day. The strikers in this situation are pickets, forming picket
a
line,
and they call the people who continue to work strikebreakers, scabs, or in British
English only,
blacklegs. Of course, the people who continue working do not describe themselves in these
*uyr.
When a union calls off the strike, workers retum to work. (A strike may also be called off before
it
starts: in this case the strike is averted.) A union calls off a strike if ii reaches a setgement
with
the management or the authorities, perhaps with the help of someone not directly involved: an
arbitrator or mediator who arbitrates or mediates in the dispute.
21. Types of Strike. A train strike is one involving railway workers, but what is u
wildcat strike?
Put each type of strike below under one of thesefoar headings:

L the proportion 2. the services

of workers
affected
involved in the
country as a whole

general
b. wildcat
c. 24-horn
d. indefinite
a.

3. the duration

the

of

strike

4. the unexpectedness

ofthe

ffierwise

e. nationwide

f. one-day
g.tube
h. all-out

i. dock
j. airline
k. tull-blown
l. lightning

22. Can it be averted? In which of these examples is it possible to replace the expression ,culled
olf by the expression .averted,?

BA STRIKE IS CALLED OFF. A strike called by British Airways ca6in crews for Friday has
been cancelled by their union's executive.
2. Growing divisions within the union earlier this week persuaded leaders to suspend the strike on
Monday, and now the strike has been called off altogether.
3. In krdia, leaders of 400,000 telecommunications workers have called off a nationwide strike
which has lasted for the last 20 days.
4.TUBE STRIKE CALLED OFF. Thecapitalwassparedthemiseryofa callouttubestrike
1.

yesterday after an 11th hour deal was struck.

5. The drivers will not move their lorries until the pickets, who have damaged dozens of vehicles
will not end their vigil until the strike is cailed off,

have gone. The pickets

Read this article and

fulfitl the tasks

POSTAL STRIKE LOOMS

A postal strike looked "almost inevitable" yesterday after a union decided to ballot 140,000
Royal Mail workers on industrial action in a dispute over hours and working practices. The
Communication Workers' Union announced the move after the breakdown of talks over a five-day
week and reduced working time. Voting will begin on May 13 and if the strike goes ahead it wil bL
the first national mail stoppage for almost a decade. The union has been seeking a reduction in the
41 %-hour' six-day working week, while the Royal Maii wants to introduce grater flexibility
through'team working".
Alan Johnson, the union's joint general secretary, said: "Our members have created the most
efficient, profitable, and productive postal service in the world. Meanwhile, 86 per cent of postmen
and women work a six-day week for a basic wage of less than $ 1 0,000 a y ear. Brian Thomson,
Royal Mail personnel director, said the proposed package offered better pay, a shorter working
.' week and a commitment to job security in return for grater flexibility.
(The Daily Telegraph, May 3, I996)
79

-r-

2j. Say whether thefollowing

statements are true (T)

orfalse (F)

of a threat.
2. It seems that, in Britain, trade union members have to vote before unions can call a strike.
3. There had been negotiations before the decision was taken to hold a ballot.
4. Such a ballot can be carried out almost from one day to the next.
5. Postal workers seemed prone to take industrial action.
6. Postal workers have a long working week.
7.Pay seemed to be the central issue.
8. The spokesman for the union sounded proud of his members' record.
9. Job security would reduce the number of accidents at work.
10. No keyword related to working patterns is used twice in the article.
1. The headline suggests an idea

24. The word "stoppage" in the article is made up of the verb "stop" and the ending "-&ge". Use
the deJinitions to ftnd words constructed in a similar way
of liquid or of information.
2. Keeping goods in a place such as a warehouse
until they are delivered.
3. The amount paid for sending letters or parcels.
4. The remains of a car, plane or a boat after a disaster.
5. It allows exsess water to be taken away from land.
6. The way in which things are used, particularly words.
1. The escape

L-----S-----P------

W------D------U----

25. "Bveakdown" is a compoandnoun made up of theverb't'brcak" und an adverb. Usethe

deftnitions to find more compound nouns with "break"
1. Significant progross (e9., in talks, or an important discovery).
2.The way a burglar often enters abuilding.

3. An escape from prison.

4. Thedivision or separation of things or of people that were united,

by marriage

for

exampie.

MISERY AS STRIKE CLOSES TIIE TUBE

MILLIONS of commuters took to their cars and buses as Z{-hour wildcat strike crippled London'
Underground. The walk-out closed the District, Circle, Metropolitan and East End lines. Two-thirds of
the Tube's 2,500 drivers obeyed the strike-call after being intimidated by union rebels. There was a
limited service on the Piccadilly line. But only the Victori4 Central and Northern lines were running
normally. The rebels are demanding an extra $64-a week for operating driver-only trains. The chiefs are
expecting a retum to normal working today. In a separate Underground dispute, the National Union of
Railwaymenhas called a skike ballot in a flexible working row.
26. Now match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
f.
a. a bank account with minus money in

interest
2. martgage
3. an overdrawn

account

4. savings account
5. current account

pension
7. disability ailowance
8. chitrd benefit
9. gtant
6.

it

b. money paid towards the cost of raising a family

c. money given by the government for education, welfare,
d. an account that is used mainly for keeping money
e. money paid to people after acertain age
f. an account that cheques are drawn on for day-to-day use
g. money chargeable on a loan
h. money paid to people with a handicap
i. a loan to purchase property
80

27.

Is the ordinary 'person-in-the-street' pleased to

I.

MORTGAGE RATE GOES

UP

3. WAGES TO BE FROZEN
5. NUMBER ON DOLE
28.

RISES

see these newspaper headlines

or not?

2. PENSION AGE RAISED

4. INTERJST RATES DOWN

6. YAT TO BE REDUCED

An expensive drink. Connect the two parts of each sentence in order to put together this
article from The Times. The numbered parts uve in the coruect order
British Rail yesterday rejected
an appeal by a man it
2. He will loose f20,000 in
3. Alex Bryson, 63, a clerk, of
Kirk Sandal, Doncaster, who
had worked for British Rail
for 38 years, was dismissed
4.'Iamheartbroken that BR
could have
5. His union, the Transport
S alaried Staffs Association"
said that it
1.

would take the case to an

industrial tribunal.
b. with three other clerks and
an assistant manager for
drinking on duty.
c. treated me so badly,' he said.
d. sacked for drinking half a
pint of beer at his leaving
party.
e. redundancy pay.
a.

2g.Complete euch of these sentences with an adjective from the list, Use the entries
in bold in a collocations dictionary to help you

for the words

team;flexible; proven; short-term; skeleton; in-service; repetitive; heavy; competitive

work of the production line.

couldn't stand the
salary.
b. The company offers a _
hours?
c. Does your job allow you to work
workload.
d. She's hired an assistant to help with her
contract.
e. She joined the company on a
meeting.
f. We gathered in my boss's office for a
track
g. Applicants should have a
-- record in project management.
a. He

training in IT skills.
- on duty during the holidays.
staff

h. A11 staff receivo

i. They only have a

81

30.

Fill in each gap with an appropriate verb or pltasal verb from the list: achieved; take;
cancel; did;fulfilling; dofor; missed; handed; earn (make); boost; came out on (went on)

applyfor the job.

b. The company missed his wealth of experience when he chose to
retirement.
strike in sympathy with the sacked workers.
c. The whole union
yourjob prospects.
d. Extra skills training could
her full potential in her current job so she
e. She felt she wasn't
her contract when she
f. The company had no choice but to
important deadlines.
a.

I saw an interesting

ad in the newspaper and decided to

early

her notice,
several

g'Shehadalwayswantedto-herlivingasamusician,andshefina11y-her
ambition when she was 42.
h. I_abrief stintas awaitresswhenlwas astudent, butlwouldn'tlike
31. Now

find collocdions in the senlencesfrom Exercise

to

it_

aliving.

30 thal malch ap with the definitions belnw:

a. a short time spent doing sth

b. all that you might possibly achieve

c. your chances of getting a good job
d. the valuable knowledge and skills
you have gained in your life and work

What does that involve?

(: What do you do in your job?)

When people ask you to explain your workljob, they may want to know your main responsibilities
(= your duties I what you have to do), or something about your daily routine (: what you do every
daylweek). They can ask like this: What does that (i.e. your job) involve?

Main responsibilities
I'm in charge of (: responsible for) all deliveries out of the factory.
I have to deal with any compiaints (: take all necessary action if there are complaints).
I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum (: I am in control of it I I manage it).
Note: We often use responsible for / in charge of for part of something, e.g. a department or some
of the workers; and run for control of all of sornething, e.g. a company or a shop.

Dailv duties / routines

I have to go to I attend (frul) aiot of rneetings.
I visit / see / meet clients (: people I do business with or for).
I advise clients (: I give them help and my opinion).
It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork (a general word we use for routine work that involves
paper e.g. writing letters, filling in forms, etc.). Note the -ing-form after involve.

82

UNIT

SIX

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

CRIME
Crime in both Britain and the USA is a cause of constant and serious concern, and increasing
concern is being paid to methods of preventing it. Over the past few years in Britain, there has been
an increase in crimes of violence against people, in sexual offences, and in criminal damage. At the
same time there has been a decrease in burglary and to a lesser extent in robbery, theft, and the
handling of stolen goods. Even so, the majority of crime is directed against property, with car theft
accounting for a quarter of all crimes. Methods of tackling this fype of crime include marking
valuable goods and equipment and installing security devices, such as burglar alarms.
The setting up of 'Neighbourhood Watch' schemes has b een apractical move towards the
prevention of break-ins and thefts from private houses, and in 1988 an independent crime
prevention organization, Crime Concern, was established to encourage further schemes of this type.
The risk of burglary is ten times higher in inner city areas than in rural areas.
The increase in sexual crimes has received much publicity since people now report them more
readily. A confidential telephone service, Childline, has been set up and it is available for children

who are being sexually abused.

In the USA, there has been a marked rise in violent crime among young people, with murder, rape
and assault all on the increase. kr both countries there have been incidents of mass shootings, which
have resulted in a review of the regulations controlling the purchase of firerms. The import and sale of
illegal drugs, in particular heroin and cocaine, is a gtowing arca of crime, and has led to intemational
cooperation between police forces in order to combat it. The high level of crime in general has led to the
coordination of efforts to fight it. Local authorities, private businesses and voluntary groups have
collaborated with the police in some areas of Britain, notably in the irurer cities.
A different sort of offence, also increasingly frequent, is 'drinking and driving' Government
'drink-drive' campaigns have been mounted, and police have introduced such measures as breath
tests to combat the problem, which is especially acute during the Christmas holiday period.
In B ritain, the police have not always effectively c ombated the problem of racial violence.
There continue to be incidents of assault on members of ethnic minority groups, either by direct
harassment in their homes or by acts of vandalism in shops run by them. A similar situation exists
in the USA, where there have been cases of racial harassment on college campuses and of mailing
letter bombs.

(From Oxford Advanced Learner's

Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)
1. Decide whether tkese statements are true ot

fatse

a. There has been an increase in burglary and a decrease

in crimes of violence against people over

the past few years. (1)

b. To combat robbery in GB some goods are marked. (1)

c. In Britain burglary is higher in villages. (2)
d. Crime prevention organizations are set up for grown-ups only. (3)
e. Such types of crimes as murder and assault are on the increase in the USA. (4)
f. The police in the USA are tackling the drug problem on their own. (4)
g. In Britain few drivers use alcohol at Christmas. (5)
h. There are no cases of racial violence in the US institutions of higher education. (6)
83

Read these pieces of information. Make sure you know the words in bold

Robbery, of course, takes many forms. Pickpocketing is taking money from someone's
pocket or bag in a public place without them noticing. Shoplifting is stealing goods from the
shelves of shops. Mugging is taking someone's money in the street with threats of violence.
Burglary or housebreaking is breaking in or breaking into houses orother buildings, entering
them bV force, in order to steal things in a break-in. These are all types of robbery or theft,
although robbery is usually used to talk about stealing money from shops, banks, trains and so on,
and about stealing artworks from museums. Robbery is used in various combinations. In armed
robbery, victims are threatened with a gun. Bullion robbery is stealing gold bars. Street robbery
is another name for mugging. A hold-up is a robbery where a gun or other weapon is used'
Robberies like this happen at gunpoint, ot at knifepoint.
Words for a spectacular robbery include heist and raid. A s mash-and-grab raid involves
breaking a shop window or a showcase to steal things and running away with them very fast. A
ram-raid involves breaking through the front of a building by driving into it a car, and then stealing
things in the building.
Theft is often used in combinations like these: petty theft or minor theft, where the things
stolen are not very valuable; serious theft, where the things stolen are valuable. Theft is also used
in combinations like these to indicate the types of things stolen:
1) art theft: works of art;

2) vehicle theft, car theft and, in American English, auto theft;

3) arms theft, where guns are stoien in a robbery, not used in a robbery.
Car theft includes joyriding: stealing a car for pleasure of driving it, often at very high speed,
and carjacking, stealing a car, sometimes at gunpoint, when its driver is in it. After a robbery, the
criminals try to make their getaway or maketheir escape. Getaway is atso often used in the
combination getaway car. Robbers may make off with money or property they have stoien: the

haul or the loot.

Killing someone intentionally ismurder, oftenreferred to in law, especially in the United

States, as homicide. Victims may die as a result of a knifing or stabbing, where a knife is used, or
a shooting, when a gun is used. Guns are also called firearms. Guns such as pistols and revolvers
are called handguns.
2.

Match the two parts of these ertracts

1.

Although the notes may not be marked

2. The eight men walked out of the bank

carrying the money in 25 flour sacks

3. Police believe the gang must have used
a lorry to cart off their ripe haul.
4. They forced arear window then
searched through the rooms
5, As one popular joke had it, bank

robberies were almost unknown in

a. 'Two tons is a hell of a lot of cheese,' said a

detective. 'Not your average burglar's loot.'

b. and made their getaway in two cars.
c. because would-be criminals had to

join a ten-year

waiting list to buy a getaway car.

d. before making off with the engagement ring she
was given by the marquis.
e. there is still the problem of what to do with such
a large haul.

East Germany

84

3. Make the

headlineJit the crime

1 PC CLINGS HIS LIFE TO JOYRIDER

CITY MUGGER

COP'S SON RAIDED SHOPS

HIT AND RUN ROBBERY

RAM-RAID ON HOME

CAR

BOY, g, rN GUN HOLD-UP

FRENCH GAI\G ROBS BRITONS ON TRAIN

a. A joyrider sped off with a policeman desperately clinging to his windscreen, a court heard
yesterday.

b. A pedestrian was left badly bruised after he was run over by a car and robbed.
c. A schoolboy was robbed at gunpoint by a nine-year old bandit.
d. Burglars smashed their way into a family home by driving through the patio windows.
e. Fourteen British tourists have been robbed of cash and jewellery worth thousands pounds by a
gang of French train thieves who sprayed them with a powerful sleeping gas.
London's financial cente, the City, has issued an alert to banks and financial institutions around the
world after a robbery in which nearly $300 million of financial documents, or bonds, were stolen.
g. The son of a top Scotland Yard commander took part in smash-and-grab raids that netted a
f20,000 haul.
Read the following news item:

GRANI\-Y, 700 HOLDS UP A BANKI

A GRANDMOTHER of 70 tried to hold up a bank by grabbing a hostage and pretending she
had a gun. But she was overpowered by the hostage - and the "pistol" tumed out to be a perfume
spray. Bespectacied widow Peggy Barlow tried her raid after watching a TV progranlme about
robberies. She suffered from arthritis and could not walk without a stick, so she got her pensioner's
pass and took a bus to the bank in Kensington, London.

HOSTAGE
First she grabbed a customer, warning her: "Keep quiet and you won't get hurt." Then she
pushed the perfume spray forward in her pocket to look like a gun, bundled her hostage into the
manager's office and demanded: "Keep your hands above the desk. Give me all the money in the
bank." When the manager, David Ball, said he couldn't give her ALL the money, she asked for
f85,000 - and eventually settled for the f,50,000 he offered.
But after Mr. Ball left the office, Mrs, Barlow was overpowered by her hostage, psychiatrist's
wife, Mrs. J. Watkins, 48. As Mrs. Barlow was led away by poiice she apologized to the bank staff
- and asked detectives if she could telephone some friends to cancel a bridge party.
She became desperate when her debts reached f70,000 after her husband
- a bank manager - died
in 1975, the Old Bailey hemd yesterday. Recorder, Sir J. Miskin, sentenced her to nine months jail,
suspended for a year, after she admitted demanding money with menaces and assaulting Mrs. Watkins.
o'If
He told her:
you behave from now on, you can forget this dreadful affair."
Mrs. Barlow said later: "I can still hardly believe it was me. I'm normally very timid." She added: "I
read a lot ofAgatha Christie but no-one has written about a criminai as daft and unlikelv as me."
(From The Daily Minor)
85

4, Look at the 72 sentences below.

a. Three of them are fuicorrect. Cross them out. Be prepared to say why they are wrong.
h. Show the oyder in which the other nine events happened by writing the numbers 1-9
in the spdees to the left. The tirst is done for you.
_In court, she denied that she had attacked a customer.
She pretended that she had a gun.
She was anested.
She bought a ticket on the bus to Kensington.
She agreed to accept f50,000
Mrs. Barlow got into debt.
took a customer as a hostage.
court found her guiitY.
She asked for all the money in the bank.
She asked to make a telephone call.
She saw a programme about robberies on television.
She told the judge that she was solry

-She
-A

5. Now answer these questions ubout the text in your own words
a. What made Mrs. Barlow decide to rob a bani<?
b. How did she convince the bank staff that she was serious?
c. What happened to end the bank raid?
d. What was the resuit of the court case for Mrs. Barlow?
e. What does she feel about the case now, looking back?-

Look at these phlases

Suspects are people who the police think mayhave carried out or committed a crime. A
more formal word for a crime is an offence. If suspects are arrested by the police they may be held
(in custody) or detained by them and may be charged with an offence. Until the person charged is
tried in a coult, and the crime or o ffence is proved to have happened, it is an alleged offence'
Alleged offences are allegations.
Where an alleged offence is serous, the suspect may be remanded in custody and await trial
in prison, or they may be released on bail: the judge decides an amount of money that must be paid
by, or on behalf of, the defendant so as to ensure that the retum to the court for trial later'
If someone is formally accused of committing crimes, they are charged or indicted with
these crimes. An indictment may contain a number of counts or charges. Charges are brought
against people accused of doing something wrong, and they then have to face or answer the
charges in court. They may agree that the charges are true and admit them, or they may say that
they are not true and denY them.
6.

Arresting combinatiotts. Make meaningful definitions by combining items from euch line:
a) house, murder, persistent, political
b) arrest, charge, detainee, ffinder

L forbidden by the authorities from leaving their home or going anywhere is under
2. accused of killing someone faces a
3. who commits a lot of crimes and goes on committing them is a
4. in prison for political reason is a
86

Make sure you know the dffirence between the verbs tsteal' and 'rob.' The object of the verb
'steol' is the thing which is taken sway, e.g. thelt stole my bike, whereas the objea of the verb
'rob' is the person or place from which things are stolen, e.g. I was robbed last night; A masked
man robbed the bank.
Now pat the rightform of either 'rob' or 'steal' in the sentences below.
1. Last night an armed gang
the post office. They
_$2000.
7,

2.My handbag

at the theatre yesterday.

3. Every year large numbers of banks

4. Jane
of the opportunity to stand for president.

Note that many verbs connected with crime and law have particular prepositions associated
with them. Here are some of them:
to accuse someone of a crime: to say someone is guilty
to charge someone with (murder) : to bring someone to court
to pass verdict on an accused person: to decide whether they are gurlty or not
to sentence someone to a punishment: what the judge does after a verdict of guilty
to acquit an accused person of a charge: to decide in court that someone is not gurlty
to send someone to prison: to punish someone by putting them in prison
to release someone from prisonljaiL: to set someone free after aprison sentence
Reading Comprehension. Read this article from TIte Daily Telegraph May 27, tggs)

poLrcEMAN FORCED TO QUrT WrNS STRES$ TEST CASE

A POLICE jailer who retired prematurely because of chronic depression, won a test case
yesterday to prove he had been disabled by stress suffered in the course of his work. The decision,

which

will

lead to enhanced pension rights for PC Robert Pickering, is seen as an important

precedent by the Police Federation, who backed the case. They are currently dealing with 30 similar
cases and now expect to receive many more claims. "strgss is recognized as a major concern for

police officers and this ruling will be welcomed by the policemen", said David Franey, Mr.
Pickering's lawyer.
Mr. Pickerin5,52, from West Sussex, retired last year after collapsing with chest pains which
were ascribed by his doctor to the stress he was suffering with his job as a jailer at Brighton
magistrates' court. But Sussex police authority decided his condition did not rank as a work-related
rnjury under government regulations and they refused to pay him a disability pension.
Mr. Pickering, who joined the police n 197L, told the court he had become skessed by the
constant scuffles, confrontations and tension expedenced in the cell block. His condition worsened
when he was attacked by an escaping prisoner in Novernber 1991. "I became increasingly nervous, was
tense all the time and dreaded going to worli', he said. "I would go to bed sweating and get up at four in
the morning. I would have crying fits. I lost my confidence and dreaded going back to work after the
weekends." He added: "It was avery stressful job. We were dealing with a large number of criminals
and prisoners were often violent. There were constant confrontations and threats. I was threatened on
many occasions. Very often if people were remanded in custody they would react violently." Mr.
Pickering said after the case at Lewes Crown Courl that it was unlikely he would ever be able to work
again. Although Mr. Pickering received a retirement pension based on his confibutions over more than
20 years, it was considerably less than the entitlemerrt of an officer disabled at work. Judge J. Gower
ruled yesterday that Mr. Pickering should be given enhanced paynents because the stress, which had
been sustained in the line of duty, was a disabling iryury.
81

Make sure you know the following words and plroses:

to retire prematurely
to lead to
enhanced pension rights
to back the case
disability pension
to ascribe to smth

to be retnanded in custody

entitlement of an officer disabled at work

to ru1e
to sue smb for
to becorne a major concern for smb
to ranl< as ...

8. True or false?

Mr. Pickering retired in 1993.

z.Nh. Pickering is from East Sussex.
3. The stress which had been sustained in the iine of duty was a disabling injury.
4. Sussex police authority refused to let Mr. Pickering go on pension.
1.

STUDY THE FOLLOWING:

to loose confidence
growing confidence
to enjoy smb's confidence
to place confidence in smb
to shake smb's confidence
to take smb in one's confidence
in strict confidence
he answered with confidence

g.

Filt in the gaps in the following

basic root words for you to ilse

to conJide
he confided his troubles to his friend
tlre child was conft.ded to the care of the
nurse

conJidential coniiclentiul document

conJidential book
confidential relations

passage with s word or phrase. Below the pussuge is u

list of

VISCOUNT TURNES DETECTIVE TO F'IND HIS SILVER

Hampden_

(1) to recover more than f30,000 worth of silverware stolen from his
(3) The 58-year old
(2) andstately home. He succeeded where the Sussex
(4) was taken from one of the rooms open to
viscount questioned a number of people after
the public at Glynde Place, tlie house near Lewes, East Sussex. He discovered that a man cafflvlrm1g a
- said he didn't have the bag," said Lord Hampden
bag had been _ (5). "People who saw him later
VISCOLINT

yesterday.

"I suddenly thought

and about 200 yards from the gate, through the shrubbery, there was a bag under a large

(7).

tree.Wewereabso1ute1ydelighted','-(8)hadinc1udedsi1verwaredatingfromthe18tn
Thomas Trevor, was an ambassador to-the Hague.
century when Lord Hampden's
(10).
AZT-yew old man from Eastbourne, East Sussex, was last mght he$urg police with _-

(police helicopter; to turn detective; a team of

the silverware)
sycamore tree; the haul; inquiry;
-(9),

fficers; to act suspiciously;

88

ancestor; the items;

Now make up questions to which the following phrases could be the answers
1. The bag was about 200 yards from the front gate.
2. Thomas Trevor was an ambassador to the Hague.

3. The silverware cost f,30,000 pounds.

4. The rooms were open to the public at Glynde Place, the house near Lewes, East Sussex

10. Types of crime. In the sentence John Gotti was chgrsed today with ordering the murders of
four people , including ... John Gottifaced marder. What sort of charges might be brought
against the people below? Match the charges to the criminals
a. rape

b. drugs

assault
d. arson
c.

e. comrption

g. kidnapping

f. murderer

h. fraud

i. extortion

of dealing in cocaine
2. Someone who makes a violent physical attack on someone
3. Dishonest officials who act illegally in their work
4. A businessman who dishonestly takes or uses money
5. Someone who violently forces someone to have sex with them
6. Someone who takes someone away by force and demands money for their release
7. Someone who intentionaliy kills someone
8. Someone who obtains money from someone by threatening violence
9. Someone who sets fire to buildings intentionally, perhaps they iike wa{ching fires.
1. People accused

Here is some more information about judicial persons and judicial proceedings

A lawyer is someone qualified to advice or act in legal cases. Courts are presided over by
judges or, in lower English courts, by magistrates. [n the English system, solicitors represent
people and prepare their cases before they reach court. In the American system attorneys represent
people, prepare cases and present and argue them in court.

In some countries the public prosecutor for each area decides which prosecutions should be
brought: who should be prosecuted by the state, and for what. In theUS, district attorneys, or
DAs, do this. Someone facing prosecution in a court of law is a defendant. When defendants go on
trial or stand trial they answer the charges against them. A defendant is represented by defence
lawyers and the iawyers tryrng to prove that the offences took place are the prosecution lawyers.
Defendants are asked to plead guilty or not guilty: to say if they committed the offences
they are charged with or not. Guilty or not guilty are pleas.
The prosecution and defence lawyers call witnesses. They require people who know about the
alieged crime to give evidence or testimony or to testify: to say what they know in the court. If a
criminal tells the police or gives evidence in court about their associates' criminal activities, he or
she incriminates these associates, or, informally, grasses on them. Someone who does this is a
grass, or, if their evidence is very important, a supergrass. Defendants and wifiresses appear in
court during a trial.

89

11. Types of witness. Someone called to give evidence by defence counsel is a defence wrtness
Use these words to make

a.

b.

surpnse

federal

similar combinations to describe the witnesses below

c.

d.

eye
key

e.

expert

f. star

g. prosecutor
h. crown

A witness ...

'

1. whose testimony is essential

2. whose testimony is based on scientific or specialized knowledge

3. who was not expected
4. who saw the crime himself o herself
5. who is more important than all the other witnesses
6. who gives evidence against the defendant
7. who gives evidence for the prosecution in

Britain

8. who gives evidence for the prosecution in the United States.

12. Resd this sentence:

...if I'd left the moped outside the pub, it would probably have sot nicked!
Now look at these other expressions with gg!. Cun you Jit u suitable expression

into sentences 1-8

below? Don't forget to choose an appropriate tense

get one's own
get the

back

sack
get awaywith

l. It's outrageous!
six months.
2. Colin will

over
get off

get

make one's getaway

get down

get at

very lightly! Their sentences were reduced to

Those two crooks

never

the shock of loosing all his money on the stock market.

3.HaveyouSeenthewayJohnletshis1itt1edaughter---.._murder?It'samazingwhenyou
think how inflexible he is at work!
4. When Tom left Sally, she _
by telling everyone how selfish he was.
5. The never-ending string of familyproblems has really
Simon-recently.
6. Stop
me! I've just about had enough of your accusations.
7.Have you heard about Mike? He _.
It's incredible after all these years with the company.
8. The thieves
from scene of the crime in a stolen car.
Read the following newspaper extract. Does the punishment

fit the crime?

THREE STRIKES AND YOU'RE OUT

CALIFORNIA'S new 'three skikes' iaw, which was introduced
with overwhelming public support, requires people with a serious
criminal conviction to receive twice the normal sentence when
convicted of a second felony - and 25 years to life for any third
offence. In one recent case, this resulted in ajail sentence of
25 years for a man found guilty of stealing pizza from a group of
children.
90

Lawbreakers. Read the article fairly quickly

SEVEN BANKS A DAY

ARE ROBBED IN LA
(1) OCTOBER 4, 1979, is a day of fond memory for FBI agents in Los Angeles.
It's the last
day that the city did not have a bank robbery. Last year there were 1,844 bank robberies
in the city
and its suburbs, an average of about seven every business day, and a quarter of all the
bank
robberies commiffed in the United States. The total haul was around four million dollars.
(2) There are several reasons why Los Angeles heads the bank robbery league-way
ahead of
San Francisco, second with 546, and New York third with 443. The place has an awful
lot of banks
- 3,300 and many stay open until 5 or 6 in the evening and at weekends. They are also very
informal. "You need a warrn, inviting place to do business," says Stephen Ward of the Britishowned crocker Bank. Bank robbers are particularry appreciative.
(3) The robberies are usually quite genteel, with none of the machine-gun violence of the
old
movies. Usually, the robber passes a stick-up note to a teller, pockets the cash while the surveillance
cameras click away, then makes a getaway via the nearest freeway. Tellers have orders to hand
over
the money but you immediately. "The banks believe, quite rightiy, that you can't replace lives,,,
says one FBI man. Most of the robbers are drug-addicts. But they also include "pregnant
wome*
one-legged men, husband-and-wife and father-and-son teams," according to Joseph Chefalo,
who
heads the FBI's bank robbery squad.
(a) The FBI is particularly keen to find the oYankee Bandif', who may have earned place
a
in
the Guinness Book of Records with 65 bank hold ups. Before making his getaway he always
doffs
his Yankee baseball cap, with a smile in the direction of the cameras. For a while, the FBI thought
he had retired with his haul of 155,000 dollars. He was not seen over the Christmas holidays.
But
when the first working day of the new year started off with 14 robberies, there he was, smiling
for
the cameras, Yankee cap in one hand, the cash in the other.
Now cover the article and see

if you

can &nswer these questions

How does Los Angeles compare with other American cities as regards bank robberies?
b. What was special about October 4th 1979?
c. Are there any reasons why L.A. has so many bank robberies?
a.

13.

Find words or phrases in the article that meqn the same as:
a. affectionate (kind)

stolen_
ot__
class_
e.grateful_

b. amount
c. is at the top
d. a list or

(1)
(1)

J. escapes

Q)

k. wide, high speed

i. close watch

LisleaderoL

(2)

(2)
f. polite
(3)
g. cashier in a bank_
(3)
h. takes (dishonestiy)_ (3)

road_

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

m. group of people working

n.

as a teamrobber-

(3)
(4)

off

(4)

o. takes

91

14. Suy whether the

following statements are true

or

fulse, and why:

a. Seven banks are robbed every day in Los Angeles. (1)

b. Bank robbers frequently injure bank staff or customers. (3)

c. Banks tell their staff not to try and resist robbers. (3)
d. The F.B.I. disapproves of the banks' advice to staff. (3)
e. The F.B.I. has no idea what the "Yankee Bandit" looks like. (3)
f. There were no bank robberies in Los Angeles before 1979. (I)
g. Bank robbers don't usually need to speak to bank staff. (3)
h. Los Angeles banks have a more relaxed atmosphere than banks in other US cities. (2)
15.

Now answer these questions in your own words:

a. What makes the "Yankee Bandit" exceptional?
b. Why do most Los Angeles bank robbers rob banks?
c. How do most robbers escape?

16.

Finally discuss

the

following points:

a. Why is the F.B.I- 'particularly keen' to find the Yankee Bandit?

b. What would be written on a stick-up note?
c. What would you do if you were 1) a bank teller and 2) a customer during a bank raid?

Some

more key words

In some countries many cases are decided by a jury, a group of ordinary people (often i2)
called jurors who listen to the evidence and then deliberate together to decide the case and reach a
verdict and deliver a verdict to the court: the defendant is found guilty or not guilty. In courts in
some places, the jury's verdict must be unanimous: all the jurors must be in agreement. In other
places only a majority verdict is required: for example, only 10 jurors out of 12 may need to agree.
A jury that cannot reach a verdict is a hung jury.
If some defendant is found not guiity, there is an acquittal, and the defendant is acquitted or
cleared of the charges and walks free or goes free. Someone who has committed a crime but is not
punished is informally said to get off. If they are found guilty, but the punishment is not severe,
they are said to get off lightly.

17. Terms of acquittal. These words have been left out in the text below. Say where they go.
Each word is used once. Not all the numbered gaps in the report indieate a missing word
a) acquittal; b) acquitted; c) allegations; d) cltarges; e) charges; fl found; g) not guilty; h) trial

IMELDA MARCOS ACQUITTED

A court in New York

has

(1) Mrs. Imelda Marcos

the widow of former

PresidentMarcosofthePhilippines(2)offraudandracketeering.The-(3)
(4) to _(5)
that Mrs. Marcos stole more than f,200 million from the
Phi1ippinestreasuryand-(6)usedsomeofittobuyfourbui1dingsinNewYork,aswe1l

related

jewellery and works of art.

(7) on (8)
The Saudi arms dealer and businessman, Mr. Adnan Khashoggi, was
of helping her by obstructing justice. In Manila, President Aquino expressed disappointment
(9) at
(10) of Mrs. Marcos, and said the ban on her return to the country
(i1) the appropriate time, Mrs.
would remain in effect. However. she added that
(12) in a Philippines court
Marcos would have to stand
as

the

92

CONWCTION, APPEALS, CAPITAL PANISHMENT

Someone found guilty in a court is convicted of an offence. As a result, the person then has a
conviction for the offence. The judge then announces the penalty, or passes sentence. Depending
on the seriousness of the offence, the defendant might be given one of these penalties:
a fine: the defendant is ordered to pay money to the authorities;
probation: the defendant is not sent to prison but must report to the authorities regularly
and not break the law again;
imprisonment: being sent to prison or jail to serve a prison or jail sentence;
community service: organized work to help people in the community
A suspended sentence is one which the defendant does not have to serve on condition that
they do not commit another crime within a specified period. People who are sentenced to probation
are given probation or put or placed on probation.
Someone who serves a prison sentence does time: an informal expression. People in prison
are convicts or inmates. Prisoners who are released from prison before the end of their sentence are
parolees: they are paroled, or released on parole. If someone is sentenced to spend the rest of their
life in prison, they are sentenced to life imprisonment, even if in practice, they get out of prison
before they die.

Someone convicted of an offence may appeal against their conviction or against their
sentence. The offender asks for the sentence to be reduced because of extenuating circumstances
not taken into consideration at the trial: these are circumstances that partly explain or justify why
they committed the crime. In places the authorities may have the right to appeal against a sentence
if they think it is too lenient or light. If the appeal court refuses to change the original conviction or
sentence, it rejects or dismisses the appeal.
Punishment for certain crimes in some places is death sentence, also known as death
penalty, capital punishment or execution. Prisoners who have been condemned to death and arc
waiting for the penalty to be cartied out are on death row. They may appeal to a court or someone
in authority to show or grant clemency and commute their sentence: to change it to one of life
imprisonment. If appeals for clemency are rejected, the prisoner is put to death or executed.
18. Crime

h not a gdme. Read this urticle from

Today and answer the questions after

it

TV RAID COPYCAT*
A masked schoolboy held up a Chinese takeaway to copy raiders on television's Crimewatch
lJK, a court heard yesterday. 'I just wanted to be chased like the villains on the telly,' said the 13year-old

Nicholas G. Jones, prosecuting said the youngster terrified the takeaway staff with a fake gun.
The boy, of Rumney, South Glamorgan, was found guilty of attempted robbery by a juvenile court.
Yesterday he appealed against the conviction at Cardiff Crown Court. 'I told the woman it was just
a toy gun.' He said. 'I wouldn't have taken any money.' But Judge John Rutter increased his
sentence from 12 to 24 hows at an attendance centre.

;:

Note: A copycat crime is one where the criminal copies another crime. In this case, the boy copied
a crime he had seen on Crimewatch UK, a TV programme that shows crimes
re-enactedby actors.
93

1.

'Villian' is an informal word for

and

'tellv' is an informal word for

2. Which two words indicate that the gun used in the robbery was not real?
3. From the boy's point of view, what were the extenuating circumstances?

in
Read this article frorn The Times that discusses typical sentences for three types of crimes
different places. How is it in this country?

LAWYERS UNCOVER BIG DIVIDE

IN NATIONS' JAIL TERMS
Big disparities in sentencing of miminals between different countries, even within Europe, are
revealedina surveyto bepublishedatthebiennialconferencsinCannesiaterthismonth.The
and
survey team put a series of hypothetical cases to legal authorities in more than 20 countries
than 40
found penalties in Europe varied by more thanlO years for crimes such as rape and more
years when countries from different continents are compared'
In one question, a l9-yeu o1d man had been found guilty of raiding a bank with four other
gang,
people, masked and armed with machinegun. He was unemployed, the youngest member of the
petly theft. Canada
and the fg00,000 had been recovered. The defendant had severai convictions for
years and Denmark six years.
suggested a likely sentence of three to five yeaffi. Norway two to three
a not gullty plea. England
Spain said four years, two months and a day, and keland five to six years for
years.
said ten to 14 years, or five years in a young offenders' institution, and Texas ten

In a case of burglary of a stately home, goods worth f,90,000 were taken and later recovered
jail sentence of five to
from a man with a substantial record of theft. Canada said it would impose a
the Cook Islands
seven years, Kenya three years plus hard labour, Denmark one to two years and
probationofthreemonths.Texassuggestedten years' jailandEnglandsuggested fromthreeto
seven years.

peter Michael Muller, an attorney in Munich and chairman of the association's criminal law
transnational
committee which conducted the survey said the findings would help practitioners in
criminal law and could lead to sentencing reforms'

verbs
The tabte below gives the names of some types of crimes together with their associated
and the name of the person who commits the crimes.
e

murder
shoplifting
burglary
smuggling
arson
kidnapping

killing someone
stealing smthfrom a shoP
stealing from someone's home

taking smth illegallY into

another country
settingfire to smth in
a criminal way
taking a person hostage in
exchangefor money or
other favours, etc.

94

murderer
shoptifter
burglar
smuggler

murder
shoplift
burgle
smuggle

arsonist

to setfire to

kidnapper

kidnap

19.

Here are some more crimes. Complete the table like the one above

crime

criminal

verb

definition

terrorism
blacl<rnail

druglrafficking
forgery
assault
piclEocketing
mugging

20.

assault

Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below with the proper forms of these verbs:
defend; convict; release; acquit; sentence
(1) at yesterday's trial. Although his lawyer
(2) him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge _(3)
him to

One of the two accused men

two years in prison. He'll probably _

(4) after eighteen months. The other accused man was
luckier. He
(5) and 1eft the courtroom smiling broadly.
21. Organize the words into three groups: crimes, people, and places
murder, thief, prison, barrister, robbery
burglar, cell, criminal, court rape, shoplifting
manslaughter, judge, prisoner, jury, police station

Punishing children. Read this passage and answer the questions

It would be convenient if there were an effective and suitable punishrnent to fit every childish
crime. In theory, the punishment should fit the individual chiid, his age and his misdemeanour. In
practice, if even it were possible to recommend this neat solution, actual punishments would
continue to be influenced by variable and unpredictable factors. For example, a mother who smacks
her child at the end of a iong day is punishing him because she is tired and for ali the irritating
things he has done that day, not just for the trivial offence that finally provoked the slap. An
outsider who saw only the isolated incident might think her harsh or unreasonable, but the child
himself probably understands that the penalty covers a multitude of sins, and that his mother aiways
gets bad-tempered around this time of a busy day.
1. Were you naughty as a child?

How did your parents punish you?

2. Should parents use corporal punishment (slapping, smacking, belting, caning)?
3. Should anyone else other than the parents be allowed to snack a child?
4. How would you punish parents who abuse their children? Should their children be
taken away from them?

95

CRIME PREVENTION

to Jight crime (: take action to stop crime)? These things happen in

people may think they are not a good idea.
many
countries,
although
some
Police carry (:have) guns.
Police are allowed (: are permitted to) to stop anyone in the street and question them.
The courts gtrve tougher punishment for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger
fines or longer prison sentences than in the past).
There is capital punishment (: death, e.g.by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes.
What can individuals do to prevent a crime from happening (: stop a crime happening)Z Here are
things some people do to protect themselves and their property (: home and land), although you
may not think they are all a good idea.
Don't walk along dark streets late at night (e.g. at midnight) on your own (: alone).
Lock allthe doors and windows when you go out.
Don't wear expensive jeweliery.
Leave lights on athome when you go out.
Fir C install) aburglnr ularm (: a machine which makes a noise if someone enters yow home).
Make sure your money is safe, e.g. wear a money belt.
Carry a mace sprs.y. (This is chemical and if you spray it in someone's face, it is very
unpleasant. In some countries you are allowed to carry this type of spray).
Put money an valuables (: valuable possessions) in a safe (: a strong metal box, which
is very difficult to open or break).
Keep a gun in your house for self-defence (: to protect yourself if someone attacks you).

Wat can governments do

22,

Fill

the gaps in these questions with u suituble word

Do you think the police should

2.Do you think the police should be

guns?

1.

to stop and question people without

a special reason?

3. Do you agree with capital

for certain crimes such as murder?

4.Doyouthinkitshou1dbe1ega1forpeopletocarryamace-?
5.Doyouthinkpeop1eshouldbealiowedtouseagunorknifeinse1f--?
6. Do you think tougher punishment

will help to _

crime?

Read this informal note about a college lecturer. What aspects of his character are described?

BILL YOUNG . SACKED!

The news about Bill Young's sudden dismissal is horrendous. As his students, we should let the
Principal know just how shocked and angry we feel. Bill is taking action against the college to get
them to back down. We must help him all we can.
He's been at the college for ages. He's a really kind, sensitive guy and you can always count on him to
listen when you've got a probiem. What's more, he's always been on our side - remember the student
strike last year, when he persuaded the Principal to agree to some of our demands for necessary changes to
the college ruies? Bill didn't 1et us down then, did he? Now it's our tum to support him.
They say he's been rippitg offthe college funds, which is quite ludicrous. Who could you trust more than
Bill? Perhaps someone in authority dreamed up this scandal as an excuse to fire him. Anyway, they can't
prove he's done anything wrcng. He's a great teacher and we want him back in his job now!

96

Read this advertisement and then answer the questions that follow

YOU'RE ALREADY WELL EQUIPPED

TO PREVENT CRIME

I
I

l=
I

I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

Everyone comes with their own burglar built-in alarm. It's called the sense of sight and sound.
Unforfunately, many of us go around with the alarm switched off.
We don't see the stranger loitering outside the house next door.
We overlook the kids trying the car doors.
We don't notice the sounds from the flat upstairs. (Weren't they supposed to be on holiday?)
The police can only do so much to prevent crime.
There never can be enough of them to guard every home in every town. So they need your help in
combating the burglars, the vandals, the car thieves.
Not, of course, by setting out to 'have a go' every time you see something suspicious. It'l1 always
be the job of the police to a:rest criminals.
But by acting as a line of communication between them and your community.
For instance, you probably know far more than the police ever could. A stranger in someone's
garden would probably be far more obvious to you than it would to even the local bobby.
Providing, of course, you were on the look-out.
And that's the whole idea behind the Neighbourhood Watch schemes now qpringng up around the counfiy.
To create a spirit of watchfulness within a community, anything suspicious being reported to the police.
It's early days yet, but results so far are very encouraging. The crime figures are already dropping
in many of the areas running a scheme.
And al1due to people like you.

i
I
I

I
I

i
i

I
I

I
I

l.
l:
I

1. The purpose

of the advertisement is to
a. warnpeople about the increasing risk of crime.
b. encourage people to join the police force.
c. advise people how to protect their homes from crime.
d. explain how people can assist the police.
2. The advertisement points out that many people
a, are not very keen to co-operate with the poiice.
b. we not as observant as they could be.
c. don't control their chiidren properly.
d. don't tell their neighbours about their holidays.
3. One of the ways we could help prevent uime is to
a. keep the alarm system in our home turned on.
b.try to stop criminals from escaping.
c. watch out for people behaving suspiciously.
d. inform the police if we hear noises upstairs.
4. One disadvantage the police have is that they
a. don't know local people personally.
b. arc too busy arresting criminals.
c. know communities less well than residents do.
d. can't see what's happening in people's gardens.
5. Results of the Neighbourhood Watch schemes suggest that
a. they are already successful wherever they are run.
b. they are likely to be a success.
c. they are not successful in certain areas.
d. they are not popular with the police.
97

l-

ADVERTISING
Almost everyone in Britain and North America is exposed daily to advertising, in the press,
on television and on hoardings. Newspapers, magazines and television companies
are dependent on
advertising for a large part of their income. Glossy magazines and the supplements to Sunday
newspapers frequently contain full-page colour advertisements of different kinds, with
the product
or service aimed at a particular type of reader (according to age, social status, profession, sex,
etc).
National newspapers concentrate more on specialized advertising, especially for business and
professional people, while local papers frequently have a high proportion of advertisements
devoted
to the sales of cars and houses. Al1 newspapers have a section called 'classified ads' where small
advertisements or announcements are listed under various headings. One of the most powerful
and
pervasive types of advertising is that of television, and slogans used in television
commercials often
become popular catchphrases.

Manufacturers often use other methods of promotion to advertise their products. Sometimes
leaflets with details of a particular product are inserted in a magazine or newspaper,
or posted to a
person's home. Free sampies of new products are often also delivered.

In towns, advertisements

are seen on almost every sfreet, both in individual shops and on hoardings
and posters. Stores place eye-catching notices in the window to tempt people 6r, and advertisements
are
put on buses and taxis, and inside trains in thelondon Underground. Many iarge companies
sponsor

popular events as wel1as individual attrletes orplayers, using the opportunityto

advertise theirname
prominently at the sports ground or on the individual's sportswear or equipment.

Advertising on British television is subject to strict regulations. It is limited to 7.5 minutes an

hour between 6.00 and 1i.00 pm and advertising breaks may not be inserted in certain
kinds of
programmes, such as schools broadcasts. Advertisements for cigarettes are also prohibited.
On the
other hand, cigars and alcoholic drinks are heavily promoted on television.
In Britain advertising in the press, the cinema and on posters is controlled by the Ad.vertising
Standards Authority, which aims to ensure that advertisements are 'Iegal, decent, honest
and
truthful'. The public has the right to complain to the authority about any advertisement.
(From Oxford Advanced Learner's
Encyclopedic Dictionary, I 99 5)

Work in pairs
After you've read the passctge above do thefollowing:

1.Make up five questions about the text and ask your partner to answer them.

2.ke

there any hoardings in your residential diskict?

If

any, describe the most eye-catching one

(place, size, colour, etc) to your partner.

3.Ask your fellow-student to speak about one of the latest advertisements on television
or radio
(kind, time, addressed to..., etc).
4.What do you think of advertising being subject to strict regulations? Should it be
so? How is it in
this country?
5' Recollect a TV show (film, concert, etc) being intemrpted by an advertisement. How did you
(your family, your friends) react to it?.
98

ADVERTISMENTS AND THEIR LANGUAGE

The function of advertisements is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of ads
in the English newspaper: classified and non-classified (separate). Classilied advertisements
are Lrranged according to subject-matter into sections such as BU^S/WES,S OFFERS, BIRTHS,
MARRIAGES, FARM, etc. Their peculiar brevity (elliptical pattern) makes them telegramlike. Even complete sentences tend to be short and compact. Their vocabulary is essentially
neutral, though emotionally coloured words or phrases are occasionally used.
The foundation of an ad is the sales pitch. To make the pitch, ads play on our needs and
desires - those basic, often instinctive forces that motivate us to do something. Fear, envy,
vaniSt, health, utility, profit, pride, love, and entertainment: if. you ever spend moneyr it will be

foroneofthosereasons.Hereiswhereyourguardshouldgoup.Ifyoucanidentifythe
buttons an ad is trying to push, you can avoid manipulation.
All ads have a subtext - that is, a meaning beneath the surface. The subtext of an ad is
often what causes the most controversy, usually for fostering sexism or racial and ethnic
stereotypes. Ads for laundry detergent, for example, are sometimes criticized for portraying
women only as housewives.
By looking at the deeper level of ads, you can criticize not only the attitudes of the
advertiser, but our culture at large - what we value, how we see ourselves.
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is concerned with the use of language in
advertising. The use of the words 'free' znd 'gaaranteed', for example, are strictly controlled.
The authority however admits that words like 'best' and, 'finest'have become so devalued that
they can be used in advertising.
Here are some methods used ht persuasive advertising. Read thtem and decide which appeal to
you and which don't. Think of an example for eaeh type from this countryt

r)
2)
3)

Repetition. The simplest kind of advertising. A slogan is repeated so often that we begin to
associate a brand name with a particular product or service.
End.orsemenL A popular personality is used in the advertisement.
Emotional appeal Advertising often appeals to basics as mother-love, sex, manliness,
femininity.

4)

s)
6)

Scienffic authority. Sometimes the advert shows a person in a white coat (i.e. a scientist)
telling us about the product. More often it mentions 'miracle ingredients' or 'scientific
testing' to persuade us.
'Keeping up with the Jones's'. An appeal to pure snob value. You want to appear to be richer
or more successful than your neighbours.
Comparison. The advert lists the qualities of a product in direct comparison with rival
products.

An appeal tofear or unxiety. This type is similar to 3, but works on our fears.
Association af ideas. This is usually visual. Until it became illegal in Britain, cigarette
8)
advertising showed attractive, healthy people in beautiful rural situations.
Information,If aproduct is new, it may be enough to show it and explain what it does.
e)
10) Special olferc (free gif*). This is a very simple and direct appeal - it's half price!
11) Anti-advertisizg. This is a modern version which appeals to the British sense of humour. It
makes fun of the techniques of advertising.
7)

99

Discuss the lexical and syntactical peculiarities of

thefollowing advertisements

HAVE YOU SEEN TIIIS AD?

FREE

EXPERT HAIRSTYLING
We need volunteers

for our statewide hairstyling

Competition among the top hairstylists of South Dakota

Wednesday January 28
Ramada Inn, Rapid CitY

& Dinner
Free Transportation

tr'ree Lunch

The only qualification is long hair, at least 8 inches.

Call toll free. 1-800-222-10t0

South Dakota Society of Beauticians and Hairstylists

Mike: Wendy, have you seen this ad?

Wendy: Yeah. It looks gteat, doesn't
it? I called them an hour ago.
don't you call them up?
They'll call me back if theY want me
Mike: Oh, they'll want You for sure.
I mean you have beautiful hair.
Wendy: I hope so. If I go, I'11 get a
new hairdo - and have a lot of fun too'

Sandy: Hey, Bill, look at this ad.

Bill: Hmm ...It looks like fun. Why

Sandy: I'd love to, but it's a waste of

time. My hair's just too short.
Bill: Well, I like it the way it is. Anyway,
you don't know what theY might do.
Hair standing up in spikes is really
fashionable now.
Sandy: Oh,8i11, that wouldn't botherme.
If I had longer hair, I'd call them up.
Actually, yourhair is pretty long now.

CHILD CARE i NT]RSE M

/T'
Professional couple moving to Mandanga for work
need child care specialist / nursemaid for two young
children. Must like dogs and have driven license.
Private room with phone, TV, bath. One way airfare
paid. Two weeks' vacation ayear. One night free a
week. Salary negotiable. References required. Only
mature non-smokers please.
Write Box 5116 this paper or call 989-1787.

Roger: What do you think of this ad?

Tina: Didn't tell you? It was in last
Sunday's paper too. I called. I have
an interview tomorrow.
Roger: Do you think you'll get it?
Tina: They seemed very interested on
the phone. I think they'll offer me
the job.

Kitty: There's a job in Mandanga in the paper.

Terry: Yeah, I know. I wouldn't dream of taking it.

Kitty: Why not? You've

been looking for

ajob in a foreign country.

Terry: It's slave labor, isn't it? One night off
a week.

100

Roger: So you are going to Mandanga! Kitfy: Hmphl I wouldn't take it unless they
say that, I won't take the
paid me a really good salary with a longer
job unless they give me a round trip
vacation and more free time. And I
ticket. It'll be hard work, and I won't
certainly wouldn't go off to a place like
go unless they offer me a good salary.
Mandnaga unless my ticket was round trip.

Tina: I didn't

Look at this:

I'm interested. I've applied.

I'll aceept the job if they offer enough monEl
I won't uccept the job if they don't pay more.

won't accept

1,

the

I'm not interested. r haven,t appliedI'd appty if they offered more monE.
I wouldn't accept the job if they didn,t
offir enough mony.

job unless they puy more,

wouldn't accept
olfered more.

the

job unless they

Look at these advertisements. Find abbreviations for the following: central locking; situated;
cloakroom; electric windows; decorative; entrance; lounge; stainless steel; gas-fired; double;
electric aerial; registration; central heating; power assisted steering; automatic; excellent.

SPACIOUS
FAMTLY HousB
BEARWOOD

JAGUAR ItJ6 4.2 auro, pAS, elwtn,

c/lock, Brgrbeige, leather interior,
elaeial,new battery, new s/s exhaust,
55,000 miles only, R reg. immaculate
throughout f2,700. - Tel. Bournemouth
295725 (9-6 pm). enng

Sit. on this popular estate close

schools, local shops and bus routes
to Boumemouth and Poole. GF c/h,
cavity wall insulation. Exc dec order.
Ent porch, ha11, clkrm. Attractive lng
23ft 6in x 18ft overail, dng rm, well
fitted kit, 4 dble beds, bath.
Garage. Garden. Now reduced to
f43, 000 for quick sale. Ref. 11472.

Ftom

point of view of their grammar some types of labels aye rather similar to ads. Work in
small groups. Read the lubel for each drugstore produd. Then complete the sentences below it
the

A.

HACKMAN'S
COUGH
MEDICINE

B.

ANATAB
FEVER REDUCER
PAIN RELIEYER

oider:
REGULAR STRENGTH
exceed Directions: Adults and children 12 years and older:
hours.
1 to 2 tablets every 4 hours up to 4 times daily.
years:
Children 6 to 12 years:
exceed
Yzto I tablet every 4 hours up to 4 times daily.
hours.
Children under 6 years:
Children 2 yearc to under 6 years:
use pediatric shength or consult a physician.
% teaspoonful every 4 hours, not to exceed WARNING: Keep this and all medication out of
3 teaspoonfuls in24 hours.
the reach of children.

Dosage: Adults and children r2yearc and

2 teaspoonfuls every 4 hours, not to
12 teaspoonfuls in 24
Children 6 years to under i2
1 teaspoonful every 4 hours, not to
6 teaspoonfuls in24

Children under 2 years: Use as directed by physician.

WARNING: Tamper-evident bottle cap. If breakable
ring is separated, do not use.
101

A)

Adults should
Thev must not --------Children ages2 through 5 can -----You must not ---------

B) Adults can --------Children under 6 can -----Children 6to 12 should

You must

MEDIA AND ADVERTISING

2.

Read the following text and choose the most suituble word

for

each space

After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only obvious to conclude that it is here to (1)
. There have been many objections to it during this time, of course, and (2) ----- avariety
of grounds. Did it cause eye-strain? Was the (3) ---------- bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the
subiiminal messages, persuading us to buy more or vote Republican?
advertisements
Did the children turn to violence through watching it, either because
prografirmes taught them how to shoot, rob, and kill, or because they had to do
so
something to counteract the hours they had (6) ----------- glued to the tiny screen? Or did it simply
create a vast passive (7) -----------, drugged by glamorous serials and inane situation (S)----:-------?
On the other hand did it increase anxiety by sensationalizingthe news (or the news which was (9) -by suitable pictures) and filling our living rooms with war, famine and political unrest?
(10) ---------- in all, television proved to be the all-purpose scapegoat for the second half of the
for everything, but above all, eagerly watched. For no (12)---------century,
how much we despised it, feared it, were bored by it, or felt that it took us away from the old
paradise of family conversation and hobbies (13) ----------- as collecting stamps, we flever turned it
was in it if
off. We (14) -----------r staring at the screen, aware that our own tiny (15)

(4)

(5)

(11)-

-------

we looked carefully.

1. a) long
2. a) with
3" a) screen

contain
5. a) that
6. a) almost
7. a) progralnme
8. a) comedies
9. a) taken
10. a) taken
a)

11. a) broadcasting
12. a) one

rli

13. a) known

I
il

,l

14. a) refused
15. a) fault

b) stay
b) over
b) danger
b) of
b) far
b) spent
b) personality
b) programmes
b) presented
b) all
b) looking
b) matter
b) even
b) received
b) reflection

c) exist
c) bv
c) machine
c) take
c) many
c) quite
c) audience
c) perhaps
c) capable
c) somewhat
c) blamed
c) difference
c) described
c) turned
c) situation

r02
i
i

d) be

d) on
d) reason
d) having
d) what
d) madly
d) tense
d) consequently
d) aocompanied
d) thus
d) ready
d) reason
d) such
d) kept
d) consciousness

3.

Choose the most suituble word underlined

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)
h)
i)
j)

'

Before the attack, planes dropped brochures/leaflets waming people to take cover.
We do not have the book in stock. It is off the shelflout ofprint.
Words is the official journaVmagazine of the Linguistics Association.
The Sunday News has the highest circulation/output of any newspaper in Britain.
They are bringing out Sue's book in a new edition/publication soon.
Are books subject to banning/censorship in your country?
Ted is in charge of the stationary/stationeqr cupboard in the office.
This page looks very crowded and I don't iike the outlineilayout.
Mass circulation newspapers usually specialize in rumour/$ensational stories.
Don't include all the details. Just write a summary/version of what happened.

4. Match each word given below with

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)
h)
D
j)
5.

abbreviation
a &aft
a manual
a royalty
a sponsor

an

10) a viewer

Complete each sentence with one of the words given. Use euch word once only

ban
2. clarm
3. forecast
4. market
5. Publish

6) a circular
7) an editorial
8) a Preface
9) a runlour

An article stating the policy of a newspaper

Unofficial news that have no basis in fact'
The introduction to a book written by the author.
A company that pays for a broadcast in retum for advertising.
The payment made to an author for the number of books sold.
A book containing instructions for doing or using something.
The first version of a piece of writing.
A shorter way of writing a common phrase.
A leaflet delivered free to alatge number of people.
A person who watches television.

1.

one of the descriptions

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
g)
h)
1)
j)

6. broadcast

7. cover
8. launch
9. Publicise

10.tune

in

Over a hundred journalists wili ------------ the royal wedding next week.
The govemment has decided to ----------- the sale of the books.
Our company finds it difficult to ---------- products in that part of the world.
Don't forget to ----------- at this time next week for part two of the programme.
Both articles --------- that the economy will recover by the end of the year.
the rock concert well in advance.
Make sure you
The tsBC intends to ---------- more progfarrlles in Russian soon.
to be the first to have leamed the news.
Both newspapers -----only paperbacks from now on.
The company has decided to ------We are going to ------------- the new product at a press conference next week.
103

6.

Complete each sentence with one of th.e words given. Use eaeh word once only. (broadcast,
bulletin, coverage,forecast, media, brochare, campaign, edition, marcuel, novel)

a) Read the instruction ----------- before using your new word-prooessor.

b) David Copperfield is an autobiographical
c) What did it say on the weather -------------?

political
on behalf of the Always Right Party.
-------------?
is
the
next
news
e) What time
f) This channel doesn't have very good sports

d) This is a party

g) Afirst

h)

i)

j)
7.
a)

The mass ------------ in most countries are dominated by advertising.

When does our new advertising ----------- begin?

I spent allof yesterday evening looking

at this holiday

Choose the most suitable word or phrase.

The journalist refused to disclose his --------- to the judge.

(information, source, sponsor, article)

ice-cream with summer.
b) Most people
(link, image, associate, remind)
c) Mary hurriedly
the message on a scrap of paper.
fiotted down, wrote up, scribbled away, dashed off)
d) The captain recorded all the details of the voyage in the
(tape recorder, notebook, handbook, log)
e) If you can't pick up the BBC in the summer , try a different --------;------.
(waveiength, broadcast, transmission, satellite)
- to sport"
0 Some people feel ttrat television should give less
(pro grammes, coverage, concern, involvement)
g) If you can't find what you want in this chapter, look it up in the ---*-----.
(reference, index, catalogue, directory)
h) This article will be continued in our next -------(publication , p&g, issue, serial)
i) Sally paid no attention, as she was completely ----------*-- in her book.
(engrossed, distracted, concentrated, dominated)
j) Here is a report from our political
fi ournalist, editorial, correspondent, bulletin)

8.

Match the parts tn a) to j) with tke wholes in 1) tu 1A)

keyboarcl
b) spine
c) episode
d) entry
e) editorial
f) character
g) reference book
h) sheet
i) semi-colon
j) screen
a)

1) serial

2) library
3) set
4) book
5) notepad
6) newspaper
7) novel
8) wold-processor
9) ptrnctuation
10) index
104

9. Complae

each sentence, using one of the words given: fiction; illiterate; literature; outline;
shorthand; gist; illegible; manuscript; prose; unprintable
The first chapter is based on fact, but the rest of the book is complete
David was unable to read the postcard because the writing was -------of the article, but I didn't read it in detail.
I understood the
Brenda's comments were so insulting they were
- at university.
Bill had decided to study
I managed to make notes of the speech in -------------.
Old Mrs. Brown never went to school and is
is better than his poetry.
Some people feel that
- of her novel on a train by mistake.
Sheila left
of the story, don't go into too much.
Just teli me

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
D
g)
h)
i)
j)

---*-

French

the
the

Davis's

NOW LOOK AT THIS!! READ IT CAREFTJLLY AND FULFILL TIIE TASKS

ADVERTISMENTS ON AIRPLAI\ES?? JUST WATT!

BY J. SHARKEY

will

about air travel,,but an airplane is still that rare public place where you
remain reiatively insulated from barrages of advertising. Wait until next year, though. Airlines are
gearing up to bring a lot more advertising to us in 2004 n our airplane seats,
The most recent innovation in in-flight advertising comes from America West Airlines, a carrier
based in Arizona. This month, America West announced that it was offering "tray-table advertising, a new
way of advertising that provides customers a new opportunity to leam about the products and services
offered by forward-thinking advertisers." That's right, they've printed ads directly onto the tay tables.
I am quite aware that if you shift your eyes a bit on the page you are currently reading you are
Say what you

likely to encounter advertising. But until recently, you haven't encountered much of it inside an
airplane cabin. Still, I.suppose, learning about'lroducts and services" in the air sounds a lot more
virtuous than simpiy staring gloomily at a gin and tonic on a blank tray table.

The provider

of

tray-table advertising

is a Las Vegas company

called Sky-Media

International. Nick Pajic, Sky-Media's president, says he is negotiating with other major airlines on
tray-table advertising and its potential. "With an average domestic flight time of 2.5 hours, our
advertisers will be able to achieve a level of penetration unmatched by any other medium," he
added. If you are envisioning airplane cabin advertising, you probably should banish any old images
of b attered subway c ars with p osters for doctors and lawyers seeking accident victims. America
West emphasizes that its tray-table ads are 'high-qualif' and "aesthetically pleasing."
Advent Advertising, acompany based in Missouri, said it is planning to introduce Advent
Airads, "a new product that adds to the elegant interior design of today's aircraft." They're talking
about putting ads on the overhead storage bins, too. 'T.{ever before have advertisers been so up close
with the audience," the company's marketing director said in a news release.
"ln-flight advertising, in various new forms, will be a reality very soon " he said, adding the Advent
Advertising is talking to various airlines and'1vi11 be ready for a comprehensive product launch very
soon." Meanwhile,

ffiffiy airlines are forming

partnerships

with advertisers whose

messages are being

threaded into in-flight entertainment programs as outright commercials. More of that next year. One thing

is for certain, tlrouglr. Advertisers will be far more active inside the airplane n 20A4 as airlines look for
new ways to boost revenue. As they used to say in Televisionland, stay tuned.
(Herald Tribune, Dec. 24, 2003)
105

10. True or False?

1. The airline company intending to bring in-flight advertising is based in the North- Western
part of the US.
2. According to J. Sharkey the page the article is placed on is devoted to cunent events on1y.
3. West Airlines is likely to be the only company to introduce Air Advertising.
4. It is only now that the advertisers are so close with the rich audience.
5. Airline companies have not any reason to cooperate with advertisers.
1

1. Paraphrase

(explain) the following:

1. Airlines are gearing uP ...

2. in-flight advertising comes from
3. forward-thinking advertisers
4. it sounds a lot more virtuous

5. If you are envisioning

6. toboostrevenue
12. Work

13.

The

in pairs.Discass the
ase

"

airplane cabin ...

issue launched

in the urticle. Share your opinion with a purtner

of ubbreviations is very cornmon in uds, announcentents and notesl it helps with

brevity and is appropriately informal. Look at the notes and notices below. What abbrwiations
have been used and what do they stand fot?

Off to London now,

Home Thurs. Pls
Ring dr. asap.

TO SIIARE
Furn. Flatr? bedrmst
Recep. Rms, k. and b.,
cent. htg. Central sit. Suit
prof. m. or w. Rent -

You canftndthe info.

aboat JFK on pp, 339
3'd voL of encyel If you
have probs., ask

nsa

FOR SALE
Nearly new boy's

bike.28".
f50 ono.

Do come to Jo's PARTY

At 21 Sloane Ter.
Wed, 23'd Oct. I titl late.
RSI/P BYOB

105

lib.

asst.

TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Translate the foltowing passages into your native lunguage

UNIT ONE

just had this report from our correspondent in Belgrade, Jim Fish.
2.Yet reports in the so-called quality press and on television have blamed tabloid
newspapers. Strange that. The broadsheets fill pages with Royal stories
and television never misses chance to show royal footage.
3. The tabloid newspapers - or zutter press as they are known in Britain - have 4lways
been a source of fascination to media watchers.
4. There are other stories in the papers - the mass circulation tabloids displaying their
usual interest in sex and sensation.
5. Friday night television audiences and Saturday newspaper readershios are, apparently,
lower than mid-week's.
6. With the Easter holiday upon us, the mass circulation paper, 'The Sun', focuses on a
strike by French air traffic controllers.
7. With rapidly falling circulation figues. journalists have demanded the editor's
dismissal.
8. Most jsU.rng! know of a colleague who abandoned journalism for advertising.
9. A respect for the role of the king prevents the Spanish media from taking the
aggressive Fleet Street approach to monarch's private lives.
1. We have

1. The Financial Times carries an article on the situation in Albania.

2. TheWall Sheet Journal' ran an article about people in Belgium who have seen flying

triangular-shaped craft .
3. The resignation was the top story for the 'New York Times'. ln a leader, the paper said
that on the issues affecting America ...
4. Following his criticisrn of social workers, may I suggest that your leader writer shouid
spend a month as a social worker to see just how stressful and demanding the job is and be paid the same salary as the sociai worker.
5. Hong Kong's glitterati were downing buckets of champagne, puffing Cuban cigars
and dancing ali night through.

6. They call on the government to consider the introduction of a privacy law to protect
people from unjustly intrusive newspaper reporting.
7. It is bad enough to spy on her during aprivate early morning swim and to critictze
her choice of swimwear. This is worst invasion ofprivacv imaginable.
8. Editors should also maintain relationships with the scoie of British and foreign
paparuzzi.
9. Reporters and photographers crowded every exit from The Mirror building to crossquestion Maxwell as he left. 'We are doorstepping our own chairman', said an

executive. 'Can you believe this?'

1,07

Ex.3.
It is difficult for the media to cover the growing number of crises throughout the world.
2. The White House has announced that they normally will not let any member of the
news media report on what is going to be in the speech until the president actually
delivers it.
3. Belief systems and older culture under weight of more or less trivial information
conveyed by an all-pervasive electronic media.
4. The trial of Bruno Hauptmana for the 1932kidnapping of aviator Charles Lindbergh's
baby attracted media attention unlike any seen before.
5. Black had set his heart on the 'News', which he saw as a key part of his plan to buitd a
woridwide media empire.
6. Reporters were kept away from the group when they arrived from Nairobi amid fears
that any media coverase of the event might compromise the safety.
7. Germany: grosser invasions of privacy are widely actionable in the civil courts and
there is a civil remedy for a newspaper publishing inaccurate personal information and
refusing to correct it.
8" The Aga Khan has issued a writ for libel damages against Express newspapers and the
Daily Express columnist Ross Benson over a gossip column story on the Bank of
1.

Credit and Commence Internationatr coliapse.

9. On privacy, he is as opposed to press censorship as the newspapers.
10. Nobody ever said the freedom of the press was a freedom that would never be
troublesome.

UNIT TWO
Ex. 1.
British people watch a lot of television. They are also reported to be the world's most
dedicated home-video users. But this does not mean that they have given up reading.
They are the world's third biggest newspaper buyers; only the Japanese and the
Swedes buy more.
2. Just as the British Parliarnent has the reputation for being 'the mother of parliaments',
so the BBC might be said to be 'the mother of information services'. Its reputation for
impartialitv and objectivity in news reportinq is largely justified. Whenever it is
accused of bias by one side of the political spectrum, it can always point out that the
other side has complained of the same thing at some other time. In fact, BBC has often
shown itself to be rather proud of the fact that it gets complaints from both sides,
because this testifies not only to its imparliality but also to its independence.
3. The BBC began, right from the start, to establish its independence and its reputation
for impartiality.lnl932 the BBC World Service was set up, with a licence to
broadcast first to the empire and then to other parts of the world.
1.

i08

8x.2.
public today can communicate through computer. electronic mail, receive direct
video broadcasts from satellites, tune in to 1 200 talk medi4 shows with listener/viewer
interaction.
2.The govemment was forced to retreat from its attempt to mu,zzie the press.
3. Television turns out to be no great transformer of minds or society. We are not, in the
mass, as it was once predicted we would be, fantastically well-informed about other
cultures or about the origins of life on earth.
4. Television ideal subjects are those that need not be remembered. What matters most
is what is happeningnow and what is going to happen next.Sport, news, games,
long-rururing soap operas, situation comedies - these occupy us only for as long as
1. The

they are on.

5. It appears the nation's children spend more time in front of their TVs than inthe
classroom. Their heads are full of TV - but that's all, just TV with its own language, its
own rules, its own priorities.
6. Whatever the TV/video industry mrght now say, television will never have the impact
on civilization that the invention of the written word has had. The book is cheap,
portable, unbreakable, endlessly reusable, it needs no power lines, batteries or aerials,
works in planes and train tunnels, can be written and manufactured by individuals or groups.

8x.3.
important element in National Public Radio's success is having its own gIAff
of reporters to cover the news.
2. We do local news every 30 minutes. Its an excellent way to keep in touch with our
1. Another

listeners.
3. The station uses seven full-time and four part-time news reporters and editors.
4. The broadcast team is backed up by lour full-time and two part-time produeers who
handie both the local broadcasts and the talk shows.
5. In an unsportsmanlike way they have chosen to broadcast on the same frequency that

we have been using for the past five years.

6. No lawyer representing the tobacco companies wouid be interviewed for this
broadcast.
7. Anobsessed fan who sent poison-pen letters to TV presenter Michaela Strachan
was yesterday found guilty of threatening to kill her. Clifford Jones, 42, sent 2 000
letters over a two-year period to the children's programme host, a Liverpool court
was told.
8. To me, newsreaders are just people who read the news.

I've never believed in the TV

personality cult.
9. On the BBC World Service the news men present the news as it is, and not the
newscasters' view of it.

109

,F
Ex.4.
1. We showed the Channel 4 bosses this

four-minute clip of me interviewing Nelson

Mandela and they really liked it.

2.The prograrnrne will feature dramatic footaee of the Chemobyl disaster as well as live
performances by international artists.
3. Even more, I discovered the New Year awards show was pre-recorded.
4. Our Eastem European correspondent, Diana Goodman in Prague, has recorded vox
pspq with Czechvoters who say they are supporting Civic Forum.
5. Elizabeth Taylor was not just a photogenic face but also had strength as a dramatic actress.
6. What we need is enterlainment, variety shows with comedians, singers, pianists,
jugglers and acrobats.
7.By combining the phone-in with the talk-show, he was able to convey his reaction to
the 'concems of the averuge American' more immediately than by any other form.
8. Being a good ga{ng-show host means getting to know your contestants.
9. For my first appearance, I interviewed a priest in the God slot. and the programme was live.
10. The whole point of quiz shows is that, sitting at home you can shout out the answers.
11. Even if the set is on, there is no guarantee that viewers are giving it fuU attention. 45
per cent say they read during programmes,2T per cent talk on the phone and26 pa
cent do house work.
12. Whatever they pay, customers are left with a remote-control zapper that looks as if it
could land a spaceship.

UNIT THREE
Ex.

l.
Agriculture ministers of the European Community are to hold a new round of talks
on Friday aimed at reaching agreement on proposals to reduce subsidies to farmers.
2. He said they had held what he termed very interesting discussions on anns control.
3. Japanese diplomats described today's meeting as talks about talks.
4. The Palestinians will give him a list of proposed delogates for ajoint Jordanian Palestinian delegalion to the conference.
5. At lunch the Premier toasted the Russian countemart, telling him, 'You are tuming a
new page of history by being here'.
6. The discussions finally collapsed because of disagreement over the wording of the
final communigu6
7. They say although the two sides have reached broad agreement on a number of issues,
deep differenceq remain over the timetable for peace and political change.
8. Mr. Davidow said his two days of talks with the Angolan government had taken place
in an exceedingly cordial and open atmosphere. There had been a ver]r frank exchange
of views about the peace talks under way between the two parts.
9. The Prince has put forward a compromise proposal to break the deadlock in peace talks
10. The Latvians are confident that these talks will continue, thus avoiding the 'no
concessions, no talks' impasse that exists between Moscow and Vilnius.
1.

110

_ ---

8x.2.
1' The Iakattatalks would in all likelihood have collapsed
had
Washington's announcement on 5 September.

it not been for

2'There is a real danger of the talks breaking down with serious

consequences for the
world economy.
3' That move has ied left-wing legislators to say Shamir does not intend
to negotiate but
rather torpedo the talks.
4' The vital breakthroueh in US
-Russia talks eventually came with concessions on bo*r sides.
5' Dresdner Bank and Bank of England have just struck an asreement
to collaborate
in international markets.
6' That's how he came to meet Lenin :rr_lg2t an broke a trade impasse.
Hammer struck
a deal in which soviet furs were exchanged for American
wheat.
7. He supervised the camp David accord between Israel and Egypt.
8' Denmark and Iceland have become the first countries to establish
diplomatic relations
with the three Baltic republics.
9' Afterlndonesia's invasion ofEast Trmor, Portugalbroke offdiplomatic relations
with Indonesia.
10' The trip is seen as an important step in normalizing relations
between the two countries
11' Though dipiomatic relations were restored last year, ambassadors
have not been
exchanged yet.
12.

Iapan- fearful of putting fuither strain on its already

States

13.

tense relations with the United

has continued to support the economic embargo against Vietnam.

By extending central rule, the government risks souring relations with the region.

14. The US is considering imposing trade sanctions against Thailand,

unless Thailand

lifts

a ban on

foreign cigarette imports and advertising.

Ex.3.
1' The American ambassador has confirmed that his country is urging
India and pakistan
to hold talks to try to avert the threat of war over Kashmir.
2. North Korea often accuses the South of escalating tension
by staging

joint military
'Tim Spirit' with the united states.
3' In 1961, just after the building of the Berlin Walf this was the scene of a
tense standoff
maneuvers known as

between Soviet and American powers: the world teetered on the brink
of war.
4. The president emphasized the need for a preventive UN force
to trot spots before
hostilities break out.
5- The foreign ministers of the four main belligerents of
World War Two in Europe have
signed in Moscow a treaty endorsing German unity.
6. It is simply a demilitarized zone 4 km wide separating two combatants
who ...
7. President Milosevic called on them to be ready to fight to defend themselves, but he
added: 'Before we are forced to wage war we will do everything to preserve
peace.,
8' The new govemment will have to bring Lebanon's warring factions together and
end
the country's 15-year civil war.
9. There have been renewed clashes in El Salvador between govemment
forces and the
left-wing rebels.
10. None has improved on Paimerston's dictum that Britain has
no permanent friends or

enemies, only permanent interests.

11. People are taking advantage of a lull in the fighting to get out
of the war zone.
111

I2.The most bitter fiehting erupted here in eastern'Croatia when federal tanks

and airforce

jets attacked the town of Vukovar.

13. While fighting has flared up in the breakaway north of Yugoslavia, some Serbia's
politicians have begun to reassess their views on the future unity of the federation.

Ex.4.
Iraqi casualties were 14 dead and 30 wounded.
2. Indonesia's rebels say they inflicted heavy losses on govemment troops in the north
of the country.
3. One in every four Americans killed in battle during the Gulf War died as a result of
'friendly fire' - that is, killed by their own side.
4. Bosnian sources estimate that 50 000 people have so far been killed or are missing.
Atrogities: rape, torture and murder are being carried out on a large scale.
5. 'Ethnic cleansing', in which people are forced from their homes at gunpoint, has not
1.

stopped.

6. The agreement calls for the return home of the

evacuees who fled the fighting.

7. Britain yesterday pledged a further relief aid for Tsunami victims.

8. There is a flood of refugees from Serbia's escalating war.

EX. 5.
1. Everyone accepts the need for negotiations, to break the deadlock and

try to end

the bloodshed.
2. Over the past few weeks the peace-keepinq force has been dorng a good enough job
that people feel safe to go back out on the streets.
3. There were reports of fresh outbreaks of frghting in Rwanda, with the govemment
accusing rebels ofbreaking thg ceasefire agreement.
4. The four pillars of her government, she said, would be national reconciliation,

economic regeneration, social justice and the consolidation of democracy.

5. Mr. Primakov, who arrived in Bagdad on Saturday from Cairo, was to leave today for
Riyadh on the next leg of his exercise in shuttle diplomacy.
6. The UN Secretary General's personal envoy will mediate between the two sides in an
attempt to settle the ten-year conflict.

. He had asked Switzerland to heip organize a peace conference to negotiate a settlement

to the Afghan conflict.
8. The African state of Liberia says it will not continue peace talks describing them as a

waste of time.

9. The agreement is scheduled to be formally signed at a peace convention on September

14th once remaining differences have been resolved.
10. India says Kashmir is an integral Indian problem which doesn't require mediation by
anyone else.

8x.6.
for election in the eastem Indian state of Bihar.
2. There are ten weeks to go to the election, yet we are already bored with the
campaigning.
1. He stood

IT2

3. Shots were fired and explosives thrown into the offices of two political parties in Tiblisi in
what the BBC Moscow corespondent describe as the violent rutl-up to elections next month.
4. The King announced that he is ready to talk with the counky's political parties about
political change.
5. The Democrats plan to caprtalize on public frustration by making health one of the
main planks in their platform.
6. The party's manifesto was so full of generalizations that most citizens have been
amazedby the reforms the government has passed.
7. At political rallies across the state, opinions on Helms are anything but ambivalent.
8. Mrs. Robinson admits she is not a natural politician in the Irish scene; she lacks the
glad-handine skills so valued in the small world of kish politics.

Ex.7.
1. His presidential bid has attracted to this small city rougtrly 350 higruy paid consultants,

strategists and young volunteers, not to mention scores ofjoumalists and thousands of tourists.

2. Gary Hart's bid for the presidency failed after the evidence of his romantic link with
Dona rice.
3. In preparation for potentially the nastiest campaign yet, the democrats have been
dieginq for dirt with which to undermine Mr. Bush's image.
4. Mr. Marcovic said he and his government were being subjected to an intense rnedia
campaign of lies and vilification.
5. Reagan was the so-called Teflon President, whose impeccable image protected him
from scandal and charges of incompetence.
6. Friends of Mandela accused enemies within ANC of wagrng a dirty tri.cks 'smear
campaign' against her.
7. Now and then a conspiracy in high places is uncovered, like Wate{gate, Irangate, or
any othei -gate you care to mention.
8x"8.
1. The opinion po1l was conducted among a sample of 15 000 adults randomly and
scientifically selected from all 450 1ocal government areas in Nigeria.
2.The results were taken from surveys by six pollingorganizations: Gallup, NOP, ...
3. Pollsters are to change the way they measure public opinion after getting the result of the
last general election badly wrong.
4. Opinion polls pfgliql that the M-19 party may either win the polling or ...
5. Opinion polls are forecasting that a non-Communist coalition of parties will win at least
40 per cent ofthe vote.
6. Most of the voters who had chosen to remain silent would probably back the
opposition. Because of this, it is essential to view the poll's findings with some skepticism.
7. NOP's forecast was one of the most accurate of any by-election exitJoll, in which
people leaving the polling booths are asked how they voted.
8. It's election d.ay in Chad - people throughout the country have been casting their votesat
the first election since independence from France in 1960.
9. This Sunday, Peruvians vote to elect their 23'd president.
10. 'The sunshine has brought out the voters in droves, and we expect a very high fumout', a
Tory official said last night.
113

Ex.9.
1. But many liberals and conservatives may abstain from voting because in recent months
they have been hit by inflation and unempioyment.
2.Inthe separate women's polling booths it is specially difficult to detect false voters
since many of the women are in purdah.

will not be by seuet ballot but by queuing behind your favourite candidate.
Many people fear that the queuing system will create conditions for chaos at the
polline stationg, but the government says it is an open system which will stop the
practice of filling ballot boxes with frctitious ballot papers.

3. Voting

4. His promise to make the Senate an elected body with effective power is vague
5. In Bulgarian elections, computer predictions give the Socialists nearly half the vote
andtherefore about 100 seats ofthe 200.
6. In 1989 the Green Party received 2 million votes, 15 per cent of the vote, in the
European elections. However, because of the Britain's electoral system the Greens
did not qain a single s.eat.
7. Elections were held, but when returns showed that Doe was losing heavily, he

confiscated all the ballot boxes, announced he had won over 50 per cent of the vote
and declared himself President.
8. Spokesman Richard Boucher said it was too early to determine if the elections were
free and fair.
9. She has accused her opponents of massive vote-rigging.
10. The conservative New Democracy Party are claiming victory in the Greek elections
after winning half the 300 seats.
11. Benazir Bhutto has admitted defeat in Wednesday's general elections.
12. The ruling party is gualanteed to be retumed for a seventh consecutive term of office
14. Since he is unlikely to get an absolute majority, he'llhave to rely on Free Democrats

to form another government.

Ex.10.
1. On Sunday, nine ministers who favoured opening talks

'

with the opposition lost their

jobs in a cabinet reshuffle

2. The Daily Telegraph reporls that Mrs. Thatcher only changed her mind about not
fighting on after the majority of her cabinet urged her to resim. It says that three
cabinet ministers had threatened to resign if she did not stand down.
3. A minister qu$ fwo weeks ago saying, 'I'm tired of signing decrees no one pays
attention to.
4. The anniversary finds the Socialists in crisis, facing the danger of collapse.
5. This support was withdrawn even before that govemment could face a vote of
confidence, and the president then decided to call fresh elections in which Mrs. Gandhi

6il:'.1l;:-#lr"rTTi,li;lti-party
will hold them within

elections, but the interim sovernment has said

it

a year of taking power.

7. Although Cameroon's constitution provides for a multi-party system, the country has
been a de facto one-party state since 1966.
8. This so called coup d'etat was like a bad play.with a second-rate cast. Some say it
turned into a second Russian revolution, but I say history repeats itself - the first

time as atragedy, the second as farce.

lt4

Ex. 11.
to civilian rule, which begins with local government elections in December, is
being carefully monitored by the current military govemment.
2. In Romani4 a relatively quiet day of demonstration erupted into noisy protest by hundreds
of people chanting anti-govemment sloqans in Bucharest's University Square.
3. Algeria's military-backed rulers declared a state of emergency last night, the move followed
two days of fighting between security forces and Moslem fundamentalists.
4. Tear-gas was fired and riot police used batons to beat demonshators.
5. A curfew has been imposed in the town after rioting and lootine broke out on Sunday.
6. A few brave lawyers continue to represent the imprisoned d.issidents, and to speak of human
riehts abuse.
7. The govemment has dropped charges against thirteen students who were arrested and
accused of subversion after publishing a document critical of government policy.
8- Protests have been called later today by human rights groups and relatives of 9 000
people who disappeared during the wave of repression.
9. I saw the police using, first of all, tear qas and water cannon and later rubber bullets to try
to break up the demonstration
1. The retum

UNIT FOUR
Ex.1.
1.

In recent years, there have been an increasing number of alarming reports claiming
that he world's climate is undergoing a significant change. Manypeople blame the
increase in pollution.

2. The oceans are said to be slowly dying both because of the lack of control of human
waste and because of pollution caused by industrial waste products.
3. The greatest threats to the world's environment are the extinction ofplant and animal
life, global warmins (the greenhouse effect) and world population growth.
4' The main sources of carbon dioxide are the cars, factories, and power stations of the
developed world and the burning of tropical forests in the less developed world.

With countries all over the world producing millions of tons of domestic rubbish and
toxic induskial waste each year, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable
iocations to get rid of all the refuse.
6. The world's population is prowing far too quickly (no less than 80 million a year), and
because of this it is destroying the environmeirt, uprootinq the forests and not giving the
arable land time to recuperate because ofthe constant struggle to produce more food.
5.

7. The eighties were the earth's warmest decadg since records besan, according to
scientists at the University of East Anglia.
8. But

if we are changins

the climate, it is much easier to do something now rather than

waiting until the warming is more severe.
9. The scientists agree with American researchers that the warmest years during the
century have been the 80s, and the tendency may be for the 90s to be even hotter.
10. Altering the environment affects all life forms including humans.
-

115

E,x.2.

of scientific knowledge and technological systems can have positive

or negalive effects on the environment.
2. It's very important to keep in mind that many of the predictions about the effects of
global warming are based on theory.
3. The computers make predictions that certain amounts of carbon dioxide and other
gasses will cause more clouds to form. These clouds would block sunlieht and cancel
out much of the warming.
4. We just don't know enough yet about how our atmosphere works.
5. In the United States, cutting carbon dioxide production would cost billions of dollars
1. The application

each year.

6. Forcing industries to stop using fossil fuels might drive some smaller firms out
business and hurt people in regions where coal mining provides many jobs.

of

7. We have to look after the finite resources of the planet.

8. If deforestation continues, there will be no forest left ten years from now.

ofpollution.
10. Sea levels will rise if global warming continues.
11. Up to 15 000 Britons were sent to Kosovo to assist in peacekeeping missions and
many were exposed to the poisonous dust which remains in the atmosphere and
poilutes water supplies, after NATO's bombardment.
9. Burning fossil fuels causes a lot

UNIT FIVE
'

Ex.

l.
I've worked in an accounts office, so I know I don't want a boring nine-to-five job.
2. Employers should encourage programs that give parents time with their children,
prograrys such as parental leave, flextime jobs or work at home.
3. Flexitime, iob-sharing and working from home would be encouraged.
4.Ittook Julie an hour to co{nmute home and she would come back tired and frustrated.
5. Teenagers nowadays dislike the prospect of corgmuting and would rather go abroad
to lvork, at least for a time.
6. Ifprojections are accurate, manymore people will be teleworking in the future
T.Local govemment managers have none of the other commercial frinse benefits: car,
1.

bonus schemes, health insurance and so on.

8. The motoring perk is only one of the special privileges that can provide an MP with a
total pay and benefits package worth more than $100 000 this year. Now the MP's are
demanding more.
9. The Supreme Court in America has ruled that the ban discriminated aeainst black
peopre.

10. Mrs. Preisler had claimed that she was sexually discriminated against by Mrs. Buggins
who had told her she would not be promoted because she was pregnant.
11. Even staff as young as 40 are victims of ageis.m by ambitious newcomers trying to take
over their iobs.

116

8x.2.
First I shall be consulting the lawyer and suing the club for unfair dismissal.
2.The fact is that they haven't been sacked. They are still employees
3. She was unjustly accused of steaiing the money and then given the sack.
4. He is fired from his job because he has been uttering unAmerican thoughts.
5. Thousands of employees in the United States face the prospect of being laid off
because ofthe budget crisis.
6. And as more city firms are makins their employees redundant it doesn't look like the
situation is getting any better.
7. The teachers were let so when the school district iost $47 million in state firnding.
8. Lockheed Missile' management says it has to reduce its payroll by 2 000 positions
by the end of the year.
9. The senator vowed to get Florida out of the mess it was in by rieht-sizing the
govemment.
10. Nationai Power has announced that about 5 000 jobs are to go - that's almost a third
of the total workforce of 16 700. The job losses will be spread over several years and
the company will be hoping to complete the siimdolyn without any compulsory
redundancies but by natural wastase.
1.

8x.3.
1.

British Satellite Broadcasting staff will today be given details of their redundancy

payoffs, if as expected, widespread iob cuts are inkoduced.

2. The Minister of Labour said 1 1 million people would be out of work this year. The
BBC correspondent said these figures ignored the countryside aftogether. He says
several million people laid off from rural factories last year are not classified as
unemployed because they can return to the family farmland.
3. A report by the European commission is predicting that unemployment will rise
next year to nearly i 1 per cent of the workforce.
4. Congress is ready to approve extended jobless benefits for the long-term unemployed.
5 . Another 20 000 people have j oined the dole queue, stretching 1t to 2 7 53 400 .
6. Most EC governments simply leave the iobless to rot on the dole.
7. A iob-seeker who sent out 8 700 applications may have finally found work. Steve
Horvath used to spend five hours a day sending off applications all around the world.
But yesterday his luck changed when company boss Peter Hawkins offered him an
intervi,ew after hearing about his 1O-month work hunt

Ex.4.
1. The leaders

of Spain's two biggest unions said they would fix

a date

for induskial

action later this month.

2. Unions called the strike to demand a 7O-pence rise in their basic daily wage.
3. The two trade unions organizittgthe strike are having talks today after negotiations
failed on Wednesday evening.
4. I told them if they wanted to go on strike, fine. There was not going to be any company
when they came back.
5. In Germany more than 15 000 teachers and school ernployees took part in a wamins
strike in the eastern part of the country. The teachers staged a one-day work stoppage
demanding higher pay and job protection. But the teachers' walkout was just one part
of growing problems for eastern Germany.
6. Nationwide industrial action began earlier this week when staff at most banks walked
out indefinitel)i.

l17
'----l____

Ex.5.
1.

A strike by about i0 000 shipping workers

has pqalySgd

traffic along the Romanian

section of the River Danube.

2. The strike brought public transport to a halt and shops an businesses failed to open.
3. The Prime Minister is showing no signs that he will give in to union demands. 'They
can go ahead and strike for 100 days and we will not give in,' he said.

4. Rail workers in Poland have wamed that they will step_up their week-long strike action
if the government fails to meet their pay demands.
5. We extended an open invitation to management to come to terms, to bring us back to
work, to get rid of the Sgabr - the replacement workers who took our jobs.
6. Confrontations between strikers and strike breakers have led to l8 arrests, mostly
union workers.
7.The govemment and strike organizers have reached a settlement which includes
arrangements for the negotiation of wage rises and Bulgarian radio says the strike wiii
be called off once a formal agreement has been signed.
8. Nine unions have been on strike for four months. A mediator says a settlement must be
reached today if the newspaper is to survive.
9. She'llbe remembered for her attack on the idea that the state is responsible for the
individual and should look after him from the cradle to the Erave.
10. The number of single mothers living on welfare grew by more than 200 per cent lately.
11. I expect that he uses his siro to pay for the petrol to ferry his children to private school.

UNIT SIX
Ex.

1.

1.

He began his life of crime pickpocketing at the age of four.

2. Bank robberies, burglaries and rnugginss are reported almost daily in the papers.
3. A small number of muggers - perhaps no more than 60 - are responsible for 95 per cent of
all street robberies.

4. The police recommended drivers not to stop at red lights, such is the risk of an armed hold-up.
5. Banks offered a $10 000 reward for information leading to the capture of two
armedraiders who hold up and kidnapped two female staff.

6. The driver of the taxi has been robbed at both gunpoint and knifepoint.
7. It was the biggest art heist in the history of the country.
8. Paintings worth $150 000 which were stolen in a smash-and-grab raid from a gallery
in London's West End two years ago have been found by police.
9. The police reported a series of ram-raids in the south-east where high-powered cars were
driven into shop windows.
10. She can earnmore from muggug, shoplifting andpettytheftthan she everwould from ajob.
11. More women are invoived in serious theft and fraud.
12. The image of art theft as a gentleman's crime is outdated; violence is increasingly
common.
13. The British Crime Survey found that 116 000 of totai car thefts and 180 000 thefts from
cars occurred in car parks.

'

118

8x.2.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A band of youths ran over a policeman while joy-riding in stolen cars, and police say he
was murdered.
The increasing sophistication of car alarms has prompted thieves to take up carjacking,
stealing cars while their owners are still in them.
On November 8, 1983 a masked gang forced their way into the warehouse at Heathrowand
coolly made off with 6 800 gold bars worth more than $26 million. The police and the
public were stunned at the size of their haul.
The gunman managed to escape. One hour later, the empty getaway car was found
abandoned at the edge of a nearby village.
After collecting the cash, the kidnapper made his escape by disappearing down the disused
rail line
A detective's wife was snatched by a bank robber yesterday after her off-duty husband
tried to stop his getaway. The gunman dropped his loot and forced the 42-year-old mother
of three into her car.
He rewarded four 'have-a-go heroes' as they became known. One of the four, aged 12,
got $25 for calling the police, his father and another man got $200 each and a third $100.
They had grabbed a robber and his $7000 haul, forcing his three accomplices to flee
empty-handed.

8. A

9.

spokesman said, 'We are treating the attack as attempted murder. Last year FBI
statistics found that Washington had a homicide rate of almost 78 per 100 000 residents,
the highest of any city in the US. Almost every day reports of shootings and stabbings,
even of young children, read like a casualty report from a war zone.
That had followed a knifing incident in which a Romanian was killed.

8x.3.
1

Police arresJgd the 1 3-year -old 23 times last year for theft, burglary and robbery. This year
the youngster has been detained six times. The police said: 'He's like a boomerang. He
just keeps coming back to commit more offences.'

2, Last night a man was being held in custody

chareed with attempted murder, drugs

offences and burglary.

3. A police enquiry was launched yesterday after a man facing allegations

of drink-driving

and other motoring offences was found dead in his cell.

4. Mr. Mitchell was remanded

on bail until August and ordered to surrender his passport.

In a previous court appearance last week he had been remanded in custody. This morning
he was released on bail with the same conditions.

5.
6.
7.

John Gotti was charged today with the murder of four people. Gotti was indicted on 11
counts, including gambling, obstruction ofjustice and tax evasion.
In the Philippines, the authorities have filed charees of arson against the leader of the
counky's largest left-wing trade unions.
The son of a member of parliament appeared in court to answer charges of drug
trafficking.

8.

Some

9.

company's coilapse.
He admitted charees of forging documents and handling stolen goods.

of Australia's best-known

businessmen are facing criminal charges over the

119

Ex.4.

Attorney's office does not

Bennett issued a formal statement saylng, 'The Diskict
simply want to prosecute Altman, it wants to destroy him.'
to argue their case'
In the murder case defense and prosecution lawyers continue
were not given access to
The Democratic party has claimed that in many cases defendants

1. Mr.

2.
3.

defense lawyers'
try to leave the country' They
His lawyers have rejected a prosecution claim that he might
so that he can return home'
say he wants to stand trial to prove his innocence
released on bail'
The three joumalists pleaded not-guiltv and were being

4.
5.

6.Shepledzuiltytoseverelybeatingtwoofheryoungchildren.

had failed to prove its case'

Mr. Spence did not call any witresses as he said the prosecution
g. Onty 16 charges have reached the court despite the fact that there have been many
witnesses prepared to testify'
to give
9. The defense was refused permission to produc e three rast-minute witnesses

evidence in TYson's favour'

crimes which included extortion, criminal
10. The rrrp.r*us said he was instructed to commit
damage and violence'

on charges
Enrile was due to appear in court today with two other defendants
connected with last month's coup attempt'
their ve.rdict after nearly five hours of
12. A jury at the Old Bailey in London reached

ll.Mr.

jurors were in tears'

deliberation. When the verdict was delivered three of the

8x.5.

l.

charged in the beating to death

The mob was angry over the acquittal of six police officers
of an alleged Puerto Rican drug dealer'

Z. The jury had not proved its case and therefore acquitted Mr. Berkowitz of burglary' o:f
clqared
3. Simon James, 26, walked free into the arms of his tearful mother after he was
kiltring drug addict Alan White.
4.
5.
6.

6.

Northeventuallygotoffthankstooneofhisoldbosses.
great train robbery gang'
charlie wilson is one of the convicted members of the
three and a half years; the fifth
Four of the policemen went to jail, the longest sentence being
passing sentence, the judge said the kiiling
defendant was given a suspended jail sentence. In
jaillgllqg of up to three years'
had been unintentional. The prosecution had demanded
chemist's in search for drug'
He was fined and put on probation for breaking into a
at a boys' center and at city
Rose must now serve 1 000 hours of community service
schools.

anyone given less than four

Judge Pickels also attacked the new rule by which
is automatically released after serving half the sentence.

years' jail

built in 1847 and was meant to house 642 inmates.

parole' following a number of
11.The government has also proposed tighter controls on

10. Armley was

incidents where parolees have committed serious crimes.

to life imprisonment
l\.InArgentina, thelovernment has proposed that sentences of up

shouldbeimposedonofficialsconvictedofcomrption.

720

8x.6.

I really believed the jury would find Kevin not guilty. I'm very disappointed, and I'm
hopeful on appeal that his conviction will be overturned.
2. Bruce was convicted by a divided court, sank deeper in drugs and depression and was dead
before an appeal court reversed his conviction.
3. Despite extenuatinq circumstances they are sentenced to life imprisonment.
4. The right to refer lenient sentences to the Court of Appeal was introduced in 1989.
5. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court declared. that capital punishment was not
unconstitutional, more than 100 people have been put to death.
6. Governor Richard Bird of Ohio has commuted the death sentences of eight out of 102
inmates.
7. It's understood that the condemned men will appeal to President Ben Ali for clemency.
8. The executions were carried out shortly after the Armed Forces Council had rejected appeals
1.

against the death sentences. Those executed included both military personnel and civilians.

UNIT SEVEN

Ex.l.
Pity the poor television advertiser. He fights for our attention, but it is an unequal fight. We
turn on our TV sets to watch programmes; he would rather wish we watch his adverts.
2. So, this could be the future: a brief pause for breath between programmes, but a massive
slice of advertising during them. The advertisers will get you yet.
3. Mr- Akiyama's space mission was paid for by the Tokyo Broadcasting System at a cost of
more than $12 million in an effort to gain audiences from rival networks.
4. At present adverts run for two and a half minutes in the centre breaks, with a maximum
seven and a half minutes in peak time between 6 pm and 11 pm, when most of the
advertising revenue is generated.
5. The perfume was marketed with ablitz of TV commercials.
6. Every day he watches the important American news prograflrmes, with commerciai breaks
every five minutes.
1.

Ex.2.
1. Last week, the Army released the second of two national television spots, an effort to
ensure that its battle for American hearts and minds would translate into improved
recruitment figures.
2.To gel results, radio advertisers need to run their commercials frequently.
3. Although many advertisers buy ads in newspapers and other media, some prefer radio.
4- Ninety-eight percent of our revenue comes from advertising.
5. Without the advertisers, you are out of business; without the listeners, you are out of
business. so we have to take care of both of them and keep both happy.
6. Intense competition from television, which d.ominates the attention of most Americans in
the evening, has forced commercial radio stations to use specific types of programming and
find niches that appeal to various groups of listeners.

12T

SOURCES

1. Bill Mascull, Key Words in the Mass Media, Collins GOBUILD,

The University of

Birmingham,1997.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
8.
7

Eloi Le Divenach, English in the News, Paris, 1997 (EttglezainPresd, Bucuregti, 1999).

Felicity O'Dell, Writing Skills, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Karl Krahnke, Reading Together, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Kathy Gude, Michael Duckworth, Oxford University Press.
Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Michael Mclarthy, English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced), Canrbridge University Press, 2002.

Michael Mclarthy

&

Felicity O'Dell, English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced), Cambridge

University Press, 2000.

9.

Michael Mclarthy

& Felicity O'Dell,

English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced), Cambridge

University Press, 2002.

10. Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1995.

11. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English, Oxford University Press, 2003.
12. Peter Grundy, Resources Books for Teachers (Newspapers), OxTord, 2000.
13. Stuart Redman, English Vocabulary in Use, Cambridge University Press, 2001r
I4,. Sue O'Connell, Proficiency, London,1995.

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