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Chapter 16 Air Pollution

1. Primary pollutants are those that are


A. released directly in dangerous forms.
B. produced in the greatest quantities.
C. the most dangerous.
D. the most threatening to people.
E. classified by the EPA as the most dangerous and abundant.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

2. Secondary pollutants
A. harm only vulnerable members of a population.
B. become dangerous after reacting in the atmosphere.
C. are produced in lesser quantities than primary pollutants.
D. are less dangerous than other pollutants.
E. classified by the EPA as the second most dangerous and abundant.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

3. ________ is/are examples of secondary pollutants.


A. Aerosols
B. Volatile organic compounds
C. Photochemical oxidants
D. Combustion gases
E. Dust from soil erosion
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

4. Fugitive emissions are produced by


A. smokestacks.
B. power plants and other heating equipment.
C. reactions between pollutants and atmospheric gases.
D. strip mining, rock crushing, and other dust-producing activities.
E. industry and must go through a smokestack for filtration.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

5. Criteria pollutants are those that


A. contribute the most to air quality degradation.
B. are most highly toxic even in small quantities.
C. are easiest to get rid of.
D. cause the most damage to buildings.
E. set the standards for other pollutants.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

6. Which of the following criteria pollutants result from burning coal?


A. photochemical oxidants
B. sulfur dioxide
C. nitrogen oxide
D. methane
E. carbon monoxide
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

7. Sulfur trioxide
A. is a secondary pollutant.
B. is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide.
C. reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.
D. is a major component of acid rain.
E. All of these.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Knowledge

8. The term NOx is often used because


A. there are many different oxides of nitrogen.
B. it is usually unclear how oxidized nitrogen is.
C. NO2 and NO easily convert into each other.
D. many different molecules often attach to NO.
E. the pollutant is a nitrous oxide and the Ox identifies the Oxygen.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

9. The brown haze in smog is caused by


A. sulfuric acid.
B. NO2.
C. carbon monoxide.
D. chlorofluorocarbons.
E. particulates.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

10. A common example of a photochemical oxidant is


A. NO2.
B. H2S.
C. CO2.
D. methane.
E. All of these are examples of photochemical oxidants.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

11. Anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are


A. increasing at the rate of about 0.5 percent per year.
B. easily determined with recent technological advances.
C. measured with a great deal of precision.
D. all offset by carbon storage in northern forests.
E. All of these.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension

12. Carbon monoxide is produced by


A. normal respiration by animals.
B. normal respiration by plants.
C. incomplete burning of fuels.
D. photochemical oxidation of carbon.
E. the burning of sulfur-laden coal.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

13. An aerosol is
A. a chemical propellant.
B. a rigidly defined chemical composition.
C. any liquid droplet or solid particle suspended in air.
D. not considered as hazardous to human health as other air pollutants.
E. not as apparent in the air as other air pollutants.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

14. The most dangerous air-borne particulates are those


A. large enough to damage skin and eyes.
B. small enough to be drawn into the lungs.
C. that are anthropogenic.
D. that are liquid.
E. produced in industrial settings.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

15. The most common metallic air pollutant is


A. iron.
B. cadmium.
C. nickel.
D. mercury.
E. lead.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Knowledge

16. Lead is dangerous because it acts as a(n)


A. neurotoxin.
B. asphyxiant.
C. irritant.
D. respiratory fibrotic agent.
E. carcinogenic agent.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

17. Which of the following is not a volatile organic compound?


A. benzene
B. methane
C. formaldehyde
D. chlorofluorocarbons
E. terpene
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

18. A major source of VOCs is


A. incomplete burning of hydrocarbons.
B. combustion of sulfur containing fuel.
C. photochemical oxidation.
D. CO in the atmosphere.
E. CO2 in the atmosphere.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

19. You just picked up your dry cleaning and are headed home in your car. Your windows are up so you are
probably not smelling anything from the car exhaust or other sources on the road. What criteria pollutant
are you probably smelling?
A. Nitrogen oxide.
B. Sulfur oxides
C. Volatile organic compounds
D. Carbon monoxide
E. Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and volatile organic compounds.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

20. Photochemical oxidation reactions are driven by


A. the great instability of the reactants.
B. the heat of industrial activity.
C. solar energy.
D. entropy.
E. light, regardless of whether it is the sun or indoor light.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

21. Ozone is produced by


A. incomplete burning of fuels.
B. combustion of sulfur containing fuel.
C. decaying organic matter.
D. photochemical oxidation.
E. the burning of coal.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

22. Aesthetic degradation is a term that describes


A. health risks associated with pollution.
B. primarily the brown color of smoggy air.
C. noises, odors, and light pollution.
D. the discomfort of knowing the air is dirty.
E. the apparent form of air pollution because they leave dirty residues.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

23. Which of the following statements is true?


A. Most carbon monoxide produced in the United States comes from internal combustion engines (cars).
B. Nearly all emissions of sulfur compounds are anthropogenic.
C. Overall, in the past twenty years air pollution conditions have steadily decreased in most North
American and West European cities.
D. Volatile organic compounds are produced exclusively by human activity.
E. None of these statements are true.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension

24. Formaldehyde is an especially problematic indoor pollutant because it is


A. far more toxic than most other substances.
B. produced naturally by the Earth below buildings.
C. so difficult to detect.
D. highly carcinogenic.
E. used in so many household materials.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Knowledge

25. Radon in houses comes from


A. building materials in walls.
B. emissions from furnaces.
C. radioactive decay in the Earth below a house.
D. solar radiation coming through the roof.
E. home furnishing such as carpets, curtains, and furniture.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

26. Which of the following statements is false?


A. The likelihood of having radon gas in your home depends largely upon the geology and soil types in
your region.
B. According to the EPA, toxic air pollutants are generally much more concentrated indoors than outdoors.
C. One of the reasons indoor air pollutants are so dangerous is the high amount of time people are indoors.
D. In the less-developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America there is less indoor air pollution than
in developed countries.
E. All of these are true.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Comprehension

27. A temperature inversion occurs when


A. two warm air layers surround a cold air layer.
B. two cold air layers overlay a warm air layer.
C. stable, cold air overlays warm air.
D. stable warm air overlays cold air.
E. air turbulence causes mixing between air layers.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

28. Los Angeles has especially bad inversion problems because it


A. lies on a flat space by the ocean.
B. is in a warm climate and is partly ringed by mountains.
C. occupies such a large geographical area.
D. generally has cloudy skies at night.
E. All of these.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

29. Stable air masses over cities and warm updrafts between tall buildings often create _________ in and
near cities.
A. dust domes of suspended pollutants
B. cyclonic dust storms
C. convective rain storms
D. low pressure zones that dissipate pollution
E. high pressure zones that dissipate pollution
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

30. Which of the following statements about long range pollutants is true?
A. Wind can transport dust for tens of thousands of kilometers, or from Africa to the Americas.
B. The North and South Polar regions are almost alone in still having pristine, unpolluted air today.
C. Although they persist for a long time in the Arctic region, pollutants take a long time to reach the region.
D. Controlling long-range pollutants is more of an ecological rather than a political process.
E. People far away from the source of the air pollutant are not affected as much by the pollutant.
Answer: A

Question Classification: Comprehension

31. Native peoples living in the Canadian Arctic have some of the highest recorded PCB concentrations in
their bodies because of
A. unusually high susceptibility to contamination.
B. concentrated natural occurrence of PCBs in that region.
C. local production of PCBs.
D. long-range transport of airborne pollutants.
E. an industrial accident that left the persistent PCBs in the environment.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

32. ___________ ozone is harmful, damaging plants and human health while ozone at the _________ level
screens out mutagenic ultraviolet radiation.
A. Stratospheric; troposphere
B. Thermospheric; mesosphere
C. Tropospheric; stratosphere
D. Mesospheric; thermosphere
E. Stratospheric; mesosphere
Answer: C
Question Classification: Comprehension

33. The ozone hole is a depletion currently most serious


A. at the most populated latitudes.
B. over North America.
C. in tropical latitudes.
D. near the Hadley cells.
E. in Antarctica.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Knowledge

34. Pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons deplete atmospheric ozone


A. when nitrogen combines with O3 to form NOx.
B. when chlorine-containing molecules are oxidized at the expense of O3.
C. because chlorine is most stable as ClO3.
D. when carbon reacts with O3 to form CO3
E. None of these is correct.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Comprehension

35. There are serious signs that ozone depletion may lead to
A. UV-caused skin cancers.
B. UV-caused blindness.
C. IR-caused sunburn.
D. All of these.
E. A and B only.

Answer: E
Question Classification: Comprehension

36. The most common human health response to air pollution is


A. inflammatory responses in sensitive tissues.
B. lung cancer.
C. blindness caused by deteriorating eye tissues.
D. skin cancer.
E. heart disease.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension

37. Persistent inflammation of bronchi in the lungs is known as


A. asthma.
B. fibrosis.
C. pulmonary toxicosis.
D. bronchitis.
E. an upper respiratory infection.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

38. Asthma is a shortness of breath caused by


A. tumors in the bronchial walls.
B. sudden muscle spasms in the bronchial walls.
C. spasms in the heart.
D. physical obstructions in the lungs.
E. bacteria in the lungs.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

39. An irreversible obstructive lung disease is called


A. asthma.
B. bronchitis.
C. emphysema.
D. fibrosis.
E. upper respiratory infection.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

40. If stagnant air is trapped in the lung alveoli, the air sac swells and
A. blood circulation is blocked.
B. cells die from lack of O2
C. cells die from lack of nutrients.
D. the walls of the alveoli break down and are no longer able to exchange gases.
E. All of these events happen if stagnant air is trapped in the lung alveoli.
Answer: E

Question Classification: Comprehension

41. Sudbury, Ontarios copper-nickel smelter is notorious for having


A. destroyed the local ecosystem with sulfur-laden smoke.
B. caused brown lung disease in miners.
C. spread cyanide in nearby rivers.
D. caused childhood leukemia in nearby neighborhoods.
E. All of these.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

42. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and ozone cause


A. relatively little damage to plants.
B. mortality in most plants.
C. reduced yields in crop plants as well as visible damage.
D. damage only to highly sensitive plant species.
E. immediate chlorosis and then death to most plants.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Comprehension

43. Which of the following is the best example of synergistic effects?


A. the disappearance of plant life around Sudbury, Ontario
B. the prevalence of cancer among smokers exposed to asbestos fibers
C. the appearance of PCBs in residents of remote Arctic villages
D. cancer caused by fibrosis in the lungs
E. chlorosis in plant leaves.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Comprehension

44. On a pH scale, pH 4 is _______ as pH 8.


A. half as acidic
B. 100 times less acidic
C. ten times as acidic
D. 100 times as acidic
E. 10,000 times as acidic
Answer: E
Question Classification: Comprehension

45. One of the principal ways lakes suffer from acid deposition is that
A. rocks on the bottom begin to dissolve.
B. fish eggs die and fish populations fall.
C. aquatic vegetation turns yellow.
D. plants grow excessively and choke other life.
E. All of these can happen in a lake from acid deposition.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Comprehension

46. What type of buildings and monuments are most susceptible to acid damage?
A. granite and basalt
B. wood
C. limestone and marble
D. concrete and brick
E. brick and bronze
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

47. Tall smokestacks are effective ways of


A. decreasing pollution.
B. displacing and dispersing pollution.
C. cleaning up air pollution.
D. eliminating the effects of pollution.
E. concentrating pollutants for easier cleanup.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

48. Large filter bags can be used by industries to _________ airborne pollutants.
A. electrostatically precipitate
B. displace
C. disperse
D. trap
E. prevent
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

49. Electrostatic precipitators prevent fly ash escape by


A. filtering them.
B. using electrodes to give particles an electrostatic charge.
C. preventing their production in the first place.
D. gravity.
E. burning the fly ash completely with electrodes.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

50. Cars use ______ to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.


A. afterburners.
B. electrostatic precipitators.
C. fluidized bed combustion.
D. catalytic converters.
E. bag filters
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

51. Worldwide, air pollution control efforts are least advanced or least successful in
A. major cities of leading industrialized countries.
B. major cities of developing countries.
C. small towns in developing countries.
D. rural areas in industrialized countries.
E. small towns of leading industrialized countries.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

52. Eastern European cities and farming regions have been notable in recent years for their
A. widespread and terrible pollution conditions.
B. miraculous cleanup successes.
C. complete lack of industrial pollution.
D. steady and successful cleanup accomplishments.
E. None of these, Western European cities and farming regions have been notable in terms of air pollution
and control.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension

53. Human-produced pollutants are different from natural particulates and gases because they are almost
always chemically more dangerous.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

54. Although coal burning contributes a very small amount, the high mercury levels in fish result from
spills of mercury directly into the water.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

55. The discharge of mercury and dioxins (both HAPs) is decreasing


A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

56. Grasshopper transport causes contaminants to accumulate in the low latitudes, close to the equator.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

57. Synergistic effects occur when there is more damage of exposure when two factors are together.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

58. Acid precipitation often occurs downwind from dust-producing industries.


A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

59. When streams and lakes are alkaline, with calcium-rich bedrock they are especially sensitive to acid
deposition.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

60. Hydrocarbon emissions are produced mainly by cement manufacturing industries.


A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

61. Old power plant facilities have been kept operating, expanding their capacity rather than building new
ones because the older facilities have minimal contributions to smog and acid rain.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

Short Answer/Essay Questions


62. Create a concept map that describes the main anthropogenic source and associated human health
problem for the following pollutants: lead, mercury, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulates, nitrogen
oxides, photochemical oxidants, volatile organic compounds.
Answer: For a total of 50 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
50 =
Identified all factors accurately; Used appropriate hierarchy all of the time; Used appropriate
linking terms all of the time; Drew a concept map
40 =
Identified all factors accurately; Used appropriate hierarchy most of the time;Used appropriate
linking terms all of the time; Drew a concept map

30 =
20 =
10 =
0=

Identified most factors accurately; Used appropriate hierarchy most of the time; Used appropriate
linking terms most of the time; Drew a concept map
Identified some factors accurately; Sometimes used appropriate hierarchy; Used appropriate
linking terms most of the time; Drew a concept map
Only identified two factors accurately; Used inappropriate hierarchy; Sometimes used appropriate
linking terms; Drew a concept map
Identified less than two factors accurately; Used inappropriate hierarchy; Used inappropriate
linking terms; Did not draw a concept map

63. Compare and contrast the effects of ozone in the stratosphere and in the troposphere.
Answer: For a total of 20 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
20 =
Provided at least three accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence;
Provided at least three accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence;
Communicated effectively with a well written summary
15 =
Provided at least two accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence;
Provided at least two accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence;
Communicated with a fairly well written summary
10 =
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence;
Provided at least one contrast; Supported the contrast with evidence; Communicated with a fairly
well written summary
5=
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence OR
Provided at least one accurate contrast; Supported the contrast with accurate evidence AND
Communicated with a poorly written summary
0=
Provided at least one comparison; Did not support the comparison with accurate evidence OR
Provided at least one contrast; Did not support the contrast with accurate evidence AND
Communicated with a very poorly written summary

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