Thesis

Exergy Analysis of Concentrated Solar Thermal System
Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of
BITS C422T Thesis
By
SUHAS KARANTH
2009B3A4537P
Under the supervision of

Dr Manoj Soni
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, BITS Pilani
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN)

7th December, 2013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, my alma mater, for
allowing me to benefit from its resources and giving me an opportunity to work with a company
of their league for such an enriching experience. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr.
Manoj Soni, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Dept., BITS Pilani, who was my mentor, who
guided me constantly and provided necessary assistance in completing the thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Nikhil Gakkhar, research scholar in BITS Pilani
University. His guidance and help is invaluable.
I would like to express my gratitude towards Dr. K.S.Sangwan Head of Department,
Mechanical Engineering department, BITS-Pilani for his encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.
Also, I thank the Academic Research Division for providing this opportunity.
Lastly, I would like to thank almighty God and our parents for always being there for us in
our tough times.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Thesis entitled, Exergy Analysis of Concentrated Solar Thermal System
and submitted by Suhas Karanth, ID No. 2009B3A4537P in partial fulfillment of the requirement
of BITS C421T/422T Thesis embodies the work done by him under my supervision.
Signature of the Supervisor

Date:
Name
Designation
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Abbreviations
- Exergy (kW)
Specific exergy (kJ/kg)
I I law efficiency
II II law efficiency
Cp Specific heat of Therminol VP-1
(kJ/kg/K)
t Mass flow rate of therminol in a loop
(kg/s)
hf - Convective heat co-efficient of
Therminol(W/m2/K)
kt Thermal conductivity of Therminol VP-1
(W/m.K)
Dynamic viscosity of Therminol VP-1
(mPa.s)
Nco No. of Collectors/loop
Nmo No. of modules
Nlo No. of loops
Ib Incident beam radiation (W/m2)
U Overall thermal loss coefficient(W/m2/K)
r Reflectivity of reflector
a Absorptivity of absorber
g - Transmissivity of glass
r Emissivity of receiver
d Shading factor
Fr Heat removal factor
F Collector efficiency factor
IF Intercept factor
Angle of incidence
K () Incident angle modifier

Lm Mirror length in a module (m)
W Width of the collector (m)
kr Thermal conductivity of receiver(W/m.K)
Dri Inner diameter of receiver (m)
Dro Outer diameter of receiver (m)
Dgi Inner diameter of glass cover (m)
Dgo Outer diameter of glass cover (m)
Ar Receiver Area per module (m2)
Am Area of a Module in a collector (m2)
z - Zenith angle
Angle of declination
Hour angle
LT Local Time
LST Local Solar Time
LSTM - Local Standard Time Meridian
EoT - Equation of Time
TC - Time Correction Factor
n Days No. on Julian calendar
Lat Latitude
Lon Longitude
Trec Receiver Temperature
Tamb Ambient Temperature
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Abstract
Energy analysis helps us to find out the heat losses present in the system whereas
exergy analysis pinpoints the irreversibilities present in the system. Thermodynamic analysis is
very crucial in any system to make it effective and efficient. The thermodynamic analysis of any
system is not complete until exergy analysis is performed.
Exergetic analysis has been carried out on Solar Thermal System with Parabolic Trough as
the concentrator. Individual components exergetic efficiency was calculated and tried to improve
the overall efficiency by increasing the inlet steam pressure. The exergetic efficiency was
improved by 8.57 % after increasing pressure from 90 to 109 bar. MATLAB simulation was
performed for the entire system and year round performance of the power plant was analyzed.
Detailed exergetic analysis was performed on the location of Pilani and for other locations,
variation of energetic and exergetic efficiency throughout the year was observed. Both full load
and part load conditions were analyzed and graphs were plotted.
It was observed that energetic and exergetic efficiency of the plant for Pilani are high in
the months of April, May and September, mainly due to high solar insolation, longer day period
and less effect of incident angle. The lower efficiencies in the months of December and January
are due to higher incident angles and shorter days. It can be seen that monthly exergetic efficiency
is maximum in the month of May (38.5%) and least in the month of December (16.25 %).
The various locations of Gujarat and Rajasthan were selected and analyzed year round
performance.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.
1.1.
What is Exergy? .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.
Concentrated Solar Power Technology..................................................................................... 9
1.3.
Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 11
1.4.
Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................................... 12
2.
Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.
Description of 50 MW solar thermal power system ....................................................................... 14

3.1.
Parabolic Trough Collector...................................................................................................... 14
3.2.
Heat transfer medium............................................................................................................... 15
3.3.
Orientation of Collector............................................................................................................ 15
3.4.
Rankine Cycle............................................................................................................................ 15
Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 17
4.
4.1.
Parabolic Trough Collector...................................................................................................... 18
4.2.
Rankine Cycle Subsystem ........................................................................................................ 18
5.
Model Validation ............................................................................................................................... 19
6.
Improvement in the model ............................................................................................................... 20
7.
Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 24
8.
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 30
9.
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................ 31
APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................................ 31
APPENDIX B ........................................................................................................................................ 32
APPENDIX C ........................................................................................................................................ 33
10.
List of References .......................................................................................................................... 76
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Different types of concentrators .................................................................................... 10
Figure 2: Variation of DNI in a day for the location of Pilani ...................................................... 13
Figure 3: Variation of wind speed throughout year for the location of Pilani .............................. 13
Figure 4: Variation of Dry Bulb Temperature for the location of Pilani ...................................... 14
Figure 5: Schematic Diagram of the Solar Thermal Power Plant ................................................. 16
Figure 6: Variation of efficiency vs. Inlet Pressure ...................................................................... 20
Figure 7: Variation of Dryness Fraction w.r.t Inlet Pressure ........................................................ 21
Figure 9: Variation of Low Pressure Turbine Efficiency with mass flow rate ............................. 24
Figure 10: Variation of Condenser Extract Pump and Boiler Feedwater Pump Efficiency with
mass flow rate ............................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 11: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the plant throughout the year for Pilani ............ 25
Figure 12: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the plant throughout the year for Pilani ............ 26
Figure 13: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the collector throughout the year for Pilani ...... 26
Figure 14: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Gujarat
....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 15: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Gujarat
....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 16: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Rajasthan
....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 17: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Rajasthan
....................................................................................................................................................... 28
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List of Tables
Table 1: Geometrical and optical parameters for the collector loop considered...16
Table 2: Nominal Values for the 50 MW steam power cycle17
Table 3: Results of power plant at turbine inlet pressure of 90 bar and temperature of 370C.....22
Table 4: Results of power plant at turbine inlet pressure of 109 bar and temperature of 370C...22
Table 5: Various states in the power plant with turbine inlet pressure of 109 bar and temperature
of 370C.23
Table 6: Direct Normal Insolation in Gujarat Locations...29
Table 7: Direct Normal Insolation in Rajasthan Locations...29
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1. Introduction
Energy is the very base of human civilization. From time immemorial man has been
inventing and developing better ways of harnessing energy. The rapid economic and population
growth has increased the demand for energy. In the present world, a large portion of energy
generated is from burning of fossil fuels releasing greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In the past
few decades a significant technological growth has been witnessed in harnessing renewable
energy. Cheaper, efficient power generation methods are developed.
1.1.
What is Exergy?
Exergy or Available Energy refers to the potential for achieving maximum work done by
the mass when it is in equilibrium with the environment. To provide an efficient and effective use
of fuels, it is essential to consider the quality and quantity of the energy used to achieve a given
objective. In this regard, the first law of thermodynamics deals with the quantity of energy and
asserts that energy cannot be created or destroyed, whereas the second law of thermodynamics
deals with the quality of energy, i.e., it is concerned with the quality of energy to cause change,
degradation of energy during a process, entropy generation and the lost opportunities to do work.
More specifically, the first law of thermodynamics is concerned only with the magnitude of energy
with no regard to its quality; on the other hand, the second law of thermodynamics asserts that
energy has quality as well as quantity. By quality, it means the ability or work potential of a certain
energy source having certain amount of energy to cause change, i.e., the amount of energy which
can be extracted as useful work which is termed as exergy. First and second law efficiencies are
often called energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively.
Energy analysis helps us to find out the heat losses present in the system whereas exergy
analysis pinpoints the irreversibilities present in the system. Thermodynamic analysis is very
crucial in any system to make it effective and efficient. The thermodynamic analysis of any system
is not complete until exergy analysis is performed.
1.2.
Concentrated Solar Power Technology
Concentrating solar thermal technology uses reflecting surfaces (e.g., mirrors) to focus
incident solar radiation onto appropriately designed collectors where solar heat is gathered. The
collected solar heat then undergoes an energy conversion step to produce one or more of: steam,
electricity, chemicals, or hot water. Since no fossil fuel is required, the energy produced is carbonfree. There are four main CST technologies: parabolic troughs (a), linear Fresnel (b), parabolic
dishes (c) and towers (d) (depicted in Figure 1).
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Figure 1: Different types of concentrators

Trough systems consist of long rows of semi-curved mirrors that focus the solar energy
lengthwise onto an absorber tube through which a heat transfer fluid flows. These systems feature
a one-axis sun tracking mechanism, thus both the reflectors and the absorber tubes follow the
trajectory of the sun throughout the day. By concentrating solar energy over a small area, very
high temperatures (up to 400 C) are achieved. The solar heat is used to produce superheated steam
in a heat exchanger. The steam drives a turbine-generator assembly, generating electricity.
Parabolic troughs are the most mature CST technology, having been commercially proven
since the 1980s. Current trough CST power plants have sizes ranging from 50 MW to 75 MW
(net) [1].
Linear Fresnel technology uses multiple parallel long rows of flat mirrors to focus sunlight
onto a fixed receiver. Its simpler design leads to lower costs than parabolic troughs (flat vs. curved
mirrors) and is less land intensive than troughs. The efficiency and maximum achievable
temperatures of Fresnel CST systems are lower than those of parabolic troughs. Linear Fresnel is
an emerging technology that has yet to see a utility-scale commercial plant.
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Solar towers consist of a large field of small, flat, sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats,
surrounding a centrally located tower. The sunlight is reflected onto a single point located high
above ground, heating a transfer medium contained within the towers. Thus, temperatures in
excess of 700C are achieved. Commercial tower power plants of sizes up to 20 MW are currently
in operation [2]. The high temperature operation leads to higher thermal efficiencies and enables
the use of phase-changing materials as heat transfer fluids and temporary heat storage medium.
The solar tower power plant is known as one of the least expensive methods to produce solar
electricity on a large scale. In solar tower power plant, the solar radiation is firstly concentrated
and reflected by heliostat field onto a receiver atop tower, and then in the tower the very dense
solar power is translated into thermal power to generate electricity. The heliostat field is a pivotal
subsystem in solar power towers because it typically contributes ~50% [3] to the total cost and
causes power loses by ~40%. Therefore, the design and optimization of heliostat field layout are
very important.
Solar dishes consist of a parabolic-shaped dish made of flat mirror pieces or a reflective
membrane, similar in design to a satellite dish. The dish and the receiver both track the suns
movement using a dual-axis system. The focused solar energy is directed to a centrally-mounted
receiver, yielding temperatures in excess of 800 C. Current dish designs generate electricity using
Stirling engines instead of producing steam to drive a turbine. They are compact in size, with
commercial units currently limited to 25 kW [4]. The only known commercial power plant is 1.5
MW [5]. By virtue of their geometry, dishes have the highest thermal efficiency of all CST
systems.
1.3.
Literature Review
Various measures and approaches were proposed in the literature to calculate the exergetic
efficiency of the solar thermal system. S.K. Tyagi et.al [6] have evaluated the exergetic
performance of concentrating type solar collector and conducted the parametric study using hourly
solar radiation. The exergy output was optimized with respect to the inlet fluid temperature and
the corresponding efficiencies were computed. They applied the exergy analysis on a concentrating
type (parabolic trough) solar collector and made the detailed parametric study using Hottel
Whillier model and taking into consideration the rate of radiation losses. The exergy output was
maximized with respect to the fluid inlet temperature and the expressions for the exergetic and
thermal efficiencies are obtained for different operating conditions. The exergy output was
optimized with respect to the inlet fluid temperature and the corresponding efficiencies were
computed. In efficient solar thermal power generation, solar thermal electric technologies must
concentrate large amount of sunlight onto a small area to permit the build up of high temperature
heat, which in turn, can be converted into electricity in a conventional heat engine. Hence, for high
temperature applications the concentrating (parabolic trough, central receiver system and parabolic
dish) type solar collectors are required. Singh and Kaushik [7] studied about the exergy analysis
of a 35 kW parabolic trough based solar thermal power plant situated near Delhi. They observed
that most of the exergy loss takes place in solar collector system followed by the heat exchanger
that transfers heat from thermic fluid to working fluid, while the exergy loss in the condenser was
found to be very less unlike the energy loss. Because exergy is the quality of energy, once it is lost
forever and cant be recovered unlike energy. They also mentioned some techniques to decrease
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the loss in different component of a solar thermal power plant and how to increase the efficiency
of a particular unit. M.K.Gupta and Kaushik [8] carried out energy and exergy analysis for the
different components of a proposed conceptual direct steam generation (DSG) solarthermal
power plant (STPP). They found that the maximum energy loss is in the condenser followed by
solar collector field. The maximum exergy loss is in the solar collector field while in other plant
components it is small. The possibilities to further improve the plant efficiency are identified and
exploited. Kopac and Hilalci [9] studied the effect of ambient temperature on the exergy efficiency
of Catalagzi power plant in Turkey. The highest exergy losses were reported in the boiler, whereas
highest energy losses take place in the condenser. It was also found that an increase in ambient
temperature decrease the exergy efficiency of all the components of a power plant except the
condenser. In this analysis, they assumed a constant condenser pressure at different ambient
temperatures which are not consistent with the actual situation. Aljundi [10] studied energy and
exergy analysis of Al-Hossien power plant in Jordan and showed that maximum exergy destruction
occurs in the boiler (77%) followed by the turbine (13%). He also discussed the effect of varying
the reference environment state on the exergy analysis and found that for moderate change in the
reference state, no significant changes in the performance of the major components are realized.
V. Siva Reddy et al. [11] carried out exergetic and energetic analysis of 50MW solar thermal power
plant for the locations of Delhi and Jodhpur. They optimized the operating pressures for maximum
efficiency. They analyzed the year round performance of the power plant in respective location
and compared their efficiencies.
1.4.
Summary of Literature Review
In most of exergy analyses carried out by various authors, while conducting exergy analysis of
parabolic trough, they take it as control mass process. In this analysis, it is taken as control volume
process. In the exergy analysis of V. Siva Reddy et al. [11], the pressure drop in various extraction
points werent considered. Pressure drop in the pipes, friction are some of the major contributors
to the irreversibilities of the system. In our present study, an attempt has been made to calculate
exergetic efficiency of 50MW solar thermal power plant with parabolic trough collector as the
concentrating device.
2. Data Collection
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception, on
only its land area, is about 5000 Petawatt-hours per year (PWh/yr) (i.e. 5000 trillion kWh/yr. or
about 600 TW). In our present analysis, we have selected Pilani as our location of study.
Meteorological data for Pilani have been collected from 3 different sources and have used the
average of those values to reduce the error. The sources are Meteonorm software, NASAs Surface
meteorology and Solar Energy website (which uses SSE method) and NRELs Solar Products for
Northwest India website. Direct Normal Insolation (DNI) variation for length of the day
throughout the year is illustrated in figure 2. The DNI of the solar radiation is highest in the month
of March and lowest in July. Highest DNI length of the day is 13 h in May and lowest is 8 h for
December. Dry bulb temperature variation for length of the day throughout the year has been
shown in figure 4. Monthly average wind speed (m/s) variation for length of the day throughout
the year is shown in figure 3. Based on the available average peak solar irradiation throughout the
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year, the designed DNI is taken as 610 W/m2 for parabolic trough thermal power plant model
analysis. Matlab software has been used to simulate the entire power plant. Detailed exergetic
analysis procedure for parabolic trough thermal power plant has been explained.
VARIATION OF DNI
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
800
700
DNI(W/M2
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
HOURS
Figure 2: Variation of DNI in a day for the location of Pilani
WIND SPEED(M/S)
Variation of Wind Speed

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
MONTHS
Figure 3: Variation of wind speed throughout year for the location of Pilani
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VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
50
45
TEMPERATURE(C)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOURS
Figure 4: Variation of Dry Bulb Temperature for the location of Pilani
3. Description of 50 MW solar thermal power system

The power plant consists of broadly of two subsystems collector-receiver subsystem and
rankine cycle subsystem. Based on availability of solar insolation in Pilani, the power plant
consists of 6 collectors/loop and such 80 loops to meet the power demand. Details of collectors
are given below.
3.1.
Parabolic Trough Collector
The solar field produces thermal energy by using Direct Normal Insolation (DNI), and
delivers this energy to a steam power plant. The solar field can be considered in a first approach
as a solar steam generator. The glass mirror of the solar field has a parabolic shape and is reflecting
the incoming direct radiation with a concentration value of around 82 to the absorber tube. One of
the most modern Collectors nowadays is the EuroTrough collector. One EuroTrough collector
consists of 12 modules, where each module has an area of 68.125 m2. Taking into consideration
the bending of the mirrors, an area of 817.5 m2 is reached with one EuroTrough collector. In
addition the collector contains 36 absorber tubes. The complete construction is a lightweight metal
structure, which normally is equipped with a single axis tracking system. By tracking the sun from
sunrise to sunset, the parabolic EuroTrough collectors concentrate the suns radiation with their
parabolic mirror facets on the absorber tubes along their focal line. Through these absorber tube
circulates a heat transfer fluid (HTF), usually synthetic oil, which is heated to a temperature of
nearly 400C. A complete solar field contains several parallel rows of solar collectors, which get
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connected in loops of 6 collectors. The power block is located in the center of the solar field. The
distance between the collector rows is planned according to minimizing the piping costs on the
one hand and having a minimal shading effect between the rows on the other.
In general the design of the solar field depends on plant and collector size, the temperature
and pressure losses in the piping system and the specific ambient conditions. For the EuroTrough
collectors the absorber pipe consists of a copper tube with a length of 11.9 meters and a thickness
of 70mm. A glass pipe surrounds the tube. The glass tube allows evacuating of the area between
the absorber tube and the glass pipe in order to minimize convection and conduction heat losses.
The vacuum also serves to protect the highly sensitive coating. Nowadays, such selective coatings
remain stable in temperatures of 450C upwards to 500C. On average the solar absorption is
currently above 95% and at an operational temperature of around 400C the emissivity is below
14%. This leads to an optical efficiency of around 80% for upcoming perpendicular radiation.
3.2.
Heat transfer medium
High-boiling synthetic thermal oil has been applied as the heat transfer medium in the
absorber tubes. According to the thermal stability of this oil the actual operation temperature of
the solar field is approximately 400C. When operating at this temperature, the oil has to be
pressurized at around 12 to 16 bar. The thermal oil is circulating in the collector tubes, where the
driving forces are speed adjustable pumps. For the purpose of thermal expansion during its heat
up an expansion vessel is installed. In this analysis, Therminol VP-1 is used as heat transfer fluid.
Heat transfer fluid is flowing through the piping system by means of two pumps, one for each
header-pipe section, that keep the oil pressure above 14 bar in all the circuit, in order to avoid
sudden fluid evaporations. (Therminol vapour pressure at 400C is approximately 12 bar.).
Therminol VP-1 oil at 566 K is pumped from a cold storage tank through the receiver where it
is heated to 643 K and then on to a hot tank for storage. When power is needed from the plant,
hot Therminol VP-1 oil is pumped to a boiler that produces superheated steam for a conventional
Rankine cycle system. From the boiler, Therminol VP-1 oil returned to the cold tank where it is
stored and eventually reheated in the receiver. In this analysis the power plant working in the
daytime (6-10 h based on the availability of solar radiation) only.
3.3.
Orientation of Collector
Parabolic trough fields can be erected in any direction, but erected in a north-south
direction leads to the highest possible energy yield over the year while an east-west orientation
smoothes down the seasonal fluctuations. Here, parabolic trough has been placed in N-S collector
axis orientation. In the analysis, the system is compared here for two cases (variation of load and
full load operation).
3.4.
Rankine Cycle
The power block is a regenerative 50 MWe Rankine cycle. The model uses six regenerative
heat feeders, i.e., the feed water will be preheated in three low pressure closed feedwater heaters,
a deaerator, and two high pressure closed feedwater heaters. In order to avoid a great humidity
fraction in steam at the turbine exhaust, steam reheating is necessary. The other components of the
subsystem are turbines, condensers and circulating pumps. The working fluid enters high pressure
turbine at nearly 370C and condenser is maintained at 0.08 bar of pressure.
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Figure 5: Schematic Diagram of the Solar Thermal Power Plant

Table 1:Geometrical and optical parameters for the collector loop considered [12][13][1]
Absorber Tube outer Diameter(m)
0.07
Absorber Tube inner Diameter(m)
0.065
Glass Envelope Outer Diameter(m)
0.115
Glass Envelope Inner Diameter(m)
0.109
No. of Collectors
6
Solar Beam Radiation(W/m2)
610
Longitude
75.6 E
Latitude
28.37 N
Incidence Angle(N-S axis orientation)
8.537
No. of Modules
12
Width of a module(m)
5.76
Length of every module(m)
12.27
Mirror length in every module(Lm) (m)
11.9
Ambient Temperature (C)
27
Focal Length (m)
1.71
Optical parameters for the collector
Intercept Factor
0.92
Mirror Reflectivity
0.92
Glass Transmissivity
0.945
Solar absorptivity
0.94
Peak optical efficiency
0.75
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Thermal emissivity of absorber

Shading factor
0.04795+0.0002331*Tabs(C)
0.98
Table 2 : Nominal Values for the 50 MW steam power cycle [12]

High Pressure Turbine Temperature(C)
370
High Pressure Turbine Inlet Pressure(bar)
105
High Pressure Turbine Efficiency (%)
85.5
Low Pressure Turbine Efficiency (%)
89.5
Electro-Mechanical Efficiency (%)
98
Extraction Point Pressures
Extraction No.3(bar)
0.5044*Input Pressure
Pressure drop in extraction and reheating
Extraction No.3 (%)
2.5
Extraction No.4 (%)
3
Reheat (%)
11.75
Extraction No.7 (%)
4.5
Extraction No.8 (%)
3
Extraction No.9 (%)
3
Extraction No.10 (%)
3.5
Condenser Extract Pump
Isentropic Efficiency (%)
75
98
Boiler Feedwater Pump
Isentropic Efficiency (%)
78
98
Low/High Pressure Closed Feedwater Heaters
Terminal Temperature Difference (C)
1.5
Drain Cooler Approach (C)
5
Condenser Pressure (bar)
0.08
Steam Generator Efficiency (%)
98
Nominal Steam Mass Flow Rate (kg/s)
65.52
Power consumption for cooling tower system 0.03*Output Power
Power consumption for circulating pumps
0.01*Output Power
4. Methodology
From the validated model of Montes et. al [12], it is known that the temperature difference
between fluid entering the loop and fluid exiting the loop, is 100C. We know the design condition
solar insolation. So, using these details, the no. of collectors to be used in the model was deduced.
Page | 17
(Qm Qlm)/(Qt) = Tcol

where, Am=(W Dgo)*Lm ; Ar=*Dri*Lm
Qm =Ib *Am*Nmo*r*a*g*IF*EL*d*K() ; Qlm =U*Ar*Nmo*(Ti Tamb) ; Qt =Cp* 1000*t
Nco=Tloop /Tcol
Using above expressions, it was deduced that 6 collectors to be used in each loop.
The exergetic analysis has been carried out of various components of the system assuming
steady state condition and ignoring kinetic and potential energy changes.
4.1.
Parabolic Trough Collector

Qinc= Ib *Am*Nmo*Nco*Nlo*cos
Where Ib is Direct Normal Insolation (DNI) and is measured in the plane normal to the sun, The
angle of incidence () represents the angle between the beam radiation on a surface and the plane
normal to that surface, L is mirror length in module.
Qabs= Ib *Am*Nmo*Nco*Nlo*r*a*g*IF*EL*d*K()
where K()= cos 2.859621*10-5*2 5.25097*10-4* ; EL=1 - (f*tan)/Lm
The incident angle affects to the direct normal irradiation on the mirror aperture. This effect is
accounted for the incident angle modifier for Euro trough collector. [10]
Useful heat can be calculated after deducting the heat losses from the absorbed heat
Qus=Fr*( Qabs - U*Ar*Nmo*Nco*Nlo*(Ti Tamb))
tf= Qus/Cp*(Te Ti)
where
Fr=((t*Cp*1000)/(Am*U))*[1-exp(-(Am*U*F)/( t*Cp*1000))]
where
F = (1/U)*[ (1/U)+(Dro/(Dri*ht))+((Dro/(2*kr)*ln(Dro/Dri)]
4.2.
Rankine Cycle Subsystem
Second law analysis is a method that uses the conservation of mass and degradation of the
quality of energy along with the entropy generation in the thermodynamic point of view and
improvement of energy systems.
The general steady state of an open system has the exergy balance equation as:
d/dt = (1 - To/T)Qc.v Wc.v + PodV/dt + ii - ee - Togen
(1 - To/T)Qc.v is the exergy associated with transfer by heat, i and e are associated with
flow exergy and ( Wc.v + PodV/dt) is associated with shaft/boundary work. Togen is the
Page | 18
irreversibility of the process. The irreversibility may be due to heat transfer through finite
temperature difference, mixing of fluids at different temperature and mechanical friction.
Exergetic analysis is an effective means, to pinpoint losses due to irreversibility in a real situation.
II law efficiency is defined as
Actual Work
II = Reversible Work
Exergetic analysis of various components has been carried out by ignoring kinetic and
potential energy change. Detailed analysis of various components is shown in Appendix.
Since there will be fluctuation in solar radiation, the power plant has to work in part load
conditions. The main equations for part-load model for components in the power cycle based on
the mass flow rate of steam are given below. According to Bartlett [15], the percent reduction in
turbine (HPT and LPT) efficiency, as a function of the flow ratio:
% Reduction = 0.191 0.409*(/ref) + 0.218 *(/ref)2
The change in pump (CEP&BFP) efficiency is expressed as a function of the mass flow ratio, for
constant speed pumps
(pump/ pump,ref) = em,0 + 2*(1 - em,0)*(/ref) - (1 - em,0)*(/ref)2
em,0 is a parameter defining the shape of the efficiency curve. Its value is zero for constant speed
pumps; in this study it has been assumed that all the pumps are at constant speed.
In this analysis, SEGS VI generator efficiency variation has been adopted (Patnode, [16]):
generator = 0.908 + 0.258*Load 0.3*Load2 + 0.12*Load3

Pressure drop of every stream in all heat exchangers is proportional to the square of the mass
flow:
P = kp 2
As a first order estimation, kp is assumed to be constant and it is calculated based on the
pressure drop known at nominal conditions.
5. Model Validation
The model used in this analysis was validated by the model developed by Montes et al. for
50 MW thermal power plant and the design point values are presented in Table 1. Nominal values
for the main parameters in the cycle are summarized in Table 2. More discussion on improvement
in the power cycle efficiency by raising the turbine pressure is analyzed in next section.
Page | 19
Variation of efficiency vs Inlet Pressure

41
40
39
EFFICIENCY (%)
38
37
36
35
34
33
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
INLET PRESSURE(BAR)
36C
38C
40C
42C
44C
46C
48C
Figure 6: Variation of efficiency vs. Inlet Pressure
6. Improvement in the model

It is evident from the results of exergetic analysis that large exergetic losses take place in
the solar collector and receiver. The exergetic loss in the collector can be reduced by increasing
the concentration ratio of collector which is limited due to material and design considerations like
heat transfer fluid availability. The efficiency of the heat engine can be increased by the
optimization of operating pressures of the cycle. The analysis has been carried out to find out the
maximum inlet pressure for the given condenser pressure and inlet steam temperature and outlet
steam having a dryness fraction of 0.88 at Low Pressure Turbine outlet.
Figure 6 shows the variation of exergetic efficiency with inlet pressure for different
condenser temperatures varied from 36C to 48C and steam inlet temperature at 370C. With all
condenser temperatures, exergetic efficiency is increasing with respect to inlet pressure. By the
increment of condenser temperatures, exergetic efficiency decreases with lower condenser
temperatures.
Page | 20
Variation of Dryness Fraction w.r.t Inlet Pressure

0.94
0.93
0.92
Dryness Fraction
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
0.83
Inlet Pressure(bar)
36C
38C
40C
42C
44C
46C
48C
Figure 7: Variation of Dryness Fraction w.r.t Inlet Pressure

Figure 7 shows the variation of dryness fractions with inlet pressure for various condenser
temperatures from 36C to 48C for inlet temperature of 370C. At all condenser temperatures,
dryness fraction is decreasing with respect to inlet pressure. By the decrease of condenser
temperatures, dryness fraction increases with lower condenser temperatures. If the temperature
gap between the ambient and condenser is intolerable than power consumption for cooling tower
pumps increases. So, optimum condenser temperature should be taken. It has been found out that,
for 0.08 bar of condenser pressure and inlet steam temperature of 370C, and dryness fraction of
0.88, maximum inlet pressure that can be used in high pressure turbine is 109 bar. All the further
analyses have been carried out based on these inlet conditions. Table 3 shows the results of
exergetic analysis of the power plant at pressure of 90 bar and temperature of 370C. Table 4
shows the results of exergetic analysis of the power plant at pressure of 109 bar and temperature
of 370C. Table 5 shows the property data of various state points for the power plant cycle at the
inlet pressure and temperature 109 bar and 370C respectively. The exergetic efficiency of the
system is increased by 8.57% as compared to pressure of 90 bar. The exergetic efficiency of all
the components increases as we increase the pressure. The exergetic losses are found to be reducing
in the feedwater heaters.
Page | 21
Table 3: Results of the power plant at turbine inlet pressure of 90 bar and temperature of 370 C
Components
Exergetic
Exergetic
Exergetic
Efficiency
Input(kW)
Output(kW)
Loss (kW)
(%)
233410.177
182841.632
50568.546
78.335
77701.913
66843.274
10858.639
86.026
17874.093
16193.826
1680.267
90.6
43843.79
39538.021
4305.77
90.18
29.966
22.37
7.597
74.651
Receiver-Collector
Boiler
High Pressure Turbine
Low Pressure Turbine
Condenser Extract
Pump
622.538
High Pressure
5737.588
Feedwater
Heater(HPH1)
High Pressure
4336.781
Feedwater
Heater(HPH2)
Low Pressure Feedwater
1061.264
Heater(LPH1)
1829.277
Heater(LPH2)
1982.668
Heater(LPH3)
Deaerator
7178.412
Condenser
Overall
125206.357
507.622
5464.279
114.917
273.309
81.541
95.237
4164.987
171.794
96.039
593.235
468.029
55.899
1201.685
171.794
65.692
1765.551
217.117
89.05
6957.558
220.855
3925.229 73439.655
96.924
51766.702
41.346
Table 4: Results of the power plant at turbine inlet pressure of 109 bar and temperature of 370 C
Components
Receiver-Collector
Boiler
High Pressure Turbine
Low Pressure Turbine
Condenser Extract
Pump
High Pressure
Feedwater
Heater(HPH1)
High Pressure
Feedwater
Heater(HPH2)
Exergetic
Exergetic
Exergetic
Efficiency
Input(kW)
Output(kW)
Loss (kW)
(%)
233410.177
182841.632
50568.546
78.335
77701.913
72424.355
5277.558
93.208
18847.785
17107.616
1740.17
90.768
48209.551
43487.847
4721.705
90.206
39.584
29.046
10.538
73.379
841.013
6918.37
687.572
6614.127
153.441
304.244
81.756
95.603
5071.69
4989.242
82.449
98.375
Page | 22

1448.698
784.188
664.511
54.131
Heater(LPH1)
2203.017
1436.087
82.449
65.188
Heater(LPH2)
2327.759
2086.273
241.487
89.626
Heater(LPH3)
Deaerator
8815.241
8574.875
240.366
97.274
Condenser
4110.051 Overall
124991.633
56109.644
68881.99
44.775
Table 5: Various states in the power plant with turbine inlet pressure of 109 bar and temperature
of 370C
State
Mass
Flow
Rate
(kg/s)
Temperature
(C)
Pressure
(bar)
Specific
Enthalpy
(kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
(kJ/kg/K)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
20
21
22
23
24
25
70.37
8.38
5.87
56.13
56.13
3.11
3.49
4.19
4.1
41.27
53.02
53.02
53.02
53.02
53.02
70.37
70.37
70.37
70.37
8.38
8.38
14.25
14.25
3.49
3.49
370
283
223.86
223.86
370
279.32
187.61
111
76.99
41.52
41.52
41.5
77.63
112.5
148.52
180.4
181.54
225.36
271.45
230.36
223.86
186.54
180.4
117.5
111
109
54.98
24.96
24.96
22.02
10.6
4.4
1.49
0.42
0.08
0.08
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
146.61
146.61
146.61
53.61
24.96
24.21
10.12
4.27
1.49
2972.917
2844.826
2714.241
2714.241
3178.225
3005.438
2832.609
2658.535
2483.659
2288.026
173.852
174.599
325.774
472.555
626.208
764.939
776.891
968.47
1189.892
992.342
992.342
792.747
792.747
493.32
493.32
5.992
6.032
6.081
6.081
6.98
7.017
7.07
7.139
7.213
7.312
0.593
0.592
1.047
1.446
1.827
2.144
2.137
2.539
2.964
2.609
2.616
2.201
2.205
1.501
1.502
Energetic
Exergetic
Power(kW) Power(kW)
209190.75
23838.65
15911.34
152333.15
178373.64
9329.47
9861.45
11118.23
10168.76
94407.92
9217.54
9257.12
17272.34
25054.61
33201.21
53825.27
54666.28
68146.86
83727.33
8315.48
8315.48
11290.16
11290.16
1717.45
1717.45
83075.51
8721.14
5249.41
50257.18
61153.65
2811.59
2496.39
2184.39
1331.63
4120.12
71.98
122.1
906.28
2342.37
4428.64
8949.8
9944.25
14933.5
21547.62
1802.77
1784.46
1962.17
1945.5
168.63
167.21
Page | 23
26
27
28
29
7.67
7.67
11.76
11.76
82.63
76.99
46.5
41.52
1.44
0.42
0.41
0.08
346.056
346.056
194.693
194.693
1.107
1.108
0.659
0.659
2652
2652
2289.15
2289.15
148.58
146.65
29.58
27.38
7. Results and Discussion

The analysis showed that at design conditions, the exergetic efficiency of Pilani is
44.775%. Since DNI constantly changes, the system will have to work in part load conditions. The
part load efficiencies of various components like Condenser Extract Pump, Boiler Feedwater
Pump, High Pressure and Low Pressure Turbine are plotted in figures 8, 9 and 10 respectively. We
can see that turbine efficiencies dont vary much with change in mass flow rate. And the rate of
change of pump efficiencies is higher when the load is low.
Variation of HPT Efficiency

HPT Efficiency(%)
85.52
85.5
85.48
85.46
85.44
85.42
85.4
85.38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
80
90
Mass Flow Rate(kg/s)
Figure 8: Variation of High Pressure Turbine Efficiency with mass flow rate
LPT Efficiency(%)
Variation of Low Pressure Turbine Efficiency

89.52
89.5
89.48
89.46
89.44
89.42
89.4
89.38
89.36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 9: Variation of Low Pressure Turbine Efficiency with mass flow rate
Page | 24
Efficiency(%)
Variation of Pump Effciencies

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Condenser Extract Pump
Figure 10: Variation of Condenser Extract Pump and Boiler Feedwater Pump Efficiency with
mass flow rate
The year round performance of power plant is shown in figure 11 and 12. The variation of I Law
efficiency is greatly due to variation of solar insolation. We find energetic and exergetic efficiency
of the plant is high in the months of April, May and September, mainly due to high solar insolation,
longer day period and less effect of incident angle. The lower efficiencies in the months of
December and January are due to higher incident angles and shorter days. It can be seen that
monthly exergetic efficiency is maximum in the month of May (38.5%) and least in the month of
December (16.25 %). The collector efficiency varies accordingly to overall efficiency pointing to
the fact that the overall performance is highly dependent on the performance of collector (figure
13).
VARIATION OF I LAW EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY(%)
25
20
15
10
5
0
MONTHS
Figure 11: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the plant throughout the year for Pilani
Page | 25
Efficiency(%)
Variation of II Law Efficiency

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Months
Figure 12: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the plant throughout the year for Pilani
Collector II law efficiency

80
70
Efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Months
Figure 13: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the collector throughout the year for Pilani
Using the same model, analysis has been carried out for various locations of Gujarat and
Rajasthan as well. A total of 49 locations were selected from both Rajasthan and Gujarat for the
analysis. Figure 14 and Figure 15 shows the variation of Energetic and Exergetic efficiencies
throughout the year for various locations in Gujarat. The locations chosen were the places which
received a very high DNI. As we can see, all the locations show similar pattern of variation of
efficiency and has the highest efficiency in summer and least in winter. In Gujarat, Bhaunagar,
reaches its peak energetic efficiency in the month of May and has a minimum in the month of
December and on an average has 20.9% efficiency throughout the year.
Page | 26
TOP LOCATIONS OF GUJRAT

Ahmedabad
Bhaunagar
Dwarka
Navsari
Porbandar
Una
Veraval
23
22.5
22
EFFICIENCY(%)
21.5
21
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
J A N U A R YF E B R U A R Y M A R C H
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
A U G U S TS E P T E M B EO
RC T O B EN
R O V E M B EDRE C E M B E R
MONTHS
Figure 14: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Gujarat
TOP LOCATIONS OF GUJRAT
EFFICIENCY(%)
Ahmedabad
Bhaunagar
Dwarka
Navsari
Porbandar
Una
Veraval
44
43.5
43
42.5
42
41.5
41
40.5
40
39.5
39
38.5
38
37.5
37
36.5
36
35.5
35
34.5
34
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
J A N U A R YF E B R U A R Y M A R C H
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
A U G U S TS E P T E M B EOR C T O B E N
R O V E M B EDRE C E M B E R
MONTHS
Figure 15: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Gujarat
Page | 27
EFFICIENCY(%)
TOP LOCATIONS OF RAJASTAN

Balotra
Banswara
Jaipur-Sanganer
Jaisalmer
Jodhpur
Nagaur
Phalodi
Pokaran
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
16.5
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
J A N U A R FY E B R U A R YM A R C H
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
A U G U SSTE P T E M B EORC T O B ENRO V E M B D

E RE C E M B E R
MONTHS
Figure 16: Variation of Energetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Rajasthan
-
EFFICIENCY(%)
TOP LOCATIONS OF RAJASTAN

Balotra
Banswara
Jaipur-Sanganer
Jaisalmer
Jodhpur
Nagaur
Phalodi
Pokaran
44
43.5
43
42.5
42
41.5
41
40.5
40
39.5
39
38.5
38
37.5
37
36.5
36
35.5
35
34.5
34
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
31
30.5
30
29.5
29
28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
J A N U A R YF E B R U A R YM A R C H
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
A U G U S ST E P T E M B EORC T O B ENR O V E M B EDRE C E M B E R
MONTHS
Figure 17: Variation of Exergetic Efficiency of the power plant throughout the year for Rajasthan
Page | 28
Table 6: Direct Normal Insolation in Gujarat locations

Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Ahmedabad
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Bhaunagar
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Dwarka
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Navsari
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Porbandar
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Una
Direct
Normal
Insolation
Veraval
Direct
Normal
Insolation
kWh/m/d
4.70
5.56
6.49
7.09
7.25
6.11
4.53
4.33
5.39
5.50
4.77
4.37
kWh/m/d
5.03
5.87
6.78
7.26
7.49
6.10
4.59
4.30
5.45
5.81
5.08
4.68
kWh/m/d
5.14
6.02
6.87
7.50
7.52
6.73
5.65
5.63
6.28
5.98
5.24
4.84
kWh/m/d
5.10
6.00
6.87
7.29
7.21
5.68
4.95
5.06
5.64
5.76
5.20
4.72
kWh/m/d
5.27
6.18
6.92
7.50
7.45
6.42
5.37
5.40
6.16
5.97
5.32
4.95
kWh/m/d
5.30
6.22
7.01
7.43
7.39
5.97
5.10
5.15
5.92
5.87
5.32
4.93
kWh/m/d
5.37
6.29
7.08
7.46
7.47
6.17
5.31
5.34
6.02
5.95
5.39
5.03
Pokaran
Table 7: Direct Normal Insolation in Rajasthan locations

Balotra
Month
Direct
Normal
Insolatio
n
kWh/m/
d
January
4.00
February
4.68
March
5.67
April
6.52
May
6.91
June
6.70
July
5.56
August
5.18
September 5.36
October
4.72
November 4.05
December 3.56
Banswara JaipurSanganer
Direct
Direct
Normal
Normal
Insolatio Insolatio
n
n
Jaisalme
r
Direct
Normal
Insolati
on
Jodhpur
Nagaur
Phalodi
Direct
Normal
Insolati
on
Direct
Normal
Insolati
on
Direct
Direct
Normal
Normal
Insolation Insolation
kWh/m/
d
4.49
5.17
5.99
6.59
6.68
5.82
4.45
4.07
5.05
5.14
4.59
4.16
kWh/m/
d
3.87
4.60
5.33
6.14
6.59
6.62
5.86
5.54
5.32
4.74
3.92
3.55
kWh/m/
d
4.40
5.23
6.11
6.74
7.15
6.68
5.72
5.21
5.81
5.50
4.61
4.10
kWh/m/
d
3.65
4.43
5.40
6.50
6.97
6.89
5.99
5.62
5.37
4.47
3.81
3.39
kWh/m/d
kWh/m/d
3.68
4.36
5.21
6.17
6.60
6.56
5.87
5.49
5.26
4.53
3.87
3.42
3.91
4.59
5.33
6.21
6.67
6.62
5.81
5.47
5.36
4.66
3.95
3.56
kWh/m/
d
4.64
5.47
6.50
7.33
7.78
6.61
5.22
5.11
6.17
5.92
5.00
4.31
Page | 29
Similarly, Bhaunagar reaches its peak exergetic efficiency in the month of May and minimum in
the month of December. On an average, it has 38.93% of exergetic efficiency throughout the
year.
Figure 16 and Figure 17 shows the variation of Energetic and Exergetic efficiencies throughout
the year for various locations in Rajasthan. The locations chosen were the places which received
a very high DNI. As we can see, all the locations show similar pattern of variation of efficiency
and has the highest efficiency in summer and least in winter. In Rajasthan, Jaipur-Sanganer,
reaches its peak energetic efficiency in the month of May and has a minimum in the month of
December and on an average has 20.7% efficiency throughout the year.
Similarly, Jaipur-Sanganer reaches its peak exergetic efficiency in the month of May and
minimum in the month of December. On an average, it has 38.4% of exergetic efficiency
throughout the year.
8. Conclusion
The energetic and exergetic analysis has been carried out for the year round operation of solar
thermal plant for various locations of Gujarat and Rajasthan in India. It is found from the results
that the main exergetic power loss takes place at the solar collector-receiver assembly. But
exergetic efficiency is the least in the first low pressure feedwater heater. It is mainly due to
relatively higher pressure drop in the line. By the increase of the operating pressures from 90 bar
to 109 bar pressure, the exergetic efficiency of the system is increased by 8.57%. For Pilani,
maximum energetic and exergetic efficiencies are achieved in the month of April, May and June,
because the effect of incident angle is relatively minimum as compared to other months and longer
days. Owing to high incidence angle, energetic and exergetic efficiencies are minimum in the
month of December and January. Selected locations among Gujarat and Rajasthan, all of them
show similar efficiency variations in the year and all are ideal for the construction of solar thermal
power plant. Owing to high DNI and low rainfall in the areas, they are ideal locations for solar
thermal power plants. All the selected places in Gujarat, have similar DNI distribution during the
months of April and May and that is the main reason for having almost equal energetic and
exergetic efficiencies in those two months. Similarly for Rajasthan, due to almost same DNI
distribution in April and May, their efficiencies are comparable. It directly implies, higher the
insolation, higher the efficiency.
Page | 30
9. APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Exergy Equations for various components
Exergy Equation for Receiver Collector
Ic = Qabs(1 Tamb/Trec) + t*Nlo*( hi - he - Tamb*Cp*ln(Ti/Te)*1000)
Second Law Efficiency is:
II,rec-col= 1 - Ic/Qabs
Exergy Equation for Boiler
Ib = t*Nlo*(he - hi) - 1*(h2 h1) m5*(h6 h5) Tamb*(mt*Nlo* Cp*ln(Ti/Te) m1*(s2 s1)
m5*(s6 s5)
II,Boiler = 1 - Ib/( t*Nlo*(he - hi) - Tamb*mt*Nlo* Cp*ln(Ti/Te))
Exergy Equation for High Pressure Turbine
Ihpt = Tamb*(2* (s3 s2) + (2 - 3)*(s4 s3))
Whpt = m1*(h1 - h2) + (m1 - m2)*(h2 - h3)
II,HPT = (Whpt /(Whpt + Ihpt))
The exergy balance for the Low pressure turbine

Ilpt = Tamb*(m6*(s7 s6) + (m6 m5)*(s8 s7) - (m6 m7 m8)*(s9 s8) - (m6- m7 m8 m9)*(s10
s9) - (m6 m7 m8 m9 m10)*(s11-s10))
Wlpt = m6*(h6 h7) + (m6 m7)*(h7 h8) - (m6 m7 m8)*(h8 h9) - (m6 - m7 m8 m9)*(h9
h10) - (m6 m7 m8 m9 m10)*(h10 - h11)
II,LPT = Wlpt /(Wlpt + Ilpt)
The exergy balance for the condensate extract pump
Icep = -1*Tamb*(m12*(s13 - s12))
Wcep = -1*m12*(h12 - h13)
II,CEP = 1 - (Icep/ Wcep)
The exergy balance for the boiler feed water pump
Ibep = -1*Tamb*(m17*(s18 - s17))
Wbep = -1*m17*(h17 - h18)
II,BFP = 1 - (Ibep/ Wcep)
The exergy destruction for the first expansion valve
Iexp1= Tambm20*(s21 - s20)
The exergy destruction for the second expansion valve
The exergy destruction for the third expansion valve
The exergy destruction for the fourth expansion valve
Page | 31
Iexp4= Tambm26*(s27 s26)

The exergy destruction for the fifth expansion valve
The exergy flow equation for the first high pressure feed water heater system
Ihph1 = m3*(h3 - h20) - m19*(h1 - h19) - Tamb*(m3*(s3 - s20) - m19*(s1 - s19))
Ehph1i = m3*(h3 - h20 - Tamb*(s3 - s20))
II,HPH1 = 1 - (Ihph1/Ehph1i)
The exergy flow equation for the second high pressure feed water heater system
Ihph2 = m4*(h4 - h22) + m21*(h21 - h22) - m18*(h19 - h18) - Tamb*(m4*(s4 - s22) + m21*(s21 - s22) m18*(s19 - s18))
Ehph2i = m4*(h4 - h22) + m21*(h21 - h22) - Tamb*(m4*(s4 - s22) + m21*(s21 - s22))
II,HPH2 = 1 - (Ihph2/Ehph2i)
The exergy flow equation for the first low pressure feed water heater system
Ilph1 = m10*(h10 - h28) + m27*(h27 - h28) - m13*(h14 - h13) - Tamb*(m10*(s10 - s28) + m27*(s27 - s28) m13*(s14 - s13))
Elph1i = m10*(h10 - h28) + m27*(h27 - h28) - Tamb*(m10*(s10 - s28) + m27*(s27 - s28))
II,LPH1 = 1 - (Ilph1/Elph1i)
The exergy flow equation for the second low pressure feed water heater system
Ilph2 = m9*(h9 - h26) + m25*(h25 - h26) - m15*(h15 - h14) - Tamb*(m9*(s9 - s26) + m25*(s25 - s26) m15*(s15 - s14))
Elph2i = m9*(h9 - h26) + m25*(h25 - h26) - Tamb*(m9*(s9 - s26) + m25*(s25 - s26))
The exergy flow equation for the third low pressure feed water heater system
Ilph3 = m8*(h8 - h24) - m15*(h16 - h15) - Tamb*(m8*(s8 - s24) - m15*(s16 - s15))
Elph3i = m8*(h8 - h24) - Tamb*m8*(s8 - s24)
The exergy flow equation for the deaerator
Id = Tamb*(m17*s17 - m16*s16 - m23*s23 m7*s7)
Edi = m7*h7 + m23*h23 + m16*h16 - Tamb*(m16*s16 + m23*s23 + m7*s7)
II,deaerator = 1 - Id/Edi
APPENDIX B
Calculation of Incidence angle
B = (n 1)*360/365
EoT = 229.2(0.000075 + 0.001868*cosB 0.032077*sinB 0.014615*cos 2B 0.04089*sin2B)
LSTM = 15*(TGMT)
Page | 32
TGMT is the time difference between Greenwich Mean Time and Indian Standard Time
in hours.
TC = 4*(Lon - LSTM) + EoT
LST = LT + TC/60
=15*(LST 12)
= 0.006918-0.399912*cos(B)+0.070257*sin(B)-0.006758*cos(2*B) +0.000907*sin(2*B)0.002697*cos(3*B)+0.00148*sin(3*B)
cosz = cos(Lat)*cos()*cos()+sin(Lat)*sin()
cos = [(cos2(z) + cos2()sin2()]
APPENDIX C
A GUI was developed in Matlab, such that it asks for a city code 1-50. When entered, it outputs
monthly efficiency values and plots variation of exergetic and energetic efficiency of the city
chosen. The data is stored in excel file from which, the code gets the data from. The output values
are also stored in a separate excel file.
MATLAB CODE (For Design Condition of Pilani and year round performance)
function rankine(indata)
%RANKINE A simulation of the ideal Rankine Cycle
%
RANKINE(IN) generates the thermodynamic properties of the ideal
%
rankine cycle.
%
% p1
- Inlet steam pressure entering the turbine(bar)
% p10
- Condenser pressure(bar)
% t1
- Inlet steam temperature(C)
% p2
- Fraction of inlet pressure extracted at no.2(bar)
% p3
% p6
% p7
% p8
% p9
% hpte - High Pressure Turbine Efficiency(%)
% lpte - Low pressure turbine efficiency(%)
% tee
- Generator Efficiency(%)
% pde2 - Pressure drop in extraction point no.2(%)
% pder - Pressure drop at reheat(%)
% cie
- Condenser pump isentropic efficiency(%)
% bfp
- Boiler Feedwater Pump pressure(bar)
% bie
- Boiler feedwater pump isentropic efficiency(%)
% pee
- Electromechanical Pump Efficiency
% ttd
- Terminal Temperature Difference(C)
% dca
- Drain Cooler Approach(C)
Page | 33
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
ms
Ta
Nc
Nr
Nm
W
Dco
Dci
L
gammartaug alpha etad IF
f
Di
D0
Ti
hb,hi
Te
ha,he
mf
Tr
Cp
hf
rhof nuf
kf
I
Ig
U
kr
theta
emu
w3h
w3l
w1
w2
nw
-
Inlet Steam Mass flow rate(kg/s)

Ambient Temperature(C)
No. of Collectors
No. of Loops
No. of Modules
Width of the module(m)
Glass envelope outer diameter(m)
Glass envelope inner diameter(m)
Mirror length in every module(m)
Mirror Reflectivity
Glass Transmissivity
Solar Absorptivity
Shading Factor
Intercept Factor
Focal Length(m)
Absorber Tube inner diameter(m)
Absorber Tube outer diameter(m)
Inlet therminol temperature(K)
Inlet Therminol enthalpy(kJ/kg/K)
Exit therminol temperature(K)
Exit Therminol enthalpy(kJ/kg/K)
Mass flow rate of therminol per loop(kg/s)
Receiver Temperature(K)
Specific Heat of Therminol(kJ/kg/K)
Convective heat co-efficient of Therminol(W/m2/K)
Density of Therminol(kg/m3)
Dynamic Viscosity of therminol(Pa.s)
Conductive heat co-efficient of Therminol(W/m/K)
Direct Normal(Horizontal) Insolation(W/m2)
Global Horizontal Insolation(W/m2)
Universal Heat Transfer Co-efficient(W/m2/K)
Conductive heat co-efficient of receiver(W/m/K)
Incidence Angle(Rad)
II law efficiency(%)
High Pressure Turbine work(kW)
Low Pressure Turbine work(kW)
Condenser pump work(kW)
Boiler Feedwater Pump work(kW)
net work(kW)
%
% This code requires XSteam.m, which available from MATLAB Central.
% Load the data from a structure into individual variable names
cc = indata.cc ;
if(cc==1)
sheet = 1;
else
end
filename = 'Pilani.xlsx';
I = 'B2:M2';
theta = 'B3:M3';
Ta = 'B4:M4' ;
Tad = 'B11:B11' ;
Page | 34
Id = 'B8:B8' ;
Lat = 'B9:B9' ;
Lon = 'B10:B10' ;
I = xlsread(filename, sheet, I) ;
theta = xlsread(filename, sheet, theta) ;
Ta = xlsread(filename, sheet, Ta) ;
Tad = xlsread(filename, sheet, Tad) ;
Id = xlsread(filename, sheet, Id) ;
Lat = xlsread(filename, sheet, Lat) ;
Lon = xlsread(filename, sheet, Lon) ;
t1 = 370;
p1 = 109;
p10 = 0.082;
ms = 70.3655;
p2 = 0.5044;
p3 = 0.2289;
p6 = 0.0972;
p7 = 0.0403;
p8 = 0.0136;
p9 = 0.003846;
pde2 = 2.5;
pde3 = 3;
pde6 = 4.5;
pde7 = 3;
pde8 = 3;
pde9 = 3.5;
pder = 11.75;
hpte = 85.5;
lpte = 89.5;
cie = 75;
bie = 78;
ttd = 1.5;
dca = 5;
p2 = p2*p1;
p3 = p3*p1;
p6 = p6*p1;
p7 = p7*p1;
p8 = p8*p1;
p9 = p9*p1;
hpte=hpte/100;
lpte=lpte/100;
tee = 0.98 ;
pee = 0.98 ;
Nc = 6 ;
Nm = 12 ;
Nr = 80 ;
W = 5.76 ;
Dco = 0.115 ;
L = 11.9 ;
gammar = 0.92 ;
taug = 0.945 ;
alphaa = 0.94 ;
IF = 0.92 ;
etad = 0.98 ;
f = 1.71 ;
Te = 666 ;
Page | 35
Ti = 566 ;
mf = 7.7640 ;
Tr = 666 ;
rhof = 769.09 ;
Cp = 2.434 ;
kf = 0.0879 ;
Di = 0.065 ;
nuf = 0.1827*10^-3 ;
rhoa = 1.1765 ;
nua = 1.8538*10^-5 ;
ka = 0.026118 ;
va = 2.17 ;
he = 783.1 ;
hi = 539.2 ;
ha = 783.1 ;
hb = 539.2 ;
U = 5.5 ;
D0 = 0.07 ;
kr = 398 ;
%% Fluid properties
vf = mf/(3.141592654*Di^2*rhof/4) ;
Ref = rhof*vf*Di/nuf ;
Prf = Cp*nuf/kf ;
if ( Ref < 4000)
hf = 3.66*kf/Di ;
else
hf = 0.023*(Ref)^0.8*(Prf)^0.4 ;
end
check = rhoa*va*Dco/nua ;
if( check < 1000)
hair = ka*(0.4 + 0.54*(check)^0.52)/Dco ;
else
hair = ka*(0.3*(check)^0.6)/Dco ;
end
Aa = (W - Dco)*L ;
F1 = 1/(U*(1/U + D0/(Di*hf) + D0*log(D0/Di)/(2*kr))) ;
Ar = 3.141592654*Di*L*Nc*Nm ;
Fr = mf*Cp*1000*(1 - exp(-1*U*Ar*F1/(mf*Cp*1000)))/(U*Ar) ;
%% Design condition calculation

%% Calculation of theta
B = (172-1)*360/365 ;
EoT = 229.2*(0.000075+0.001868*cos(B*3.141592654/180)0.032077*sin(B*3.141592654/180)-0.014615*cos( 2*B*3.141592654/180)0.04089*sin( 2*B*3.141592654/180)) ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
Page | 36
TC = 4*(Lon - LSTM) + EoT ;

LST = 12 + TC/60 ;
HRA = 15*(LST - 12) ;
delta = 0.0069180.399912*cos(B*3.141592654/180)+0.070257*sin(B*3.141592654/180)0.006758*cos(2*B*3.141592654/180)+0.000907*sin(2*B*3.141592654/180)0.002697*cos(3*B*3.141592654/180)+0.00148*sin(3*B*3.141592654/180) ;
coszen =
cos(Lat*3.141592654/180)*cos(delta)*cos(HRA*3.141592654/180)+sin(Lat*3.141592
654/180)*sin(delta) ;
thetad =
acos((coszen^2+(cos(delta)*3.141592654/180)^2*(sin(HRA)*3.141592654/180)^2)^0
.5) ;
%% Parabolic trough concentrator sub system
Qid = Id*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*cos(thetad) ;
ELd = 1 - f*tan(thetad)/L ;
Kthetad = cos(thetad) - 2.859621*10^-5*thetad^2 - 5.25097*10^-4*thetad ;
Qad = Id*Kthetad*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*gammar*taug*alphaa*IF*etad*ELd ;
%% Useful Heat
msd = 70.3655 ;
mfd = (msd)*(2972.9163424496 - 1190.76460901311 + 0.7991*(3178.2242128666
- 2714.24020008322))/(ha - hb) ;
bfpd = 0.0075939865317154694444071733449*msd*msd + p1;
hpted = 0.855 ;
lpted = 0.895 ;
cied = 75 ;
bied = 78 ;
%% Dead State
h0 = XSteam('h_pT', 1, Tad) ;
s0 = XSteam('s_pT', 1, Tad) ;
Tad
= Tad + 273 ;
%% High Pressure Turbine

%% Properties at State 1
h1
s1
= XSteam('h_pT', p1, t1 )
= XSteam('s_pT', p1, t1 )
;
;
%% Properties for State 2

s2s = s1
;
h2s = XSteam('h_ps', p2, s2s );
h2d = h1-hpted*(h1-h2s);
s2d = XSteam('s_ph', p2 , h2d);
t2d = XSteam('T_ph', p2, h2d );
p_2 = p2 - (pde2*p2/100);
h_2d = XSteam('h_pT', p_2, t2d );
s_2d = XSteam('s_ph', p_2, h_2d );
Page | 37

h3d = h1-hpted*(h1-h3s);
s3d = XSteam('s_ph', p3, h3d );
p_3 = p3 - (pde3*p3/100);
h4d = h3d ;
s4d = s3d ;
p4 = p3 ;
t4d = t3d ;
%% Low Pressure Turbine
p5 = p3 - (pder*p3/100) ;
s5 = XSteam('s_pT', p5, t1 );
h5 = XSteam('h_pT', p5, t1 );
t5 = t1 ;
s6s = s5
;
h6d = h5-lpted*(h5-h6s);
s6d = XSteam('s_ph', p6 , h6d );
p_6 = p6 - (pde6*p6/100) ;
s7s = s5
;
h7d = h5-lpted*(h5-h7s);
p_7 = p7 - (pde7*p7/100) ;
s8s = s5
;
h8d = h5-lpted*(h5-h8s );
Page | 38

p_8 = p8 - (pde8*p8/100) ;
s9s = s5
;
h9d = h5-lpted*(h5-h9s );
p_9 = p9 - (pde9*p9/100) ;
%% Condenser
s10s
h10s
h10d
s10d
t10d
=
=
s5
;
XSteam('h_ps', p10, s10s );
= h5-lpted*(h5-h10s );
= XSteam('s_ph', p10, h10d );
= XSteam('T_ph', p10, h10d );
sg
sf
= XSteam('sV_p', p10 )
= XSteam('sL_p', p10 )
x2
= (s10d-sf) / (sg-sf)
;
;
;
if (x2 > 1)
x2 = 1;
else
end
h11
p11
s11
t11
=
=
=
=
XSteam('hL_p', p10 ) ;
p10 ;
XSteam('sL_p', p10 );
XSteam('Tsat_p', p10);
%% Condenser extract pump

s12s = s11 ;
h12s = XSteam('h_ps', p_6,
h12d = h11 + cied*(h12s p12 = p_6 ;
s12d = XSteam('s_ph', p_6,
t12d = XSteam('T_ph', p_6,
s12s );
h11)/100 ;
h12d );
h12d );

tsat9 = XSteam('Tsat_p', p9 );
p13 = p_6 ;
Page | 39
t13 = tsat9 + ttd ;

h13 = XSteam('h_pT', p_6, t13 );
s13 = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h13 );
p28 = p_9 ;
t28d = t12d + dca ;
h28d = XSteam('h_pT', p28, t28d );
s28d = XSteam('s_pT', p28, t28d );
h29d = h28d ;
p29 = p10 ;
p26
t26
h26
s26
=
=
=
=
p_8 ;
t13 + dca ;
XSteam('h_pT', p26, t26 );
XSteam('s_pT', p26, t26 );

h27
p27
s27
t27
=
=
=
=
h26 ;
p9 ;
XSteam('s_ph', p27, h27 );
XSteam('T_ph', p27, h27 );

tsat8
t14 =
p14 =
h14 =
s14 =
= XSteam('Tsat_p', p8 );
tsat8 + ttd ;
p_6 ;
XSteam('h_pT', p_6, t14 );
XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h14 );

p24
t24
h24
s24
=
=
=
=
p_7 ;
t14 + dca ;

h25
p25
s25
t25
=
=
=
=
h24 ;
p8 ;
Page | 40

tsat7
t15 =
p15 =
h15 =
s15 =
tsat7 + ttd ;
p_6 ;

p16
t16
h16
s16
=
=
=
=
p_6 ;
XSteam('Tsat_p', p16 );
XSteam('hL_T', t16 );

s17s = s16 ;
h17sd = XSteam('h_ps', bfpd, s17s );
h17d = h16 + bied*(h17sd - h16)/100 ;
p17d = bfpd ;
s17d = XSteam('s_ph', bfpd, h17d );
t17d = XSteam('T_ph', bfpd, h17d );
t18 = tsat3 + ttd ;
p18d = bfpd ;
h18d = XSteam('h_pT', p18d, t18 );
p22 = p_3 ;
t22d = t17d + dca ;
h22d = XSteam('h_pT', p22, t22d );
s22d = XSteam('s_pT', p22, t22d );
h23d = h22d ;
p23 = p_6 ;
p20
t20
h20
s20
=
=
=
=
p_2 ;
t18 + dca ;
Page | 41
h21
p21
s21
t21
=
=
=
=
h20 ;
p3 ;

t19 = tsat2 + ttd ;
p19d = bfpd ;
h19d = XSteam('h_pT', bfpd, t19 );
%% Mass ratios
m_1d
m_2d
m_3d
m_4d
m_5d
m_6d
=
=
=
=
=
=
(h19d - h18d)/(h_2d - h20) ;

(h18d - h17d + m_1d*(h22d - h21))/(h_3d - h22d) ;
(h16 - h15 +(m_1d + m_2d)*(h15 - h23d))/(h_6d - h15) ;
(h15 - h14)*(1 - m_1d - m_2d - m_3d)/(h_7d - h24) ;
(h14 - h13 + m_4d*(h26 - h25))/(h_8d - h26) ;
(h13 - h12d + m_5d*(h28d - h27))/(h_9d - h28d) ;
%% Mass flow rates

m1d = msd ;
m2d = m_1d*msd ;
m3d = m_2d*msd ;
m4d = (1 - m_1d - m_2d)*msd ;
m5d = m4d ;
m6d = m_3d*msd ;
m7d = m_4d*msd ;
m8d = m_5d*msd ;
m9d = m_6d*msd ;
m10d = (1 - m_1d - m_2d - m_3d - m_4d - m_5d - m_6d)*msd ;
m24d = m7d ;
m25d = m24d ;
m26d = m25d + m8d ;
m27d = m26d ;
m28d = m9d + m27d ;
m29d = m28d ;
m11d = m10d + m29d ;
m12d = m11d ;
m13d = m12d ;
m14d = m13d ;
m15d = m14d ;
m20d = m2d ;
m21d = m20d ;
m22d = m21d + m3d ;
m23d = m22d ;
m16d = m6d + m23d + m15d ;
m17d = m16d ;
m18d = m17d ;
m19d = m18d ;
Page | 42
%% Energy at various states

e1d = m1d*h1 ;
e2d = m2d*h2d ;
e3d = m3d*h3d ;
e4d = m4d*h4d ;
e5d = m5d*h5 ;
e6d = m6d*h6d ;
e7d = m7d*h7d ;
e8d = m8d*h8d ;
e9d = m9d*h9d ;
e10d = m10d*h10d ;
e11d = m11d*h11 ;
e12d = m12d*h12d ;
e13d = m13d*h13 ;
e14d = m14d*h14 ;
e15d = m15d*h15 ;
e16d = m16d*h16 ;
e17d = m17d*h17d ;
e18d = m18d*h18d ;
e19d = m19d*h19d ;
e20d = m20d*h20 ;
e21d = m21d*h21 ;
e22d = m22d*h22d ;
e23d = m23d*h23d ;
e24d = m24d*h24 ;
e25d = m25d*h25 ;
e26d = m26d*h26 ;
e27d = m27d*h27 ;
e28d = m28d*h28d ;
e29d = m29d*h29d ;
%% Exergy at various states
ex1d = m1d*(h1 -h0 - Tad*(s1 - s0)) ;
ex2d = m2d*(h2d -h0 - Tad*(s2d - s0)) ;
ex3d = m3d*(h3d -h0 - Tad*(s3d - s0)) ;
ex4d = m4d*(h4d -h0 - Tad*(s4d - s0)) ;
ex5d = m5d*(h5 -h0 - Tad*(s5 - s0)) ;
ex6d = m6d*(h6d -h0 - Tad*(s6d - s0)) ;
ex7d = m7d*(h7d -h0 - Tad*(s7d - s0)) ;
ex8d = m8d*(h8d -h0 - Tad*(s8d - s0)) ;
ex9d = m9d*(h9d -h0 - Tad*(s9d - s0)) ;
ex10d = m10d*(h10d -h0 - Tad*(s10d - s0))
ex11d = m11d*(h11 -h0 - Tad*(s11 - s0)) ;
ex12d = m12d*(h12d -h0 - Tad*(s12d - s0))
ex13d = m13d*(h13 -h0 - Tad*(s13 - s0)) ;
ex14d = m14d*(h14 -h0 - Tad*(s14 - s0)) ;
ex15d = m15d*(h15 -h0 - Tad*(s15 - s0)) ;
ex16d = m16d*(h16 -h0 - Tad*(s16 - s0)) ;
ex17d = m17d*(h17d -h0 - Tad*(s17d - s0))
ex18d = m18d*(h18d -h0 - Tad*(s18d - s0))
ex19d = m19d*(h19d -h0 - Tad*(s19d - s0))
ex20d = m20d*(h20 -h0 - Tad*(s20 - s0)) ;
ex21d = m21d*(h21 -h0 - Tad*(s21 - s0)) ;
ex22d = m22d*(h22d -h0 - Tad*(s22d - s0))
;
;
;
;
;
;
Page | 43
ex23d
ex24d
ex25d
ex26d
ex27d
ex28d
ex29d
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
m23d*(h23d -h0 - Tad*(s23d

m24d*(h24 -h0 - Tad*(s24 m25d*(h25 -h0 - Tad*(s25 m26d*(h26 -h0 - Tad*(s26 m27d*(h27 -h0 - Tad*(s27 m28d*(h28d -h0 - Tad*(s28d
m29d*(h29d -h0 - Tad*(s29d
- s0)) ;
s0)) ;
s0)) ;
s0)) ;
s0)) ;
- s0)) ;
- s0)) ;
%% Exergy balance for receiver

Icd = Qid*(1 - Tad/Tr) + mfd*( hi - he - Tad*Cp*log(Ti/Te))*1000 ;
muecd = (1 - (Icd/Qid))*100 ;
%% Exergy balance for Boiler
Ibd = mfd*(ha - hb) - m19d*(h1 - h19d) - m4d*(h5 - h3d) Tad*(mfd*Cp*log(Te/Ti) - m19d*(s1 - s19d) - m4d*(s5 - s4d)) ;
Ebid = mfd*(ha - hb) - Tad*mfd*Cp*log(Te/Ti) ;
Ebod = m19d*(h1 - h19d) + m4d*(h5 - h3d) - Tad*(msd*(s1 - s19d) + m4d*(s5
- s4d)) ;
boilerd = (Ebod/Ebid)*100 ;
%% The exergy balance for the high pressure turbine
Ihptd = Tad*(m1d*(s2d - s1) + (m1d - m2d)*(s3d - s2d)) ;
whptd = m1d*(h1 - h2d) + (m1d - m2d)*(h2d - h3d) ;
Ehptid = whptd + Ihptd ;
Ehptod = whptd ;
muehptd = (whptd/(whptd + Ihptd))*100 ;
%% The exergy balance for the Low pressure turbine
Ilptd = Tad*(m5d*(s6d - s5) + (m5d - m6d)*(s7d - s6d) + (m5d - m6d m7d)*(s8d - s7d) + (m5d- m6d -m7d - m8d)*(s9d - s8d) + (m5d - m6d - m7d - m8d
- m9d)*(s10d-s9d)) ;
wlptd = m5d*(h5 - h6d) + (m5d - m6d)*(h6d - h7d) + (m5d - m6d - m7d)*(h7d
- h8d) + (m5d- m6d -m7d - m8d)*(h8d - h9d) + (m5d - m6d - m7d - m8d m9d)*(h9d-h10d) ;
Elptid = wlptd + Ilptd ;
Elptod = wlptd ;
muelptd = (wlptd/(wlptd + Ilptd))*100 ;
%% The exergy balance for the condenser
Icondd = m10d*h10d - m11d*h11 - Tad*(m10d*s10d - m11d*s11) ;
%% The exergy balance for the condensate extract pump
Icepd = -1*Tad*(m11d*(s12d - s11)) ;
wcepd = -1*m11d*(h11 - h12d) ;
Ecepid = wcepd ;
Ecepod = Ecepid - Icepd ;
muecepd = (1 - (Icepd/wcepd))*100 ;
Page | 44
%% The exergy balance for the boiler feed water pump

Ibepd = -1*Tad*(m17d*(s17d - s16));
wbepd = -1*m16d*(h16 - h17d) ;
Ebepid = wbepd ;
Ebepod = Ebepid - Ibepd ;
muebepd = (1 - (Ibepd/wbepd))*100 ;
%% The exergy flow equation for the high presure feed water heater(HPH1)
system
Ihph1d = m2d*(h2d - h20) - m18d*(h19d - h18d) - Tad*(m2d*(s2d - s20) m18d*(s19d - s18d)) ;
Ehph1id = m2d*(h2d - h20 - Tad*(s2d - s20)) ;
Ehph1od = Ehph1id - Ihph1d ;
muehph1d = (1 - (Ihph1d/Ehph1id))*100 ;
system
Ihph2d = m3d*(h3d - h22d) + m21d*(h21 - h22d) - m17d*(h18d - h17d) Tad*(m3d*(s3d - s22d) + m21d*(s21 - s22d) - m17d*(s18d - s17d)) ;
Ehph2id = m3d*(h3d - h22d) + m21d*(h21 - h22d) - Tad*(m3d*(s3d - s22d) +
m21d*(s21 - s22d)) ;
Ehph2od = Ehph2id - Ihph2d ;
muehph2d = (1 - (Ihph2d/Ehph2id))*100 ;
%% The exergy flow equation for the low presure feed water heater(LPH1)
system
Ilph1d = m9d*(h9d - h28d) + m27d*(h27 - h28d) - m12d*(h13 - h12d) Tad*(m9d*(s9d - s28d) + m27d*(s27 - s28d) - m12d*(s13 - s12d)) ;
Elph1id = m9d*(h9d - h28d) + m27d*(h27 - h28d) - Tad*(m9d*(s9d - s28d) +
m27d*(s27 - s28d)) ;
Ehph1od = Elph1id - Ilph1d ;
muelph1d = (1 - (Ilph1d/Elph1id))*100 ;
system
Ilph2d = m8d*(h8d - h26) + m25d*(h25 - h26) - m14d*(h14 - h13) Tad*(m8d*(s8d - s26) + m25d*(s25 - s26) - m14d*(s14 - s13)) ;
Elph2id = m8d*(h8d - h26) + m25d*(h25 - h26) - Tad*(m8d*(s8d - s26) +
m25d*(s25 - s26)) ;
Elph2od = Elph2id - Ilph2d ;
system
Ilph3d = m7d*(h7d - h24) - m14d*(h15 - h14) - Tad*(m7d*(s7d - s24) m14d*(s15 - s14)) ;
Elph3id = m7d*(h7d - h24) - Tad*m7d*(s7d - s24) ;
Elph3od = Elph3id - Ilph3d ;
Page | 45
%% The exergy flow equation for the deaerator

Idd = Tad*(m16d*s16 - m15d*s15 - m23d*s23d - m6d*s6d) ;
Edid = m6d*h6d + m23d*h23d + m15d*h15 - Tad*(m15d*s15 + m23d*s23d +
m6d*s6d) ;
Edod = Edid - Idd ;
muedd = (1 - Idd/Edid)*100 ;
%% Net Calculations
w3hd = tee*(m1d*(h1 - h2d) + (m1d - m2d)*(h2d - h3d)) ;
w3ld = tee*(m5d*(h5 - h6d) + (m5d - m6d)*(h6d - h7d) + (m5d - m6d m7d)*(h7d - h8d) + (m5d - m6d - m7d - m8d)*(h8d - h9d) + (m5d - m6d - m7d m8d - m9d)*(h9d - h10d)) ;
w1d = m11d*(h12d - h11)/pee ;
w2d = m16d*(h17d - h16)/pee ;
w3d = 0.01*(w3hd + w3ld) + 0.03*(w3hd + w3ld) ;
%% Net work done by the cycle
nwd = w3hd + w3ld - w1d - w2d - w3d
%% Compute the Energetic Efficiency

mud
= (nwd / Qid)*100000 ;
%% Compute the Exergetic efficiency

emud = (nwd/(nwd + (Icd)/1000 + Ibd + Ihptd + Ilptd + Icondd + Icepd +
Ibepd + Ihph1d + Ihph2d + Ilph1d + Ilph2d + Ilph3d + Idd ))*100 ;
%% Pack the Output data into a structure
outdata.mu
= mud
outdata.nw
= nwd
outdata.w3h
= w3hd
outdata.w3l
= w3ld
outdata.w2
= w2d
outdata.w1
= w1d
outdata.emu
= emud
outdata.rec_col
= muecd
outdata.boiler
= boilerd
outdata.hpt
= muehptd
outdata.lpt
= muelptd
outdata.cep
= muecepd
outdata.bep
= muebepd
outdata.hph1
= muehph1d
outdata.hph2
= muehph2d
outdata.lph1
= muelph1d
outdata.lph2
= muelph2d
outdata.lph3
= muelph3d
outdata.dea
= muedd
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
Page | 46
for i=1:1:12
Qi(i) = I(i)*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*cos(theta(i)) ;
EL(i) = 1 - f*tan(theta(i))/(L*Nm) ;
Ktheta(i) = cos(theta(i)) - 2.859621*10^-5*theta(i)^2 - 5.25097*10^4*theta(i) ;
Qa(i) = I(i)*Ktheta(i)*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*gammar*taug*alphaa*IF*etad*EL(i) ;
%% Useful Heat
Q(i) = Qa(i)*Fr ;
Ql(i) = Fr*Nr*U*Ar*(Ti - Ta(i) - 273) ;
Qu(i) = Q(i) - Ql(i) ;
mf(i) = Qu(i)/(Cp*1000*(Te - Ti)) ;
ms(i) = (mf(i)*(ha - hb))/(2972.9163424496 - 1190.76460901311 +
0.7991*(3178.2242128666 - 2714.24020008322)) ;
bfp(i) = 0.0075939865317154694444071733449*ms(i)*ms(i) + p1;
hpte1(i) = 0.191 - 0.409*(ms(i)/63.42) + 0.218*(ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
hpte(i) = 0.855*(1- hpte1(i) /100) ;
lpte(i) = 0.895*(1- hpte1(i) /100) ;
cep1(i) = 2*(0.757*ms(i)/63.42) - (ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
cie(i) = 75*cep1(i) ;
bep1(i) = 2*(ms(i)/63.42) - (ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
bie(i) = 78*bep1(i) ;
%% Dead State
h0(i) = XSteam('h_pT', 1, Ta(i)) ;
s0(i) = XSteam('s_pT', 1, Ta(i)) ;
Ta(i)
= Ta(i) + 273 ;

h1
s1
;
;

s2s = s1
;
h2(i) = h1-hpte(i)*(h1-h2s);
s2(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p2 , h2(i));
t2(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p2, h2(i) );
p_2 = p2 - (pde2*p2/100);
h_2(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_2, t2(i) );
s_2(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_2, h_2(i) );
h3(i) = h1-hpte(i)*(h1-h3s);
Page | 47
s3(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p3, h3(i) );

p_3 = p3 - (pde3*p3/100);
h_3(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_3, t3(i) );
s_3(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_3, h_3(i) );
h4(i) =
s4(i) =
p4 = p3
t4(i) =
h3(i) ;
s3(i) ;
;
t3(i) ;

p5 = p3 - (pder*p3/100) ;
t5 = t1 ;
s6s = s5
;
h6(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h6s);
s6(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p6 , h6(i) );
p_6 = p6 - (pde6*p6/100) ;
h_6(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_6, t6(i) );
s_6(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h_6(i) );
s7s = s5
;
h7(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h7s);
s7(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p7 , h7(i) );
p_7 = p7 - (pde7*p7/100) ;
h_7(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_7, t7(i) );
s_7(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_7, h_7(i) );
s8s = s5
;
h8(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h8s );
s8(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p8 , h8(i) );
p_8 = p8 - (pde8*p8/100) ;
h_8(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_8, t8(i) );
s_8(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_8, h_8(i) );
Page | 48
s9s = s5
;
h9(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h9s );
s9(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p9 , h9(i) );
p_9 = p9 - (pde9*p9/100) ;
h_9(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_9, t9(i) );
s_9(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_9, h_9(i) );
%% Condenser
s10s =
h10s =
h10(i)
s10(i)
t10(i)
s5
;
= h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h10s );
= XSteam('s_ph', p10, h10(i) );
= XSteam('T_ph', p10, h10(i) );
sg
sf
;
;
x2
= (s10-sf) / (sg-sf)
if (x2 > 1)
x2 = 1;
else
end
h11
p11
s11
t11
=
=
=
=
XSteam('hL_p', p10 );
p10 ;

s12s = s11 ;
h12s = XSteam('h_ps', p_6, s12s );
h12(i) = h11 + cie(i)*(h12s - h11)/100 ;
p12 = p_6 ;
s12(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h12(i) );
t12(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p_6, h12(i) );
tsat9
p13 =
t13 =
h13 =
s13 =
p_6 ;
tsat9 + ttd ;
Page | 49
p28 = p_9 ;
t28(i) = t12(i) + dca ;
h28(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p28, t28(i) );
s28(i) = XSteam('s_pT', p28, t28(i) );
h29(i) = h28(i) ;
p29 = p10 ;
s29(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p29, h29(i) );
t29(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p29, h29(i) );
p26
t26
h26
s26
=
=
=
=
p_8 ;
t13 + dca ;

h27
p27
s27
t27
=
=
=
=
h26 ;
p9 ;

tsat8
t14 =
p14 =
h14 =
s14 =
tsat8 + ttd ;
p_6 ;

p24
t24
h24
s24
=
=
=
=
p_7 ;
t14 + dca ;

h25
p25
s25
t25
=
=
=
=
h24 ;
p8 ;

tsat7
t15 =
p15 =
h15 =
tsat7 + ttd ;
p_6 ;
Page | 50
s15 = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h15 );

p16
t16
h16
s16
=
=
=
=
p_6 ;

s17s = s16 ;
h17s(i) = XSteam('h_ps', bfp(i), s17s );
h17(i) = h16 + bie(i)*(h17s(i) - h16)/100 ;
p17(i) = bfp(i) ;
s17(i) = XSteam('s_ph', bfp(i), h17(i) );
t17(i) = XSteam('T_ph', bfp(i), h17(i) );
t18 = tsat3 + ttd ;
p18(i) = bfp(i) ;
h18(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p18(i), t18 );
p22 = p_3 ;
t22(i) = t17(i) + dca ;
h22(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p22, t22(i) );
s22(i) = XSteam('s_pT', p22, t22(i) );
h23(i) = h22(i) ;
p23 = p_6 ;
s23(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p23, h23(i) );
t23(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p23, h23(i) );
p20
t20
h20
s20
=
=
=
=
p_2 ;
t18 + dca ;

h21
p21
s21
t21
=
=
=
=
h20 ;
p3 ;
Page | 51

t19 = tsat2 + ttd ;
p19(i) = bfp(i) ;
h19(i) = XSteam('h_pT', bfp(i), t19 );
%% Mass ratios
m_1(i)
m_2(i)
m_3(i)
m_4(i)
m_5(i)
m_6(i)
=
=
=
=
=
=
(h19(i) - h18(i))/(h_2(i) - h20) ;

(h18(i) - h17(i) + m_1(i)*(h22(i) - h21))/(h_3(i) - h22(i)) ;
(h16 - h15 +(m_1(i) + m_2(i))*(h15 - h23(i)))/(h_6(i) - h15) ;
(h15 - h14)*(1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i) - m_3(i))/(h_7(i) - h24) ;
(h14 - h13 + m_4(i)*(h26 - h25))/(h_8(i) - h26) ;
(h13 - h12(i) + m_5(i)*(h28(i) - h27))/(h_9(i) - h28(i)) ;
%% Mass flow rates

m1(i) = ms(i) ;
m2(i) = m_1(i)*ms(i) ;
m3(i) = m_2(i)*ms(i) ;
m4(i) = (1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i))*ms(i) ;
m5(i) = m4(i) ;
m6(i) = m_3(i)*ms(i) ;
m7(i) = m_4(i)*ms(i) ;
m8(i) = m_5(i)*ms(i) ;
m9(i) = m_6(i)*ms(i) ;
m10(i) = (1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i) - m_3(i) - m_4(i) - m_5(i) - m_6(i))*ms(i) ;
m24(i) = m7(i) ;
m25(i) = m24(i) ;
m26(i) = m25(i) + m8(i) ;
m27(i) = m26(i) ;
m28(i) = m9(i) + m27(i) ;
m29(i) = m28(i) ;
m11(i) = m10(i) + m29(i) ;
m12(i) = m11(i) ;
m13(i) = m12(i) ;
m14(i) = m13(i) ;
m15(i) = m14(i) ;
m20(i) = m2(i) ;
m21(i) = m20(i) ;
m22(i) = m21(i) + m3(i) ;
m23(i) = m22(i) ;
m16(i) = m6(i) + m23(i) + m15(i) ;
m17(i) = m16(i) ;
m18(i) = m17(i) ;
m19(i) = m18(i) ;
e1(i)
e2(i)
e3(i)
e4(i)
=
=
=
=
m1(i)*h1 ;
m2(i)*h2(i) ;
m3(i)*h3(i) ;
m4(i)*h4(i) ;
Page | 52
e5(i) = m5(i)*h5 ;
e6(i) = m6(i)*h6(i) ;
e7(i) = m7(i)*h7(i) ;
e8(i) = m8(i)*h8(i) ;
e9(i) = m9(i)*h9(i) ;
e10(i) = m10(i)*h10(i)
e11(i) = m11(i)*h11 ;
e12(i) = m12(i)*h12(i)
e13(i) = m13(i)*h13 ;
e14(i) = m14(i)*h14 ;
e15(i) = m15(i)*h15 ;
e16(i) = m16(i)*h16 ;
e17(i) = m17(i)*h17(i)
e18(i) = m18(i)*h18(i)
e19(i) = m19(i)*h19(i)
e20(i) = m20(i)*h20 ;
e21(i) = m21(i)*h21 ;
e22(i) = m22(i)*h22(i)
e23(i) = m23(i)*h23(i)
e24(i) = m24(i)*h24 ;
e25(i) = m25(i)*h25 ;
e26(i) = m26(i)*h26 ;
e27(i) = m27(i)*h27 ;
e28(i) = m28(i)*h28(i)
e29(i) = m29(i)*h29(i)
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;

ex1(i) = m1(i)*(h1 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s1 - s0(i))) ;
ex2(i) = m2(i)*(h2(i) -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s2(i) - s0(i))) ;
ex5(i) = m5(i)*(h5 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s5 - s0(i))) ;
ex10(i) = m10(i)*(h10(i) -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s10(i) - s0(i)))
ex11(i) = m11(i)*(h11 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s11 - s0(i))) ;
ex13(i) = m13(i)*(h13 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s13 - s0(i))) ;
ex14(i) = m14(i)*(h14 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s14 - s0(i))) ;
ex15(i) = m15(i)*(h15 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s15 - s0(i))) ;
ex16(i) = m16(i)*(h16 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s16 - s0(i))) ;
ex20(i) = m20(i)*(h20 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s20 - s0(i))) ;
ex21(i) = m21(i)*(h21 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s21 - s0(i))) ;
ex24(i) = m24(i)*(h24 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s24 - s0(i))) ;
ex25(i) = m25(i)*(h25 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s25 - s0(i))) ;
ex26(i) = m26(i)*(h26 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s26 - s0(i))) ;
ex27(i) = m27(i)*(h27 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s27 - s0(i))) ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
Page | 53

Ic(i) = Qi(i)*(1 - Ta(i)/Tr)/1000 + mf(i)*( hi - he - Ta(i)*Cp*log(Ti/Te))
;
muec(i) = (1 - ((Ic(i)*1000)/Qi(i)))*100 ;
Ib(i) = mf(i)*(ha - hb) - m19(i)*(h1 - h19(i)) - m4(i)*(h5 - h3(i)) Ta(i)*(mf(i)*Cp*log(Te/Ti) - m19(i)*(s1 - s19(i)) - m4(i)*(s5 - s4(i))) ;
Ebi(i) = mf(i)*(ha - hb) - Ta(i)*mf(i)*Cp*log(Te/Ti) ;
Ebo(i) = m19(i)*(h1 - h19(i)) + m4(i)*(h5 - h3(i)) - Ta(i)*(ms(i)*(s1 s19(i)) + m4(i)*(s5 - s4(i))) ;
boiler(i) = (Ebo(i)/Ebi(i))*100 ;
Ihpt(i) = Ta(i)*(m1(i)*(s2(i) - s1) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(s3(i) - s2(i))) ;
whpt(i) = m1(i)*(h1 - h2(i)) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(h2(i) - h3(i)) ;
Ehpti(i) = whpt(i) + Ihpt(i) ;
Ehpto(i) = whpt(i) ;
muehpt(i) = (whpt(i)/(whpt(i) + Ihpt(i)))*100 ;
Ilpt(i) = Ta(i)*(m5(i)*(s6(i) - s5) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(s7(i) - s6(i)) +
(m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i))*(s8(i) - s7(i)) + (m5(i)- m6(i) -m7(i) m8(i))*(s9(i) - s8(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(s10(i)s9(i))) ;
wlpt(i) = m5(i)*(h5 - h6(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(h6(i) - h7(i)) + (m5(i) m6(i) - m7(i))*(h7(i) - h8(i)) + (m5(i)- m6(i) -m7(i) - m8(i))*(h8(i) h9(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(h9(i)-h10(i)) ;
Elpti(i) = wlpt(i) + Ilpt(i) ;
Elpto(i) = wlpt(i) ;
muelpt(i) = (wlpt(i)/(wlpt(i) + Ilpt(i)))*100 ;
Icond(i) = m10(i)*h10(i) - m11(i)*h11 - Ta(i)*(m10(i)*s10(i) - m11(i)*s11)
;
Icep(i) = -1*Ta(i)*(m11(i)*(s12(i) - s11));
wcep(i) = -1*m11(i)*(h11 - h12(i)) ;
Ecepi(i) = wcep(i) ;
Ecepo(i) = Ecepi(i) - Icep(i) ;
muecep(i) = (1 - (Icep(i)/wcep(i)))*100 ;
Ibep(i) = -1*Ta(i)*(m17(i)*(s17(i) - s16)) ;
Page | 54
wbep(i) = -1*m16(i)*(h16 - h17(i)) ;

Ebepi(i) = wbep(i) ;
Ebepo(i) = Ebepi(i) - Ibep(i) ;
muebep(i) = (1 - (Ibep(i)/wbep(i)))*100 ;
%% Expansion Valves
Iexp1(i)
Iexp2(i)
Iexp3(i)
Iexp4(i)
Iexp5(i)
=
=
=
=
=
Ta(i)*m20(i)*(s21 - s20) ;
Ta(i)*m22(i)*(s23(i) - s22(i)) ;
Ta(i)*m24(i)*(s25 - s24) ;
Ta(i)*m26(i)*(s27 -s26) ;
Ta(i)*m28(i)*(s29(i) - s28(i)) ;
system
Ihph1(i) = m2(i)*(h2(i) - h20) - m18(i)*(h19(i) - h18(i)) Ta(i)*(m2(i)*(s2(i) - s20) - m18(i)*(s19(i) - s18(i))) ;
Ehph1i(i) = m2(i)*(h2(i) - h20 - Ta(i)*(s2(i) - s20)) ;
Ehph1o(i) = Ehph1i(i) - Ihph1(i) ;
muehph1(i) = (1 - (Ihph1(i)/Ehph1i(i)))*100 ;
system
Ihph2(i) = m3(i)*(h3(i) - h22(i)) + m21(i)*(h21 - h22(i)) - m17(i)*(h18(i)
- h17(i)) - Ta(i)*(m3(i)*(s3(i) - s22(i)) + m21(i)*(s21 - s22(i)) m17(i)*(s18(i) - s17(i))) ;
Ehph2i(i) = m3(i)*(h3(i) - h22(i)) + m21(i)*(h21 - h22(i)) Ta(i)*(m3(i)*(s3(i) - s22(i)) + m21(i)*(s21 - s22(i))) ;
system
Ilph1(i) = m9(i)*(h9(i) - h28(i)) + m27(i)*(h27 - h28(i)) - m12(i)*(h13 h12(i)) - Ta(i)*(m9(i)*(s9(i) - s28(i)) + m27(i)*(s27 - s28(i)) - m12(i)*(s13
- s12(i))) ;
Elph1i(i) = m9(i)*(h9(i) - h28(i)) + m27(i)*(h27 - h28(i)) Ta(i)*(m9(i)*(s9(i) - s28(i)) + m27(i)*(s27 - s28(i))) ;
Ehph1o(i) = Elph1i(i) - Ilph1(i) ;
muelph1(i) = (1 - (Ilph1(i)/Elph1i(i)))*100 ;
system
Ilph2(i) = m8(i)*(h8(i) - h26) + m25(i)*(h25 - h26) - m14(i)*(h14 - h13) Ta(i)*(m8(i)*(s8(i) - s26) + m25(i)*(s25 - s26) - m14(i)*(s14 - s13)) ;
Elph2i(i) = m8(i)*(h8(i) - h26) + m25(i)*(h25 - h26) - Ta(i)*(m8(i)*(s8(i)
- s26) + m25(i)*(s25 - s26)) ;
Elph2o(i) = Elph2i(i) - Ilph2(i) ;
Page | 55
system
Ilph3(i) = m7(i)*(h7(i) - h24) - m14(i)*(h15 - h14) - Ta(i)*(m7(i)*(s7(i)
- s24) - m14(i)*(s15 - s14)) ;
Elph3i(i) = m7(i)*(h7(i) - h24) - Ta(i)*m7(i)*(s7(i) - s24) ;
Id1(i) = Ta(i)*(m16(i)*s16 - m15(i)*s15 - m23(i)*s23(i) - m6(i)*s6(i)) ;
Edi(i) = m6(i)*h6(i) + m23(i)*h23(i) + m15(i)*h15 - Ta(i)*(m15(i)*s15 +
m23(i)*s23(i) + m6(i)*s6(i)) ;
Edo(i) = Edi(i) - Id1(i) ;
mued(i) = (1 - Id1(i)/Edi(i))*100 ;
%% Net Calculations
w3h(i) = tee*(m1(i)*(h1 - h2(i)) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(h2(i) - h3(i))) ;
w3l(i) = tee*(m5(i)*(h5 - h6(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(h6(i) - h7(i)) +
(m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i))*(h7(i) - h8(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) m8(i))*(h8(i) - h9(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(h9(i) h10(i))) ;
w1(i) = m11(i)*(h12(i) - h11)/pee ;
w2(i) = m16(i)*(h17(i) - h16)/pee ;
w3(i) = 0.01*(w3h(i) + w3l(i)) + 0.03*(w3h(i) + w3l(i)) ;
nw(i) = w3h(i) + w3l(i) - w1(i) - w2(i) - w3(i)

mu(i)
= (nw(i) / Qi(i))*100000
%% Compute the Exergetic Efficiency

emu(i) = (nw(i) / (nw(i) + (Ic(i)) + Ib(i) + Ihpt(i) + Ilpt(i) +Icond(i) +
Icep(i) + Ibep(i) + Iexp1(i) + Iexp2(i) + Iexp3(i) + Iexp4(i) + Iexp5(i) +
Ihph1(i) + Ihph2(i) + Ilph1(i) + Ilph2(i) + Ilph3(i) + Id1(i) ))*100 ;
end
MATLAB CODE (For year round performance of various locations of Gujarat and Rajasthan)
function outdata = multiple_locations( indata )
cc = indata.cc ;
filename = 'RETscreen_Input.xlsx';
Page | 56
if(cc==1)
sheet = 1 ;
elseif(cc==2)
sheet = 2 ;
elseif(cc==3)
sheet = 3 ;
elseif(cc==4)
sheet = 4 ;
elseif(cc==5)
sheet = 5 ;
elseif(cc==6)
sheet = 6 ;
elseif(cc==7)
sheet = 7 ;
elseif(cc==8)
sheet = 8 ;
elseif(cc==9)
sheet = 9 ;
elseif(cc==10)
sheet = 10 ;
elseif(cc==11)
sheet = 11 ;
elseif(cc==12)
sheet = 12 ;
elseif(cc==13)
sheet = 13 ;
elseif(cc==14)
sheet = 14 ;
elseif(cc==15)
sheet = 15 ;
elseif(cc==16)
sheet = 16 ;
elseif(cc==17)
sheet = 17 ;
elseif(cc==18)
sheet = 18 ;
elseif(cc==19)
sheet = 19 ;
elseif(cc==20)
sheet = 20 ;
elseif(cc==21)
sheet = 21 ;
elseif(cc==22)
sheet = 22 ;
elseif(cc==23)
sheet = 23 ;
elseif(cc==24)
sheet = 24 ;
elseif(cc==25)
sheet = 25 ;
elseif(cc==26)
sheet = 26 ;
elseif(cc==27)
sheet = 27 ;
elseif(cc==28)
sheet = 29 ;
elseif(cc==30)
Page | 57
sheet = 31 ;
elseif(cc==32)
sheet = 32 ;
elseif(cc==33)
sheet = 33 ;
elseif(cc==34)
sheet = 34 ;
elseif(cc==35)
sheet = 35 ;
elseif(cc==36)
sheet = 36 ;
elseif(cc==37)
sheet = 37 ;
elseif(cc==38)
sheet = 38 ;
elseif(cc==39)
sheet = 39 ;
elseif(cc==40)
sheet = 40 ;
elseif(cc==41)
sheet = 41 ;
elseif(cc==42)
sheet = 42 ;
elseif(cc==43)
sheet = 43 ;
elseif(cc==44)
sheet = 44 ;
elseif(cc==45)
sheet = 45 ;
elseif(cc==46)
sheet = 46 ;
elseif(cc==47)
sheet = 47 ;
elseif(cc==48)
sheet = 48 ;
elseif(cc==49)
sheet = 49 ;
else
end
I = 'E12:E23';
Ta = 'C12:C23' ;
Lat = 'C3:C3' ;
Lon = 'C4:C4' ;
I = xlsread(filename, sheet, I) ;
Ta = xlsread(filename, sheet, Ta) ;
Lat = xlsread(filename, sheet, Lat) ;
Lon = xlsread(filename, sheet, Lon) ;
%% Calculation of theta
for i=1:1:31
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
EoT(i) = 229.2*(0.000075+0.001868*cos(B(i)*3.141592654/180)0.032077*sin(B(i)*3.141592654/180)-0.014615*cos( 2*B(i)*3.141592654/180)0.04089*sin( 2*B(i)*3.141592654/180)) ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
TC(i) = 4*(Lon - LSTM) + EoT(i) ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
Page | 58
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;

delta(i) = 0.0069180.399912*cos(B(i)*3.141592654/180)+0.070257*sin(B(i)*3.141592654/180)0.006758*cos(2*B(i)*3.141592654/180)+0.000907*sin(2*B(i)*3.141592654/180)0.002697*cos(3*B(i)*3.141592654/180)+0.00148*sin(3*B(i)*3.141592654/180) ;
coszen(i) =
cos(Lat*3.141592654/180)*cos(delta(i))*cos(HRA(i)*3.141592654/180)+sin(Lat*3.
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta1(i) =
acos((coszen(i)^2+(cos(delta(i))*3.141592654/180)^2*(sin(HRA(i))*3.141592654/
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
ans(1) = sum(theta1)/31 ;
for i=32:1:59
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta2(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=60:1:90
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta3(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
ans(3) = sum(theta3)/31;
for i=91:1:120
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
Page | 59

LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta4(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=121:1:151
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta5(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=152:1:181
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
Page | 60
theta6(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=182:1:212
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta7(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=213:1:243
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta8(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=244:1:273
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
Page | 61
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta9(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=274:1:304
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta10(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=305:1:334
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta11(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
for i=335:1:365
B(i) = (i-1)*360/365 ;
Page | 62

LSTM = 82.5 ;
LST(i) = 12 + TC(i)/60 ;
HRA(i) = 15*(LST(i) - 12) ;
coszen(i) =
141592654/180)*sin(delta(i)) ;
theta12(i) =
180)^2)^0.5) ;
end
theta=ans ;
t1 = 370;
p1 = 109;
p10 = 0.08;
ms = 70.3655;
p2 = 0.5044;
p3 = 0.2289;
p6 = 0.0972;
p7 = 0.0403;
p8 = 0.0136;
p9 = 0.003846;
pde2 = 2.5;
pde3 = 3;
pde6 = 4.5;
pde7 = 3;
pde8 = 3;
pde9 = 3.5;
pder = 11.75;
hpte = 85.5;
lpte = 89.5;
cie = 75;
bie = 78;
ttd = 1.5;
dca = 5;
p2 = p2*p1;
p3 = p3*p1;
p6 = p6*p1;
p7 = p7*p1;
p8 = p8*p1;
p9 = p9*p1;
hpte=hpte/100;
lpte=lpte/100;
tee = 0.98 ;
pee = 0.98 ;
Nc = 6 ;
Nm = 12 ;
Nr = 80 ;
W = 5.76 ;
Page | 63
Dco = 0.115 ;
L = 11.9 ;
gammar = 0.92 ;
taug = 0.945 ;
alphaa = 0.94 ;
IF = 0.92 ;
etad = 0.98 ;
f = 1.71 ;
Te = 666 ;
Ti = 566 ;
mf = 7.7640 ;
Tr = 666 ;
rhof = 769.09 ;
Cp = 2.434 ;
kf = 0.0879 ;
Di = 0.065 ;
nuf = 0.1827*10^-3 ;
rhoa = 1.1765 ;
nua = 1.8538*10^-5 ;
ka = 0.026118 ;
va = 2.17 ;
he = 783.1 ;
hi = 539.2 ;
ha = 783.1 ;
hb = 539.2 ;
U = 5.5 ;
D0 = 0.07 ;
kr = 398 ;
%% Fluid properties
vf = mf/(3.141592654*Di^2*rhof/4) ;
Ref = rhof*vf*Di/nuf ;
Prf = Cp*nuf/kf ;
if ( Ref < 4000)
hf = 3.66*kf/Di ;
else
hf = 0.023*(Ref)^0.8*(Prf)^0.4 ;
end
check = rhoa*va*Dco/nua ;
if( check < 1000)
hair = ka*(0.4 + 0.54*(check)^0.52)/Dco ;
else
hair = ka*(0.3*(check)^0.6)/Dco ;
end
Aa = (W - Dco)*L ;
F1 = 1/(U*(1/U + D0/(Di*hf) + D0*log(D0/Di)/(2*kr))) ;
Ar = 3.141592654*Di*L*Nc*Nm ;
Fr = mf*Cp*1000*(1 - exp(-1*U*Ar*F1/(mf*Cp*1000)))/(U*Ar) ;
for i=1:1:12
Page | 64

Qi(i) = (I(i)*1000/12)*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*cos(theta(i)) ;
EL(i) = 1 - f*tan(theta(i))/(L*Nm) ;
Ktheta(i) = cos(theta(i)) - 2.859621*10^-5*theta(i)^2 - 5.25097*10^4*theta(i) ;
Qa(i) =
(I(i)*1000/12)*Ktheta(i)*Aa*Nc*Nr*Nm*gammar*taug*alphaa*IF*etad*EL(i) ;
%% Useful Heat
Q(i) = Qa(i)*Fr ;
Ql(i) = Fr*Nr*U*Ar*(Ti - Ta(i) - 273) ;
Qu(i) = Q(i) - Ql(i) ;
mf(i) = Qu(i)/(Cp*1000*(Te - Ti)) ;
ms(i) = (mf(i)*(ha - hb))/(2972.9163424496 - 1190.76460901311 +
0.7991*(3178.2242128666 - 2714.24020008322)) ;
bfp(i) = 0.0075939865317154694444071733449*ms(i)*ms(i) + p1;
hpte1(i) = 0.191 - 0.409*(ms(i)/63.42) + 0.218*(ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
hpte(i) = 0.855*(1- hpte1(i) /100) ;
lpte(i) = 0.895*(1- hpte1(i) /100) ;
cep1(i) = 2*(0.757*ms(i)/63.42) - (ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
cie(i) = 75*cep1(i) ;
bep1(i) = 2*(ms(i)/63.42) - (ms(i)/63.42)^2 ;
bie(i) = 78*bep1(i) ;
%% Dead State
h0(i) = XSteam('h_pT', 1, Ta(i)) ;
s0(i) = XSteam('s_pT', 1, Ta(i)) ;
Ta(i)
= Ta(i) + 273 ;

h1
s1
;
;

s2s = s1
;
h2(i) = h1-hpte(i)*(h1-h2s);
s2(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p2 , h2(i));
p_2 = p2 - (pde2*p2/100);
h_2(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_2, t2(i) );
s_2(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_2, h_2(i) );
h3(i) = h1-hpte(i)*(h1-h3s);
Page | 65
s3(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p3, h3(i) );

p_3 = p3 - (pde3*p3/100);
h_3(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_3, t3(i) );
s_3(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_3, h_3(i) );
h4(i) =
s4(i) =
p4 = p3
t4(i) =
h3(i) ;
s3(i) ;
;
t3(i) ;

p5 = p3 - (pder*p3/100) ;
t5 = t1 ;
s6s = s5
;
h6(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h6s);
s6(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p6 , h6(i) );
p_6 = p6 - (pde6*p6/100) ;
h_6(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_6, t6(i) );
s_6(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h_6(i) );
s7s = s5
;
h7(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h7s);
s7(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p7 , h7(i) );
p_7 = p7 - (pde7*p7/100) ;
h_7(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_7, t7(i) );
s_7(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_7, h_7(i) );
s8s = s5
;
h8(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h8s );
s8(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p8 , h8(i) );
p_8 = p8 - (pde8*p8/100) ;
h_8(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_8, t8(i) );
s_8(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_8, h_8(i) );
Page | 66
s9s = s5
;
h9(i) = h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h9s );
s9(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p9 , h9(i) );
p_9 = p9 - (pde9*p9/100) ;
h_9(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p_9, t9(i) );
s_9(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_9, h_9(i) );
%% Condenser
s10s =
h10s =
h10(i)
s10(i)
t10(i)
s5
;
= h5-lpte(i)*(h5-h10s );
= XSteam('s_ph', p10, h10(i) );
= XSteam('T_ph', p10, h10(i) );
sg
sf
;
;
x2
= (s10-sf) / (sg-sf)
if (x2 > 1)
x2 = 1;
else
end
h11
p11
s11
t11
=
=
=
=
XSteam('hL_p', p10 );
p10 ;

s12s = s11 ;
h12s = XSteam('h_ps', p_6, s12s );
h12(i) = h11 + cie(i)*(h12s - h11)/100 ;
p12 = p_6 ;
s12(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h12(i) );
t12(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p_6, h12(i) );
tsat9
p13 =
t13 =
h13 =
s13 =
p_6 ;
tsat9 + ttd ;
Page | 67
p28 = p_9 ;
t28(i) = t12(i) + dca ;
h28(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p28, t28(i) );
s28(i) = XSteam('s_pT', p28, t28(i) );
h29(i) = h28(i) ;
p29 = p10 ;
s29(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p29, h29(i) );
t29(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p29, h29(i) );
p26
t26
h26
s26
=
=
=
=
p_8 ;
t13 + dca ;

h27
p27
s27
t27
=
=
=
=
h26 ;
p9 ;

tsat8
t14 =
p14 =
h14 =
s14 =
tsat8 + ttd ;
p_6 ;

p24
t24
h24
s24
=
=
=
=
p_7 ;
t14 + dca ;

h25
p25
s25
t25
=
=
=
=
h24 ;
p8 ;

tsat7
t15 =
p15 =
h15 =
tsat7 + ttd ;
p_6 ;
Page | 68
s15 = XSteam('s_ph', p_6, h15 );

p16
t16
h16
s16
=
=
=
=
p_6 ;

s17s = s16 ;
h17s(i) = XSteam('h_ps', bfp(i), s17s );
h17(i) = h16 + bie(i)*(h17s(i) - h16)/100 ;
p17(i) = bfp(i) ;
t17(i) = XSteam('T_ph', bfp(i), h17(i) );
t18 = tsat3 + ttd ;
p18(i) = bfp(i) ;
h18(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p18(i), t18 );
p22 = p_3 ;
t22(i) = t17(i) + dca ;
h22(i) = XSteam('h_pT', p22, t22(i) );
s22(i) = XSteam('s_pT', p22, t22(i) );
h23(i) = h22(i) ;
p23 = p_6 ;
s23(i) = XSteam('s_ph', p23, h23(i) );
t23(i) = XSteam('T_ph', p23, h23(i) );
p20
t20
h20
s20
=
=
=
=
p_2 ;
t18 + dca ;

h21
p21
s21
t21
=
=
=
=
h20 ;
p3 ;
Page | 69

t19 = tsat2 + ttd ;
p19(i) = bfp(i) ;
h19(i) = XSteam('h_pT', bfp(i), t19 );
%% Mass ratios
m_1(i)
m_2(i)
m_3(i)
m_4(i)
m_5(i)
m_6(i)
=
=
=
=
=
=
(h19(i) - h18(i))/(h_2(i) - h20) ;

(h18(i) - h17(i) + m_1(i)*(h22(i) - h21))/(h_3(i) - h22(i)) ;
(h16 - h15 +(m_1(i) + m_2(i))*(h15 - h23(i)))/(h_6(i) - h15) ;
(h15 - h14)*(1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i) - m_3(i))/(h_7(i) - h24) ;
(h14 - h13 + m_4(i)*(h26 - h25))/(h_8(i) - h26) ;
(h13 - h12(i) + m_5(i)*(h28(i) - h27))/(h_9(i) - h28(i)) ;
%% Mass flow rates

m1(i) = ms(i) ;
m2(i) = m_1(i)*ms(i) ;
m3(i) = m_2(i)*ms(i) ;
m4(i) = (1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i))*ms(i) ;
m5(i) = m4(i) ;
m6(i) = m_3(i)*ms(i) ;
m7(i) = m_4(i)*ms(i) ;
m8(i) = m_5(i)*ms(i) ;
m9(i) = m_6(i)*ms(i) ;
m10(i) = (1 - m_1(i) - m_2(i) - m_3(i) - m_4(i) - m_5(i) - m_6(i))*ms(i) ;
m24(i) = m7(i) ;
m25(i) = m24(i) ;
m26(i) = m25(i) + m8(i) ;
m27(i) = m26(i) ;
m28(i) = m9(i) + m27(i) ;
m29(i) = m28(i) ;
m11(i) = m10(i) + m29(i) ;
m12(i) = m11(i) ;
m13(i) = m12(i) ;
m14(i) = m13(i) ;
m15(i) = m14(i) ;
m20(i) = m2(i) ;
m21(i) = m20(i) ;
m22(i) = m21(i) + m3(i) ;
m23(i) = m22(i) ;
m16(i) = m6(i) + m23(i) + m15(i) ;
m17(i) = m16(i) ;
m18(i) = m17(i) ;
m19(i) = m18(i) ;
e1(i)
e2(i)
e3(i)
e4(i)
=
=
=
=
m1(i)*h1 ;
m2(i)*h2(i) ;
m3(i)*h3(i) ;
m4(i)*h4(i) ;
Page | 70
e5(i) = m5(i)*h5 ;
e6(i) = m6(i)*h6(i) ;
e7(i) = m7(i)*h7(i) ;
e8(i) = m8(i)*h8(i) ;
e9(i) = m9(i)*h9(i) ;
e10(i) = m10(i)*h10(i)
e11(i) = m11(i)*h11 ;
e12(i) = m12(i)*h12(i)
e13(i) = m13(i)*h13 ;
e14(i) = m14(i)*h14 ;
e15(i) = m15(i)*h15 ;
e16(i) = m16(i)*h16 ;
e17(i) = m17(i)*h17(i)
e18(i) = m18(i)*h18(i)
e19(i) = m19(i)*h19(i)
e20(i) = m20(i)*h20 ;
e21(i) = m21(i)*h21 ;
e22(i) = m22(i)*h22(i)
e23(i) = m23(i)*h23(i)
e24(i) = m24(i)*h24 ;
e25(i) = m25(i)*h25 ;
e26(i) = m26(i)*h26 ;
e27(i) = m27(i)*h27 ;
e28(i) = m28(i)*h28(i)
e29(i) = m29(i)*h29(i)
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;

ex1(i) = m1(i)*(h1 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s1 - s0(i))) ;
ex5(i) = m5(i)*(h5 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s5 - s0(i))) ;
ex11(i) = m11(i)*(h11 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s11 - s0(i))) ;
ex13(i) = m13(i)*(h13 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s13 - s0(i))) ;
ex14(i) = m14(i)*(h14 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s14 - s0(i))) ;
ex15(i) = m15(i)*(h15 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s15 - s0(i))) ;
ex16(i) = m16(i)*(h16 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s16 - s0(i))) ;
ex20(i) = m20(i)*(h20 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s20 - s0(i))) ;
ex21(i) = m21(i)*(h21 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s21 - s0(i))) ;
ex24(i) = m24(i)*(h24 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s24 - s0(i))) ;
ex25(i) = m25(i)*(h25 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s25 - s0(i))) ;
ex26(i) = m26(i)*(h26 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s26 - s0(i))) ;
ex27(i) = m27(i)*(h27 -h0(i) - Ta(i)*(s27 - s0(i))) ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
Page | 71

Ic(i) = Qi(i)*(1 - Ta(i)/Tr)/1000 + mf(i)*( hi - he - Ta(i)*Cp*log(Ti/Te))
;
muec(i) = (1 - (Ic(i)/Qi(i)))*100 ;
Ib(i) = mf(i)*(ha - hb) - m19(i)*(h1 - h19(i)) - m4(i)*(h5 - h3(i)) Ta(i)*(mf(i)*Cp*log(Te/Ti) - m19(i)*(s1 - s19(i)) - m4(i)*(s5 - s4(i))) ;
Ebi(i) = mf(i)*(ha - hb) - Ta(i)*mf(i)*Cp*log(Te/Ti) ;
Ebo(i) = m19(i)*(h1 - h19(i)) + m4(i)*(h5 - h3(i)) - Ta(i)*(ms(i)*(s1 s19(i)) + m4(i)*(s5 - s4(i))) ;
boiler(i) = (Ebo(i)/Ebi(i))*100 ;
Ihpt(i) = Ta(i)*(m1(i)*(s2(i) - s1) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(s3(i) - s2(i))) ;
whpt(i) = m1(i)*(h1 - h2(i)) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(h2(i) - h3(i)) ;
Ehpti(i) = whpt(i) + Ihpt(i) ;
Ehpto(i) = whpt(i) ;
muehpt(i) = (whpt(i)/(whpt(i) + Ihpt(i)))*100 ;
Ilpt(i) = Ta(i)*(m5(i)*(s6(i) - s5) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(s7(i) - s6(i)) +
(m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i))*(s8(i) - s7(i)) + (m5(i)- m6(i) -m7(i) m8(i))*(s9(i) - s8(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(s10(i)s9(i))) ;
wlpt(i) = m5(i)*(h5 - h6(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(h6(i) - h7(i)) + (m5(i) m6(i) - m7(i))*(h7(i) - h8(i)) + (m5(i)- m6(i) -m7(i) - m8(i))*(h8(i) h9(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(h9(i)-h10(i)) ;
Elpti(i) = wlpt(i) + Ilpt(i) ;
Elpto(i) = wlpt(i) ;
muelpt(i) = (wlpt(i)/(wlpt(i) + Ilpt(i)))*100 ;
Icond(i) = m10(i)*h10(i) - m11(i)*h11 - Ta(i)*(m10(i)*s10(i) - m11(i)*s11)
;
Icep(i) = -1*Ta(i)*(m11(i)*(s12(i) - s11));
wcep(i) = -1*m11(i)*(h11 - h12(i)) ;
Ecepi(i) = wcep(i) ;
Ecepo(i) = Ecepi(i) - Icep(i) ;
muecep(i) = (1 - (Icep(i)/wcep(i)))*100 ;
Ibep(i) = -1*Ta(i)*(m17(i)*(s17(i) - s16)) ;
Page | 72
wbep(i) = -1*m16(i)*(h16 - h17(i)) ;

Ebepi(i) = wbep(i) ;
Ebepo(i) = Ebepi(i) - Ibep(i) ;
muebep(i) = (1 - (Ibep(i)/wbep(i)))*100 ;
%% Expansion Valves
Iexp1(i)
Iexp2(i)
Iexp3(i)
Iexp4(i)
Iexp5(i)
=
=
=
=
=
Ta(i)*m20(i)*(s21 - s20) ;
Ta(i)*m22(i)*(s23(i) - s22(i)) ;
Ta(i)*m24(i)*(s25 - s24) ;
Ta(i)*m26(i)*(s27 -s26) ;
Ta(i)*m28(i)*(s29(i) - s28(i)) ;
system
Ihph1(i) = m2(i)*(h2(i) - h20) - m18(i)*(h19(i) - h18(i)) Ta(i)*(m2(i)*(s2(i) - s20) - m18(i)*(s19(i) - s18(i))) ;
Ehph1i(i) = m2(i)*(h2(i) - h20 - Ta(i)*(s2(i) - s20)) ;
system
Ihph2(i) = m3(i)*(h3(i) - h22(i)) + m21(i)*(h21 - h22(i)) - m17(i)*(h18(i)
- h17(i)) - Ta(i)*(m3(i)*(s3(i) - s22(i)) + m21(i)*(s21 - s22(i)) m17(i)*(s18(i) - s17(i))) ;
Ehph2i(i) = m3(i)*(h3(i) - h22(i)) + m21(i)*(h21 - h22(i)) Ta(i)*(m3(i)*(s3(i) - s22(i)) + m21(i)*(s21 - s22(i))) ;
system
Ilph1(i) = m9(i)*(h9(i) - h28(i)) + m27(i)*(h27 - h28(i)) - m12(i)*(h13 h12(i)) - Ta(i)*(m9(i)*(s9(i) - s28(i)) + m27(i)*(s27 - s28(i)) - m12(i)*(s13
- s12(i))) ;
Elph1i(i) = m9(i)*(h9(i) - h28(i)) + m27(i)*(h27 - h28(i)) Ta(i)*(m9(i)*(s9(i) - s28(i)) + m27(i)*(s27 - s28(i))) ;
Ehph1o(i) = Elph1i(i) - Ilph1(i) ;
system
Ilph2(i) = m8(i)*(h8(i) - h26) + m25(i)*(h25 - h26) - m14(i)*(h14 - h13) Ta(i)*(m8(i)*(s8(i) - s26) + m25(i)*(s25 - s26) - m14(i)*(s14 - s13)) ;
Elph2i(i) = m8(i)*(h8(i) - h26) + m25(i)*(h25 - h26) - Ta(i)*(m8(i)*(s8(i)
- s26) + m25(i)*(s25 - s26)) ;
Page | 73
system
Ilph3(i) = m7(i)*(h7(i) - h24) - m14(i)*(h15 - h14) - Ta(i)*(m7(i)*(s7(i)
- s24) - m14(i)*(s15 - s14)) ;
Elph3i(i) = m7(i)*(h7(i) - h24) - Ta(i)*m7(i)*(s7(i) - s24) ;
Id1(i) = Ta(i)*(m16(i)*s16 - m15(i)*s15 - m23(i)*s23(i) - m6(i)*s6(i)) ;
Edi(i) = m6(i)*h6(i) + m23(i)*h23(i) + m15(i)*h15 - Ta(i)*(m15(i)*s15 +
m23(i)*s23(i) + m6(i)*s6(i)) ;
Edo(i) = Edi(i) - Id1(i) ;
mued(i) = (1 - Id1(i)/Edi(i))*100 ;
%% Net Calculations
w3h(i) = tee*(m1(i)*(h1 - h2(i)) + (m1(i) - m2(i))*(h2(i) - h3(i))) ;
w3l(i) = tee*(m5(i)*(h5 - h6(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i))*(h6(i) - h7(i)) +
(m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i))*(h7(i) - h8(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) m8(i))*(h8(i) - h9(i)) + (m5(i) - m6(i) - m7(i) - m8(i) - m9(i))*(h9(i) h10(i))) ;
w1(i) = m11(i)*(h12(i) - h11)/pee ;
w2(i) = m16(i)*(h17(i) - h16)/pee ;
w3(i) = 0.01*(w3h(i) + w3l(i)) + 0.03*(w3h(i) + w3l(i)) ;
nw(i) = w3h(i) + w3l(i) - w1(i) - w2(i) - w3(i)

mu(i)
= (nw(i) / Qi(i))*100000
%% Compute the Exergetic Efficiency

emu(i) = (nw(i) / (nw(i) + (Ic(i)) + Ib(i) + Ihpt(i) + Ilpt(i) +Icond(i) +
Icep(i) + Ibep(i) + Iexp1(i) + Iexp2(i) + Iexp3(i) + Iexp4(i) + Iexp5(i) +
Ihph1(i) + Ihph2(i) + Ilph1(i) + Ilph2(i) + Ilph3(i) + Id1(i) ))*100 ;
values = {1, m1(i), t1, p1, h1, s1, e1(i), ex1(i) ; 2, m2(i), t2(i), p2,
h2(i), s2(i), e2(i), ex2(i) ; 3, m3(i), t3(i), p3, h3(i), s3(i), e3(i),
ex3(i) ; 4, m4(i), t4(i), p4, h4(i), s4(i), e4(i), ex4(i) ; 5, m5(i), t5, p5,
h5, s5, e5(i), ex5(i) ; 6, m6(i), t6(i), p6, h6(i), s6(i), e6(i), ex6(i) ; 7,
m7(i), t7(i), p7, h7(i), s7(i), e7(i), ex7(i) ; 8, m8(i), t8(i), p8, h8(i),
s8(i), e8(i), ex8(i) ; 9, m9(i), t9(i), p9, h9(i), s9(i), e9(i), ex9(i) ; 10,
m10(i), t10(i), p10, h10(i), s10(i), e10(i), ex10(i) ; 11, m11(i), t11, p11,
h11, s11, e11(i), ex11(i) ; 12, m12(i), t12(i), p12, h12(i), s12(i), e12(i),
ex12(i) ; 13, m13(i), t13, p13, h13, s13, e13(i), ex13(i) ; 14, m14(i), t14,
p14, h14, s14, e14(i), ex14(i) ; 15, m15(i), t15, p15, h15, s15, e15(i),
ex15(i) ; 16, m16(i), t16, p16, h16, s16, e16(i), ex16(i) ; 17, m17(i),
t17(i), p17(i), h17(i), s17(i), e17(i), ex17(i) ; 18, m18(i), t18, p18(i),
Page | 74
h18(i), s18(i), e18(i), ex18(i) ; 19, m19(i), t19, p19(i), h19(i), s19(i),
e19(i), ex19(i) ; 20, m20(i), t20, p20, h20, s20, e20(i), ex20(i) ; 21,
m21(i), t21, p21, h21, s21, e21(i), ex21(i) ; 22, m22(i), t22(i), p22,
h22(i), s22(i), e22(i), ex22(i) ; 23, m23(i), t23(i), p23, h23(i), s23(i),
m25(i), t25, p25, h25, s25, e25(i), ex25(i) ; 26, m26(i), t26, p26, h26, s26,
m28(i), t28(i), p28, h28(i), s28(i), e28(i), ex28(i) ; 29, m29(i), t29(i),
p29, h29(i), s29(i), e29(i), ex29(i) };
headers = {'State','Mass Flow
Rate(kg/s)','Temperature(C)','Pressure(bar)','Specific
Enthalpy(kJ/kg)','Specific Entropy(kJ/kg/C)','Energetic Power(kW)','Exergetic
Power(kW)'};
sheet = i+1 ;
xlswrite('Output_Guj_Raj.xlsx', [headers; values], sheet);
end
%% Pack the Output data into a structure
outdata.emu_jan
outdata.emu_feb
outdata.emu_mar
outdata.emu_apr
outdata.emu_may
outdata.emu_jun
outdata.emu_jul
outdata.emu_aug
outdata.emu_sep
outdata.emu_oct
outdata.emu_nov
outdata.emu_dec
outdata.mu_jan
outdata.mu_feb
outdata.mu_mar
outdata.mu_apr
outdata.mu_may
outdata.mu_jun
outdata.mu_jul
outdata.mu_aug
outdata.mu_sep
outdata.mu_oct
outdata.mu_nov
outdata.mu_dec
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
emu(1) ;
emu(2) ;
emu(3) ;
emu(4) ;
emu(5) ;
emu(6) ;
emu(7) ;
emu(8) ;
emu(9) ;
emu(10);
emu(11);
emu(12);
mu(1) ;
= mu(2) ;
= mu(3) ;
= mu(4) ;
= mu(5) ;
= mu(6) ;
= mu(7) ;
= mu(8) ;
= mu(9) ;
= mu(10);
= mu(11);
= mu(12);
end
Page | 75
10. List of References

1. Price H, Eckhard LP, David K, Zarza E, Gilbert C, Randy G, et al. Advances in parabolic
trough solar power Technology. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 2002; 124: 109-25.
2. International Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap Concentrating Solar Power. 2010,
Paris, France.
3. Kolb GJ, Jones SA, Donnelly MW, et al. Heliostat cost reduction study, SAND 20073293
4. Garcia G.O., Delgado A.V., Garcia A.F., Novel integration options of concentrating
solar thermal technology with fossil-fuelled and CO2 capture processes, Energy
Procedia. (2011), 4: 809-816.
5. Christensen, C. SES Commercial Deployment Approach. Presentation at the 2nd annual
CSTP conference. May 5-7, 2010, San Diego, U.S.A.
6. Tyagi SK, Wang S, Singhal MK, Kaushik SC, Park SR. Exergy analysis and parametric
study of concentrating type solar collectors. International Journal of Thermal Sciences
2007; 46: 13041310.
7. N. Singh, S.C Kaushik, Technology assessment and economic evaluation - Solar thermal
power systems: A state of art, Report, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi, India, 1993.
8. Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Exergy analysis and investigation for various feed water heaters
of direct steam generation solar-thermal power plant. Renewable Energy 2010;
35(6):1228-35.
9. Kopac M, Hilalci A. Effect of ambient temperature on the efficiency of the regenerative
and reheat catalagz power plant in turkey. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007; 27:137785.
10. Aljundi I. Energy and exergy analysis of a steam power plant in Jordan. Applied Thermal
Engineering 2009; 29:324-8.
11. Siva Reddy V, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK. Exergetic analysis and performance evaluation of
parabolic trough concentrating solar thermal power plant (PTCSTPP). Energy 2012; 39:
258-273
12. Montes MJ, Abanades A, Martinez-Val JM, Valdes M. Solar multiple optimization for a
solar-only thermal power plant, using oil as heat transfer fluid in the parabolic trough
collectors. Solar Energy 2009; 83: 2165-76.
13. Lupfert E, Geyer M, Schiel W, Esteban A, Osuna R, Zarza E, Nava P. EUROTROUGH
design issues and prototype testing at PSA. Proc. of ASME international solar energy
conference-forum, solar energy: the power to choose, Washington, DC; April 21-25,
2001. 389-394
14. Geyer M, Lupfert E, Osuna R, Zarza E, Nava P, Langenkamp J, et al. EUROTROUGHparabolic trough collector developed for cost efficient solar power generation. Zurich,
Switzerland. In: Proceedings of 11st International Symposium on concentrating solar
power and Chemical energy Technologies; 2002.
15. Bartlett RL. Steam turbine performance and economics. New York: McGraw- Hill; 1958.
Page | 76
16. Patnode AM. Simulation and Performance Evaluation of Parabolic Trough Solar Power
Plants. Master. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA: 2006.
17. Duffie John A, Beckman William A. Solar engineering of thermal processes. 4th Ed. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2013.
18. Kaushik SC, Misra RD, Singh N. Second law analysis of a solar thermal power system.
International Journal of Solar Energy 2000; 20:239-53.
19. Kaushik SC, Misra RD, Singh N. Second Law analysis of a Rankine heat engine with
reheat and regenerative options for solar thermal power generation, International Journal
of Ambient Energy (2000), 21:1, 41-52
20. NASAs Surface meteorology and Solar Energy:
https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/
21. NRELs Solar Products for Northwest India :
http://mnre.gov.in/National%20Renewable%20Energy%20Laboratory/contents/solar_pro
ducts.html
Page | 77

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Exergy Analysis of Concentrated Solar Thermal System

Under the supervision of

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN)

Signature of the Supervisor

K () Incident angle modifier

What is Exergy? .......................................................................................................................... 9

Concentrated Solar Power Technology..................................................................................... 9

Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 11

Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................................... 12

Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 12

Description of 50 MW solar thermal power system ....................................................................... 14

Parabolic Trough Collector...................................................................................................... 14

Heat transfer medium............................................................................................................... 15

Parabolic Trough Collector...................................................................................................... 18

Rankine Cycle Subsystem ........................................................................................................ 18

Model Validation ............................................................................................................................... 19

Improvement in the model ............................................................................................................... 20

Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 24

List of References .......................................................................................................................... 76

Concentrated Solar Power Technology

Figure 1: Different types of concentrators

Summary of Literature Review

Figure 2: Variation of DNI in a day for the location of Pilani

Variation of Wind Speed

Figure 4: Variation of Dry Bulb Temperature for the location of Pilani

3. Description of 50 MW solar thermal power system

Parabolic Trough Collector

Heat transfer medium

Figure 5: Schematic Diagram of the Solar Thermal Power Plant

Thermal emissivity of absorber

Table 2 : Nominal Values for the 50 MW steam power cycle [12]

(Qm Qlm)/(Qt) = Tcol

Parabolic Trough Collector

Rankine Cycle Subsystem

generator = 0.908 + 0.258*Load 0.3*Load2 + 0.12*Load3

Variation of efficiency vs Inlet Pressure

Figure 6: Variation of efficiency vs. Inlet Pressure

6. Improvement in the model

Variation of Dryness Fraction w.r.t Inlet Pressure

Figure 7: Variation of Dryness Fraction w.r.t Inlet Pressure

Low Pressure Feedwater

7. Results and Discussion

Variation of HPT Efficiency

Mass Flow Rate(kg/s)

Variation of Low Pressure Turbine Efficiency

Mass Flow Rate(kg/s)

Variation of Pump Effciencies

Mass Flow Rate(kg/s)

Boiler Feedwater Pump

VARIATION OF I LAW EFFICIENCY

Variation of II Law Efficiency

Collector II law efficiency

TOP LOCATIONS OF GUJRAT

TOP LOCATIONS OF GUJRAT

TOP LOCATIONS OF RAJASTAN

A U G U SSTE P T E M B EORC T O B ENRO V E M B D

TOP LOCATIONS OF RAJASTAN

A U G U S ST E P T E M B EORC T O B ENR O V E M B EDRE C E M B E R

Table 6: Direct Normal Insolation in Gujarat locations

Table 7: Direct Normal Insolation in Rajasthan locations

The exergy balance for the Low pressure turbine

Iexp4= Tambm26*(s27 s26)

Inlet Steam Mass flow rate(kg/s)

%% Design condition calculation

generator = 0.908 + 0.258Load 0.3Load2 + 0.12*Load3

m23d(h23d -h0 - Tad(s23d

ex29(i) = m29(i)(h29(i) -h0(i) - Ta(i)(s29(i) - s0(i))) ;

wbep(i) = -1m16(i)(h16 - h17(i)) ;

EoT(i) = 229.2(0.000075+0.001868cos(B(i)3.141592654/180)0.032077sin(B(i)3.141592654/180)-0.014615cos( 2B(i)3.141592654/180)0.04089sin( 2B(i)*3.141592654/180)) ;

EoT(i) = 229.2(0.000075+0.001868cos(B(i)3.141592654/180)0.032077sin(B(i)3.141592654/180)-0.014615cos( 2B(i)3.141592654/180)0.04089sin( 2B(i)*3.141592654/180)) ;