Synopsis
Disclaimer
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Disclaimer
Seminar Synopsis
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor9@yahoo.com.au
www.powersystemprotection.com.au
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 2
Disclaimer
z
z
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Slide 3
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Synopsis
Disclaimer
Seminar Synopsis
z
z
z
z
Motor Protection
Generator Protection
Generator Faults
Generator Events
Power System Events
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Slide 4
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(07) 3298 5260
We provide:
You provide:
Generator and
Power Station Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
Overcurrent Relays
Fuses & Contactors
Directional Relays
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
Discrimination by Time
z
z
z
Slide 2
Discrimination by Time
RELAY A
RELAY B
TIME
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RELAY C
RELAY A
0.4 secs
RELAY B
0.4 secs
RELAY C
CURRENT
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Slide 3
Discrimination by Current
z
z
z
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Discrimination by Current
RELAY A
Same fault level at the end of one zone and the start of the
next
Fault levels vary with changing source impedance
(eg. As generators come on and go off line)
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Slide 4
Slide 5
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RELAY B
Slide 6
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Discrimination by Current
FDR OC
IAmax
IBmax
RELAY A
HV OC
Instantaneous
element
TIME
RELAY B
RELAY C
ICmax
IBmax
IAmax
FDR OC
CURRENT
Slide 7
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 8
Discrimination with
Inverse Time Over Current Relays
IAmax
IBmax
RELAY A
TIME
RELAY A
FDR OC
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ICmax
RELAY C
A
FDR OC
RELAY B
RELAY B
ICmax
RELAY C
RELAY A
RELAY B
Instantaneous
element
RELAY C
ICmax
IBmax
IAmax
CURRENT
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 10
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z
z
0.14 TMS
I
P
0.02
1
z
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Slide 11
Slide 12
13.5 TMS
I
P 1
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Slide 13
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
z
z
80 TMS
I
P 1
z
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Slide 14
120 TMS
I
P 1
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Slide 15
100
Relay Characteristic
0.14 TMS
0.02
10
Seconds
13.5 TMS
I1
80 TMS
I2 1
120 TMS
I1
0.1
100
1 .10
Fault Current
1 .10
Standard Inverse
Very Inverse
Etremely Inverse
Long Time Inverse
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Slide 16
0.0104
TD 0.0226+ 0.02
M 1
U2 Inverse
5.95
TD 0.180 + 2
M 1
U3 Very Inverse
3.88
TD 0.0963 + 2
M 1
U4 Extremely Inverse *
5.64
TD 0.02434 + 2
M 1
0.00342
TD 0.00262 + 0.02
M 1
k I
(1-k) I
SHADING LOOP
TD
M
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DISC
TAPPED
COIL
DISC
- L
Slide 18
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Slide 19
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Time multiplier
(TMS) Settings
Trip Contacts
and
Flag
(continuous adjustable)
Shaded Pole
z
Moving Contact
Adjusted the starting point of the induction disk wrt the fixed trip contact
Often called Lever Setting
Current (Plug)
Settings
Trip Contacts
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Slide 20
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Slide 21
100
Adjust TMS to
achieve time
coordination
3.5
If we have
sufficient
margin here
10
Seconds
Seconds
2.5
1.5
0.1
100
0.5
1 .10
Fault Current
IDMT Curves
OC
OC
Electromechanical relays
4
3.5
2.5
Seconds
OC
OC
1 .10
100
Fault Current
1.5
0.4 Seconds
Margin
0.5
100
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1 .10
Fault Current
3
1 .10
0.4 Seconds
Margin
Slide 24
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Instantaneous Element
OC
OC
OC
Beware
Simple E/M instantaneous elements may have a substantial
transient overreach on fault currents that include DC offset
3.5
2.5
Seconds
OC
Set Tx HV inst
element and now
grade here
1.5
0.5
1 .10
Fault Current
3
100
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1 .10
Slide 26
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
Setting and
Coordination
Procedures
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Slide 29
z
z
z
z
z
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Slide 30
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Slide 31
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Slide 32
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
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Slide 33
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Slide 34
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Slide 35
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Slide 36
OC
OC
OC
OC
OC
Relay Technology
z
z
ElectoMechanical
Static
Digital
Numerical
Timing Error %
7.5
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.1
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.3
Automatically ??
Via SCADA & operator intervention ??
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Slide 38
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
z
z
z
20MVA
Fdr_1 OC
800A FLC
33kV
3 Fault Levels
2 Tx IN : 10000A
1 Tx IN : 7500A
300A FLC
Fdr_2 OC
SI 400A
TMS 0.2
11kV
3 Fault Levels
2 Tx IN : 16000A
1 Tx IN : 12000A
HV OC
20MVA
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
n
n
0.14 TMS
I
P
HV OC
SI( P , TMS , I) :=
Relay Characteristic
Imax:= 10000
Grade Fdr_1 OC over Fdr_2 OC at the maximum through fault level of 10kA
Set Fdr_1 OC above maximum feeder load of 800A
and check against maximum fault level of 10kA
Fdr2_Plug := 400
Imax
Fdr2_TMS := 0.2
Fdr2_Plug
Fdr2_Tmin = 0.421
Fdr1_Plug := 1000
Imax
Fdr1_Plug
Fdr1_TMS_1 = 2.971
= 25
= 10
Fdr1_Tmin = 0.821
Fdr1_TMS := 1
Hence we can calculate the required TMS to achieve the required tripping time
Fdr1_Tmin
Fdr1_TMS_1
Fdr1_TMS = 0.276
Fdr1_TMS := round ( Fdr1_TMS + .003, 2)
Round Up
0.02
Fdr1_TMS = 0.28
_T = 0.411
Grade Transformer HV OC under the maximum current condition, namely with one transformer OOS
3
2.8
Imax:= 12000
2.6
FLC_33kV:=
20000000
2.4
3 33000
FLC_33kV= 350
Set
Allow for 33/11kV ratio
2.2
Tx_HV_Plug := 500
Tx_HV_Plug := 3 Tx_HV_Plug
Tx_HV_Plug = 1500
2
1.8
Fdr1_Tmin = 0.769
1.6
Transformer HV OC
Tx_HV_Tmin = 1.169
1.4
1.2
Tx_HV_TMS_1 = 3.297
Hence we can calculate the required TMS to achieve the required tripping time
Tx_HV_TMS := 1
0.8
Tx_HV_Tmin
Tx_HV_TMS_1
Tx_HV_TMS = 0.355
0.6
Round up
0.4
Tx_HV_TMS = 0.36
0.2
0
100
1 .10
1 .10
1 .10
Fdr 2 OC
Fdr 1 OC
Feeder 1
Tx HV
n
n
_T = 0.418
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Relay 1
0.6
Relay 2
0.4
Relay 3
0.2
0
100
1 .10
Fdr 2 OC
Fdr 1 OC
Tx HV OC
1 .10
1 .10
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Slide 45
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
z
z
z
Directional Relays
Slide 46
Fdr 2
OC
OC
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Slide 48
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
0.1
0.1
11..3
3
1.3
0.9
0.9
Slide 54
OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
z
z
Slide 55
2.1
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2.1
1.7
0.5
OC
Fdr 1
Slide 47
1.7
OC
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0.5
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Slide 56
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
z
z
EF Prot
z
OC
OC
EF Prot
OC
OC
EF Prot
OC
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Slide 57
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GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Va
Vb
3.Vo
Slide 59
minimum
pre-arcing
I2t
250
maximum
total I2t
160
200
Performance effectively
follows I2t law
z Pre Arcing time
z Arc time
Fuse Fuse grading
requires that the total I2t of
the smaller fuse be less
than the pre-arcing I2t of the
larger fuse
80
Slide 61
Fuse
Bullrush Curves
Fuses
z
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125
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100
Vc
Fuses
and
Fuse Contactors
50
63
OVER CURRENT
PROTECTION
40
32
35
Slide 58
Fuse Rating
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Slide 62
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Slide 63
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Expulsion Fuses
z
z
z
z
z
Current lags
Voltage by 90
deg
1.5
System
Voltage
0.5
0.5
Fuse Voltage
1
1.5
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.022
0.024
TRV across
blown fuse
element
Circuit Voltage
Fuse Voltage
Current
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Slide 65
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Slide 66
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Slide 68
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Slide 69
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
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Slide 70
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Slide 71
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Fuse Contactors
Slide 72
eg
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Slide 73
Fuse Contactors
100
Fuse operation
below 2kA is not
permissible
10
10kA Contactor
operates for faults
below 7kA
0.1
1 .10
Fuse
Relay / Contactor
Fuse
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1 .10
1 .10
Slide 74
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Synopsis
z
HIGH IMPEDANCE
DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
z
z
z
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
z
z
Dependability
Must trip for all in-zone faults
Discrimination
Must not trip for any out-of-zone faults
Security
Against all sources of mal-tripping
Dependability
M
I
S
Speed of operation
As quickly as possible
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E
L
&
Slide 2
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
!!!
P1
I1
P1
I1
S1
S1
I2
I2
Security
S2
S2
P2
Slide 3
P2
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Slide 4
Internal Fault
External Fault
RELAY
RELAY
Slide 5
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Slide 7
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
3 Phase CT Connections
Current Mismatch
z
CT MARSHALLING
z
z
CT Manufacturing Variations
Inequality of CT Burdens
CT Saturation
DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
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Slide 8
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Slide 9
External Fault
External Fault
Rlead
Rct
High
Impedance
RELAY
Relay
RELAY
Rlead
15000A
5000A
5000A
5000A
Slide 10
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Slide 11
Internal Fault
z
AC Component
DC Component
VKNEE 2 VRELAY
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Slide 12
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Slide 13
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
CT Selection
z
z
CT
CTinternal
internal
resistance
resistance
0.1 PX 500 R3
200 ohms
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IRMS = 0.52 I
Slide 16
VRELAY =
VKNEE
2
Slide 15
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Slide 17
Metrosil Parameters
METROSIL NON-LINEAR RESISTORS
V = C . IB
4
1 10
VPEAK = 2 2 VK (VF VK )
Relay
0.2A
10 ohms
V = C I
V = I.R
= 0.2 x (200 + 10)
= 42 volts
Preferably
Preferably55times
timestotooptimise
optimise
relay
relayperformance,
performance,but
but22isisthe
the
absolute
absoluteminimum
minimumtotoensure
ensure
reliable
reliablerelay
relayoperation
operation
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Metrosil Parameters
Metrosils
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Slide 14
Voltage operated
Current operated, incl stabilising
resistor
Typical current settings
as low as possible, but
> 20% of plant rating
< 30% of fault current
VKNEE 2 VRELAY
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Class Requirements
Summary
CT
CTknee
knee
point
pointvoltage
voltage
Need to know
Magnetising
Magnetising
current
currentat
atknee
knee
point
pointvoltage
voltage
VSetting RMS =
1000
C
2
I
RMS
0 . 52
100
10
0.001
C = 450
C = 600
C = 900
0.01
B = 0.25
B = 0.25
B = 0.25
0.1
10
IRMS
100
Slide 18
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= 0 . 52
2 VSetting RMS
Slide 19
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Shunt Resistors
z
z
Desensitise scheme
Prevent tripping on open CTs
I mag
I metrosil
RELAY
I relay
I shunt
R shunt
I mag
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Slide 20
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CT Supervision
z
I mag
I metrosil
I relay
I shunt
R shunt
I mag
RELAY
Slide 21
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Slide 23
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
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Slide 24
HIGH IMPEDANCE
DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
Application to other
Plant
Busbars
Transformers
Generators & Motors
Capacitors
Reactors
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Slide 25
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Slide 26
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Auto Transformers
All CT ratios to
be the same
This CT will carry
maximum current
and hence
dictates ALL CT
ratios
Stabilising
Resistors
DIFF
Relays
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Slide 27
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Slide 28
CT terminals
near to
protected object
are connected
DIFF
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Slide 29
DIFF
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Slide 30
DIFF
DIFF
CT terminals
away from
protected object
are connected
REF
DIFF
DIFF
DIFF
DIFF
DIFF
Floating neutral
bus is also protected
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Slide 31
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Slide 32
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
DIFF
DIFF
DIFF
Floating neutral
bus is also protected
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Slide 33
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Sequence Components
z
SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
A Quick Review
Positive Sequence
ABC
Equal in magnitude
120 degrees apart
Negative Sequence
AC B
Equal in magnitude
120 degrees apart
Zero Sequence
ABC
Equal in magnitude
In phase
V1
I1
V2
I2
V0
I0
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
Sequence Networks
V1 = 1 / 0
I0
IA
Source
I phase
IB
Z1s
Relay
Location
Z1f
I1
Fault
Location
V2 = 0
V0 = 0
Source
I2
I1
Slide 2
Z2s
Relay
Location
Source
Zero Sequence Network
Sequence Components
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Z0s
Relay
Location
Z2f
I2
Fault
Location
Z0f
I0
Fault
Location
IC
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Slide 4
Sequence Components
Three phase conditions
z
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
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In =In3.Io
=0
Slide 7
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
Sequence Networks
3 Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Phase Phase fault
Positive and Negative sequence components only
And consider the special case where
A phase equal in magnitude but opposite in phase
I3 _ Phase _ Fault = I1 =
V
Z POS
Source
Z1s
Relay
Location
Z1f
I1
B to C
Phase to Phase fault
Fault
Location
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Slide 8
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Slide 9
Z1f
I1
Fault
Location
Z2s
z
Relay
Location
Z2f
I2
Fault
Location
A phase
IA1 & IA2 antiphase
Sum to zero
B phase
IB1 & IB2 at 60o
C phase
IC1 & IC2 at 60o
IB = - IC
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Z1s
Relay
Location
Z1f
I1
Slide 10
Sequence Components
Phase Phase fault
z
Source
Fault
Location
V
Z pos + Z neg
Source
Relay
Location
Z1s
Source
z
Source
I1 = I2 =
Z2s
Relay
Location
Z2f
I2
Fault
Location
Since Z1 ~ Z2
|I1| = |I2| = 50%
of 3 phase fault
level
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Slide 11
Sequence Components
Earth Fault
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Slide 12
A phase
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
positive sequence
negative sequence
zero sequence
Equal in magnitude
and phase
Slide 14
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
Sequence Networks
A Phase Earth Fault
Relay
Location
Z1f
I1
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Slide 15
Sequence Networks
A Phase Earth Fault
V2 = 0
Relay
Location
Z1f = 0.15
I1
Fault
Location
V1 = 0.75
Z2s = 0.10
V2 = -0.10
Relay
Location
Relay
Location
V2 = -0.25
I0
I = 1.0
Positive Sequence
Balanced three phase load
Balanced three phase fault
No neutral (earth) current
Negative Sequence
Unbalanced load
Phase to phase fault
No neutral (earth) current
Zero Sequence
Earth fault
Neutral current = 3 . Io
Cannot flow into or out of a delta
Can circulate around (within) the delta
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Fault
Location
Slide 16
V
Z pos + Z neg + Z zero
IB = 0
ZS2
ZS1
Fault
Location
V0 = -0.50
Relay
Location
INEUT = 3 I0
I = 1.0
Slide 17
I1
Relay
Location
ZS0
I2
Relay
Location
Zl
Zl
Zl
Fault
Location
Fault
Location
Fault
Location
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
I0
Zero
Sequence
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Sequence Components
Summary
Z0f
I0
Fault
Location
IC = 0
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Z2f
I2
IA = I1 + I2 + I0
V0 = -0.15
Z0f = 0.35
Fault
Location
I = 1.0
Relay
Location
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I1 = I2 = I0 =
Z0s= 0.15
Z2f = 0.15
I2
Relay
Location
Z0s
Source
Zero Sequence Network
V1 = 0.90
V0 = 0
Source
Z1s = 0.10
Z2s
Sequence Networks
A Phase Earth Fault
V1 = 1 / 0
Source
Fault
Location
Source
Zero Sequence Network
Z1s
Source
Source
Sequence Components
Earth Fault
Slide 18
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Io = 0
TRANSFORMERS
and
SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Io = 0
Io = 0
Differential
Protection
Requirements
Io
Io
Io
3Io
Slide 19
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Slide 20
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
I0
I0
I1,
I1, I2
I2 &
& I0
I0
I1,
I1, I2
I2 &
& I0
I0
I1,
I1, I2
I2
I1,
I1, I2
I2 &
& I0
I0
So
So where
where did
did the
the I0
I0 go
go ??
??
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 21
I0I0
I1,
I1, I2,
I2, I0I0
I1,
I1, I2
I2 &
& I0
I0
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 24
The transformer tank can act as a low quality tertiary delta winding
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 25
Slide 23
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
ZS
ZS
I1
I1 &
& I2
I2 only
only
I1,
I1, I2
I2 &
& I0
I0
LV
LV
HV
Z1HL
HV
Zfdr
Zfdr
So
So where
where did
did the
the I0
I0 go
go ??
??
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 26
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 27
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
ZS
LV
LV
HV
Z1HL
HV
ZS
Zfdr
ZS
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 28
Slide 30
I1
I1 &
& I2
I2
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 31
30 deg
Sequence Components
Transformer LV ph-ph fault
HV
Slide 29
30 deg
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Zfdr
I1
I1 &
& I2
I2
I1
I1 &
& I2
I2
Sequence Components
Transformer LV ph-ph fault
HV
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Z1HL
Zfdr
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Current in 2 LV windings
Current in 2 HV windings
Appears as 2:1:1 fault on the HV system
I1
I1 &
& I2
I2
LV
HV
LV
Slide 33
LV
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 34
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Sequence Components
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 35
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Types of Fault
z
z
z
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
z
z
z
z
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 2
Gas Sample
Buchholz Protection
z
Alarm
Float
To Tank
Partial discharge
Winding & core overheating
Bad contacts and joints
z
Trip
Float
To Conservator
z
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Lower float
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 3
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Fuses
Transformers without CBs
Perhaps to a few MVA
Overcurrent & Earth Fault Protection
Transformers with CBs
Perhaps 5 - 50MVA
Differential Protection
Transformers > 10MVA
z
z
z
Slide 4
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Biased Differential
Protection
Fast
Can be sensitive
May detect terminal faults also
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 5
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 6
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
Differential Protection
CURRENT FLOWS
INTO PLANT
CURRENT FLOWS
OUT OF PLANT
P1
P2
S1
S2
2400A
2400/1
200/1
200A
TRIPPING ELEMENT
DETECTS ONLY THE
MIS-MATCH CURRENT
CURRENT FLOWS
INTO RELAY
SIDE OF CT AWAY
FROM PROTECTED
PLANT CONNECTS
TO RELAY
CURRENT FLOWS
OUT OF RELAY
Differential
Relay
TRIP
ELEMENT
1A
TRIP
ELEMENT
SIDE OF CT AWAY
FROM PROTECTED
PLANT CONNECTS
TO RELAY
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
BIAS or
RESTRAINT
ELEMENT
Slide 7
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
z
z
Mismatched CTs
BIAS or
RESTRAINT
ELEMENT
Slide 8
1A
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 9
Inrush Current on
Energisation of Transformer
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
TRIP
ELEMENT
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 10
Slide 11
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 12
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
12
10
Current
8
6
z
4
2
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Seconds
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 13
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Slide 14
P1
S1
SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
P1
S1
A Quick Review
Bias Windings
Operating
Winding
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 15
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 16
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
z
z
Continued
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 17
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 18
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
Determination of CT Connection
Determination of CT Connection
Yd11
Dy11
D11
D11
D1
D1
Diff Prot
Diff Prot
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 19
Slide 20
CT Connection Summary
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 21
CT YD11 Connections
Since they are not present in the line on the delta side.
It is still necessary to eliminate Io from the relaying system
Connect CTs delta / delta
Or use the D12 / D12 feature of microprocessor relays
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 22
CT YD1 Connections
S2
S2
S1
D11
D11
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
D1
D1
S1
C
D11
S2
S1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S2
S2
S1
D11
S1
S2
S1
S2
S2
C
S1
S1
S2
S1
Slide 23
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
B
C
D1
Slide 24
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
P1
P2
S1
S2
A1
A2
a2
a1
P2
P1
S2
S1
z
z
Bias Windings
Operating
Windings
P2
S1
S2
A1
A2
a2
Slide 26
P2
P1
P1
P2
S2
S1
S1
S2
A1
A2
Bias Windings
Operating
Windings
1 / 0 1/-240
= 1.732 /-30
-24
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
1/
P2
P1
S2
S1
Operating
Windings
1/
a1
Bias Windings
a2
1 / -120
Slide 29
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Ia - Ic = 1.732 /-30
Slide 30
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
S1
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV 800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio--TBA
TBA
S1
z
z
P1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
C
S1
P1
TV CT Ratio Selection
P1
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
zz
zz
P1
z
z
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
LV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio--TBA
TBA
A
S1
B
S1
S1
S1
C
S1
z
z
P1
P1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
P1
P1
z
z
z
z
Slide 32
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
zz
TV CT Ratio Check
TV CT Ratio Review
HV CT is 400/0.577
z
A
S1
B
S1
8A
8A
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
LV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio--TBA
TBA
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
zz
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
LV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio--TBA
TBA
Tert CT = HV CT * Tx Ratio
Tert CT = 400 * 132 / 11 = 4800/1
A
S1
B
S1
S1
z
z
z
Whoops !!!
Will trip on through current
Review Tertiary CT ratio
P1
P1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
P1
P1
1A
1A
z
z
Yes !!!
Remains stable on through current
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
P1
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
LV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio--TBA
TBA
HV CT = 400/0.577
A
S1
S1
S1
1A
1A
C
S1
P1
P1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
P1
P1
z
A
z
A
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
LV CT Ratio Selection
S1
1A
1A
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S1
S1
P1
Slide 34
zz
132/66/11kV
132/66/11kV
80/80/10
80/80/10MVA
MVA
HV
HV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
LV
LV800/600/400/100/0.577
800/600/400/100/0.577
TV
TVSingle
Singleratio
ratio4800/1
4800/1
P1
S1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
z
z
P1
Select
SelectCT
CTRatios
Ratios
zz
Slide 33
TV CT Ratio Re-Check
C
S1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S1
P1
P1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
P1
P1
Slide 35
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 36
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
CT Ratio Selection
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
P1
P1
IBRELAY = IB IA
ICRELAY = IC IB
D11
IA RELAY
1 1 0 IA
1
IBRELAY = 3 0 1 1 IB
ICRELAY
1 0 1 IC
A
Slide 39
D12
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S1
S1
B
S2
S2
S2
S2
S1
S1
C
D11
B
C
D1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 40
IA RELAY
2 1 1 IA
1
IB
=
RELAY
3 1 2 1 IB
ICRELAY
1 1 2 IC
S2
IARELAY
1 0 1 IA
1
IB
RELAY = 3 1 1 0 IB
ICRELAY
0 1 1 IC
D11
P1
D1
S1
IA RELAY
1 1 0 IA
1
IBRELAY = 3 0 1 1 IB
ICRELAY
1 0 1 IC
S1
IA RELAY
1 0 1 IA
1
IBRELAY = 3 1 1 0 IB
ICRELAY
0 1 1 IC
S2
D1
S1
P1
Slide 38
S1
IA RELAY
1 0 1 IA
1
IBRELAY = 3 1 1 0 IB
ICRELAY
0 1 1 IC
S1
IA RELAY = IA IC
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
S1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
P1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
Slide 37
P1
P1
P1
IA RELAY
2 1 1 IA
1
IB
=
RELAY
3 1 2 1 IB
ICRELAY
1 1 2 IC
IA RELAY =
1
(2 IA IB IC)
3
1
(3 IA IA IB IC)
3
1
(3 IA (IA + IB + IC))
3
1
(3 IA 3 I0)
3
= IA I0
Slide 41
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 42
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
Dyn1
20MVA 33/11kV
400/1
Slide 43
00
1A
Yd11
1A
Software CT
x 1.429
I1 + I2
2
Bias =
50%
Not Average !!
Diff = I1 + I2
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
00
Slide 44
Differential
Element
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Yy0
Software CT
x 1.143
CT ratio selection
0.7A
-300
-300
0.875A
Software
CT Ratio
Adjustment
1500/1
1050A
00
00
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
350A
Slide 45
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 46
Diff := I1 + I2
OPERATE
OPERATE
1.5
RESTRAIN
RESTRAIN
Through
ThroughFault
Faultwith
with
CT
CTSaturation
Saturation
1
0.5
Probably 10 15%
Transformer
Transformer
Internal Fault
Internal Fault
Protection Trips
Protection Trips
Note that the previous equations are not the only options
available to and used by relay manufacturers
Hence use THE ACTUAL RELAY equations !!
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
3.5
2.5
Differential
Current
0.5
1.5
Slide 47
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
2.5
3.5
Bias Current
Through
ThroughFault
Fault
Mismatch
Mismatchdue
duetotoCT
CTRatios
Ratios&&
Transformer
TransformerTap
TapChanging
Changing
4.5
5
5.5
6
Bias :=
I1 + I2
2
Slide 48
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
CT Requirements
z
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Winding Neutral
End Faults
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 49
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 50
16
14
Differential Protection
FAULT
CURRENT
Small current
Many turns
12
10
multiples
of
rated
current
Large current
Few turns
We need to monitor
neutral current flow
0
0
10
20
30
40
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 51
50
60
70
80
90
100
DISTANCE OF FAULT
FROM NEUTRAL
(Percentage of winding)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 52
Auto Transformer
High Imp Phase Segregated Protection
All CT ratios to
be the same
This CT will carry
maximum current
and hence
dictates ALL CT
ratios
CT terminals
near to
protected object
are connected
REF
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
CT terminals
away from
protected object
are connected
DIFF
Slide 53
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 54
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
HV CTs
LV CTs
Neutral CTs
Auto Transformers
REF earth fault schemes
Tertiary
High
Impedance
Relays
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 55
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
LV scheme remains
stable for external EF
HV scheme remains
stable for external EF
EARTHING
TRANSFORMERS
Restricted EF Prot
Operation
and
Protection
Restricted EF Prot
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
Slide 58
Earthing Transformer
LOAD
B
C
Earthing Transformer
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 59
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 60
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
Earthing Transformers
z
z
LOAD
z
z
Earthing Transformer
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 61
R0/X1 < 1
X0/X1 < 3
Slide 63
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 64
Slide 62
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 65
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 66
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
LOAD
O/C relay
z
Earthing Transformer
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 67
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
30
1 10
adiabatic
thermal limit
4
1 10
Thermal Protection
1 10
TIME - SECONDS
Slide 68
2300
10
earthing transformer
E/F relay - IDMT
downstream E/F relay
0.1
10
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
cont
rating
30A
100
1 10
EARTH FAULT CURRENT - AMPS
max E/F
current
2300A
1 10
Slide 69
1600/1
0
0
a
b
c
external
earth
fault
132 / 33 kV
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 71
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
400/0.577
A
1600/1
0
132 / 33 kV
0
b
c
C
all 1600/0.333
N
external
earth
fault
Interposing CT secondary
without neutral connection
3 wire connection to the relay
I1 & I2 only
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
D1
D11
D12
Slide 74
IARELAY
1 0 1 IA
= 1 1 1 0 IB
IB
RELAY
3
0 1 1 IC
ICRELAY
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
IARELAY
1 1 0 NoIA
phase change
1
IB
IB
1removes
1 But,
RELAY = 3 0
neutral current
1 0
1 IC
ICRELAY
IARELAY
2 1 1 IA
IB
1
RELAY = 3 1 2 1 IB
ICRELAY
1 1 2 IC
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 75
Slide 76
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 77
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Transformer Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
z
z
Neutral Displacement
Protection
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 79
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 80
190.5
0
63.5
VV VVVV
0110
63.5
190.5
110
VA = 0
Voltage
Displacement
Relay
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 81
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
VC = 3
VB = 3
+150
-150
Neutral
Displacement
Protection
Slide 82
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Motor Protection
z
MOTOR
PROTECTION
Thermal Withstand
System events
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Motor Protection
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Thermal Protection
Extended Start Protection
Stalling Protection
Number of Starts Limitation
Negative Sequence Current Detection
Short Circuit Protection
Earth Fault Protection
Under Voltage Protection
Loss of Load Protection
Winding RTD measurement and trip
Slide 2
MOTOR
PROTECTION
THERMAL
PROTECTION
Thermal Protection
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 3
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 4
61
Starting Current
5
0.8
z
z
4
0.6
IZ( (ss) )
0.4
2
0.2
1
250
500
750
2
Z POS = R S1 + R1 + (X S1 + X R 1 )
S
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
1000
1250
1500
Slide 5
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slip =
NSYNC N ACT
NSYNC
Slide 6
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
Motor Impedances
(Rs1 + Rr1)
j(Xs1 + Xr1)
At any slip
2
2
Z POS = R S1 + R1 + (X S1 + X R1 )
S
(1 - S) Rr1
S
(Rs2 + Rr2)
j(Xs2 + Xr2)
Z POS =
(R S1 + R R1 )2 + (X S1 + X R1 )2
(S - 1) Rr2
(2 - S)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 7
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 8
Motor Impedances
z
At any slip
2
Z NEG = R S2 + R 2 + (X S2 + X R 2 )
2S
(R S1 + R R1 )2 + (X S1 + X R1 )2
2
Z NEG = R S2 + R 2 + (X S 2 + X R 2 )
2
2
Z NEG = R S 2 + R 2 + (X S 2 + X R 2 )
2
Slide 9
Motor Impedances
z
z
ZPOSRUNNING
Slide 11
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
eg. 1/6 th
ZPOSSTARTING = ZNEGRUNNING
And since:
ZNEGRUNNING
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 10
Motor Impedances
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 12
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
Question
z
z
V Starting Current
INPS = NPS
[IFLC ]
FLC
VPOS
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 13
Question
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Rotor Currents
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 15
IEQ =
(IPOS )2 + (K INPS )2
INPS =
IFLC
VPOS
FLC
K=1.5 to 6
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 16
2
ZPOS = RS1 + R1 + (XS1 + XR1)
S
Slide 14
I( s)
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 17
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 18
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
I( s)
Normal starting
Stalled condition
z
2
2502
3 500 4
750
5
6 10007
81250 9
Rapid Starting
Starting time is likely to be less than the safe stall time
Duration of starting current distinguishes starting/stalling
1500
10
t ( ss)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 19
Slide 20
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bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 21
C
B
Fixed Trip
Contact
Flag
z
HEATERS
Slide 22
Thermal Contacts
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Slide 23
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 24
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
Bearing failure
RTDs or Thermistors
Measure temperature of:
Detect:
Slide 25
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
This line current is thus 1/3 of the delta connected DOL current
Slide 26
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Motor overloading
Prospective failure of associated plant
Prospective failure of sleeve bearings
Actions:
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Motor windings
Shaft bearings
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Slide 30
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
MOTOR
PROTECTION
Short Circuit
Protection
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 31
Slide 33
Stabilising
Resistor
EARTHFAULT
PROTECTION
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Slide 34
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Motor
Thermal Protection
Earth Faults
Slide 32
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 35
ISTART
RSTAB =
z
z
z
z
CTRATIO
(RCT + k RL + RR )
IEFsetting
RCT = CT resistance
RR = Series connected O/C and/or thermal relay resistance
RL = Lead resistance (one way)
k = CT connection factor
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 36
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Motor Protection
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SEF
Slide 37
Fuse Contactors
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Slide 38
Fuse Contactors
100
eg
0.1
10kA Contactor
operates for faults
below 7kA 0.01
100
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Fuse operation
below 2kA is not
permissible
10
Slide 39
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Fuse
Relay / Contactor
Fuse
1 .10
1 .10
Slide 40
Differential Protection
Stabilising
Resistors
Relays
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 41
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Generator Protection
z
Generator Fault
Generator Event
External Event
GENERATOR
PROTECTION
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 1
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 2
Differential Protection
z
z
GENERATOR
PROTECTION
Generator Faults
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 3
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Current Transformers
Bias
Protection
I1 + I2
I1 + I2
2
Bias
Operate
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Slide 4
Slide 5
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 6
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Bias
Bias
I1
Bias
I2
Bias
I1
I2
Operate
Operate
I1+I2 0
I1+I2 = IF
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 7
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
I1 + I2
I1 + I2
Operating Current
Operating Current
TRIP
TRIP
RESTRAIN
RESTRAIN
TRIP
TRIP
RESTRAIN
RESTRAIN
I1 + I2
2
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 10
Slide 8
I1 + I2
2
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Slide 11
Relay bias
z
z
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Slide 12
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 13
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Worst mismatch ??
Zmag = 0
Rct
Rleads
Rstab
V=
IF
(R CT + R LEADS )
CT
Rleads
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 14
AC Component
DC Component
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 17
Need to know
Slide 16
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Not critical
But easiest to specify
class PX CTs
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bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 18
Magnetising
Magnetising
current
currentat
atknee
knee
point
pointvoltage
voltage
z
z
z
CT
CTknee
knee
point
pointvoltage
voltage
CT
CTinternal
internal
resistance
resistance
VPEAK = 2 2 VK (VF VK )
z
z
Class Requirements
VK 2 VSET
0.1 PX 200 R5
Slide 19
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 20
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
BIAS DIFF
'X'
BIAS DIFF
'Y'
Diff
G
HIGH IMP
DIFF 'Y'
BIAS DIFF
'X'
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 21
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 22
z
TRANSFORMER
BIAS DIFF
z
z
z
Ferro-resonance
Unbalanced Capacitance
GENERATOR
HIGH IMP
DIFF
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 23
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 24
GCB
(OPEN)
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
190.5
63.5
110
63.5
110 VVVV
190.5
Voltage
Displacement
Relay
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Neutral
Displacement
Protection
Slide 25
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 26
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Rapid Tripping
To minimise EF damage
To minimise probability of subsequent EF causing a
phase-phase fault
But not to result in nuisance tripping
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 27
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 29
95% Stator
EF Protection
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 30
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 31
A
B
C
NEUTRAL
GROUNDING
STRAY
CAPACITANCES
I CAPA
EARTH
FAULT
I CAPB
95% Stator
EF Protection
I CAPTOTAL
I CAPA I CAPB
IN
100% Stator EF Protection
via Injection Method
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Require : I N
Slide 32
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
I CAPTOTAL
Slide 33
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
z
z
Transmission System
Faults & Stator Earthfault Protection
I1 & I2 only
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
No generator neutral
current for HV system
earth fault.
Slide 34
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Transmission System
Faults & Stator Earthfault Protection
Transmission System
Faults & Stator Earthfault Protection
Transformer
HV to LV
Winding Capacitance
z
z
z
z
z
Re max
Small generator neutral
current for HV system
earth fault, due to Transformer
HV-LV capacitive coupling.
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 36
Slide 37
0.05 U GN
U
6 C12 HV
6
Transformer
HV to LV
Winding Capacitance
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 38
REF
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 39
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 40
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Core Balance
Current Direction
Detection
Core Balance
Current Direction
Detection
A-E
A
Core Balance
Current Direction
Detection
z
z
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 41
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 42
N1 / N2
Earthing Resistance
RA
B-E
C
Earthed
95% Stator
EF Protection
B
RB
100% Stator
EF Injection
Signal
BIAS ELEMENTS
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 43
Interturn Protection
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Unearthed system
Single Fault not a major problem - Delayed tripping
Double Fault is a major problem - Instantaneous tripping
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Interturn
Protection
Slide 44
Hence, we
measure phase
unbalance, not
3.Vo
Slide 45
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 46
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Field
Winding
Field
Winding
Exciter
Exciter
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Slide 47
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
z
z
Breaker Fail
Current Check
Current Check
CB Contacts
&
&
0.15
sec
0.20
sec
Trip
Trip
Generator CB status
based on
Auxiliary Contact Operation
Generator and
Transmission Events
Barrie Moor, B Eng (Elec)
Slide 49
Generator Protection
z
z
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
t=
Tripping of Generator
Islanding of Generator
Start Stage
Tripping Stage
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 50
Generator Event
External Event
And, for both of these, consider the effects of ...
GENERATOR
PROTECTION
Generator CB
TRIP Signal
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 48
GENERATOR and
POWER STATION
PROTECTION
Auxiliary
Supply
Slide 51
Const
I2 1
Alarm
Delayed to allow time for operator action
But within the machine capability
Thermal memory
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 52
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
1 10
Seconds
Seconds
1 10
1000
100
Curve Allowing
for
Stator Cooling
1000
t=
100
Manufacturers
Adiabatic
10 Curve
t =
Manufacturers
Adiabatic
10 Curve
Const
I2 1
t =
2
I
Const
1
ln 1 rated2
2
I rated 1 I 1
Const
I2 1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 53
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 54
NPS Protection
TIME
Overload characteristic
(Voltage Normal)
I2 t = const
Fault Characteristic
(Voltage Depressed)
CURRENT
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 55
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 56
I 2R
8.%
Const
10
Manufacturers Formula
2.
Const
NPS Capability
t
Const
I 2
1 10
t=
SECONDS
1000
I
K
ln 1 2R
2
I2 R
I2
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.1
10
NPS CURRENT
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 58
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
I 2R
8.%
Const
10
Manufacturers Formula
2.
Const
Const
I 2
Const .
ln 1
2
I 2R
I 2R
I 2
Causes
1 10
AVR malfunction
Transmission system major load rejection
SECONDS
Time delay
1000
100
Effects
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.01
NPS CURRENT
Standard Manufactuers NPS Formula
GEC NPS Formula including heat dissipation effects
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
V = 4.44 f N max
V
1
=
f 4.44 N
z
z
z
Slide 61
Several Stages
Coordination with O/V Protection
Reset Ratio
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Voltage
Frequency
GCB Interlocking
V
f
max
Flux depends on
max
Slide 60
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 62
GeneratorOver
Allowable VoltsCapability
/ Hertz
Generator
Generator OverExcitation
Excitation Capability
1000
SECONDS
Trip GCB
100
z
Over Excitation
Stage 1
(GCB Closed)
10
z
Over Excitation
Stage 1
(GCB Open during run-up)
Over Voltage
Protection
1
1
1.025
1.05
1.075
1.1
1.125
1.15
1.175
1.2
1.225
1.25
1.275
Causes
Loss of prime mover
Out of step events
Inadvertent GCB closure
GCB closure without excitation
Consequences
Fire hazard
Shaft damage
Turbine blade damage (eg. due to loss of steam cooling)
Tripping
High speed during genuine reverse power faults
Low speed during normal machine shut down
(eg to ensure steam valves are really closed)
1.3
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 64
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
MW
Stability
Limit
Field
Current
Limit
Delayed tripping
Multi stage tripping
MVAr
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 66
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 67
MW
Results in a circle of
infinite diameter on the
MW / MVAr diagram
ie. a straight line
R
Also results in a circle
on the MW/MVAr
capability diagram
Loss
Lossof
of
Excitation
Excitation
Protection
Protection
Under
Under
Excitation
Excitation
Protection
Protection
Based on generator
impedance parameters,
but recommend to check
the capability diagram too.
MVAr
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 68
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 69
Generator
Under
Frequence Capability
Capability
Generator
Under
Frequency
100
z
z
Multi-staged tripping
Continuous : 47.5 - 51 Hz
Minutes
SECONDS
10
0.1
45 45.5 46
46.5 47
Turbine Life
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
47.5 48
48.5 49
Frequency
Slide 70
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Generator
Under
Frequence Capability
Capability
Generator
Under
Frequency
Generator
Under
Frequence Capability
Capability
Generator
Under
Frequency
100
100
Continuous : 47.5 - 51 Hz
Continuous : 47.5 - 51 Hz
Minutes
SECONDS
Minutes
SECONDS
10
10
1
Complete Shutdown
1
Complete Shutdown
Island
Island
0.1
0.1
45 45.5 46
46.5 47
47.5 48
48.5 49
Turbine Life
45 45.5 46
Frequency
z
z
z
z
Frequency
Slide 75
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 76
Causes
Transmission system power swings due to slow clearance of
faults
Increased transmission system reactance due to tripping of
feeders
Effects
Voltage and frequency fluctuations
Indiscriminate operation of generator and transmission system
protection relays
Other generators also fall out of step
Mechanical damage
Detection by monitoring transmission system impedance
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
48.5 49
47.5 48
Cumulative effect
Assume say 15 events over the machines lifetime
Protection set to trip when 1/15th of life is used
Set each stage tripping time based on the withstand of the next
stage
If stages 1-3 island and stage 4 trips the generator
May be prudent to set stage 4 to a slower time than stage 3
Provides for rapid fall in frequency and prevents unnecessary
tripping
Stage 3 has already de-loaded the generator, so slower stage 4
time is OK
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
46.5 47
Turbine Life
Zsystem
Stage 2
0.9 x Xtf
Stage 1
-Xd'
Slide 77
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 78
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
Characteristic A
-Xd'
ra
0.9 x XTr
120
R
rb
Slide 79
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 80
Characteristic A
Characteristic A
ra
ra
0.9 x XTr
120
R
0.9 x XTr
120
R
X'd
X'd
rb
rb
Characteristic B
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Characteristic B
Slide 81
Over Voltage
Under Voltage
Over Frequency
Under Frequency
Loss of Utility Supply
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 82
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
X'd
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
0.9 x Xtf
Zsystem
Stage 2
Stage 1
Slide 83
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 84
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(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 85
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 87
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 88
Slide 86
V1 V2
P=
Sin()
X
Slide 89
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 90
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
(07) 3298 5260
Generator and
Power Station Protection
Generator Protection
REF 'Y'
VOLTAGE
DISPLACEMENT 'Y'
SYNCH
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
DIFF 'Y'
CB FAIL 'X'
DIFF 'X'
CB FAIL 'Y'
INST OC 'Y'
STATOR
OVERLOAD 'Y'
NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE 'Y'
OUT OF
STEP 'Y'
REVERSE
POWER 'Y'
LOSS/UNDER
EXCITATION 'Y'
DIFF 'X'
BUCH
AVR
HIGH IMP
DIFF 'Y'
BIASED
DIFF 'X'
UNIT
TRANSFORMER
NEF
AVR
IDMT OC
SYNCH
OC 'X'
DIFF 'Y'
EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER
UNDER
FREQUENCY 'X'
UNDER
FREQUENCY 'Y'
OVER
VOLTAGE 'X'
OVER
VOLTAGE 'Y'
OVER
EXCITATION 'X'
OVER
EXCITATION 'Y'
OUT OF
STEP 'X'
NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE 'X'
REF 'Y'
LOSS/UNDER
EXCITATION 'X'
STATOR
OVERLOAD 'X'
REVERSE
POWER 'X'
BUS ZONE
SHUNT
ROTOR
EF 'X'
ROTOR
EF 'Y'
STATOR EF 'X'
STATOR EF
INJECTION 'Y'
bmoor@powersystemprotection.com.au
Slide 91
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(07) 3298 5260