Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Aim and Objective of my research ...................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Rationale ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Research Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING ABOUT FLOOD IN MALAYSIA. ...................................................................... 6
2.1 Explanation of what caused the flood ................................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 The causes of the flood in Kota Tinggi ............................................................................................. 6
2.2 Flood Mitigation in Structural and Non-structural Measures............................................................. 6
2.2.1
2.2.2
Appendix B .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Appendix C .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Appendix D .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Appendix E .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Appendix F .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Appendix G .............................................................................................................................................. 47
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 50
List of Visual Material.................................................................................................................................. 51
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim and Objective of my research
The main reason to carry out this research project is to help the needed community in Malaysia through
addressing important issues that long neglected by Malaysian. It is vital to create awareness and deeper
understanding to the questions of why we need to help them, why the people need more information
about flood victim hardship, situation and living condition after flood. The research will lead to the finding
of understanding their current problem-solving methods in handling after effect circumstances, challenges
that they are facing and how professional assistance is vital in helping to improve livelihood especially in
the informal settlement. This research project also aimed to prove that what architecture can provide to
solve the problems for the community when engineers and government has ensured their role. It is now
that we have to look what architecture can do through investigating the factor of relocation that why do
people keep coming back to the flood-prone area.
Aim to carry out the project
To find out and investigate whether architecture will be able to eliminate total disaster. Is architecture a
permanent solution to flood in Malaysia?
Objectives to carry out the project
To understand current limitations of architecture on-site and to ensure an effective response with specific
strategy adopted for a greater capacity to withstand flood.
Research Questions:
What are the limitations of current architecture during disaster? What is the defect of the built
structure on site?
What are the design consideration to tackle the issue?
How to develop a new crisis resistance that can provide permanent solution? To mitigate or to
adapt to the disaster?
Can the new strategy or system be implemented throughout Malaysia?
1.2. Rationale
It is important as a designer to seek architectural solutions to humanitarian crisis and brings professional
design services to communities in need especially the poor because our primary principle it is not only to
improve the standard of living but quality of life. There is a general misconception of the relative
unimportance of disasters by Malaysians that I find it interesting to investigate. It is not unusual to find
flood victims moving back into their flooded houses even before the flood waters have subsided. Why do
people keep moving back to the flooded area? The constraints and limitations of disaster management in
post-flood that gives me a thought of why are we cycling the whole process of risk management
procedure again that we allow threat to affect us continuously? There should be a full stop.
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physical, health and safety aspects, to find out the main concern of distress and targeting to focus on
tackling the issues when it comes to developing a new design for the community. Meanwhile, the
interview tends to focus on existing structural limits, investigating the flood effect done to the structure,
area of damage, factors of damage, value of damage, cost of repairing and to find out the action of
restoration carried out by the local are aim to repairing flood damage or prevention of future flood. Deep
understanding is vital before start the design process, analyzing of the existing conditions from livelihood
and structural aspect to solve and comprehend the current existing problem. More strategy could obtain
through analysis of the precedent case study and the possibility to be implemented in Malaysia.
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2.2.1
Flood control dams are constructed to retain flood water through controlling the amount of water flowing
into the river and protecting the downstream areas. Most of the dams constructed in Malaysia also
intended to generate hydroelectricity and yet some of the dam have been built for an additional purpose,
such as for water supply instead of a merely mitigating flood system. Canalization works, including the
broadening and deepening of channels, lining the banks and beds of the canals to improve the water flow
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pathway and avoid undersized structures. Often times a disused mining pool is used as storage ponds for
flood storage that could redirect the excess flood water to minimize the outflow and the water will be
released after the flow has subsided. Besides pond, poldering work that protecting the surrounding area
of higher damage potential to flood with a ring bund. This provision of work includes the protection of
internal drainage and removing of flood water by pumping during the periods of high water flows,
especially at the river. As due to high development along the river banks that unable the broadening or
deepening to accommodate the increasing flood in a major city, engineers had proposed another strategy
to retain flood water through a flood diversion channel or tunnel that incorporating a motorway for
additional purpose. This storm water channel as well as motorway tunnel is being implemented in the city
of Kuala Lumpur named as the SMART system which means Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel.
(Wing, 2012)
2.2.2
The overall river basin is planned with the consideration of all factors under the concept of Integrated
River Basin Management (IRBM) at which zoning for the river corridors, conserving the wetlands and
storage pond. Besides implementation of the concept IRBM, a suitable guideline of design standards for
public and private sectors is vital in improving the planning of river and urban drainage system. In the
year of 2000, a new Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MASMA) has been published to provide
control measures and recommendations for flood mitigation procedure. To reduce the potential of death
in flood-prone areas, families have been resettled in a safer place. One of the most practical preventive
solutions to minimize flood losses is the flood forecasting and warning system as people is being warned
earlier to have sufficient time to evacuate themselves and belongings. (Wing, 2012)
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Segamat
Kota Tinggi
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PAHANG
MELAKA
N. SEMBILAN
SABAH
Pasir Mas
P. Kumpal
Rombin
Alor Gajah
Gemas
K.Marudu
G.Musang
Pasir Putih
Kg.Rekoh
Jasin
Gemencheh
Kg.Kurnia
JOHOR
TERENGGANU
PAHANG
Segamat
Dungun
Cherating
Kota Tinggi
Kemaman
Marang
KEDAH
PERLIS
Alor Setar
Kangar
Baling
Kg.Jabi
Bdr. Baru
KEDAH
PERLIS
Alor Setar
Kangar
Pendang
Changlun
KubangPasu
Arau
JOHOR
Segamat
Kota Tinggi
J. Bahru
JOHOR
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PAHANG
MELAKA
N. SEMBILAN
Segamat
Pasir Mas
P. Kumpal
Rombin
Alor Gajah
Gemas
Kota Tinggi
G.Musang
Pasir Putih
Kg.Rekoh
Jasin
Gemencheh
Kg.Kurnia
JOHOR
PAHANG
TERENGGANU
SABAH
SARAWAK
Kota Tinggi
Rombin
Kemaman
Kemabong
Kuching
Mersing
Kuantan
Kijal
Kg.Bangkuih
Bau
Muar
Pekan
Dungun
Kg.Gumisi
Bintulu
2008
2009
Kpl.Batas
2010
2011
Muar
Kluang
2012
2013
Kluang
Maran
Hulu
Jerantut
Temerloh
Page | 8
Kampung Kelantan is situated at the south of Kota Tinggi district near to Johor River. This village is
surrounded by commercial planting of oil palm plantation and rubber plantation along the river side and is
also near to residential area like Taman Merdesa, Taman Muhibbah and Taman Kota Mas. It requires 3
kilometers to travel from the village to the town of Kota Tinggi.
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Size of Community
Kota Tinggi is a populated place with population of more than 200,000 people, meanwhile there is more
than 80 families in the village of Kampung Kelantan. The main route of the village has 916 meters from
the entrance to the endpoint of the village and consists of 10 small lane directed to the house of the locals
with an average densities of 6 10 and 11 20 houses with a uniform distribution. For each families
comes with an average of 4-6 family members, it is estimated to occupy 400 people in the village.
Economic
Besides the agricultural activities of oil palm and rubber plantations, a historical royal mausoleum located
not far from the entrance of the village has gained a number of visitors throughout the year because this
significant tomb speaks of a legend between a fearless warrior and his king, Sultan Mahmud Shah II in
1699. Today, it is an identity blending with the facts of history, politics and societal values.
Religion and Culture
The people inhabiting in this village are about 80% of the Malay race and the other 20% is of Chinese and
Indian races, therefore the Muslim believer made up a majority people than Buddhism and Hinduism.
Although there is a huge difference of faith and belief, the culture of people living in the village have been
influenced in the value of the strong neighborhood and a sense of community. Most of the time, the local
enjoyed the leisure time in backyard gardening and raising livestock, the younger one will be swimming
and fishing near the river. The culture in the village has been constantly communicating with each other
and involving activity that creates stronger bonding among people regardless of age, ethics and
background.
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3.5 Investigate Living Adaptation of the Community Before and After the Disaster.
Origin of the Community
The origin of the people in the community before the inundation are mostly local who, inhabiting in this
village for up to three generations. After the major flood during 2006-2007, people moving out of the
village to the town and rent the poor condition houses for the newcomers from family outside the village.
The exchange of relocation takes place for people in the village migrate to other places and people from
outside the village moving into the village, causing a shifting of origin of the community in the village.
Ethnicity
In additional to relocation, ethnic composition had changed due to the decrease in the number of the
Chinese and Indian community. The current ethnic composition has a majority of the Malay community.
Activities and culture
Previously the local enjoyed home farming, raising backyard livestock like chickens and fishing for
domestic consumption as well as earning additional income selling the unfinished fish to the market. Due
to the rapid flow of water, it damages the surrounding property and the environment, causes less
resources and loss of backyard livestock. Currently, the fishing activity is solely for leisure interest and
light domestic consumption while some families in the village still continue to raise livestock. More or less
of the local that moved out from the village will return to the village on weekends, therefore, having
insufficient time to take care of the gardening and raising the chickens.
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Environment
Tropical rivers is the most productive ecosystems and contribute to greater production of plantation as the
soil contains high level of nutrients. However, following with high rainfall and overflow of river water during
inundation, it causes erosion and soil saturation that contains high concentrations of debris and sediment
which resulting to unsuitable condition for plantation. Furthermore, the sediment and harmful substances
carried by the floodwater often times causes water pollution, degradation of soil and interruption of
ecosystems.
Neighborhood
In the informal settlement, people tend to be more connected to each other due to constant interaction,
involvement of outdoor activities, supportive relationship among themselves and great understanding of
each others background and personality in this close-tie living environment over time resulting in strong
sense of neighborhood. After many times of facing devastating events together, the good nature of
supportive and assisting one another has shown the spark of neighborhood and developed stronger
sense of community due to the same understanding of deprivations and surviving together.
Structure Conditions
The site visit observation has shown that the current condition of the existing structure that up to 20% of
the houses are abandoned and wrecked, leaving behind the damaged structure by the previous occupant
due to relocate to the town and new housing rental program by the government. More than 70% of the
existing structure have been gone through replacement and repairing works due to a multiplicity of flood
issues. One of the respondents mentioned that he had his whole structure reconstructed and replaced all
timber walls and floor with concrete and bricks, using timber only as the roof rafter. Yet most of the other
respondents repairing their damage houses on ad-hoc basis.
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Figure 7 & 8: The whole structure of the house are completely raised and sit on the stilts included the back portion of the house.
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For instance the front portion of the house are the living room and the middle part is the interspace
connecting the front and back part, however, this interspace has been widen to accommodate more
bedrooms and the back part are usually lower will be the dining area, kitchen and bathroom. The front
part of the house are the highest level and the back part sits on the ground. It can be observed that the
storage area for motorcycle and other household equipment are placed underneath the area of the house.
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Some partially-raised house comes in two different levels where the front part and middle part of the
house consist of living room, bedrooms and interspace are at the same level and the part back like
kitchen and toilets are sits on the ground.
Figure 11: Back part of the house not arranged orderly as the front
In some houses, the back part of these house are not all arranged orderly like those in figure XXXX. The
arrangement of the back part changing its position when its interspace changing the direction. This type
of house built with two major materials of concrete foundation stilts and wood for the columns, walls and
roof structures.
Figure 12: The interspace rearrange the position of back part of the house the front part .
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Figure 13 & 14: One of the abandon single story non-raised house
While the other half is completely reconstruct and located far from the riverbank at higher ground that
most of the time this structure is not being affected badly with flood. However, the minor destructions that
needed replacement are such as broken window pane and door, seepage on the wall and ceiling and
other torn out furniture.
Figure 15 & 16: Examples of the reconstructed single story non-raised house.
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This is one of the non-raised type double story house that is influenced by typical traditional Malay house
in Johore that constructed with a particular small porch at the side of the main structure acting as an entry
porch. The interior space planning are nothing unusual from the common characteristic of typical Malay
houses that segregating spaces according to its important activities. This structure can be divided into
three different area that the front part of the house acting as the main space to serve guest while the
middle part and back part of the house functioning as family area, bedrooms, dining area, kitchen and
toilets. Meanwhile the ground level of the front and middle part of the house provide additional space for
storage room. It is vivid that the least important area to be built lower from the ground and as more
important area are being elevated. However, the house is built in half-timbered with a supporting brick
wall at the ground level to provide stronger and stable foundation.
Figure 17: The front view of the non-raised double story house
Figure 18: The side view of the non-raised double story house
Illustration 3: The purple zone at the ground level provide extra storage area.
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Row house are the other type of non-raised double story house that is simply different from other houses
in terms of prioritizing spaces more for family than guest. The bedrooms are located at the first level and
living room, dining area, kitchen and toilet on the ground level. This type of row house are structurally
linked together that the building could occupied multi-family with individual unit separated within the same
building.
It made up a smaller floor area on ground as it consists of continuous neighbor on row with open spaces
in the front and back of the house. Each of the building are estimated with the length of 50 66 feet that
could occupied 3-4 families and the gap between each building are measured with a distance of 5 feet.
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3.7.2
Debris Impact
Debris impact is created by the rapid flow of water carried with household items, vehicles, heavy items
that hit on the houses. By studying the real condition through interview and information gathered from the
local, we can understand that the weakest part of the existing structure is the exterior wall, kitchen and
surrounding property due to the fact that these areas are usually built on the ground without being raised.
However, after further investigate, this factor does not pertain to the higher level of the house from the
ground with more stability and security during the deluge.
This can be explained that most of the raised house that's constructed fully with timber are completely
collapsed while some of it built their exterior wall with bricks at the bottom part of the wall and use timber
panels for the upper part of the wall can remain strong on the ground.
As for partially raised house as we have previously mentioned that the back part of the house constructed
on the ground with timber are completely ruined. This is not due to the house being seated on the ground,
this damage was caused by the quality of the material used to resist the impact of debris force.
Figure 21: The half brick wall remained intact despite devastating water flow and rough
debris impact.
Four out of five interviews and observation made to clarify and confirmed that the corrugated sheet used
as roof needed to be replaced after major flood when the water can raise up to 15 feet from the ground.
Which means that even it is a raised house can be affected due to the poor quality of materials to
withstand great forces acting on it.
Figure 24, 25 & 26 : Water that carried logs and lumbers with high velocity caused great damage to the roof.
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Hydrostatic Force
The hydrostatic force created from moving water that the pressure acts at right angles to any object in the
water, for instance the pressure will act horizontally on a vertical wall of the building. Nonetheless, on a
horizontal surface, hydrostatic force will exert upward that able to lift and float a house, especially the
water level outside the house did not enter when it reaches 1 feet above the floor. (Department of Natural
Disaster, 2006)
While as the force increases proportionally to the depth of the water, during the major flood of 2006-2007,
the water rises up to 15 feet, resulting in the increase of such great uplifting force that this house in the
Figure XXX are carried away by the water 20 meters from its original site.
Figure 27: One of the house in the village has been lifted by flood water.
The differences of water level from inside and outside of the structure as well, causing damage to the
timber floor because of the pressure that acted upward. Moreover, the existing constructed earlier have
not been applied with wet flood-proofing system that could help to equalize the pressure through
balancing the water level from inside and outside of the structure. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)
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Hydrodynamic Force
Differences of water level in hydrostatic force result in the buoyant force that uplifted the structure,
whereas differences of water level in hydrostatic force caused outward pressure that would tear out the
structure. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)
The hydrodynamic force is exerted on all upright surfaces potential in causing three types of impact to the
wall of the existing structure. On which is the frontal impact where the water hit on the structure, the drag
effect at the sides of the structure that would tear out the structure and in additional, the negative
pressure is created as water passes the downstream side. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)
When the water depth increases and creates unbalance water level between the interior and exterior of
the structure where the direction of flow would experience an inward pressure that caused the wall to
collapse. At the same time, the drag effect would cause more damage. The water continues to flow
toward the direction, but at this time the water level inside the house is higher, thus it would create an
outward pressure exerted onto the wall.
Figure 30 & 31: Non-raised double story house. The wall made of timber unable to withstand outward pressure exerted onto it and
collapsed.
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Figure 33: Termite and fungal decay in timber wall. Water seepage on
the masonry.
The presence of unwanted water moisture associated with structural dampness caused termite to
reproduce and feed on decaying wood especially timber floor and wall of the structure. Concrete and
block masonry are not damaged by the process of immersion because of its stability characteristic, but
are highly absorptive and slow drying in result reduce the load and strength of the wall. Generally, the
local tends to repaint the wall than replacing the wall linings. The common practice of the local to salvage
usable building materials in order to repair their destructed house on an ad-hoc basis. Thus the materials
that they reused are often porous, destructive and unable to stand the test of time.
Figure 34 & 35: Floodwater starts to subside after eleven days leaving the debris, fallen trees and belongings scattered around.
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During floods, the moving water brings together a mixture of harmful substances, picking up pollutan6ts
from the surrounding environment, lands and sewage. The existing site have an oil palm plantation along
the river and when the soil with chemical fertilizer and pesticides being washed down during flood carried
pathogens that greatly raise risk for other health problems.
The sandy and muddy soil from the river stick on the structure, surrounding landscape and streets that
could be hard to clean up while the super fine silts settles in fibrous materials can slow down the drying
process especially the interior structure. This sediment and contaminant could also carry commercial
material such as glass fiber, concrete, nails, metal composed materials lead, copper and mercury.
Figure 36 & 37: Erosion of compacted fill around foundation slab caused by water saturation
Soil Saturation
The under portion of the foundation slab is collapsing due to water saturation that in which soil absorbed
water and shear the strength of cohesive soil. This could further contribute to the failure of the structural
support of the foundation when there are changes in soil moisture. The flowing water could find an
opening underneath the exterior wall and cause further damage to the exterior wall and foundation slab.
(Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)
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Chart 1: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the concern of the major cause of distress among all the other.
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The first data collected has shown that the main distress of the local after the flood is financial distress
and constraints as the physical aspect meanwhile the secondary disturbance is caused by hygiene and
flood-related infections as categorized in health and safety aspect.
Chart 2: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the main assistance needed after flood.
This second data collected has shown that the main assistance of the local needed after the flood is
awareness towards disaster management as the social aspect meanwhile the other assistance needed is
in term of financial assitance from the government, as categorized in physical aspect.
Chart 3: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the type of action taken as a measure of repairing flood damages or
prevention of future floods.
This second data collected has shown that the majority of action taken by the local as a measure of
repairing flood damages rather than prevention of future floods.
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4.2 Analyze and Refine the Existing Limitations through Precedent Study.
4.2.1 Bamboo House in Cau Dien Town, Ha Noi, Vietnam by H&P Architects.
Figure 38, 39 & 40: Unique design of the roof for both aesthetic and functionality, the triangular cut-outs open the home in different
direction.
This bamboo house is constructed from local bamboo modules, fiber boards and coconut leaves with
bolting, binding, hanging and placing technic, raised on stilts with a unique design of the raised floor
intended to provide space for storing the recycled oil drums allowing the homes to float during the
seasonal flooding in Southeast Asia. The bamboo wall and roof are fastened to a series of steel piles to
secure the structure during flooding. (Davis, 2013) Bamboo is not merely ecofriendly material and fast
growing in Asia, the waterproof properties of this material make it more suitable to use as building
materials in flood-prone area as it is non-permeable to bacteria and contaminant, fast drying and easy to
clean up during inundations. Besides, the gap between each individual stick of bamboo can help in
releasing the pressure and forces exerted onto the structure by allowing appropriate opening.
This same theory used in designing the roof. The architect allows the roof to be open in every direction
allowing a natural system for ventilation. (Davis, 2013) However, through the analysis of the previous
existing structure and learn that the lateral force, also known as hydrostatic force could damage the roof
caused by the air flow and wind effects. This can be prevented by opening the roof and allowing the air
flow to pass through and not to resist or fighting against it. Another benefits of using bamboo is having a
natural properties of less dense than water that allow the structure to float and rise with the water during
flood as commonly use as floating rafter near the sea.
Figure 41, 42 & 43: The two-story of 44 square meters complete with living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, laundry, indoor
terrace and plan breeding area.
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4.2.2 Amphibious House in Thailand by Chuta Sinthuphan Architect and Floating House in Isle De Jean
Charles Old River, Louisiana by fisherman community.
Instead of building brick wall with dry and wet flood proofing to fight against the hydrodynamic force to
avoid damages onto the walls, why not relieve the tension and take advantage of the buoyant force
during flood to lift the house.
This two precedent study is used to compare floating systems and addressing the issue of construction.
The Amphibious House uses a prefabricated steel floatation system built over a trench underneath the
home and is kept in place by a slip-column system that ensure the house travel up and down with the
water. As the area begins to flood and the water will pools into the trench and the home begins to float
and rise up with the water. The flotation system is constructed underground for two reasons which is to be
hidden to make it more appropriate for the modern aesthetic purpose and secondly as the flooding begins,
it acts as a medium to allow buoyant to lift up the house. (Meinhold, 2011)
The floating house in Louisiana has the same function as lifting the home with the steel frame at each of
the corners of the house act as vertical guidance when water rises even up to 30 feet. However, in this
case it does not require a trench to store the excess water. (Melker, 2012) The flotation block that
attached to the underside of the house is filled with foam or air. In terms of simple construction, this
method is recommended.
4.2.3 Simple Material Used for Flotation System.
Figure 47, 48 & 49: Recycled barrel, foam floatation unit, pipes and bamboo is the simple recycle material and construction can
reduce the cost of construction.
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Figure 50 & 51: The triangular frame is 10m x 10m (1110m2) base.
This ideal shape has a relatively low center of gravity that makes it an ideal shape for a floating object
which provides stability and balance during extreme weather. Recycled empty plastic barrels found in
surrounding is used for the structures buoyancy system that constructed with 16 wooden modules and
each contains 16 barrels. With simple materials and buoyancy force, the base can float the entire
structure. (Frearson, 2014)
Figure 52: The building has three levels, the first level is an open play area for school break and community area, the second level is
enclosed space for classrooms that can occupy up to a hundred students and the third level is an enclosed workshop space.
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
Most of the times people rely on the engineering solution before the water rises and seek preventive
solutions after the disaster. Through this research that we will be able to truly understand and gain
confidence that architecture factor is a new solution to the longest disaster that is frequency happen in
our country.
The idea of using architecture as a permanent solution to eliminate total disaster and reduce the distress
of the community in Malaysia is something possible. The first step is to understand the existing limitation
and factor causing the damage to the structure, we can ensure an effective improvement of the structure
and its components. Now that we had investigated that there is five main factors of causing the
destruction of the existing structure which is the debris impact, hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic force,
soaking and contaminant as well as soil saturation.
Each of these factors is contributing to the damage and losses of the structure and environment, however,
there is solutions to each of this by finding alternative to tackle the specific problem and analyzing the
precedent study to find the simplest way for the most effective solution.
The whole new part of the solution was not merely to reconstruct building but livelihood. The finding of
community main distress and concern as well as the strong bonding of relationship among the local would
also be the major consideration in designing the new structure that promotes interaction and sense of
community. After all, what is the point of having a strong house but losing the strong relationship between
people?
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List of Appendices
APPENDIX
TITLE
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
Survey Form
Survey Result
33-34
Interview Form
35-37
Interview Result 1
38-40
Interview Result 2
41-43
Interview Result 3
44-46
Interview Result 4
47-49
32
Page | 31
Appendix A
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Mental health
(stress, loss of sleep, depression, confusion)
Statement
Yes
No
Page | 32
Appendix B
Result of Question 1:
Chart 1: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the concern of the major cause of distress among all the other.
The first data collected has shown that the main distress of the local after the flood is financial distress
and constraints as the physical aspect meanwhile the secondary disturbance is caused by hygiene and
flood-related infections as categorized in health and safety aspect.
Result of Question 2:
Chart 2: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the main assistance needed after flood.
This second data collected has shown that the main assistance of the local needed after the flood is
awareness towards disaster management as the social aspect meanwhile the other assistance needed is
in term of financial assitance from the government, as categorized in physical aspect.
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Result of Question 3:
Chart 3: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the type of action taken as a measure of repairing flood damages or
prevention of future floods.
This second data collected has shown that the majority of action taken by the local as a measure of
repairing flood damages rather than prevention of future floods.
Page | 34
Appendix C
3. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.
10 - 24 hours
2 3 days
1 2 weeks
Others: Please state ___________
4. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?
1 - 2days
1 - 2 weeks
1 - 2 months
Others: Please state___________
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Preliminary Questions
1. How long have you been staying at this house?
____________________________
2. What year your house was built?
____________________________
3. How many times have you experience flood in this area?
_____________________________
4. How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? _________________________
5. On a scale where 10 means great amount of damage and 1 means you have none at all,
how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? ________________
Structural Questions
6. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair?
_____Y_____________N_____
Which part of the house? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? ____Y______N____
Can you name or define it? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? _____________
9. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? ______________________________________
10. How effective is the material/method/implementations youve taken to prevent damages during
flood?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?
______________________________________________________________________________
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Description of damage
Causes by
Debris
impact
Hydros
tatic
forces
Sediment
&
Contamina
nts
Soaking
Value of damage
Prevention
Measures
In %
of
total
Action
taken
(Y/N)
Hours of
repair/install
Value of
damage
prevented
in % if
total
Exterior
walls,
windows,
doors
Foundation
& footing
Interior
floors, walls
Ceiling, roof
Equipment,
Furniture
Outside
property,
Landscaping
Additional:
Page | 37
Appendix D
9. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.
10 - 24 hours
2 3 days
1 2 weeks
Others: Please state ___________
10. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?
1 - 2days
1 - 2 weeks
1 - 2 months
Others: Please state___________
12. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?
Yes; why ___________________________________________________
No; why ____________________________________________________
Page | 38
Partially Raised
18.10.2014
11:30 12:30
Preliminary Questions
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Structural Questions
17. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES
Which part of the house?
The whole part of the kitchen and toilet had completely washed away by water.
The roof is damage and replaced
Loss of surrounding property including livestock
18. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO
Can you name or define it?
Salvage materials that still can be use (wooden panel, zinc sheet)
Repaint the interior and exterior wall
Build with new materials (concrete, brick, wood, zinc, paint, furniture)
19. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 5 days
20. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 10, 000
21. How effective is the material/method/implementations youve taken to prevent damages during
flood?
Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )
For ad-hoc basis
22. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?
Repairing flood damages
Page | 39
Description of damage
Debris
impact
Exterior
walls,
windows,
doors
Foundation
& footing
Interior
floors, walls
Ceiling, roof
Equipment,
Furniture
Outside
property,
Landscaping
Kitchen + Toilet +
Back part Area is
completely gone.
Value of damage
Prevention
Measures
Soaking
In % of
total
Hours of
repair/install
Action
taken
(Y/N)
Value of
damage
prevented
in % if
total
90 %
N/A
50 %
N/A
50 %
N/A
10 %
70 %
N/A
50 %
Causes by
Hydros
tatic
forces
Sediment
&
Contamina
nts
No damage,
Seepage
Raised floor
needed minor
replacement,
Interior wall
damaged
Gardening and
Livestock
80 %
N/A
10 %
90 %
N/A
10 %
Additional:
Page | 40
Appendix E
14. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.
1-5
5-10
10-15
Others: Please state ___________
15. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.
10 - 24 hours
2 3 days
1 2 weeks
Others: Please state ___________
16. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?
1 - 2days
1 - 2 weeks
1 - 2 months
Others: Please state___________
18. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?
Yes; why ___________________________________________________
No; why ____________________________________________________
Page | 41
Preliminary Questions
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Structural Questions
28. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES (In 1988, change all timber to bricks)
Which part of the house?
The exterior and interior wall
The roof is damage and replaced
Window panel has been replaced
29. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO
Can you name or define it?
Repaint the interior and exterior wall
30. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 7 days
31. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 3, 000
32. How effective is the material/method/implementations youve taken to prevent damages during
flood?
Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )
For ad-hoc basis
No special installation/method/material is used.
33. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?
Repairing flood damages
Page | 42
Description of damage
Causes by
Debris
impact
Foundation
& footing
Interior
floors, walls
Ceiling, roof
Equipment,
Furniture
Outside
property,
Landscaping
Prevention
Measures
Sediment
&
Contamina
nts
Soaking
In % of
total
Hours of
repair/install
Action
taken
(Y/N)
Seepage
30 %
N/A
10 %
No damage,
Seepage
N/A
N/A
Moisture caused
dampness in the
wall
40 %
N/A
10 %
60 %
N/A
50 %
Exterior
walls,
windows,
doors
Caused by wind
damage, debris
impact
Electrical +
Furnishing
Storage room
constructed in
wooden materials
Hydros
tatic
forces
Value of damage
Value of
damage
prevented
in % if
total
80 %
N/A
10 %
90 %
N/A
50 %
Additional:
Page | 43
Appendix F
20. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.
1-5
5-10
10-15
Others: Please state ___________
21. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.
10 - 24 hours
2 3 days
1 2 weeks
Others: Please state ___________
22. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?
1 - 2days
1 - 2 weeks
1 - 2 months
Others: Please state___________
24. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?
Yes; why ___________________________________________________
No; why ____________________________________________________
Page | 44
Preliminary Questions
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Structural Questions
39. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES
Which part of the house?
The interior flooring
The exterior and interior wall
The roof is damage and replaced
40. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO
Can you name or define it?
Termite removal application
Repaint the interior and exterior wall
Replaced the damage roof with new corrugated sheet
41. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 2weeks
42. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? More than RM 5, 000
43. How effective is the material/method/implementations youve taken to prevent damages during
flood?
Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )
For ad-hoc basis
No special installation/method/material is used.
44. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?
Repairing flood damages
Page | 45
Description of damage
Debris
impact
Exterior
walls,
windows,
doors
Foundation
& footing
Interior
floors, walls
Value of damage
Prevention
Measures
Soaking
In % of
total
Hours of
repair/install
Action
taken
(Y/N)
80 %
N/A
10 %
20 %
N/A
N/A
80 %
N/A
50 %
30 %
N/A
20 %
Causes by
Hydros
tatic
forces
Sediment
&
Contamina
nts
No damage,
Soil saturation
underneath the
foundation slab
Moisture caused
dampness in the
wall and
termite/fungal
reproduce
Caused by wind
Ceiling, roof
Furnishing damage
Equipment,
Furniture
Outside
property,
Landscaping
Storage room
constructed in
block is wrecked.
Value of
damage
prevented
in % if
total
60 %
N/A
10 %
90 %
N/A
10 %
Additional:
Page | 46
Appendix G
26. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.
1-5
5-10
10-15
Others: Please state ___________
27. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.
10 - 24 hours
2 3 days
1 2 weeks
Others: Please state ___________
28. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?
1 - 2days
1 - 2 weeks
1 - 2 months
Others: Please state___________
30. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?
Yes; why ___________________________________________________
No; why ____________________________________________________
Page | 47
Preliminary Questions
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Structural Questions
50. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES
Which part of the house?
The upper floor interior flooring
The exterior and interior wall
The roof is damage and replaced
The back area and kitchen has been rebuild
70% of the furniture unable to reuse
51. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO
Can you name or define it?
52. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? Less than 2weeks
53. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 10, 000
54. How effective is the material/method/implementations youve taken to prevent damages during
flood? He said; Prevention is hard. You cannot predict the natural disaster. Repair and
replacement work is a slow process.
55. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?
Repairing flood damages
Page | 48
Description of damage
Debris
impact
Exterior
walls,
windows,
doors
Value of damage
Prevention
Measures
Soaking
In % of
total
Hours of
repair/install
Action
taken
(Y/N)
50 %
N/A
10 %
N/A
N/A
N/A
50 %
N/A
20 %
Causes by
Hydros
tatic
forces
Sediment
&
Contamina
nts
No damage
Foundation
& footing
Interior
floors, walls
50 %
No damage
Ceiling, roof
Equipment,
Furniture
Outside
property,
Landscaping
Furnishing damage
up to 70%
Backyard kitchen
and open area for
leisure and small
workshop space
Value of
damage
prevented
in % if
total
70 %
N/A
10 %
90 %
N/A
10 %
Additional:
Page | 49
Bibliography
Department of Natural Disaster. (2006). Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings To Flood Damage (Guidance
On Building In Flood Prone Areas). Department of Natural Resources NSW.
Wing, I. C. (2012). Managing Flood Problems In Malaysia. Ingenieur, 38-43.
Davis, A. (2013). Blooming Bamboo Home by H&P Architects. Retrieved from Dezeen Magazine:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Department of Natural Disaster. (2006). Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings To Flood Damage (Guidance
On Building In Flood Prone Areas). Department of Natural Resources NSW.
Environment, M. o. (2007). Flood and Drought Management in Malaysia. 5-27.
Frearson, A. (2014). NLE's Floating School Casts Anchor in Lagos Lagoon. Retrieved from Dezeen
Magazine: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/03/25/makoko-floating-school-nigeria-nle/
Hau, D. B. (2014). Dr. Boo Condemns Johor State Government for Failing to Mitigate Floods. Retrieved
from Dr. Boo Cheng Hau's Trillingual Blog: http://drboochenghau.blogspot.com/2011/02/drboo-codemns-johor-state-government.html
Jha, A. K. (2012). Cities and Flooding : A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st
Century. The World Bank.
KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd. (2003). The Generalised Procedures and Guide for Assessment of Flood Damages.
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Wilayah Persekutuan.
Meinhold, B. (2011). Amphibious Houses Could Provide A Permanent Solution For Flooding In Thailand.
Retrieved from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-houses-could-provide-a-permanentsolution-for-flooding-in-thailand/
Melker, S. D. (2012). Louisiana Fisherman Pioneer Floating Architecture. Retrieved from PBS News Hour:
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/louisiana-fishermen-pioneer-floating-architecture/
Weng, C. N. (1996). Risk, Exposure and Vulnerability to Flood Hazards in a Rapidly Developing Country:
The Case of Peninsular Malaysia. 108-132.
Weng, C. N. (2011). Addressing Flood Hazards via Environmental Humanities in Malaysia. Malaysian
Journal of Environmental Management, 11-22.
Weng, C. N. (2011). Integrating Official and Traditional Flood Hazard Management in Malaysia. 1st
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Page | 51
Figure 38: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 39: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 40: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 41: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 42: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 43: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
Figure 44: Inhabitat, Thailand Floating House, 2011, Available from: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-
houses-could-provide-a-permanent-solution-for-flooding-in-thailand/
Figure 45: Inhabitat, Thailand Floating House, 2011, Available from: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-
houses-could-provide-a-permanent-solution-for-flooding-in-thailand/
Figure 46: PBS News Hour, Louisiana Fisherman Pioneer Floating Architecture, 2012, Available from:
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/louisiana-fishermen-pioneer-floating-architecture/
Figure 47: Wale Micaiah on Education, Learning Through Makoko, 2011, Available from:
http://walemicaiah.blog.com/2014/04/09/teachertuesday-nigeria-7-access-to-learning-through-makokofloating-school/
Figure 49: Borrowed Culture, Pipes Rafter, 2011, Available from: http://www.borrowedculture.com/page/4/
Figure 50 51 52makoko
Page | 52