TEODORA POPESCU

MARIANA TOMA

DICTIONARY
OF
BUSINESS COLLOCATIONS

with Romanian translation

and
practice section

TEODORA POPESCU

MARIANA TOMA

DICTIONARY
OF
BUSINESS COLLOCATIONS

with Romanian translation

and
practice section

ALBA IULIA
2009

Reproducerea integral sau par ial a textului cr ii, prin orice mijloace, fr
acordul autorilor i al editurii este interzis.

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

POPESCU, TEODORA, TOMA, MARIANA
Dictionary of Business Collocations. With Romanian
Translation and Practice Section / Teodora Popescu, Mariana
Toma Ed. rev. Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2009
388 p.; 24 cm.
Bibliogr.
Index
ISBN 978-973-1890-54-8
I. Popescu, Teodora
II. Toma, Mariana

Coperta: Teodora Popescu

Tehnoredactare: Teodora Popescu
Tiparul a fost executat la Tipografia Universit ii 1 Decembrie 1918 din
Alba Iulia.

Copyright Teodora Popescu, Mariana Toma, 2009

Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918

Editura Aeternitas
Str. Nicolae Iorga, nr. 13
RO 510009 Alba Iulia
Tel: 004-1058-811412/122
Fax: 004-0258-812630
E-mail: editura_aeternitas@yahoo.com

CONTENTS

Preface.......7
Prefa .................................................................................................................10
Business Collocations.........................................................................................13
Practice Section.................................................................................................342
Bibliography......................................................................................................355
Word Index........................................................................................................356

PREFACE

The English-Romanian dictionary of business collocations is intended for students

of business, experienced business people and learners of English in general, with an
intermediate to advanced level of language proficiency, who need to speak, read
and write English for business purposes. It will prove an extremely useful tool for
professional translators and interpreters alike.
The present edition, the 3rd in 7 years, and the result of over 10 years of
lexicographic research, consists of 1228 headwords, occurring within
approximately 68,000 collocations (254 more headwords and 14,000 more
collocations than in the 2nd edition).
The structure of the present dictionary was decided upon considering the need not
only for definitions and translation of most commonly used words in the business
world, but also for correct usage in different communication contexts.
Collocations are understood as the way in which words typically occur with each
other. You shall know a word by the company it keeps (Firth, 1968: 179). A good
knowledge of frequent collocations/word combinations contributes to better
language accuracy and fluency for learners of English.
The choice of collocations was made based on the principle of frequency. We
nevertheless tried to offer as wide as possible a range of collocations, from strong to
weak. The sources we used for the compilation of this dictionary were reliable
corpora (The British National Corpus, The Brown Corpus, and a self-made corpus
consisting of business articles from The Economist, published during 2005-2008).
Various existing dictionaries of collocations were also used, as well as wellestablished company sites (all listed in the bibliographical section).
The authors have also included an index, for ease of use. The index lists, in
alphabetical order, all entries in the dictionary. An exemplification of the various
uses of this dictionary is given in the form of a practice section, containing
exercises for those who want to improve their Business English lexis.
Each dictionary entry consists of a definition in English (several meanings were
given, starting with the more general one, followed by a more specific, businessrelated use), morphological categories most commonly used with it, and its
Romanian translation in the right hand column.

Headwords may be nouns, verbs or adjectives.

The entry for a noun contains:

headword
general meaning
morphological category

business-related meaning

n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;

consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by two
or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

AGREEMENT

translation

1.
2.

n elegere, accord,
consens
contract scris sau
n elegere verbal

verbs which come before the noun

verbs which come after the noun
adjectives
phrases which contain the noun
1. (accord)
V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~
V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid
A: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~
P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~

synonyms for each

meaning

2. (contract)
V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~
V: ~ comes into force/effect, expires
A: bilateral, binding, commercial ~
P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

Verb entries comprise:

headword
ASSESS

grammatical category

definition

v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth

translation
a evalua, a estima,
a msura

objects which follow the verb

assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects, efficiency, the importance of sth,
income, insurance, loss, merits, property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth
assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly
adverbs which follow the verb

The entry for an adjective consists of:

headword grammatical category

definition

adj. relating to a company or group

translation

de firm,
organiza ional
corporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion, hospitality, identity, image,
leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue, sector, structure, tax, welfare

CORPORATE

nouns which come after the adjective

Abbreviations used in the dictionary:

~
V:
V: ~
A:
P:
n.
adj.
adv.
v.
sth
sb
esp.
etc.
usu.
sg.
pl.
infml.
colloq.
A.E.
Br.E.
USA

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

the headword
verb that comes before the noun
verb that comes after the noun
adjective
phrase that contains the noun
noun
adjective
adverb
verb
something
somebody
especially
et cetera
usually
singular
plural
informal
colloquialism
American English
British English
United States of America

Prefa
Dic ionarul englez-romn de colocaii utilizate n engleza de afaceri se adreseaz
studen ilor de la facult ile de tiin e economice, oamenilor de afaceri,
traductorilor, i n general celor care doresc s nve e limba englez, la un nivel
mediu spre avansat, precum i tuturor celor care doresc s citeasc, s scrie i s
vorbeasc n limba englez, ntr-un mediu economic, de afaceri. Este de asemenea
un instrument extrem de util pentru traductori i interpre i.
Edi ia de fa , a treia n ultimii apte ani, reprezint rezultatul a peste zece ani de
cercetri lexicografice i cuprinde 1228 de cuvinte-titlu, utilizate n aproximativ
68.000 de coloca ii (cu 254 de cuvinte titlu i 14.000 de coloca ii mai multe dect n
edi ia anterioar).
Structura dic ionarului de fa a fost aleas innd cont nu numai de nevoia definirii
i traducerii cuvintelor cel mai des utilizate n vocabularul de afaceri n limba
englez, dar i de necesitatea cunoaterii utilizrii corecte a acestora n diverse
contexte lexicale.
Prin coloca ii n elegem modul n care cuvintele sunt asociate pentru a forma unit i
lexicale i semantice. O bun cunoatere a celor mai frecvente expresii frazeologice
/asocia ii semantico-lexicale contribuie nemijlocit la o mai bun stpnire i
n elegere a modului de func ionare a limbii engleze.
Autoarele au inclus, de asemenea, un index alfabetic al tuturor cuvintelor titlu n
limba englez. La sfritul dic ionarului, cititorii vor gsi un set de exerci ii pentru
exersarea utilizrii corecte a coloca iilor de afaceri n limba englez.
Fiecare articol este structurat pe dou coloane, dup cum urmeaz:
- Coloana din stnga con ine text n limba englez i cuprinde cuvntul-titlu (cu
caractere aldine), categoria morfologic (vezi lista abrevierilor), defini ia
(pentru cuvintele polisemantice, sunt incluse mai multe sensuri, ncepnd cu cel
de baz, urmat de sensurile specifice utilizate n limbajul de afaceri) i clasele
morfologice cu care cuvntul-titlu formeaz unit i lexicale i semantice (cu
caractere cursive); din nou, n cazul cuvintelor polisemantice se folosete
diferen ierea acestora pe sensuri, utiliznd cifre arabe i, n cazul substantivelor,
sunt date sinonimele aferente fiecrui sens n parte.
-

Coloana din dreapta con ine traducerea n limba romn a sensurilor cuvintelortitlu, separate cu ajutorul cifrelor arabe.

Cuvintele-titlu apar in urmtoarelor clase morfologice: substantiv, verb, adjectiv

sau adverb (mai rar).
Articolele con innd substantive sunt constituite astfel:
cuvnt-titlu
sens general
categorie morfologic

sens de afaceri

n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;

consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by two
or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

AGREEMENT

traducere

3.
4.

n elegere, acord,
consens
contract scris sau
n elegere verbal

verbe care preced substantivul

verbe care urmeaz dup substantiv
adjective
expresii care con in substantivul
1. (accord)
V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~
V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid
A: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~
P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~

sinonime pentru fiecare

sens

2. (contract)
V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~
V: ~ comes into force/effect, expires
A: bilateral, binding, commercial ~
P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

Articolele con innd verbe sunt organizate astfel:

cuvnt-titlu
ASSESS

categorie gramatical

defini ie

v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth

substantive care uremaz dup verb

assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects,
efficiency, the importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits,
property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth
assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly
adverbe care urmeaz dup verb

traducere
a evalua, a estima,
a msura

Articolele con innd adjective au urmtoarea structur:

cuvnt-titlu categorie gramatical
CORPORATE

defini ie

adj. relating to a company or group

traducere
de firm, organiza ional

corporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion,

hospitality, identity, image, leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue,
sector, structure, tax, welfare
substantive care urmeaz dup adjectiv

Lista abrevierilor:
~
V:
V: ~
A:
P:
n.
adj.
adv.
v.
sth
sb
esp.
etc.
usu.
sg.
pl.
infml.
colloq.
A.E.
Br.E.
USA

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

cuvnt-titlu
verb
verb care precede substantivul titlu
adjectiv
locu iuni/expresii care con in substantivul titlu
noun (substantiv)
adjectiv
adverb
verb
something (ceva)
somebody (cineva)
especially (n special)
et caetera
usually (de obicei)
singular
plural
informal
colloquialism (expresie colocvial)
American English (englez american)
British English (englez britanic)
United States of America (Statele Unite ale Americii)

A
n. the skill or talent to do or perform sth successfully

abilitate, talent,
aptitudine
V: acquire, affect, appraise, appreciate, assess, demonstrate, doubt, develop, encourage,
evaluate, foster, hamper, have, hinder, impair, impede, lack, limit, lose, lower, measure,
over/underrate, possess, question, recognise, reduce, retain, show, underestimate,
undermine, use ~
A: academic, administrative, apparent, artistic, average, competitive, creative, decisionmaking, earning, entrepreneurial, exceptional, executive, fund-raising, great, inferior,
inherent, innate, innovative, language, latent, leadership, learning, legal, managerial,
marked, mental, moderate, natural, outstanding, physical, proven, remarkable, striking,
superior, uncanny, unique, working ~
P: ~ to assert oneself, to communicate well, to invest, to lead, to manage change, to meet
financial obligations, to (re)pay, to perform tasks, to trade freely, to work under pressure,
to work in a team; test of ~ies
ABILITY

n. a person who is not at a place where they were persoan absent

expected to be
A: conspicuous, notable ~
P: ~ boss, employee, landlord, level, MP, procedure, rate, record, vote

ABSENTEE

n. frequent absence from work or some other

place, esp. without good reason

absenteism, lips
nejustificat de la
serviciu
V: avoid, bring ~ under control, combat, curb, cut, deal with, estimate, halve, measure,
prevent, reduce ~
V: ~ came down, decreased, diminished, dropped, fell, increased, is attributable/due to, is on
the increase, remained steady, rose, went up
A: alarming, decreased, employee, excessive, high, increasing, low, persistent, reduced,
reported, sickness, unnecessary, work ~
P: ~ policy, procedure; ~ at work; ~ in the workplace; ~ from work; amount, case, cause,
control, costs, high/low degree, level, rate of ~
ABSENTEEISM

v. 1. to take, or agree to receive, sth offered 2. to agree 1. accepta

to, to say yes to an offer, proposal, suggestion, invitation, 2. a fi de acord
price, etc.
1. (take/receive)
eagerly, gladly, graciously, gratefully, reluctantly, willingly accept
ACCEPT

be glad to, be happy to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be unwilling to accept
accept sth from sb
2. (agree/admit)
blindly, happily, fully, grudgingly, readily, uncritically, unquestioningly accept
be forced to, be happy to, be prepared to, be ready to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be
unwilling to, be willing to accept
learn to, refuse to have no choice but to accept
can/cannot, will/will not accept
it is commonly/generally/universally/widely accepted
accept sth at face value
accept advice, amendment, apology, application, appointment, argument, arrangement,
assertion, assignment, assurance, authority, award, bet, bid, blame, booking, bribe,
(credit) card, challenge, charity, cheque, claim, commission, compensation, compromise,
condition, congratulations, consequence, counsel, criticism, cut, deal, defeat, definition,
delivery, diploma, doctrine, dogma, donation, employment, excuse, existence,
explanation, fact, fate, fault, favour, gift, guideline, help, honour, hospitality, idea,
immigrant, implication, importance, inevitability, input, instruction, invitation, job,
liability, lift, limit, limitation, logic, manuscript, mediation, money, motion, need,
nomination, notion, offer, offering, package, payment, penalty, petition, plea, point of
view, position, possibility, prize, proposal, proposition, punishment, quotation, quote,
reality, reasoning, rebuke, recommendation, reduction, redundancy, reform, refugee,
refusal, registration, report, request, reservation, resignation, responsibility, restriction,
risk, role, rule, settlement, situation, submission, suggestion, surrender, teaching, tender,
term, thanks, theory, thesis, treatment, treaty, truth, ultimatum, validity, verdict, view,
wage, wisdom
n. 1. willingness to receive; written or verbal
agreement of conditions, a deal, delivery, price, proposal, etc.
2. a formal agreement by a debtor to pay a draft or bill of
exchange when it becomes payable

ACCEPTANCE

1. acceptare (a unor
condi ii, livrare, pre ,
etc.)
2. acceptul trasului de a
plti suma nscris pe o
trat

1. (agreement)
V: achieve, advise against, announce, confirm, encourage, exhibit, find, forbid, gain, give,
guarantee, increase, indicate, meet with, reach, receive, recommend, refuse, require,
resign, seek, signify, struggle for, win ~
A: apparent, blind, broad, (un)conditional, consumer, cultural, customer, consumer, definite,
early, enthusiastic, eventual, formal, full, general, gradual, grateful, greater, growing,
grudging, guaranteed, immediate, implicit, increasing, mainstream, market, official,
partial, passive, plucky, prompt, public, ready, reluctant, social, societal, stoic(al), tacit,
total, uncomplaining, uncritical, universal, unquestioning, unwilling, user, virtual,
wholehearted, wide, widespread ~
P: ~ of sth; degree, level, message, pinnacle, record of ~; ~ address, letter, speech; ~ among
2. (formal agreement)
V: acknowledge, advise of, confirm, give, present for, receive, refuse ~
A: bank, blank, clean, collateral, (un)covered, general, guaranteed, (un)qualified, special,
trade ~

P: ~ account, bill, certificate, check, credit, creditor, deadline, declaration, house, letter,
liability, line; 3 days after ~; delivery on ~; documents against ~1; conditions, letter of ~
ACCESS

n. entry or approach; opportunity for use

acces, intrare; drept de

utilizare

V: acquire, allow, authorise, bar, be entitled to, block, claim, control,

demand, deny, ensure, facilitate, force, gain, get, give, grant, guarantee, have,
improve, insure, limit, lose, make arrangements for, obstruct, obtain, offer,
pay for, permit, prevent, provide, reduce, refuse, retain, secure, seek, widen,
win ~
A: arbitrary, (un)authorised, centralised, complete, computer, difficult, (in)direct, dynamic,
early, easy, equal, fast, free, full, greater, (un)limited, immediate, improved, indirect,
instant, Internet, (un)limited, market, network, online, open, poor, privileged, public,
random, ready, reduced, (un)restricted, secure, speedy, swift, unfettered, universal,
unprecedented, vehicle ~
P: ~ arrangements, authorisation, card, charge, code, control, denial, devices, failure,
group, level, list, method, network, number, panel, path, period, permission, point, policy,
privileges, protocol, providers, right, road; ~ to data, companys books, information;
convenience, equality, lack, rights of ~; control, dispute over ~
n. 1. an unexpected and undesirable event, esp. one 1. accident
resulting in damage or harm 2. lack of intention; chance
2. ntmplare
1. (unfortunate mishap)
V: avert, avoid, be involved in, be no ~ that, cause, have, meet with, precipitate, prevent,
recover from, suffer, survive, witness ~
V: ~ happened, occurred, took place
A: bad, bizarre, car, deadly, dreadful, fatal, freak, happy, hit-and-run, horrible, horrific,
industrial, major, minor, motor-vehicle, nasty, nuclear, road, serious, slight, small,
terrible, traffic, tragic, unfortunate ~
P: ~ black spot, investigation, prevention, rate, report, statistics, victim; cause, scene, victim
of ~; spate of, toll of ~s
2. (chance)
A: happy, historical, mere, pure, sheer ~
P: by ~; ~ of birth, history
ACCIDENT

n. 1. a place to live, work or stay 2. money

lent for a short time, esp. to meet urgent needs

ACCOMMODATION

1. cazare, gzduire
2. mprumut pe termen
scurt

1. (housing)
V: arrange for, assign sb to, book, find, get, have, hunt for, let, look for, offer, pay for,
provide, rent, request, reserve, search for, secure, seek, supply, take ~
A: (in)adequate, affordable, available, basic, bed-and-breakfast, booked, cheap, clean,
comfortable, cosy, day-to-day, decent, excellent, (in)expensive, first/high/second-class,
free, furnished, good, half/full-board, holiday, hospital, hotel, long/short-term, living,
luxury, luxurious, office, overnight, permanent, poor, private, quality, rented, residential,
satisfactory, secure, self-catering, shabby, sheltered, sleeping, spacious, staff,
1

D/A Documents against acceptance n.pl. instructions from a shipper to his bank that the documents are attached to
a time draft for collection and deliverable to the drawee against his/her acceptance of the draft

(sub)standard, student, suitable, superior, support, temporary, tourist, travel, vacation ~

P: ~ allowance, bureau, costs, expenses, package; cost, possibility, provision, scarcity,
shortage, size of ~
2. (short-term loan)
A: bank, short-term ~
P: ~ bill, broker, endorsement, paper, party
n. 1. a story, report, description, explanation 2. a
detailed record of business dealings between parties who are
debtor and creditor, and of the manner in which money is
received, held, or spent 3.pl. a set of accounting records that
reflect how much a business owes or it is owed; and after
periodical balancing, how much profit has been made 4. an
arrangement with a bank or firm that allows credit for financial
and commercial payments 5. a bill, an invoice

ACCOUNT

1. relatare, descriere,
explica ie, raport, referat
2. eviden a tranzac iilor
ntre parteneri,
nregistrate ca debit i
credit
3. nregistrri contabile
4. cont al unei firme
deschis la o banc
5. factur, not de plat

1. (report)
V: check, circulate, corroborate, give, obtain, offer, produce, provide, publish, receive, send
in, submit, verify, write ~
V: ~ appeared, is consistent with, circulated, has come in, tallies with
A: (in)accurate, authentic, (un)biased, brief, clear, (in)coherent, comprehensive,
(un)convincing, detailed, distorted, dramatic, elaborate, exciting, false, fascinating,
fictitious, first-hand, frightening, funny, general, impartial, informative, knowledgeable,
persuasive, precise, (un)reliable, succinct, true, truthful, vague, verbatim, vivid ~
2. (transactions record)
V: balance, charge to sbs ~, check, close, do, file, go through, keep, keep a record of,
manage, open, put on sbs ~, settle, square, verify ~
V: ~ is consistent with, tallies with
A: appropriation, brokerage, budget, business, capital, centralised, custodial, custody,
expense, financial, income and expenditure, investors, itemised, nominal, offshore,
option, profit and loss, revenue, securities, single, suspense, trading ~
P: ~s file, manager; payment on ~; statement of ~
3. (ledger entries)
V: balance, check, correct, do, endorse, examine, file, go through, inspect, keep a record of,
identify, pay into, settle, square, take an amount of money out of, verify ~
A: annual, asset, audited, balanced, bank, blocked, building, business, capital, computerised,
conflicting, consolidated, current, discretionary, doubtful, dubious, end-of-year, expense,
final, financial, gold, group, interim, ledger, managerial, monthly, nominal, outstanding,
overall, (im)personal, prime, quarterly, real, tax ~
P: ~s clerk, closing, department, file, maintenance, manager, report; ~s payable, receivable;
chart, falsification, interpretation, set of ~s
4. (banking arrangement)
V: add sth to, close, charge to, credit, draw on, freeze, have, keep, open, overdraw, pay sth
into, put sth into, run down, settle ~
V: ~ is in the red/black, is overdrawn/in credit
A: bank, budget, checking, credit, current, deposit, dead, dormant, healthy, illicit, interestbearing/earning/paying, joint, loan, numbered, overdue, public, savings, zero-balance ~
P: ~ holder

5. (bill)
V: check, pay, prepare, question, receive, render, send in, settle, square ~
A: itemised, overdue ~
n. responsibility to sb or for sth

rspundere,
responsabilitate
V: admit, demand, enhance, ensure, expect, ignore, improve, increase, meet the
requirements of, reduce, restore, strengthen, weaken ~
V: ~ extends beyond, is enforced by, is strengthened by, requires
A: auditing, contractual, corporate, customer, democratic, direct, educational, financial,
full, government, group, greater, increased, individual, limited, local, managerial,
maximum, ministerial, moral, party, parliamentary, peer, personal, policy, political,
professional, public, social, strict, supplier, tax ~
P: ~ procedures; absence, climate, code, degree, element, exercise, form, lack, mechanism,
principle, problem, transfer, system, type of ~; ~ for quality of work; need for ~;
approach, commitment to ~
ACCOUNTABILITY

n. sb whose job is to keep and check the financial contabil

records of an organisation, or to advise people on income,
spending, tax, etc.
V: become, consult, employ, work as an ~
V: ~ audits, deals with, identifies, operates, records, reports
A: asset, assistant, certified public, chartered, chief, company, corporate, cost, elusive, feeearning, financial, forensic, head, junior, management, public, qualified, self-employed,
tax, tour ~
P: ~s certificate
ACCOUNTANT

ACCOUNTANCY

n. the work or profession of an accountant

contabilitate, meseria
de contabil

V: study, work in ~
A: business, chartered, creative, public~
P: ~ articles, body, books, career, course, degree, fees, firm, group, industry, job, office,
practice, profession, rule, services, theory, world; career, degree in ~; principles of ~
n. 1. in U.S.A., the same meaning as accountancy 1. contabilitate,
in Britain 2. in Britain, a system of recording the money value meseria de contabil
of business dealings to enable a concern to see the financial 2. sistem de
position at any one time
contabilitate
1. (accountancy)
V: study, work in ~
A: business, creative, false ~
P: ~ area, articles, body, books, business, capabilities, career, charges, committee, course,
degree, department, document, fees, file, error, firm, function, group, industry, instructor,
irregularities, job, machine, objective, office, practice, profession, profit, rule, scandal,
services, team, technicians, theory, tricks, unit, world; career, degree, experience in ~;
principles of ~
2. (system of transactions recording)
V: complete, work out ~
A: accruals, acquisition, budgetary, cash, commitment, (current/historic(al)/total)cost,
ACCOUNTING

creative, equity, financial, flexible, inflation, insolvency, inventory, investment,

management, managerial, public, revenue, separate, uniform ~
P: ~ books, control, cost, cycle, data, deficit, depreciation, entry, equation, expert, exposure,
firm, group, information, legislation, manual, method, operation, period, plan, policy,
practices, principles, procedure, process, profit, rate of return, ratio, records,
regulations, report, rules, service, software, standards, system, technique, trick, year;
method of ~
n.pl. (esp. U.S.A.) a record of amounts
owed by a company to suppliers of goods and services

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

conturi (de pasiv) de

furnizori, clien i
creditori

V: age, bring ~ to zero, generate report on, list as, pay, reduce, settle ~
A: actual, (un)paid, total ~
P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, entry, financing,
item, ledger, payment, settlement, voucher; report, record of ~
n.pl. (esp. U.S.A.) a record of amounts
owed to a company by suppliers of goods and services

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

conturi (de activ) de

furnizori debitori,
clien i i conturi
asimilate, crean e

V: accept, age, buy, collect, dispose of, finance, generate report on, process, tally, value ~
A: doubtful, large, overdue, total ~
P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, factoring, financing,
ledger, loan, risk, turnover; report, sale of ~
n. 1. a gradual and/or automatic increase 2. accrued
charge; expenses attributable to the current financial period but
whose settlement will not be effected until a subsequent
financial period 3. pl. an adjusting amount added to an account
at the end of an accounting period to record a sum owed to or
by the firm but not yet paid

ACCRUAL

1. cretere
2. angajament financiar,
obliga ie financiar
neonorat
3. conturi de regularizare
utilizate n contabilitatea
de angajamente

1. (increase)
V: allow for, list as, make ~
A: invoice, overall, planned, (pre)tax ~
P: ~ of capital, benefits, debt, discount, funds, interest, principle, taxes; ~ for pensions
2. (accrued charge)
V: enter in the books as an, list under ~s, prevent ~
P: ~ basis, bond, concept, date, deadline, information, item, method, month, note, posting,
principle, rate, scale; ~ of customs/storage charges; day, period of ~
3. (adjusting amounts)
A: receivable ~s
P: ~s accounting, accounts
ACCRUE v. to increase gradually with time
a crete, a spori
accrue amount, cost, points
advantage, benefits, charges, compensation, debts, dollars, gains, health, income, interest,
knowledge, losses, penalty, profits, revenues, royalties, savings, wealth, well-being
accrue/s

adj. financially unsettled until a subsequent period;

periodically accumulated over time

ACCRUED

neonorat (despre un
angajament financiar);
sporit, extins

accrued benefits, capital, charges, costs, dividends, effects, expenses, guarantee, income,
interest, liabilities, rate, revenue
n. an accumulated mass; a heap; a pile or acumulare
quantity formed by successive additions
V: constrain, facilitate, guarantee, lead to, maintain, prevent, reduce, safeguard, stimulate,
sustain ~
A: continued, credit, extensive, gradual, great, large, low, massive, rapid, slow, steady ~
P: ~ of capital, energy, fortunes, honours, knowledge, power, wealth, work; law, process,
rate, scale of ~
ACCUMULATION

n. freedom from mistake or error; conformity to truth acurate e; corectitudine

or to a standard or model
V: achieve, aim at, assess, check, check sth for, confirm, demand, determine with, dispute,
doubt, ensure, establish with, examine, fall away of, guarantee, improve, increase, lead
to, limit ~ to, look for, maintain, measure, question, take pride in, test, verify ~
A: absolute, amazing, astounding, commendable, complete, considerable, deadly, factual,
great, high, historical, improved, increased, overall, perfect, priceless, reach, reasonable,
remarkable required, scientific, scrupulous, strict, sufficient, technical, total, uncanny,
unerring ~
P: ~ of data, valuation; improvement, increase in ~: respect for ~; degree, level, standard of
~; with ~
ACCURACY

n. attainment; sth carried out successfully

realizare, mplinire,
nfptuire
V: acclaim, acknowledge, admire, affect, appreciate, assess, belittle, celebrate,
congratulate on, destroy, disparage, encourage, exaggerate, give sb credit for, hail,
magnify, make light of, make possible, marvel at, praise, raise, recognise, record, sneer
at, underestimate, undermine, warrant ~
A: amazing, brilliant, coming, creditable, crowning, dazzling, enduring, enormous, fine,
grand, great, high, important, imposing, impressive, intellectual, joint, lasting, laudable,
magnificent, major, memorable, notable, outstanding, phenomenal, remarkable,
significant, solid, splendid, stupendous, supreme, tangible, unique, unparalleled,
valuable, wonderful, worthy, worthwhile ~
P: ~ level; ~ of ones own making; acknowledgement, bedrock, complexity, hierarchies, lack,
level, pinnacle, recognition, record, sense, statement of ~; desire for ~
ACHIEVEMENT

n. 1. the act or an instance of

acknowledging; recognition, acceptance 2. a letter or message
sent to state that sth has been received

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. recunoatere,
acceptare
2. confirmare de primire
(n scris)

1. (recognition)
V: amount to, demand, express, get, give, grunt, make ~ to sb/sth, make ~ of sth, nod,
receive, wave ~
A: appropriate, brief, cautious, continuous, explicit, firm, forthright, formal, full, general,
grim, grudging, late, life-long, long-delayed, modest, official, open, personal, political,

public, scant, self-deprecating, special, tacit, unfounded, unjust, unwarranted, usual,

worldly ~
P: message, grunt, smile of ~
2. (confirmation)

V: ask for, issue, receive, refuse, send, sign ~

A: official, unquestionable, written ~
P: ~ of acceptance, debt, indebtedness, order, payment, receipt; letter of ~
n. 1. act of acquiring sth 2. sth obtained, esp. a
company that has been bought or taken over

ACQUISITION

1. achizi ionare,
dobndire
2. achizi ie, cumprare
(n special la preluarea
unei firme)

1. (acquiring)
V: announce, derive benefits from, finance, fund, look for, negotiate, sustain ~

A: big, data, expensive, knowledge, land, language, large, latest, material goods, major,
new, order, original, purchase, recent, significant, splendid, substantial, target, valuable ~
P: ~ commission, cost, data, date, deal, department, effort, expense, fee, field, form, format,
list, management, option, period, policy, price, process, reversal, strategy, task, tax; ~ of
credentials, data, goods, information, knowledge, riches, territory, title, wealth; ~ in good
faith
2. (take-over)
V: announce, complete, derive benefits from, finance, fund, negotiate, pursue, support,
sustain ~
V: ~ boosts/enhances earnings, goes ahead
A: asset, attractive, company, competitive, compulsory, corporate, gradual, horizontal,
illegal, illicit, improper, indirect, joint, permanent, vertical, target, taxable, tax free ~
P: ~ accounting, agent, agreement, block, check, cost, criteria, deal, debt, plan, price,
procedure, process, strategy, tax; ~ of (financial) assets, capital, company, ownership,
property, shares, stock
n. 1. sth done to achieve a goal; the accomplishment of a 1. ac iune, realizare
thing; the way sth moves or works 2. legal proceedings in a 2. ac iune n instan ,
court
proces
1. (act)
V: be led into, call for, condemn, condone, contemplate, criticise, decide on, defer, demand,
hamper, hinder, incite sb to, inspire, instigate, judge, justify, lead to, leap into, perform,
plan, postpone, preclude, prepare for, press for, prevent, put ideas/plans into,
recommend, renew, request, require, roll into, rouse sb to, rush into, spur into, start, take,
take part in, translate into, undertake ~
A: aggressive, affirmative, appropriate, bold, careless, clumsy, concerted, constant, coordinated, corporate, corrective, covert, daring, decisive, defensive, definitive, deliberate,
disciplinary, disgraceful, drastic, emergency, energetic, equal opportunity, evasive,
exemplary, extreme, fast, foolish, further, generous, hasty, hostile, human, humanitarian,
ill-advised, immediate, industrial, imminent, impulsive, incomprehensible, instant,
institutional, joint, legitimate, military, past, precipitated, preliminary, (un)premeditated,
prompt, purposeful, quick, rapid, rearguard, remedial, resolute, retaliatory, ruthless,
ACTION

sensitive, slow, spontaneous, stern, strenuous, supportive, swift, symbolic, thoughtless,

unfortunate, unilateral, unprincipled, unwise, urgent, voluntary, wrong ~
P: ~ group, items, plan; course, freedom, lack, line, man, pattern, plan, programme,
timetable of ~; sequence of ~s; demand, grounds, pleas for ~
2. (legal proceedings)
V: avert, avoid, begin, bring, cause, commence, consider, contemplate, continue, defend,
dismiss, drop, eschew, face, give evidence in, initiate, is statute barred, pursue, risk,
suspend, take threaten, win legal ~
A: civil, court, cross, defensive, disciplinary, expensive, frivolous, legal, libel, plaintiff's,
probation, slander, vexatious ~
P: cause, settlement of ~
ACTIVITY n. state of doing sth; any specific action or pursuit
activitate, ac iune
V: ban, be engaged in, be involved in, be mixed up in, boost, cease, curb, discourage,
disrupt, expand, go in for, hamper, improve, indulge in, keep an eye on, limit, monitor,
prevent, proceed to, pursue, put a stop to, reduce, share, step up, suppress, sustain, take
up, wind up ~

V: ~ extends to sth
A: brisk, busy, ceaseless, chief, commercial, competitive, constant, continuous, core,
corporate, covert, criminal, daily, detrimental, economic, educational, energetic,
enjoyable, entrepreneurial, evening, excessive, frantic, fraudulent, frenetic, goal-directed,
group, harmful, high-risk, hectic, illegal, indoor, intense, joint, lawful, leisure,
management, manufacturing, mental, nefarious, new, organisational, outdoor, overseas,
particular, physical, policy-making, professional, profitable, recreational, reduced,
(un)related, research, rewarding, risky, secret, self-indulgent, social, special, sporting,
strenuous, subversive, sustained, trading, uncontrolled, underground, unrestrained,
unusual, widespread, worthwhile ~
P: area, burst, field, form, flurry, hive, level, line, range, scurry, surge, wave, whirl(wind) of
~; series, variety of ~s; downturn, fall, growth, pick-up, slowdown, upsurge in ~
n. quick insight; the ability to make accurate judgements
of people or situations

ACUMEN

putere de ptrundere,
discernmnt,
perspicacitate, sim ul
afacerilor

V: acquire, develop, establish, have, lack, possess, show ~

A: (keen) business, commercial, considerable, executive, financial, fine, great, legal,
managerial, mental, political, sharp, social, technical ~
1. the place where a person lives or an organisation is 1. adres, reedin
situated 2. discourse delivered to an audience
2. alocu iune
1. (residence)
V: arrive at, be located at, change, collect from, confirm, deliver to, mail to, receive, remit
to, reply at, send to, take ~
A: above, contact, current, e-mail, forwarding, full, known, last, mailing, new, office, p-mail,
personal, postal, private, secret, shipping, short, temporary ~
P: ~ announcement, book, database, label; change of ~
2. (speech)
V: deliver, give ~
ADDRESS n.

A: brief, election, emotional, farewell, final, formal, inaugural, keynote, moving, national,
opening, presidential, short, televised ~
n. the management, control and direction of a conducere, administrare,
gestiune a unei firme
business or organisation
V: be in charge of, be responsible for, streamline, take over, tighten up, work in ~
A: bureaucratic, central, city, college, day-to-day, (in)efficient, energetic, financial,
government, justice, labour, legal, manpower, materials, office, overall, personnel,
public, poor, regional, routine, school, secretarial, site, social, smooth, successful, trust,
university ~
P: ~ charges, consultant, costs, department, effort, expenses, official, order, papers,
secretary, union; ~ of assets, estate, inventory, justice, property, securities; ~ by sb;
board, cost of ~

ADMINISTRATION

n. sb who has the power to control, direct or administrator, gestionar

manage a business or other organisation
V: appoint, enable, select, serve as ~
A: able, bad, city, clever, college, competent, database, dedicated, efficient, experienced,
financial, former, hard-headed, insolvency, level-headed, network, part-time, poor,
project, public, security, senior, skilful, system, tax, temporary, union, university, wise ~

ADMINISTRATOR

n. 1. the act or process of admitting; the state or 1. admitere

privilege of being admitted 2. the granting of an argument or 2. recunoatere
position not fully proved; acknowledgment that a fact or
statement is true
1 (entry)
V: apply for, approve, ban, demand, deny, forbid, force, gain, give, grant, need, refuse,
request ~
A: early, emergency, free, full, immediate, (un)restricted, temporary ~
P: ~ charge, criterion, discount, fee, practice, price, procedure, rule; requirements for ~
2. (confession)
V: come out with, force, make, wring an ~ from sb
A: candid, embarrassing, frank, full, humiliating, misleading, painful, partial, ready,
reluctant, revealing, tacit ~
P: ~ of defeat, error, failure
ADMISSION

n. 1. an act of going forward 2. progress 3. a payment

made before due time 4. a loan

ADVANCE

1. naintare, avans(are)
2. progres, descoperire
3. plat n avans
4. mprumut

1. (an act of going forward)

V: accelerate, achieve, block, check, delay, facilitate, further, halt, hamper, hold back/up,
impede, keep back, make, oppose, prevent, repel, report, resist, slow down, spearhead,
speed up ~
V: ~ gathered momentum, lost impetus, met with setbacks, slowed down, speeded up
A: breathtaking, brutal, dramatic, engulfing, exhilarating, great, inevitable, rapid, relentless,
remarkable, significant, slow, steady, sudden, swift, unimpeded ~
2. (progress)
V: achieve, curse, defend, make, mark, reject, welcome ~

A: astonishing, economic, genuine, giant, gradual, latest, major, new, real, research,
revolutionary, scientific, significant, small, technical, technological ~
P: ~ in access to justice, automation, communications
3. (payment made before due time)
V: accept, make, pay, put in, receive, refund ~
A: cash, late ~
P: ~ billing scheme, compensation, corporation tax, interest, payment, purchasing, royalties,
sales
4. (loan)
V: accept, demand, get, make, offer, pay off, reject, secure ~
A: additional, hefty, large, overdue ~
P: demand for ~
ADVANTAGE n. a

favourable circumstance; benefit, profit

avantaj; profit
V: achieve, balance, be at an, bring, confer, counteract, derive, develop, draw, enjoy, erode,
exploit, gain, get, give, have, hold, keep, leave sb at, offer, outweigh, overlook, reap,
retain, secure, seize, take (full) of, turn sth into, use sth to sb (best), waste, work to sbs,
wring ~
A: added, additional, big, clear, commercial, comparative, competitive, considerable,
decent, decided, decisive, definite, distinct, dubious, economic, educational, electoral,
enormous, extra, financial, full, great, huge, important, key, lasting, main, major, market,
material, mutual, natural, obvious, overwhelming, particular, personal, positive, practical,
price, real, significant, slender, special, superb, tax, technical, technological, territorial,
time zone, unfair, unjustified ~
P: to sb / sth 's best ~; ~ over competition, competitors; ~ in business
v. making public a product, a service, a job vacancy, a face reclam, a face
an event, etc.; publicly announce availability or need
un anun publicitar
advertise a company, cigarettes, a product, an available post, job vacancies, service, wares
advertise for sb/sth
advertise heavily, locally, nationally, widely
ADVERTISE

n. public announcement in a newspaper, or on anun publicitar,

the radio, television or Internet advertising products, vacancies, reclam
or certain events (abbrev. ad)
V: agree to, answer to, appear in, back, ban, charge for, conceive, control, create, devise,
display, draft, fund, insert, issue limit, monitor, place, produce, put ~ in (newspaper,
magazine, etc.), react to, read, refer to, reply to, respond to, restrict, rule out, run, screen,
see, select, show, stop, take out, write, expose sb to, tailor ~
V: ~ appeared, aroused great wrath, describes, disagrees with, drew sb's attention, features,
inflates the market, lists, mentions, spearheads sth
A: alternative, classified, controversial, conventional, co-operative, costly, coupon,
disagreeable, discrete, display, effective, eye-catching, free, front-page, full-page, good,
hard-hitting, illustrated, inflatable, Internet, investment, job, large, launch, local,
misleading, movie, offending, national, newspaper, political, poor, real estate, reminder,
repeat, single, small, spot, straightforward, successful, television (TV), walking, widely
acclaimed ~
P: ~ broker, canvasser, column, contents, manager, positioning, rating, spending; an ~ for
sb/ sth; draft, format, size of ~; (TV, radio) pause for ~s; in answer/reply/response to ~;
ADVERTISEMENT

with regard/reference to ~

n. way of increasing consumer demand by bringing publicitate, reclam

the product to the attention of the public
V: advise on, be trained in, depend on, increase, reconsider, rely on, specialise in, spend on,
stop, study, use ~
V: ~ was hit hard by the recession
A: brief, classified, combative, commercial, comparative, constructive, consumer,
controversial, conventional, corporate, counter-cyclical, creative, declining, direct mail,
effective, excessive, exterior transit, global, graphic, informative, innovative, institutional,
in-your-face, ironic, local, material, nation-wide, national, offensive, outrageous,
outstanding, paid, persuasive, point-of-sale, prestige, printed, product, promotional,
provocative, radical, sensational, subliminal, successful, sustained, television,
transportation, up-to-date, word-of-mouth ~
P: ~ account, activity, agency, agent, allowance, analysis, appeal, approach, art, audience,
brochure, budget, bureau, campaign, canvasser, channel, circular, column, consultant,
contract, copy, costs, customer, department, director, directory, discount, display, drive,
effect, effectiveness, effort, executive, expenditure, expense, expert, film, function, group
idea, industry, injury, insert, journal, label, leaflet, letter, mail, man, manager, massmedia, material, medium, message, needs, network, people, plan, product, policy,
professional, readership, requirements, revenue, space, spending, staff, strategy, support,
time, trade; rebound in ~; forms of ~; ban on ~
ADVERTISING

n. advertising operations spread over a campanie publicitar

given length of time and over a fixed range of media, with the
object of influencing the consumers
V: begin, be involved in, carry out, conduct, coordinate, embark on, initiate, launch, lead,
mastermind, maintain, manage, mount, organise, pay for, plan, run, spend on, start, take
part in, wage ~
V: ~ aims at, concentrates on, targets students
A: comprehensive, corporate, extensive, false, full-scale, global, hard-hitting, in-your-face,
intensive, large, massive, misleading, modest, national, official, public, television, nationwide, successful ~
P: ~ on cosmetics
ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN

n. 1. information given to sb, esp. by an expert, so that 1. sfat

they know what to do and can make the right decision 2. a 2. ntiin are
document giving sb details about a sale or purchase; a
document giving information
1. (helpful information)
V: accept, act on sb, adopt, appreciate, ask (for), avail oneself of, bend sbs ear for, benefit
from, defy, disregard, follow, get, give, go against, heed, ignore look for, need, offer,
profit from, provide, receive, refuse, reject, seek, spurn, sweep aside, take, tender, thank
for, welcome ~
A: astute, badly needed, blunt, career, cautious, clear, considered, deficient, detailed,
dispassionate, excellent, expert, financial, further, helpful, immediate, impartial,
incorrect, invaluable, legal, little, official, practical, professional, prudent, reliable,
sensible, sound, straight, unbiased, unequivocal, unsolicited, urgent, useful, valuable,

ADVICE

valued, wise, wrong ~

P: piece, word of ~
2. (document)
V: receive, send ~
P: credit ~; ~ of delivery, dispatch; receipt, letter of ~
ADVISER n.

a person who advises, esp. one appointed to do so and consilier, sftuitor

regularly consulted
V: act as, appoint as, confirm as, consult, fire, hire, search for, serve as, work as ~
A: business, careers, cautious, clear-headed, close, economic, environmental, experienced,
financial, former, government, impartial, independent, insurance, key, lead, legal,
medical, official, outside, policy, political, public relations, realistic, statutory, technical,
trusted, trustworthy, unbiased ~
P: ~'s role, suitability; appointment, job as ~
n. 1. a concern, a business, a matter to be attended to 2. a
noteworthy thing or event 3. pl. a. ordinary pursuits of life b.
business dealings c. public matters

AFFAIR

1. problem de rezolvat
2. eveniment remarcabil
3.a) treburi, chestiuni
cotidiene b) afaceri,
tranzac ii c) chestiuni
publice

1. (a matter to be attended to)

V: attend to, conclude, conduct, end, handle, neglect ~
A: local, public, social ~
2. (a noteworthy thing or event)
V: admit to, analyse, commentate on, conceal, deny, disclose, discuss, investigate, learn
about, reveal ~
A: alleged, embarrassing, gala, intriguing, lavish, low-key, noisy, publicised, puzzling,
somber, sorry, strange, tawdry, tense ~
3a. (ordinary pursuits of life)
V: meddle in, pry into ~s
A: casual, disgraceful, every day, family, mundane, routine, social ~s
3b. (business dealings)
V: arrange, attend to, be in charge of, conduct, control, deal with, dedicate oneself to,
handle, interfere into, look after, lose control of, make a mess of, manage, neglect,
organise, oversee, put efforts into, run, sort out, take charge of, wind up ~s
A: administrative, business, commercial, consumer, corporate, economic, financial ~s
P: man, management, stage, statement of ~; responsibility over ~s
3c. (public matters)
V: attend to, conduct, control, dedicate oneself to, handle, run ~s
A: civic, community, current, domestic, environmental, external, foreign, global,
governmental, home, internal, international, legal, national, political, public, social,
state, world ~s
n. 1. a business which represents one group of people
when dealing with another group 2. a relationship between an
agent and a principal in which the agent acts for and represents
the principal on the basis of the principal's instructions.

AGENCY

1. agen ie
2. (rela ie de afaceri de)
intermediere,
reprezentan

1. (business)
V: act through, apply to, be in charge of, form, found, join, launch, manage, register with,
run, set up, work for ~
A: advertising, collection, credit-rating, dating, development, estate, fledgling, global,
independent, international, large, mercantile, news, overseas, press, recruitment, rival,
travel ~
P: ~ listing, spokesman, staff
2. (agent-principal relation)
V: accept, act on an ~ basis, give, grant, handle a (sole), offer, take up ~
A: actual, apparent, exclusive, express, general implied, ostensible, sole, special, universal~
P: ~ agreement, commission, contract, costs, fee, status, system; ~ by estoppel2, coupled with
an interest
n. list of matters to be discussed or decided at a meeting;
a series of things to be done

ordine de zi (la o
edin ); chestiuni de
rezolvat
V: abandon, add issues/items to, adopt, agree on, amend, appear on, approve, be off,
catch up with, compile, devise, discuss, draft, draw up, decide on, exclude from,
fix, formulate, get halfway through, go along with, go through, have, include on,
place sth at the end of, produce, provide, publish, pursue, put sth on, put sth at the
top of, rattle through, remove sth from, review, rule off, set, settle, stick to, vote on,
write ~
V: ~ calls for, includes, lists
A: attached, clear, clear-cut, common, domestic, enclosed, filled, final, (in)formal, full,
hidden, international, foreign-policy, legislative, open, meeting, national, next weeks,
political, provisional, strategic, secret, tricky, world ~
P: ~ issue, item, maker; draft, description, details of ~; item, topic on ~
AGENDA

n. a person representing another in business

agent, reprezentant,
mandatar
V: act as, appoint, authorise as, contact, employ, have, look for, require, serve as, work as ~
A: authorised, buying, commercial, customs, employment, estate, exclusive, government,
house, independent, insurance, literary, marketing, press, procurement, publicity,
purchasing, (fully-)qualified, reliable, retail, sales, selling, shipping, successful, travel ~
P: ~s commission

AGENT

n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion; 5. n elegere, acord,

consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by consens
two or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable 6. contract scris sau
by law
n elegere verbal
1. (consensus)
V: abide by, act in ~ with, arrive at, be in full/total ~ with, break, by-pass, carry out, come
to, conclude, confirm, convey, demand, express, go back on, hammer out, have sbs,
honour, ignore, indicate, lead to, make, reach, reject, remain committed to, respect, seek,
show, sort out, undermine, uphold, withhold, work out ~
V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid

AGREEMENT

estoppel n. rule of evidence which prevents a person from saying that a formal statement which he had made
earlier is untrue, or from claiming that facts which he formerly said were true are untrue.

A: advantageous, amicable, awkward, beneficial, bilateral, binding, broad, commercial,

complete, complicated, convenient, crucial, equitable, fair, fair-trade, firm, (in)formal,
full, general, gentlemans, industrial, lasting, mutual, official, price, private, profitable,
ready, reciprocal, solemn, standing, standstill, tacit, tentative, timely, threshold, total,
unanimous, verbal, wise, workable, written ~
P: acceptance, areas, draft, expression, letter, record, terms of ~; stumbling block to ~
2. (contract)
V: abide by, approve, breach, break, by-pass, cancel, circumvent, conclude, contract out of,
discuss, draw up, endorse, enforce, enter into, extend, get out of, (dis)honour, implement,
negotiate, ratify, remain committed to, compromise, renege on, renew, respect, revise,
revoke, scrap, secure, sign, terminate, undermine, violate, view, withhold ~
V: ~ comes into force/effect, engenders, expires, holds good, is in force, is null and void, is
out of date, is valid, provides for sth, runs out, states sth, takes effect, terminates, will be
superseded
A: advantageous, amicable, beneficial, bilateral, binding, commercial, complete,
contractual, convenient, draft, equitable, fair, firm, (in)formal, general, industrial, lease,
legally-binding, licensing, liquidity, loan, merger, mortgage, mutual, new, nondisclosure,
official, preliminary, profitable, provisional, reciprocal, (re)purchase, solemn, (free)
trade, verbal, wise, written ~
P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, details, draft, obligations, non-performance, record,
revision, terms of ~
n. help, esp. to a person, organisation or country in difficulty
ajutor, asisten
V: allocate, appeal for, award, be in need of, bring, call for, channel, come to sbs, cut (off),
deliver, demand, depend on, discontinue, distribute, enlist, extend, get, give, grant, halt,
offer, lend, maintain, misappropriate, need, organise, procure, promise, provide, reduce,
refuse, rely on, resume, rush to sbs, send, seek, stop, summon, suspend, withdraw,
withhold ~
A: covert, development, (in)direct, disaster, economic, effective, emergency, essential,
external, financial, first, foreign, food, generous, government, housing, humanitarian,
immediate, international, invaluable, legal, massive, medical, mutual, overseas,
pecuniary, regional, state, substantial, Third World, unemployment, unsolicited ~
P: ~ agency, agreement, donor, fund, kit, loan, organisation, package, payments,
programme, scheme, supplies, system; absence, extension, granting, withdrawal of ~;
grant-in-~

AID

n. the object to be attained; intention or purpose

obiectiv; scop, inten ie
V: accomplish, achieve, be successful in, endorse, express, fail in, fall short of, fulfil, further,
have, lower, pursue, reach, secure, serve, set oneself, state, strive towards, succeed in,
take (careful/direct), work for/towards ~
V: ~s coincide, collide, conflict, converge, match, overlap
A: ambitious, apparent, avowed, basic, broad, chief, clear, common, conscious, declared,
deliberate, eventual, explicit, express, expressed, indirect, distant, eventual, far-reaching,
final, first, fundamental, further, general, high, hopeless, immediate, implicit, implied,
initial, intermediate, joint, key, legitimate, long/short-term, main, noble, overall,
overriding, overwhelming, policy, political, prime, primary, principal, real, recognised,
secret, sole, specific, stated, strategic, true, ultimate, underlying, useful, war, worthy ~
P: with the ~ of

AIM

n. a positive assertion; a statement by a party to a afirma ie, declara ie;

legal action of what the party undertakes to prove
acuza ie
V: abandon, admit, answer, be at the centre of, challenge, change, come out with, confirm,
contest, corroborate, counter, deal with, defend oneself against, deny, disclose, discount,
dismiss, disprove, dispute, drop, examine, fabricate, give rise to, handle, investigate,
justify, lead to, look into, make, make inquires into, prevent, prompt, protect from, probe,
prove, provoke, publish, put forward, raise, react to, receive, refute, reject, report, resist,
respond to, retract, spread, submit, substantiate, support, withdraw ~
V: ~ attempts to, becomes formal, contains, is against, may lead to, provides
A: actual, baseless, common, corruption, credible, crude, damaging, defamatory, dreadful,
false, forgery, fraud, fresh, further, good faith, grave, harmful, ill-founded, irresponsible,
leak, longstanding, malicious, new, precise, (un)proven, scandalous, serious, spurious,
unproven, (un)true, unfounded, unsubstantiated, valid, well-founded, wicked, widespread,
wild, written ~
P: ~ of breaches, disgraceful conduct, discrimination, dishonesty, ill-treatment, noncompliance with sth, partiality, professional/research/scientific misconduct; reliability,
subject of ~; ~ about/concerning/against sb/sth
ALLEGATION

n. a bond or connection between families, states, alian

parties, or individuals
V: announce, be driven into, break, build, (up), cement, create, develop, dissolve, enter into,
establish, expand, forge, form, have, hold together, join, maintain, seek, set up, sever,
strengthen, strike up, support
V: ~ broke down, collapsed, foundered, remains in force, resulted from, still holds
A: broad, close, defensive, dubious, electoral, flourishing, (in)formal, fragile, global, grand,
loose, new, (un)official, old, opposition, political, powerful, shifting, strategic, strong,
tactical, temporary, traditional, transatlantic, uneasy, unhappy, unholy, unlikely, Western,
working ~
P: ~ charges, rules; ally, force in the ~; ~ of convenience

ALLIANCE

v. to set sth aside for a particular purpose; to share or a aloca, a rezerva; a

give sth
mpr i
allocate accommodation, an amount, assets, authority, benefits, blame, budgets, capital,
control, costs, duties, energy, food, foreign exchange, funds, goods, jobs, land, money,
period, power, priorities, property, punishment, resources, responsibility, rights, tasks,
time, titles, service, shares, social roles, tasks, work
allocate equitably, fairly

ALLOCATE

n. 1. the setting aside of a thing, money, etc. for a 1. alocare (de fonduri)
specific purpose 2. the dividing-up of total cost into the 2. repartizarea
separate kinds of costs of which it is made up, and then the costurilor
charging of these separate costs
1. (distribution)
V: accept, receive, start ~
A: additional, advertising, amount, appropriate, asset, bonus, budget, business, capital, cost,
debit, differential, dynamic, (in)efficient, entire, expense, internal, just, land, loss,
maximum, overall, personnel, resource, role, space ~
P: ~ arrangements, bonus, ledger scheme, policy; ~ of assets, budget, capital, contracts,
duties, finance, funds, income, jobs, money, posts, public authority, resources,
ALLOCATION

responsibilities, shares, staffing, taxes

2. (cost allotment)
A: asset, budget, cost(ing), overhead ~
P: ~ of costs, overheads
n. money given out regularly to an employee for indemniza ie, spor
business expenses, such as for travel, entertainment, motor-car salarial, diurn, ajutor
mileage, and subsistence
bnesc
V: ask for, claim, demand, draw, get, give, grant, make, offer, pay, provide, receive, reduce,
refuse, reimburse, squander, stop, use (up) ~
A: accommodation, additional, advertising, age, annual, attendance, basic, car, capital
(gains tax), cash, charitable, child, Christmas, clothing, commuting, compensation,
contingency, daily, depreciation, disability, disablement, disturbance, employment, extra,
family, fixed, food, funeral, generous, handicap, hardship, housekeeping, housing,
income, meagre, mileage, miserly, mobility, monthly, personal, petty, regular, relocation,
settling-in, small, special, substantial, taxable, travel, vacation, (in)valid, weekly ~
P: ~ beneficiary, payment; level, proportion of ~

ALLOWANCE

AMENITIES n.pl. things that make you comfortable and at ease

facilit i, confort
V: add, expect, improve, offer, pay for, provide, upgrade, vary in, wreck ~
V: ~ include, provide
A: additional, affordable, airport, appropriate, available, basic, complete, employees, fine,
good, guestroom, hotel, indoor, local, luxury, modern, outdoor, outstanding,
recreational, resort, various, workplace, world-class ~
P: ~ management; full array, lack, range of ~

n. reducing a debt by making payments against amortizare;

the principal balance in instalments or regular transfers; the nregistrarea amortizrii
writing off the cost of an asset over a period of time in a n contabilitate
statement of accounts
V: accelerate, calculate ~
A: annual, external, internal, loan, mortgage, negative ~
P: ~ adjustment, amount, arrangement, calculation, cancellation, charge, code, control,
costs, deduction, discount, field, forecast, fund, instalment, method, payment, period, rate,
reserve, schedule, terms, value; ~ of costs, debts, investment, hidden/undisclosed reserves,
a loan, premium
AMORTISATION

AMOUNT

n. a quantity, a sum, considered as a total

cantitate, sum total

V: add to, allocate, bring down/forward, carry down/forward, calculate,

charge, claim, cover, credit with, debit (an account) with, deduct from,
deposit, determine, double, draw on sb for, estimate, forward, gain,
guarantee, increase, insure, maximise, measure, overdraw, owe, pay,
provide, reckon, recover, reduce, refund, reimburse, remit, remove, rise in,
settle, spend, state, stipulate ~
V: ~ decreased, diminished, fell, grew, increased, remained steady

A: additional, (in)adequate, amazing, appreciable, available, average,

budgeted, considerable, constant, disproportionate, due, enormous,
equivalent, exact, excess, fixed, full, great, huge, incredible, invoice, large,

(un)limited, massive, maximum, minimum, moderate, modest, negligible,

net, outstanding, overall, reasonable, severance, small, specific, specified,
substantial, (in)sufficient, surprising, stated, taxable, token, tremendous,
total, typical, unpaid, vast ~
P: ~ above par value; ~ paid on account/in advance; ~ of annuity, business, confusion,
control, food, information, money, material, people, time, (paper)work; high/highest,
small/smallest in ~; in the right ~; in one ~; by a considerable ~; subtraction of ~
n. a close, detailed examination or report

analiz, studiu,
examinare
V: agree with, appreciate, carry out, complete, defy, do, embark on, handle, indulge
in, invalidate, make, offer, present, produce, provide, request, resist, restrict ~ to,
send, supervise, undertake, use ~
V: ~ confirms, demonstrates, is based on, shows, suggests
A: accounting, annual, authoritative, basic, (un)biased, broad, careful, close, confidential,
(benefit-)cost, critical, customer profile, data, detailed, economic, efficiency, expert, final,
financial, foregoing, genuine, harsh, illuminating, impartial, in-depth, informal, job,
logical, market, misleading, needs, objective, painstaking, penetrating, perceptive,
precise, preliminary, problem, profound, qualitative, quantitative, rational, rigorous,
rough, sales, scholarly, simple, situation, sober, sophisticated, statistical, systematic,
tentative, thorough, thought-provoking, tough, wide-ranging ~
P: ~ book, paper, programme; ~ of expenses; certificate of ~
ANALYSIS

ANNOUNCEMENT

n. sth announced publicly; written or printed

anun ; notificare

notice
V: broadcast, catch, compose, delay, display, draft, greet, insert, issue, make, miss, notice, place ~ in, print,
publicise, publish, put up, receive, send, watch for ~
V: ~ describes, is bound to, lists
A: arcane, brief, death, disaster, (un)expected, final, firm, formal, general, important, initial, job-cuts, last-minute,
late, long-awaited, official, preliminary, printed, public, rash, special, written ~
P: ~ date, effect; ~ of decision, judgement, marriage, new products, opinion, sale; in response to ~

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (AGM) n. yearly meeting of the Adunarea General a

members, shareholders and directors of a company
Ac ionarilor (AGA)
V: attend, be present at, cancel, chair, close, conduct, disrupt, hold, open ~
V: ~ brought together, is held, takes place
P: ~ documents, members, minutes, report; notice, proceedings of ~
n. an amount of money paid to sb yearly; an insurance rent; rent viager
contract or pension that pays sb a sum of money regularly for
life, usu. in return for a large payment
V: buy, get, grant, hold, issue, live off an, lose, offer, opt for, purchase, raise, receive, sell,
settle ~ on sb
V: ~ comes to an end, expires, has been exhausted, is available
A: accident, annual, bank, contingent, deferred, disability, fixed, gift, gross, immediate, joint
and survival, joint-life, life, low, ordinary, pension, retirement, single-life, singlepremium, survivorship, taxable, tax deferred, temporary, terminable, variable, widows ~
P: ~ agreement, bank, bond, business, certificate, claim, contract, cost, fee, fund, holder,
income, insurance, loan, mortgage, payment, plan, policy, quotes, rates, system, type,
yield; amount, payment, price of ~
ANNUITY

n. 1. a formal or urgent request for public support, esp. 1. apel, chemare

financial, for a cause 2. the referral of a case to a higher court 2. apel, recurs
3. atrac ie, atractivitate
3. attractiveness, appealing quality
1. (request)
V: address, answer, be moved by, ignore, issue, launch, listen to, make, present, refuse,
reject, renew, respond to, turn down, use ~
V: ~ failed, raised $500, succeeded
A: charity, confident, desperate, (in)direct, dramatic, earnest, emergency, emotional, final,
global, humanitarian, immediate, last, market, mass, moving, mute, nationwide,
passionate, personal, powerful, public, sincere, successful, television, urgent, wide,
worldwide ~
P: ~ for a decision, help; ~ to the public, reason, sympathy
2. (court request)
V: allow, bring, consider, deny, dismiss, exhaust, file, grant, hear, lodge, lose, make, reject,
throw out, turn down, uphold, withdraw, win ~
V: ~ failed, succeeded, was denied
A: cross, defendants, plaintiffs, prosecutors ~
P: ~ hearing, judge, tribunal; court, ground, right of ~; on/under/against ~
3. (attractiveness)
V: boost, broaden, diminish, enhance, extend, have, hold, increase, lose, retain, widen ~
V: ~ lies in sth
A: advertising, broad, charismatic, commercial, considerable, crossover, enduring,
exceptional, great, growing, immediate, instant, intellectual, irresistible, lasting, limited,
little, mainstream, mass, much, obvious, popular, powerful, product, sex, special, strong,
timeless, universal, visual, wide, widespread ~
APPEAL

n. 1. the act or instance of appearing 2. the look or

outward aspect of a person or thing 3. a semblance

APPEARANCE

1. apari ie
2. nf iare, aspect
exterior
3. aparen

1. (appearing)
V: advise against, await, make, mark, prepare, put in an, recollect ~
A: abrupt, belated, brief, dramatic, early, final, first, guest, inaugural, last, live, one-off,
public, rare, record breaking, regular, scheduled, spectacular, striking, stunning,
subsequent, sudden, surprise, television, unexpected, welcome ~
P: ~ fee
2. (outward aspect)
V: alter, be lugubrious/modest/secular in, care about/for, change, criticise, enhance, have,
give, improve, keep, mar, oversee, put on, retain, smarten up, soften, spoil, take care of,
take pride in ones, worsen ~
A: (un)attractive, classical, crisp, dishevelled, distinctive, elegant, false, fantastic, fastidious,
futuristic, general, gleaming, good, handsome, healthy, imposing, impressive,
intimidating, neat, odd, outward, overall, personal, physical, pleasant, pleasing, product,
remodelled, scruffy, shabby, smart, sporty, strange, (un)tidy, unconventional,
unprepossessing, youthful ~
P: alteration in ~
3. (semblance)
V: keep up an, maintain, mimic, preserve ~
A: deceptive ~

P: ~ of conflict, guilt, partiality, poverty, wealth

n. person who formally applies for employment, a

grant of money or admission to a university

APPLICANT

candidat pentru un post

/grant /la admitere,
solicitant

V: advise, back, charge, drop, exclude, interview, nominate, notify, refuse, reject, represent,
select, shortlist, stand as, support, vote for ~
V: ~ appealed against, rates high, is entitled to, has the privileges, was appointed, was
granted a license
A: credit, eager, job, loan, patent, pension, prospective, rival, (un)successful ~
P: ~ screening, selection; ~ for office, a position, a university place, post, work; list of ~s for
a job
n. formal request usu. in writing to be given a cerere (de angajare, etc.)
scrisoare de inten ie
particular job, a grant of money or admission to a university
V: accept, act on, approve, cancel, consider, deal with, dismiss, draw up, enclose, examine,
expedite, file, fill in, grant, invite, is under consideration. judge, lodge, make, process,
pursue ~ further, put in, receive, refuse, reject, reply to, respond to, review, send in/out,
strike out, submit, turn down, vet, withdraw, write ~

APPLICATION

V: the ~ failed, was successful, went ahead

A: confidential, detailed, formal, immediate, personal, prompt, written ~
P: ~ fee, form, package, period, procedure, processing; ~ for membership, a credit, grant,
job, line of credit, loan, the position/post of; letter, status of ~; deluge, flood, wave of ~s
APPLICATION FORM n. a form to be filled out by an applicant
formular de cerere
V: complete, fill in/out, print, receive, return, send off/out, sign, submit ~
A: completed, employment, housing, job, obsolete, online, passport, sample, standard, visa ~
P: ~ tips

v. make a formal request for sth; fill in a form or write a

letter, asking formally to be allowed to have a particular job

APPLY

a solicita (oficial); a face

o cerere pentru ob inerea
unui loc de munc

apply for admission, asylum, bail, citizenship, clearance, divorce, entry, exemption,
extension, grant, injunction, insurance, job, leave, licence, loan, membership, passport,
patent, permission, permit, political asylum, position, post, rebate, recognition,
registration, relief, renewal, social security, status, writ
apply early, in advance, in person, in plenty of time, in writing
v. to select or formally choose someone for an official a numi, a nvesti ntr-o
position
func ie
appoint a chief officer, a committee, a coordinator, a deputy director, an expert, an
examiner, a manager, a management board
appoint sb chairman, managing director
appoint sb to a job, an office, a post, a higher position, a rank, an overseas unit
appoint by agreement, consensus
appoint for a fixed term

APPOINT

appoint formally, officially

n. person who has been chosen for a particular job or persoan numit ntr-un
position
post
V: appoint, choose, indicate, recruit, replace, release ~
V: ~ is entitled to, is responsible for, is subject to
A:(non)career, continuing, fixed term, new, non-mobile, governmental, political,
probationary, tenurable, (non)tenured ~
P:~ eligibility; ~ to an office/department
APPOINTEE

n. 1. arrangement to have a meeting at a particular 1. programare,

time 2. a job or position, usu. one involving some planificarea unei ntlniri
2. numire ntr-un post
responsibility
1. (meeting)
V: accept, agree on, announce, arrange, be available for, call for, cancel, change, confirm,
have, hold, fix, keep, make, miss, obtain, put off, receive, (re)schedule, set (up) ~
A: alternative, business, convenient, exact, interview, last-minute, lunch, upcoming ~
P: ~ book, calendar, date; by, without ~
2. (selection for a position)
V: accept, acknowledge, announce, apply for, avoid, congratulate on, consider, extend, hold,
obstruct, obtain, offer, oppose, prevent, process, propose, ratify, receive, reject, renew,
resign from, take up an, terminate ~
V: ~ carries a(n) annual/commencing) salary
A: available, controversial, first/last, fixed-term, formal, good, honorary, ill-fated,
impending, initial, joint, limited, long/short-term, new, paid, permanent, public, recent,
(non)renewable, secure, successful, temporary, term, vacant, (in)valid ~
P: ~ end date, period, salary;~ with tenure; ~ for life; ~ on a trial basis; ~ to top positions;
letter, period, power, renewal of ~

APPOINTMENT

n. newspaper page listing jobs or positions

available
V: examine, find on, print, read, turn ~
V: ~ appears, shows
A: online ~
P: ~ content, header, layout; ~ of a newspaper
APPOINTMENTS PAGE

n. 1. a judgment or opinion of something or

somebody 2. the evaluation of an employees performance
over a period of time, often in the form of a formal interview

APPRAISAL

pagin de ziar cu oferte

de serviciu

1. evaluare, opinie
2. evaluarea
activit ii depuse de
angaja i, de obicei n
cadrul unui interviu

1. (evaluation)
V: carry out, conduct, establish by, give, (over)inflate, make, perform ~
V: ~ comes in too high/low, is under way
A: accurate, appropriate, candid, career, case, complex, constructive, cool, cost, critical,
cynical, definite, detailed, (non)discriminatory, economic, environmental, familiar,
financial, frank, fresh, generous, high, historical, home, honest, independent, individual,
inflated, investment, low, mutual, objective, positive, predatory, pricing, project, property,
public debt, qualitative, quantitative, quick, real estate, realistic, records, sensitive, stock,
supplier, teacher, team, thorough ~

P: ~ approach, expenditures, fee, fraud, process, requirement, services, standard, system,

technique, term, value; ~ of cost, debt relief, due diligence, ideas, securities, work
2. (staff evaluation)
V: complete, conduct, give, make ~
A: annual, performance, periodical, staff, team ~
P: ~ meeting, interview, session, system; methods, period, principles, programme of ~
n. 1. a favourable opinion of sth 2. an increase in
the value of an asset or currency in comparison with other
currencies

APPRECIATION

1. apreciere, opinie
favorabil
2. cretere a valorii,
apreciere

1. (positive opinion)
V: accept sth with, acknowledge, build, demonstrate, earn, enhance, express, extend, foster,
gain, have ~ of, increase, mar, note with, receive, require, roar in, share, show, widen,
win ~
A: deep, excessive, exaggerated, fine, frank, full, general, genuine, great, heartfelt, honest,
little, perfect, public, real, renewed, scientific, sincere, spontaneous ~
P: ~ award, dinner; expression, gesture, lack, letter, note, sentiment, token, tribute, word(s)
of ~
2. (growth in value)
V: calculate ~
A: annual, anticipated, capital, currency, excess, market, net, price,( un)realized ~
P: ~ in excess; ~ of assets, currency, prices, real estate, stocks, value; rate of ~
n. specific way of thinking or dealing with a problem; abordare, metod de
the method used in doing or solving sth
lucru
V: achieve, adopt, apply, articulate, attempt, change, characterise, choose, cling to, come to
a head with, consider, decide on, employ, endorse, envisage, explain, expound, favour,
follow, have, illustrate, make, misjudge, modify, object to, pursue, recognise, reject,
resist, settle for, show, suggest, take, try, uphold, urge, use, welcome ~
V: ~ appears as, defines, grows in popularity, has scope for improvement, implies, involves,
is consonant/in keeping with, pays off
A: aggressive, ambitious, analytic, balanced, basic, best, bold, bottom-up, broad, broadranging, can-do, careful, careless, causal, cautious, cerebral, clear, clear-headed,
coherent, commendable, concerted, conciliatory, (in)consistent, (un)constructive,
(un)conventional, cool, co-ordinated, corporate, crude, data collection, departmental,
determined, (in)direct, disciplined, dispassionate, doctrinaire, eclectic, economic,
effective, elastic, empirical, energetic, enthusiastic, entrepreneurial, ethical, favoured,
firm, flexible, fresh, (un)friendly, global, grass-roots, hands-on/off, hard-line, helpful,
holistic, hostile, humane, (un)imaginative, individualistic, innovative, logical, low-key,
mature, measured, methodological, neutral, novel, obvious, original, overall, personal,
personalised, positive, pragmatic, professional, rationalist, realistic, (un)reasonable,
refreshing, relaxed, reliability, resolute, responsible, revolutionary, rigid, rigorous,
scholarly, scientific, sensitive, soft, statistical, subtle, synthetic, systematic, tentative,
timid, top-down, traditional, ultimate, unique, (un)usual, useful, useless, versatile,
vigorous, worthwhile ~
P: acknowledgement, embodiment, lightness, wisdom, of ~; amateurism, commitment,
divergence, error, wariness in ~
APPROACH

n. acceptance of sth
acceptare, acord
V: achieve, apply for, appreciate, ask for, await, check for, confirm, deny, earn, expect,
express, gain, get, give, grant, have, look for, meet with, need, nod, obtain, present sth for,
recommend, receive, refuse, request, require, resist, roar, secure, seek, serve as, signify,
show, solicit, speed up, submit for, voice, win, withhold ~
A: authorised, bank, board, commercial, conditional, corporate, credit, definite, early,
employee, final, financial, firm, formal, friendly, full, general, government, grudging,
hesitant, immediate, instant, initial, legislative, managerial, ministerial, official,
overwhelming, parental, popular, preliminary, presidential, prior, prompt, provisional,
public, qualified, quality, regulatory, reluctant, social, speedy, tacit, tentative,
shareholder, universal, unanimous, universal, verbal, wholehearted, written ~
P: ~ of debt cancellation, loan, particular measures; nod, renewal, roar, seal, signature,
stamp of ~; goods on ~; petition for ~; ~ policy, process, rating, requirements, time;
with/without sbs ~; subject to ~
APPROVAL

n. natural ability or cleverness suited to a particular aptitudine, abilitate

kind of work or activity
V: assess, create, demonstrate, develop, display, encourage, establish, foster, have, inherit,
lack, lose, measure, overlook, owe ~ to, possess, reveal, show ~
A: academic, accounting, amazing, brilliant, cognitive, conspicuous, decided, definite,
distinct, educational, great, intrinsic, managerial, mental, modest, naked, natural,
numerical, natural, occupational, outstanding, personal, pronounced, rare, real,
remarkable, sales, social, special, strong, team leader, vocational ~
P: ~ level, survey, test; ~ for figures, foreign languages, leadership, work; on basis of ~

APTITUDE

n. 1. an orderly setting out 2.pl. plans, measures

3. an agreement; a settlement of a dispute

ARRANGEMENT

1. aranjare, organizare
2. planuri, msuri
3. n elegere, acord,
rezolvare a unei dispute

1. (display)
V: adopt, alter, bring, establish, keep to, maintain, reverse, restore ~
A: beaming, bright, confusing, constant, ingenious, meticulous, neat, ordered, orderly,
perfect, product, room, sample, seating, strict, striking, stunning, symmetrical ~
2. (measures)
V: alter, announce, arrive at, be in charge of, cancel, change, come to, comply with,
conclude, conform to, coordinate, have, implement, inquire about, investigate, keep to,
implement, look after, make, plan proceed with, propose, (re)schedule, reverse, review,
settle, suggest ~s
A: alternative, appropriate, business, careful, commercial, convenient, credit, definite,
detailed, effective, export, final, firm, fixed, flexible, general, import, informal, licensing,
necessary, payroll, preparatory, previous, purchasing, regular, royalty, satisfactory,
severance, shipping, special, steady, systematic, trading, transportation, travel ~s
P: details, flexibility of ~s
3. (agreement)
V: abide by, agree to, approve of, break, cancel, change, come to, comply with, conclude,
consider, discuss, enter into, formalise, get out of, have, implement, make, oppose, reach,
respect, reverse, revoke, take advantage of, terminate, work out ~
V: ~ comes into effect, formalised a change, holds good, (no longer/still) holds, is in force
meets with approval, was brought to an end, works satisfactorily

A: (dis)advantageous, agreeable, amicable, binding, bank, civic, compromise, convenient,

current, exclusive, existing, expensive, financial, formal, friendly, mutual, permanent,
private, satisfactory, special, standby, successful, suitable, tacit, temporary, tentative,
unworkable ~
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION n.pl. document recording the Statutul unei societ i
regulations and constitution of a company
comerciale
V: alter, amend, change, draw up, require ~
V: ~ act as, are legally binding, control, cover, deal with, establish, impose, lay down,
provide, regulate, set aside/out, state, specify
A: current, existing ~
v. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth

a evalua, a estima, a
msura
assess aspects, chances, changes, competence, the condition of sth, contribution to sth, costs,
damage, differences, effects, the effectiveness of sth, efficiency, the impact of sth, the
importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits, needs, performance, property, quality,
risks, the significance of sth, situation, usefulness, value, work, worth
assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, minutely, properly, thoroughly
ASSESS

n. 1. an evaluation of the amount or quality, 1. evaluare

calculation of the value of sth 2. calculation of the amount of 2. calcularea impozitului
datorat statului
tax that has to be paid
1. (evaluation)
V: agree on, arrive at, carry out, give, make, offer, produce, put sth forward for, reach,
revise, update ~
V: ~ has been made with regard to, is based on, takes into account that
A: (in)accurate, adverse, continuous, balanced, broad, candid, careful, competitive,
considered, continuous, (in)correct, critical, damage, direct, economic, educational,
expert, external, (un)fair, false, (un)favourable, follow-up, formal, general, gloomy, hasty,
health, honest, (in)formal, independent, internal, judicious, limited, medical, monthly,
needs, objective, occupational competence, optimistic, overall, poor, quick, rapid,
realistic, reasonable, regular, rigorous, social, subjective, succinct, true, upbeat, wise,
wrong ~
P: ~ centre, comment, guidelines, experts, framework, method, objective, office, panel,
process, schedule; ~ of business, damages, property; mode, stages of ~
2. (taxation)
V: agree on, carry out, give, make ~
V: ~ becomes due and payable
A: (in)accurate, balanced, considered, (in)correct, (un)fair, false, judicious, income.
revenue, personal, property, real estate, true, wrong ~
P: ~ committee, services
ASSESSMENT

n. 1. sb or sth useful or valuable 2. pl. things owned by a

person or business having a certain money value and that can
be used to pay debts or produce goods
1. (resource)

ASSET

V: employ, enjoy, lose, make use of, take advantage of, waste ~

1. resurs (uman sau

material)
2. active

A: considerable, core, economic, invaluable, key, military, natural, national, political,

precious, valuable ~
2. (possessions)
V: accumulate, acquire, build up, buy, convert, counterbalance, dispose of, draw on,
exhaust, freeze, impound, invest in, own, pile up, possess, protect ~ (from), recover,
release, remove, rent, seize, sell, sequester, shore up, squander, strip sb of, transfer, value
~s
V: ~ are tied up (in), declined, depreciated, disappeared, dwindled, grew, shrank
A: active, available, bad, capital, (non)cash, circulating, considerable, contingent,
convertible, corporate, current, deferred, doubtful, extensive, fictitious, (non)financial,
fixed, floating, frozen, gross, hidden, invisible, (il)liquid, long-term, movable, net,
nominal, non-yielding, operating, permanent, productive, (un)profitable, property, quick,
real, realisable, (un)renewable, reserve, slow, solid, specific, (in)tangible, total,
unrealised, valuable, wasting ~s
P: ~ -stripping; acquisition, disclosure, disposal, exchange, investment, purchase, record,
sale, transfer of ~s; return on ~s
ASSET-STRIPPING

n. buying an unsuccessful company and selling

some or all of its assets individually at a profit

vnzarea frac ionat a

activelor unei companii
nerentabile

V: accuse sb of, avoid, be involved in, give rise to, prevent, safeguard against, stop ~
A: alleged, blatant, downright, recent, scandalous ~
P: ~ fraud, opportunity, price, tactics, threat
v. 1. to share out task or duty 2. to choose someone for a
certain job or position

ASSIGN

1. a trasa cuiva o
sarcin
2. a desemna pe cineva
ntr-o func ie

1. (give sb task)
assign a duty, identity, a job, obligations, responsibility, right, risk, a score, a task, work to
sb
assign items of revenue and expense to specific accounting periods
2. (appoint)
assign sb to a duty, a job, a position
n. a specific duty given to a person or group of sarcin de serviciu,
persons to carry out
nsrcinare, atribu ie
V: abandon, accept, allocate, assume, be away on, be considered for, carry out, complete,
do, fill, fulfil, give sb, handle, move on to, put enthusiasm into, send sb on, take (up),
undertake, work on ~
A: crucial, dangerous, dramatic, government, hazardous, important, job, official, onerous,
project, secret, special, specialised, team, tough, undercover, urgent, worthy ~
ASSIGNMENT

n. the act of assisting or the help given to another

ajutor, asisten
V: accord, appreciate, arrange for, ask for, back sb with all, be of (further), benefit from,
call for, count on, deny, extend ~ to sb, get, give (every), grant, invite, lend, need, offer,
prohibit, provide, qualify for, receive, refuse, reject, rely on, render, request, require,
seek, solicit, summon, supply, thank for ~
V: ~ was forthcoming

ASSISTANCE

A: additional, cash, considerable, continued, covert, development, (in)direct, economic,

employee, family, favourable, financial, formal, generous, government, great,
humanitarian, immediate, immense, judicial, kind, limited, little, material, mutual,
prompt, public, ready, regional, research, secretarial, specialist, supplementary, swift,
tangible, technical, tremendous, valuable, vital, useful, welcome, wholehearted ~
P: ~ in kind; ~ grant, package, programme, supplementation; offers of ~
n. 1. a group of people, departments or institutions
joined together for a purpose 2. fellowship, human contact or
cooperation
1. (organisation)
ASSOCIATION

1. asocia ie, organiza ie

2. asociere

V: belong to, chair, establish, form, found, join, resign from, run, set up, support ~
V: ~ consists of, reports, sponsors, works towards
A: architectural, auditing, bar, central, educational, employee, employers, development,
formal, housing, medical, national, neighbours, parents, political, press, professional,
purchasing, regional, registered, staff, student, trade, umbrella, wholesale ~
P: ~ agreement, aims, chairman, conference, director, headquarters, member, membership,
number, representative, secretary, treaty; articles, chairman, contract, deed, freedom of
~; ~ of banks, hotels, individuals, shareholders
2. (cooperation)
V: be in close ~ with, begin, break off, continue, disrupt, encourage, enjoy, enter into,
establish ~ with, exploit, forge, form, give up, have, inspire, renew, sever, terminate ~
A: beneficial, brief, clandestine, close, continued, disgraceful, free, friendly, fruitful,
harmful, harmless, intimate, long, loose, permanent, pleasant, proper, rewarding, useful ~
P: freedom of ~
n. 1. a declaration that is intended to make sth certain 1. asigurare, ncredin are
and thus overcome doubt 2. a solemn promise or guarantee 3. 2. garan ie (a calit ii)
3. asigurare de via
insurance, esp. life insurance3
1. (assertion, guarantee)
V: ask for, deliver, demand, expect, extract, exude, gain, give, have, obtain, offer, provide,
receive, search, seek, want ~
A: absolute, categorical, definite, empty, firm, formal, official, personal, positive, real,
repeated, self-contained, solemn, swaggering, welcome ~
P: ~ of confidentiality; ground of ~
2. (guarantee)
V: develop, guarantee quality ~
P: quality ~ department, system
3.( insurance)
P: life ~ company, policy, scheme

ASSURANCE

n. 1. the act or an instance of attacking; an assault 2. an

expression of strong criticism; hostile comment

ATTACK

1. atac, asalt, ofensiv

2. atac verbal

3
assurance n. the term generally used by insurance companies to denote policies where a sum is payable after a
fixed number of years or on the death of the insured person. The term insurance is used in policies relating to
events such as fire, accident or death within a limited period. In popular usage, the term insurance is used in both
cases.

1. (assault)
V: be immune/subject/vulnerable to, be ripe for, beat back, blunt, call off, carry out, come
under, condone, deter, direct, drive home, engage in, evade, fend off, head off, initiate,
instigate, intensify, intercept, launch, lead, make, mount, press home, provoke, renew,
repel, repulse, resist, scale down, spearhead, step up, suffer, sustain, thwart, ward off ~
V: ~ escalated, failed, fizzled out, gathered momentum, got into its stride, petered out,
reached a new pitch, succeeded
A: abortive, all-out, alleged, appalling, arson, audacious, barbaric, blistering, bold, bomb,
brutal, bungled, callous, concentrated, concerted, courageous, cowardly, cruel,
dangerous, daring, devastating, direct, diversionary, ferocious, fierce, final, frenzied,
fresh, frontal, full-scale, furious, imminent, impending, impetuous, latest, major, massive,
mistimed, savage, subsequent, sudden, surprise, sustained, terrorist, treacherous,
unexpected, unjustified, unprovoked, vicious, vigorous, violent ~
P: series, spate, wave of ~s; brunt, ferocity, intensity, resumption, savagery, suddenness,
thrust, victim of ~; vulnerable to ~; in fear of ~
2. (hostile comment)
V: deliver, launch, make ~
A: biting, bitter, crude, distasteful, exaggerated, extensive, feeble, forceful, forthright,
impassioned, initial, outspoken, passionate, personal, populist, scathing, scurrilous,
strong, sustained, unwarranted, vehement, venomous, virulent, withering ~
n. a sale of goods or property at which intending buyers licita ie, vnzare
bid against one another for individual items, each item being
sold to the bidder offering the highest price
V: acquire at, announce, attend, be on sale at, be up for, bid at, buy at/in, call, come up for,
conduct, gather at, get involved in, go to, hold, organise, pick up some bargains at,
purchase by, put up for, schedule, sell at/by/in, spend (money) at, withdraw from ~
V: ~ opened with, took place, was oversubscribed, will see the sale of
A: annual, antique, bankruptcy, car, charity, closing, compulsory, Dutch, English,
first/second-price, franchise, impromptu, midday, mock, on-line, opening, procurement,
public, reverse, silent, successful, Treasury ~
P: ~ algorithm, bidder, block, bridge, catalogue, company, day, fees, gallery, goer, group,
house, market, price, proceeds, pitch, record, results, room, sale
AUCTION

n. a group of people gathered in one place to watch or public, audien

listen to a play, film, sb speaking, etc., or the people watching
or listening to a particular TV or radio programme
V: address, appeal to, astonish, attract, bring home to, build up, captivate, capture, caution,
communicate to, convey to, deliver message to, disappoint, discover, draw, electrify,
enchant, entertain, enthral, establish, face, grip, handle, hold, hold ~ captive, hook,
impress, keep, keep the ~ on its toes, keep the ~ rapt, look at, move, mystify, pander to,
please, reach, read before/to, retain, rivet, rouse, shock, speak to, stir, struggle for,
survey, sway, target, warn ~
V: ~ applauded, booed, heckled, is prone/resistant to, jeered, walked out, whistled
A: advertising, alert, applause-prone, appreciative, attentive, average, broad, captive,
critical, demanding, discerning, dwindling, eager, earnest, enthusiastic, exclusive,
impressive, large, mass, mixed, nation/wide, packed, peak, potential, prime-time, prone,
radio, rapt, receptive, remaining, (un)responsive, select, sizeable, sparse, spellbound,
student, (un)sympathetic, target, television, upscale, vast, viewing ~
AUDIENCE

P: ~ analysis, composition, number, participation, profile, rating, reaction, response, size,

turnover; out of the view of the ~; responsibility towards ~; growth in ~
n. a detailed inspection of the accounts of an organisation audit, revizie/ verificare
by a professionally trained person
contabil
V: add value to, be certified for, carry out, complete, conduct, go over, make, manage,
participate in, perform, undertake ~
V: ~ ascertains, can be extended to, disclosed, evaluates, reveals
A: annual, complete, external, governmental, internal, management, procedural, resource,
routine, traditional ~
P: ~ certificate, commission, committee, costs, cycle, documentation, evidence, firm, issue,
log, partner, problem, procedure, register, regulation, report, risk, scheme, strategy,
supervisor, survey, system, team, tool, trail

AUDIT

AUDIT

v. to examine the accounts of an organisation

a efectua un audit
financiar-contabil /o
revizie contabil

audit accounts, invoices, figures, non-profit entities, outsourcers, organisations, profit

n. qualified person to audit accounts or to conduct an auditor, inspector
audit of a department or organisation
financiar
V: act as, appoint, be examined by, be inspected by, call in, claim against, exercise the
profession of, select ~
V: ~ conducts a thorough and expeditious investigation, does not concur, finds, has full
power to determine/examine, has access to, investigates, recommends
A: agreeable, appointed, chief, district, excellent, external, independent, internal, nominated,
qualified, practising, public, senior, statutory, trained ~
P: ~'s input, recommendation, responsibility, report, role
AUDITOR

n. 1. the right to enforce obedience or give orders 2.

a person cited or recognised as an expert 3. power given to sb
to act 4. pl. a government or other body that has the power to
make and carry out regulations

AUTHORITY

1. putere, autoritate
2. expert, autoritate n
domeniu
3. mputernicire
4. autorit i
(guvernamentale sau
locale)

1. (power)
V: abuse, accept, acknowledge, (re)assert, assume, attack, be in, bolster, boost, challenge,
consolidate, defy, delegate, deny, diminish, divest sb of, enforce, enhance, establish,
evade, exercise, exert, have, impair, imperil, impose, invoke, lack, maintain, (dis)obey,
oppose, overstep ones, overthrow, protest against, question, recognise, resist, respect,
restore, retain, share, subvert, support, transfer, undercut, undermine, uphold, use, usurp,
weaken ~
V: ~ extends over, is vested in sb, is at stake
A: administrative, absolute, civil, clear, competent, discretionary, enforcement, established,
executive, express, full, government, high(er), imperial, individual, inspection,
investigating, issuing, joint, legal, moral, municipal, necessary, official, regional,
regulatory, royal, superior, supervisory, supreme, surveillance, ultimate ~
P: absence, abuse, figures, limits, position, scope of ~
2. (expert)
V: appeal to, consult, quote, recognise sb as an ~

A: best, distinguished, eminent, (world-)famous, foremost, great, leading, managerial, noted,

principal, renowned, sole, statutory, world-wide ~
3. (authorisation)
V: claim, countermand, continue, get, give, grant, make use of, obtain, receive, recognise,
take away ~
A: full, written ~
P: ~ record; ~ to accept, act, buy, collect, confirm, conclude, decide, dispose, draw,
export/import, negotiate, pay, sign
4. (administrative body)
V: anger, apply to, defy, inform, (dis)obey, rebel against ~ies
A: appropriate, central, competent, export, health, housing, immigration, local, military,
monetary, police, proper, public, responsible ~ies
n. the degree to which a consumer knows of the
existence of a product

AWARENESS

gradul de sensibilizare a
consumatorului vizavi de
un produs de pe pia

V: arouse, create, develop, diminish, elevate, have, heighten, increase, lose, maintain,
measure, raise, sharpen, show, strengthen, sustain ~
V: ~ continues to remain low, needs to be continuously reinforced
A: advertising, brand, commercial, consumer, consumer rights, constant, continual, critical,
deep, full, growing, information, keen, needs, price, product, public, strong, vivid ~
P: ~ seminar, training; lack, level of ~

Collocation practice
I. Fill-in-the blanks:
1.
Read the collocations for the headword BRAND. Fill in the blanks in the following
sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to the
grammatical category to be used:
V = verb that comes before the noun
V ~ = verb that comes after the noun
A = adjective
P = phrase
e.g.:

The specialists have tested the ______ (A) brand.

The specialists have tested the new brand.

1. This is a ______-______ (A) brand on the German market.

2. They cultivated the brand ______ (P) and as a result sales boosted.
3. We want to know how to ______ (V) a brand in less time and with less money by using
storytelling techniques.
4. In todays highly competitive environments, improving consumers brand ______ (P)
allows marketers to maintain a lasting position in the marketplace.
5. Louis Vuitton postponed the launch of its ______ (A) brand.

2.

Read the collocations for the headword CURRENCY. Fill in the blanks in the
following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to
the grammatical category to be used:
V = verb that comes before the noun
V ~ = verb that comes after the noun
A = adjective
P = phrase
e.g.:

The euro is the ________ (A) currency shared by most of the EU member states.
The euro is the single currency shared by most of the EU member states.

1) Banks should _________ (V) currency at a fixed parity to the dollar.

2) Romania will replace the ________ (A) currency with the euro in 2012.
3) The euro is considered to be a ________ (A) currency with low inflation and low interest
rates.
4) The US currency ________ (V~) today due to the present uncertainty about the direction
of the world economy.
5) We want to find ways to stabilise Europes currency ________ (P).

3.
Read the collocations for the headword INVESTMENT. Fill in the blanks in the
following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to
the grammatical category to be used:
A = adjective
V = verb that comes before the noun
V ~ = verb that comes after the noun
P = phrase
e.g.:

Home Buying is a _______, _________ (A) investment.

Home Buying is a sound, long-term investment.

1) These are all part of our recent investment __________ (P).

2) They decided to cut interest rates in order to ________ (V) investment.
3) Putting your money into real estate is a _______ (A) investment nowadays.
4) Their large-scale investment ______ (V~) of 30%.
5) After considering all the legal aspects, he decided not to _______ (V) the investment.

4.
Read the collocations below for the headword INSURANCE. Fill in the blanks in
the following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point
to the grammatical category to be used:
V = verb that comes before the noun
V ~ = verb that comes after the noun
A = adjective
P = phrase
e.g.:

Is swine flue ______(V) by travel insurance?

Is swine flu covered by travel insurance?

1. It is important that you (V) your insurance when it expires.

2. The task of insurance (P) is to keep up with customers and court new ones.
3. The medical (A) insurance market has changed since the 1990s.
4. Insurance (~V) to all needs.
5. Floods in Romania have led to compulsory insurance.

5.
Read the collocations below for the headword FREIGHT. Fill in the blanks in the
following sentences with the right collocation. The abbreviations between brackets point to
the grammatical category to be used:
V = verb that comes before the noun
V ~ = verb that comes after the noun
A = adjective
P = phrase
e.g.:

The Scot t ish st orage firm receives five t rains daily carrying over
1500 ______ ( P) of freight .
The Scot t ish st orage firm receives five t rains daily carrying over
1500 t on s of freight .

1. The company _____ (V) freight on the railway.

2. Freight ___ (P) ran until 1999.
3. They had to pay extra charges for the _____ (A) freight.
4. Freight charges both in ocean and air transport may be _____ (V) in the currency of the
country of export.
5. All freight ______ (V~) onto trucks.

6.

Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

spring

question

deliver

advice

invite

7.

to
up

speech

nurture

shoulders

set

mind

receive

firm

rub

ability

with sb

Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above:

AMONG the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be
hard-pressed to find one that doesnt believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship.
However, of the people who immediately ____________ ___ ________ 1. when one thinks
of entrepreneursBill Gates, Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey, for examplefew have
done more than ____________ ___________ 2. at a business school. Indeed, a recent study
by Kings College in London has suggested what many intuitively suspect: that
entrepreneurship may actually be in the bloodmore to do with genes than classroom
experience. All of which ___________ ___________ 3. does an entrepreneur really need
a business-school education?
Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a ready answer to this:
they dont actually profess to create entrepreneurs, rather they ___________ innate
_________ 4. Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute at Michigans Ross
School of Business puts it: A good idea is not enough. You need to know how to transform
a good idea into a good business.
Schools do this in a number of ways. One is to ensure that faculty are a mix of classic
academics and businesspeople with experience of ____________ their own successful
__________ 5. They can also create incubators where students nurture ideas and
__________ ______________ on a day-to-day basis ________ 6. the external business
world, __________ both _________7. and hard cash in the form of investment.

8.

9.

Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

ad

ad

advertising

advertising

campaign

analyst

car and truck

campaign

election

commercial

grassroots

group

media

industry

national

media

social

spending

television

strategist

fall

debate

inspire

by 6.3%

Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above:

At the annual gathering of the 1. ______________ ______________ in Cannes at the end of

June, all the talk was of the accelerating shift away from established 2. ______________
______________, especially the 30-second commercial, towards newfangled social media.
The winner of the coveted Titanium prize was Barack Obamas 3. ____________
___________, which was a combination of lousy advertising, but great marketing, says
Marian Salzman of Porter Novelli, a unit of Omnicom, another huge 4. _____________
___________. This 5. __________ much ___________ about how to turn every customer
into an evangelist, and how to drive 6. ____________ ___________ using Facebook and
Twitter. A forthcoming book by Mr Obamas chief 7. ____________ _____________,
David Plouffe, seems destined to become the ad industrys new bible.
Not everyone is convinced that a revolution is under way. John Deighton of Harvard
Business School claims that 8. ____________ __________were crucial to the Obama
campaign only in the first half of the primaries, because using them is well suited to
insurgency. After that, he says, the campaign reverted to a fairly standard effort
dominated by 9. __________ ________. Indeed, Mr Deighton believes that the 10.
___________ ____________will remain the mainstay of the advertising industry for years
to come. Magnas Mr Wieser seems to agree, noting that, contrary to reports of its demise,
Americas viewing habit continues to grow, and 11. ___________ __________ on 12.
__________ ___________ is likely to 13. __________ this year ________ only _______
a triumph, in the circumstances.
Local television advertising in America has been hit much harder, owing to the car
industrys woes, especially the bankruptcies of Chrysler and General Motors. Car
dealerships, which are closing in large numbers, are big advertisers. But Benjamin
Swinburne, a 14. _________ ________ at Morgan Stanley, is forecasting a surprisingly

strong 15. _________ __________, especially on television, because dealers spending on

car and truck ads has fallen implausibly low: down by 65% in the first quarter of 2009
compared with the same period last year.

II.
Correct the mistakes. Read the following text and identify the
collocational errors which occur:
We can't really afford to ignore these results. The survey was one of the most extensive of
its kind and covers a far-reaching range of corporations.
We can see in this next slide the results from the American part of the survey. This survey
was based on interviews carried out with senior managers in 200 corporations. You can see
here ... 35%) of the group of managers classified as participative reached senior
management positions. On the other hand, 74% of the more individualistic managers
realised senior management status. So, I think the conclusion is self-evident. If you want to
attain the top of American companies, you have a much better chance if you adopt a fairly
autocratic, top-down approach.
What is important here is not to dismiss the last ten years. Ten years, in which the value of
participative management has been preached ... No, what we must do is to better understand
the motivation of major management.
If we look at this next slide, we can see the results from another survey into senior
management attitudes. This shows how managers firstly evaluate the qualities of a good
manager ... and secondly, how they evaluate the qualities of a good leader. What is quite
flagrant is that managers are supposed to be sensitive, adaptable, and cooperative while
leaders need to be decisive, dynamic, and single-minded.
So, we find there is a massive contradiction. Good managers are supposed to be
participative - to make sure they consult and discuss. Good leaders are supposed to be strong
individuals - able to make decisions on their own.

III. Gapped sentences. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in
all sentences.
1.

She received a glowing ________ of her son's progress.

I've never been there, but it's a beautiful place by all ___________s.
The money will be credited to your _________ tomorrow.
It is best to settle the ___________ each month.

2.

The _____________ of all this information leads me to offer the reward in the hope
of finally lifting the lid on this sordid mystery.
The Swiss have also had a much better savings record, because they have
encouraged this ______________of private capital.
The decision reached in 1938-39 was made after the ____________ of a large
amount of data and thorough study thereof.

3.

The family is staying in temporary _________ until their house is rebuilt.

Many old people choose to live in sheltered _____________.
It is the duty of the local community to provide ____________ for the homeless.

4.

You may be able to claim housing _____________.

The government has cut unemployment _____________.
He's on social security ____________.

5.

Local people started a petition and letter-writing _________ to keep the hospital
open.
She has fought a one-woman ___________ for ten years about the lack of childcare
provision in the town.
A ___________ of intimidation was waged against people trying to vote.

6.

At the moment it is difficult to assess the extent of the _________________.

Serious _______________ control was needed after the information was leaked to
the papers.
The insurance policy covers the building for accidental ________________.
The power plant will cause untold ______________ to the local environment.

7.

Savings are being planned as part of a huge _____________ drive.

Should we be worried that a dollar crisis threatens the ___________________?
It was impressive to see her ____________ of movement as she worked the
machine.
It has been a while since the ___________ experienced a deep economic downturn.

8.

You can't put a dollar _________ on the lives ruined by the hurricane.
He was a familiar __________ in the town.
The seated __________ in the corner beckoned me over.
He cut a dashing __________ in his uniform.

9.

The country is experiencing a period of high _______________.

The factory has achieved a steady ____________ in output.
A good diet is vital for healthy _____________.
Give the plants a good pruning to encourage _____________.

10.

The broader _____________ of the plan were discussed.

The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries
______________ of failure.
Brian paused for a moment while he digested the ____________ of this statement.
You need to consider the legal ____________ before you publish anything.

11.

He was sentenced to four years hard ____________ for his crime.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself
felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude
towards organized ____________.
He was an industrialist who spoke out on working conditions, pioneering ideas
about the division of ______________ and discipline in factories.

12.

We look forward to a long and successful ______________ with them.

We are trying to develop a working __________ between local schools and
industries.
We are working in close _____________ with our Japanese clients.

IV.

Translation exercises

1.

Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

bring about

balance

enforce

law

issue

lobby

mend

negotiations

upset

outbreak

renew

problem

run up against

shortcoming

set up

warning

2.
Now translate the following article into English, using some or all of the
collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may
be possible as well:

Negocieri pe srm

Ping-pong cu Romnia ntre Bucureti i Bruxelles

Avertismentele lansate de oficialii europeni au pus degetul pe ran. Haosul din

justiie, drepturile omului, libertatea de exprimare se afl n topul problemelor
semnalate. Totui, tentativa de suspendare a negocierilor are o miz politic.
IOANA MOROVAN, RZVAN AMARIEI

Un exemplu: dac mecanismul de aplicare a legilor nu func ioneaz, cum vom putea
aplica legisla ia european? ,,Aadar, s se suspende negocierile, s se rezolve problema.
Apoi se pot relua", cam aa suna mesajul de luni al Emmei Nicholson. Ce-i corect e
corect. Nu putem intra in UE cu aceast lacun nerezolvat. La ea se adaug drepturile
omului, corup ia, libertatea de exprimare, n topul problemelor semnalate. Acestea
exist de cnd e democra ia n Romnia. Neregulile n adop iile interna ionale au fost
cireaa de pe tort. Aflm ns c nu numai aceste probleme au zgndrit declanarea
scandalului. Emma Nicholson a recunoscut c unii parlamentari europeni au fcut lobby
pentru adop ii interna ionale. Mircea Geoan suspecteaz o atmosfer tensionat n
Parlamentul European, dat de apropierea alegerilor. Analitii economici vd c oamenii
de afaceri europeni nu sunt foarte ncnta i de extindere. i, nu n ultimul rnd,
campania electoral a nceput prea devreme n Romnia. Iat numai cteva dintre
posibilele ,,greut i" care nclin ntr-o parte sau alta negocierile cu UE, care i aa
mergeau mai mult pe srm. (Capital, No. 7/12 February, 2004, p. 3)

3.

Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

antiquated

attacks

economic

estate

gilt-edged

gains

long-term

jewellery

real

players

substantial

recession

terrorist

results

visible

securities

bank
consultancy
diamonds
investments
price

firms
dealer
account
stagnations
instruments

life assurance

dealings

stock exchange

policy

4.
Now translate the following article into English, using some or all of the
collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may
be possible as well:

Plasamente sigure pentru investitori

Dup aur i obiecte de art, imobiliarele i diamantele atrag noi investitori

Investitorii preocupai de un ctig substanial au nceput n ultimii doi ani s fac

afaceri cu terenuri i apartamente. Cei de curs lung aleg n continuare
plasamentele n aur, art i, mai nou, diamante.
GABRIELA INTEANU MOLDOVEANU
Contul n banc ofer o protec ie. Asigurarea de via i asigur viitorul. Tranzac iile la
burs ofer ctiguri superioare la nivelul unui an. Febra investi iilor n case i terenuri a
nceput n urm cu doi ani i deja rezultatele se vd. Numai n 2004 pre ul caselor a crescut
cu 20%. Cei care au achizi ionat imobile n 2002 au ctigat dublul sumei investite n nici
doi ani. Si totui, exist i alte pie e de investi ii care dau semne c vor s se dezvolte.
Pia a bijuteriilor din aur este n cretere de la an la an. Atentatele din septembrie 2001 din
SUA au adus o cretere important a pre ului aurului pe bursele interna ionale. Rzboiul din
Irak a condi ionat o nou maxim a cota iilor aurului pe pie ele interna ionale. Tablourile de
art din Romnia nu se mai vnd acum la licita ii sub pre ul de zece mii de euro, chiar dac
n cei aproape 13 ani de existen , pia a obiectelor de art a cunoscut uneori chiar regresii
ale valorii acestor tipuri de investi ii. ,,Car cu boi" al lui Nicolae Grigorescu s-a vndut i n

2004 cu 35.585 de dolari, n condi iile n care n 2003 era trecut la cele mai scumpe tablouri
vndute cu numai o jumtate de miliard. La ora actual, pia a obiectelor de art s-a
stabilizat, chiar dac romnii prefer, n continuare, s cumpere doar bijuterii vechi i
tablouri. Tot anul trecut pe pia a romneasc a intrat primul comerciant de diamante, ca
instrument de investi ie, nu ca piatr pre ioas, Diamond Investment, care sus ine c pia a
diamantelor n Romnia a crescut cu 30%. Toate aceste investi ii au n comun refugiul
investitorilor ntr-un plasament stabil, ferit de recesiunile economice sau intemperiile
istoriei.
Investi iile imobiliare (terenuri, case sau alte construc ii), precum i o serie de alte
plasamente n obiecte de art, antichit i, obiecte din metale pre ioase sunt realizate, de
regul, pe termen lung i presupun sume nsemnate de bani. ntruct nu exist nc pie e
organizate i reglementate pentru aceste investi ii, tranzac iile realizndu-se n mod direct
intre persoanele interesate, valoarea acestor investi ii poate fluctua n timp, iar cea mai bun
protec ie este informa ia. Firmele de consultan i analitii financiari pot oferi informa ii
legate de evolu ia pre urilor pe perioade mai lungi, pot explica o serie din caracteristicile
specifice fiecrei investi ii n parte i pot contribui substan ial n luarea unor decizii corecte.
Pe termen lung, pre urile propriet ilor i ale obiectelor de art nregistreaz creteri, chiar
dac momentan situa ia economic a Romniei din prezent mai poate determina stagnri ale
pre urilor unora dintre aceste investi ii. (Capital, No. 40/30 September 2004, p. 41)
5.

Match the words in the two columns to form suitable collocations:

sole

number

payroll

statuses

legal

traders

negligible

costs

reason
hold
take

crisis

a/n

advance

position

withstand

employment record
card

file

statement

issue

bankruptcy petition

a salary of
for
work
set

on

employment
contract

under

desired parameters

up

a company

within

enterprise

4.
Now translate the following article into English, using the some or all of the
collocations you found above. You may want to change their form. Other combinations may
be possible as well:

Angajaii fac coad la Registrul Comerului s se fac

antreprenori
VIORICA ANA CHIU
Tot mai multe firme tind s devin un fel de clustere alctuite din firme mai mici,
persoane fizice autorizate etc. Motivul? ncercarea disperat de a reduce costurile salariale,
care atrn cel mai greu n bugetele de criz ale firmelor.
Sunt economist, dar ocup un post de consilier de vnzri la un dealer de maini. Patronul ne
oblig s ne facem persoane fizice autorizate.
Sunt agent de vnzri de cinci ani, iar acum firma la care lucrez mi cere s m fac PFA.
Firma m oblig s devin PFA cu un salariu de 1.200 lei.
Lucrez la o firm de consultan i publicitate. Au trecut deja dou luni de cnd m-am
angajat, iar eful meu nu vrea s-mi fac carte de munc, pentru c dorete ca to i angaja ii
s-i fac PFA.
Toate declara iile de mai sus sunt culese de la persoanele venite s se nregistreze ca
persoane fizice autorizate (PFA), la Oficiul Registrului Comer ului (ORC) de pe lng
Tribunalul Bucureti. Situa ia este similar n toat ara.
Directorul ORC Bucureti, Liviu Chiric, ne spune c numrul solicitrilor s-a dublat fa de
luna trecut. De la 50 de nregistrri pe zi, acum avem peste o sut. Majoritatea solicit
nmatriculri pentru PFA, dei procedurile i costurile sunt similare i pentru celelalte
forme: ntreprinderi individuale sau familiale. Nu sunt necesare explica ii. Motivele
invocate de solicitan ii intervieva i la ghieele de la parterul ORC sunt edificatoare. Mul i
sunt obliga i de patroni s se fac PFA dac vor s-i continue activitatea la ntreprinderea
unde, pn acum, au lucrat pe contract de munc. Din valul nou-veni ilor la ORC n aceast
lun, pu ini sunt cei care vor ntr-adevr s-i ini ieze o afacere simpl, pe cont propriu. De
aceea nu opteaz dect un numr nesemnificativ de oameni pentru ntreprinderea individual
sau familial, care le permite s angajeze cu contract de munc ter e persoane, respectiv
membri din familie.
Multe nregistrri se fac acum on-line. Exist avoca i care lucreaz pentru firme de IT care
au cte 200-300 de programatori. Acetia trimit online documentele pentru nmatricularea
programatorilor ca PFA. Dar nu numai. La acest sistem de colaborare recurg acum i alte
firme. Recent, a venit o companie din domeniul serviciilor de paz i securitate, care are 500
de angaja i, pentru a le face nmatriculare ca PFA.
Management n deriv, angaja i sacrifica i
Managementul companiilor nu mai are niciun control asupra zilei de mine i apeleaz la
formule contractuale de lucru atipice, pentru a putea supravie ui actualei crize. Adrian
Stanciu, managing partner Human Sinergystics, spune c ne confruntm cu o criz
sistemic, imprevizibil prin natura ei: Nimeni nu mai poate vedea ce se ntmpl n viitor.
Sistemul financiar i economic a devenit att de fragil, nct a nceput s cad ca un castel
din cr i de joc n toat lumea, nu numai n Romnia. Din aceast cauz, angajatorii recurg
la tot felul de forme alternative la contractul de munc, pentru a-i continua activitatea n
parametrii dori i. (Capital, 4 Februarie 2009)