Metals
Ions held in lattice by electrostatic force between the closly packed
cations and the sea of DE
Conduct electricity in solid state
Charged particles free to move DE
Melleable and ductile
Layers of ions still held by DE when force applies Forces able to
adjust
High Density
Particles are closely packed
Hgih boiling point
Strong electrostatic force lots of energy to break bonds
Good heat conduction
DE free to move and pump transfwer energy
Limiations
The differences between metals + specifics.
Alloys
When a metal substances are melted and mixed to create desired
properties
Harder less malleable poor electrical conductors
Ionic Compound
Cations and anions held in a 3-D lattice by electrostatic forces
High melting point Strong electrostatic forces lots of energy
needed to break
Hard and brittle
When force applied layers of ions move same charge close
crystal shatters
Does not conduct in solid state
No free moving charged particles
Conducts in molten state
Free moving charged particles
Electron transfer diagram All shells, total amount of protons
written
Transfer equation 1. Initial 2. New
Covalent
Carbon - Allottrpes are;
Diamond Carbon covalently bonded to 4 other carbons. Strong bond
through entire lattice sublimes does not conduct
Graphite Hard in one direction slipper in other
3 electrons bonded in layer with one DE. Conducts sublimes
Carbon Compounds
Carbon foms many bonds because of 4 bonding electrons.
Hydrocarbons Molecules containing mainly H and C covalent
molecules./compounds
Alkanes C(n )H(2n+2)
Carbon + H in a single bond. Saturated. Non polar
Alkene C(n)H(2n)
Doublebond. Unsaturated Non-polar
Weak dispersion forces that increase in size.
Homologous series Group of hydrocarbons that differ by CH2n SIMILAR
CHEM PROPS
Unsaturated Less H because double bond = less reactive
Structural isomers Differ in chemical strucute sam atomic mass + comp.
Differ physical states.
Naming carbon compounds
1. Amount of carbon (meth, eth, pro, but, pent, hex, hep, oct, non,
ded)
2. The homologous series (Ane or Ene)
3. Location of double bond (Pro-2-ene)
4. Location of side branches or alkyle groups
Alkyl groups Alkane molecule less a hydrogen.
Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes
Physical
Smaller molecule = more volatile (evaps easy)
Polymers
Large covalent molecules
Consisit of monomers linked together
Contains thousand of atoms
Produced by polymerization
Empiracal formula of monomer = formula of polymer
Polymerization
Addition Name of monomer = name of polymer
Small unsaturated (alkenes) added together
Covalent bonds between monomers produce polymer
Condensation Nmed after bond between monomers
Thermoplastics
Strong covalent in chains
Weak between chains
Flexible and soft on heating
When heated monomers gain KE polymer chain slide over = broken
dispersion forces BUT strong covalent bonds = unaffected
Thermosetting
Strong covalent between both chains and in-between chains.