Presented by :

Ashok Kumar -01

Gaurav Kumar-02
Harshul Nimje-03

Indian Maritime University - Visakhapatnam Campus

INTRODUCTION
A submarine pipeline (also known

as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is

laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench.
Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but
transportation of water is also important.
A distinction is sometimes made between a flowline and a
pipeline. The former is an intrafield pipeline, in the sense that
it is used to connect subsea wellheads, manifolds and
the platform within a particular development field.
The latter, sometimes referred to as an export pipeline, is
used to bring the resource to shore.
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Flowlines
Flowlines transport unprocessed

fluid crude oil or gas.

The conveyed fluid can be a multi-

phase fluid possibly with paraffin,

asphaltene, and other solids like
sand, etc.
The flowline is sometimes called a

production line or import line.

Most deepwater flowlines carry very

high pressure and high temperature

Pipelines
Pipelines transport processed oil or gas.
The conveyed fluid is a single phase fluid

after separation from oil, gas, water, and

other solids.
The pipeline is also called an export

line.
The pipeline has moderately low

(ambient) temperature and low pressure

just enough to export the fluid to the
destination.
Generally, the size of the pipeline is

greater than the flowline

(HP/HT) fluid.
NOTE :It is important to distinguish between flowlines and pipelines since the required
design code is different
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SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEM

Indian Maritime University - Visakhapatnam Campus

PIPE LINE CHARECTREISTCS

Submarine pipelines generally vary in diameter from 3
inches (76 mm) to 72 inches (1,800 mm) for high
capacity lines. Wall thicknesses typically range from 10
millimetres (0.39 in) to 75 millimetres (3.0 in).
The pipe has to be designed for fluids at high
temperature and pressure. The walls are made from
high-yield strength steel, 350-500 MPa (50,00070,000 psi), weld ability being one of the main
selection criteria.

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PIPELINE PROTECTION
The structure is often shielded against external corrosion

by coatings such as bitumastic or epoxy, supplemented by

cathodic protection with sacrificial anodes.
Concrete or fibreglass wrapping provides further
protection against abrasion. The addition of a concrete
coating is also useful to compensate for the pipelines
negative buoyancy when it carries lower density
substances.
The pipelines inside wall is not coated for petroleum
service. But when it carries seawater or corrosive
substances, it can be coated with epoxy, polyurethane or
polyethylene; it can also be cement-lined.
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Sequence of flow
Well head
platform

Onshore gas
terminal

Process +
living quarters

Tanker
offloading

Sub sea
pipeline

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Modes of hydrocarbon (INDIA)

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FACTORS
SEABED.
SOIL CONDITION
SEA MOBILITY
SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES
CURRENTS
WAVES
ICE RELATED ISSUES
PIPE ROUTING

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What can be Transported ?

Liquids

Gases

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Petroleum Products

Any other Gas

Petrochemical Products

Petrochemical Products

Chemicals Solids(in slurry

form)
Water
LPG

Chemicals Solids(in slurry

form)
Coal
Ores
Tailings

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Difference
Onshore pipelines

Submarine pipelines

Cross Country Pipelines

Trunk lines

Spur Lines

Infield pipelines

Gathering & Distribution

Intra field

lines

Offshore terminals
Effluent outfalls

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Why pipelines?
Environment friendly
Least energy requirement
Lowest maintenance costs
Minimal impact on land use pattern
Negligible loss of product in transit
High reliability

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Stages of a Project
Conceptual Study
Feasibility Study
Basic Engineering
Detailed Engineering
Construction
Testing & Commissioning

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Conceptual Study
Establish System Requirement
Evaluate Constraints on System Design
Identify Interface With Other Systems
Develop Design Data Requirements
Assess Construction Methodology
Finalize the Concept

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Feasibility Study
Evaluate Technical Options
Eliminate Unviable Options
Firming up of Process Facilities
Develop Broad System Specifications
Establish Project Cost
Plan Project Implementation Scheme

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Basic Engineering
Finalize Process Scheme & Equipments
Environmental & Process Data Review
Pipeline Routing & Size Optimization
Establish Requirements for
Surveys and Investigations
Material of Construction
Preliminary Analysis
Construction, Testing and Commissioning
Develop Implementation Schedule
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Safety Aspects
Environmental Parameter and Soil Data
Pipeline Stability
Shore Approaches
Trenching and Burial
Safety of Existing Facilities

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Detailed Design & Engineering

Engineering Design basis
Route Engineering & Surveys
Engineering analysis and Calculations
Specification and Job Standards
Engineering for Procurement
Drawings for Construction
Installation analysis and Procedures

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Construction, Testing &

Commissioning
Pipe Corrosion Concrete& Coating
Welding and Joint Coating
Pipeline Laying
Specialty Items Installation
Riser Installation
Pipeline Crossing Installation
Testing, Dewatering, Drying and Commissioning

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Surveys
The marine survey includes all operations required to
obtain the bathymetry, morphology of the sea bottom
and shallow geology
Geo-physical & Geo-technical Surveys
Platform Approach / Riser Face Survey

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Fig : observations

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Route Selection
The shortest distance between end points may result in
minimum material costs,
But may not necessarily be the optimum pipeline route
Routing Considerations
Low cost (select the most direct and shortest P/L route)
Seabed topography (faults, outcrops, slopes, etc.)
Obstructions, debris, existing pipelines or structures
Environmentally sensitive areas (beach, oyster field, etc.)
Marine activity in the area such as fishing or shipping
Installability (1st end initiation and 2nd end termination)
Required pipeline route curvature radius
Tie-in methods
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Route Optimization
For seabed with onerous terrain significant savings on construction

and installation costs may be achieved by route optimisation

Need accurate cost data for:
Supply of pipeline
Fabrication cost
Free span correction
Trenching, rock dump, weightcoat, anchoring

Pipeline design must be reasonably complete before route

optimisation can be done

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Pipeline Wall Thickness Selection

Analysis / Calculations
Hoop Stress
Buckle Initiation
Buckle Propagation
Collapse Bucking
Local Buckling
Pipeline Stress Checks
Hoop Stress
Equivalent Stress
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Pipe Material Selection

Pipe material type, i.e.
rigid, flexible, or
composite, should be
determined considering:
Conveyed fluid properties
and temperature
Pipe material cost
Installation cost
Operational cost
(chemical treatment)
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Different pipes used in

offshore
Low carbon steel pipe
Corrosion resistant alloy
(CRA) pipe
Clad pipe
Composite pipe
Flexible pipe
Flexible hose
Coiled tubing
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Anti Corrosion Coatings

Coating Anti-Types
Coal Tar Enamel
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Selection Criteria
Service Conditions
Performance Record
Ease of Repair
Cost Effectiveness
Compatibility with Concrete
Coating
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Fig : FBE

Fig : CTE

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Pipe Coatings
1. Corrosion Coating
Inner surface protection-

fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)

coating or plastic liner is
applied.
Outer surface- carbon steelFBE or neoprene
Abrasion resistant overlay
(ARO) is commonly applied
for the horizontal directional
drilling (HDD) pipes or bottom
towed pipes.

Fig : 3LPE Coating

(high density polyethylene )

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Pipe Coatings
2. Insulation Coating
To keep the conveyed fluid

warm , heated by active or

passive
Active- electric heat tracing
wires wrapped around the
pipeline, circulating hot
water through the annulus of
pipe-in-pipe, etc.
passive heating method is
insulation coating, burial,
covering, etc.
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Fig: GSPU (Glass syntactic polyurethane)

Fig : Syntactic Foam Insulation

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Pipe Coatings
3. Pipe-in-Pipe
an inner pipe is covered by

a larger outer pipe

The annuls between inner
pipe and outer pipe are
filled with insulation
materials
Eg- micro-porous silica
(Aerogel), polyurethane
foam(PUF),
Wacker/Porextherm,
Mineral wool, etc.
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Fig : PIP

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Pipe In Pipe
PIP system requires

bulkheads, water stops,

and centralizers,
depending on fabrication
methods.
End bulkhead is designed
to connect the inner pipe
to the outer pipe, at each
pipeline termination
used for cold products
such as LPG and LNG to
keep the product as cold
as possible

Fig:End Bulkhead

Fig:Water Stop Seal (left) and Centralizer (right)

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Pipeline Coating
4. Concrete Weight Coating
applied to make the pipe

stable under the water

Concrete coating is the
most cost effective option
to increase pipe weight.
The polyethylene outer
wrap in the picture is
removed after the concrete
coating is cured
left without concrete
coating for welding and
welding inspection
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Fig :Concrete Weight Coating

Fig:Coating Cut-Back Length

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 Field Joint Coating

After the field weld is made, each pipe joint should be coated with a

corrosion resistant coating.

The field joint coating (FJC) can be done by FBE, heat shrink sleeve, or
PU foam (for concrete coated pipe).

Fig : Field Joint

Coating
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CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN

Corrosion is a deterioration of a material
Corrosion resistance coating is applied to prevent
corrosion
Cathodic protection (CP) system using anodes is used as
a supplemental corrosion protection system.
Corrosion coating can be damaged during pipe
transportation and installation.

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Fig :CP System Components

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CP system
Half shell anodes are

tied-on the pipe outer

surface at certain
intervals.
Typically 75 to 115 lb
aluminum alloy anodes
are installed at 200 to
1,000 ft intervals.
Design guidelines can be
found at DNV-RP-F103
Fig:Anode Types for Pipeline CP System
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Methods to keep the pipeline stable

Heavy (thick) wall pipe
Concrete weight coating
Trenching
Burial
Rock dumping (covering)
Concrete mattress or
bitumen blanket
Concrete block
Fig : Some of Pipeline On-bottom Stability Mitigation Methods
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Pipeline inspection
Pressure tests
External pipeline inspection (Direct Assessment)
Internal pipeline inspection (in-line inspection)

Fig : Pressure testing (left)& Internal inspection(right )

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Internal &External inspection

Fig :The bristle-actuated pipeline

tractor is powered through riser and
operated by brush modules that when
actuated against each other provide a
high pull-capability along the riser or
pipeline (left)
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Fig :Guided ultrasonic waves are used to

screen long length of pipeline (several
tens of meters) for corrosion or cracks
from a single transducer location.)

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Requirements Regarding Pipeline

Maintenance
The maintenance process must ensure that:

The pipeline is always operated safely

The pipeline is operated efficiently and economically
The pipeline is compliant
The pipeline is available.

A typical inspection and monitoring system includes:

Polymer monitoring: online, offline, topside and subsea;

Annulus monitoring: vent gas rate, annulus integrity;
Riser dynamics: tension, angle and curvature;
Steel armor: inspection method, magnetic or radiographic;
Use of existing sensors, pressure and temperature sensors.

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References
[1] Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Submarine_pipeline
[2] Introduction To Offshore Pipelines And
Lee, P.E. /2008

Risers/Jaeyoung

[3] Offshore Pipeline Systems/Raj Kumar/Sr. Manager/EIL

[4] Ocean Engineering Series Volume 3 - Pipelines And
Risers/Series Editors/R. Bhattacharyya & M.E. Mccormick
[5] Handbook Ofoffshore Engineering Subrata K. Chakrabarti
VOV1&2/Subrata K. Chakrabarti

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