Learning objectives
Upon successful completion of this lecture, the
participants will be able to:
Describe and perform the required step for designing
Outline
Design philosophy
Constraints and assumptions
Design steps
Design criteria
Design example
Design philosophy
A sewer system is a network of pipes used to convey
of
diameters,
slopes, and
crown or invert elevations for each pipe in the system
Design Steps
Step 1 - Topographical map
Obtain or develop a map of the contributing area
Add location and level of existing or proposed details
such as:
Contours
physical features (e.g. rivers)
road layout
Buildings
sewers and other services
outfall point (e.g. near lowest point, next to receiving water
body)
Design Steps
Step 2 - Preliminary horizontal layout
Sketch preliminary system layout (horizontal
alignment):
locate pipes so all potential users can readily connect into the
system
try to locate pipes perpendicular to contours
try to follow natural drainage patterns
locate manholes in readily-accessible positions
Design Steps
Step 3- Preliminary sewer sizing
Establish preliminary pipe sizes and gradients
Step 4 - Preliminary vertical layout
Draw preliminary longitudinal profiles (vertical
alignment):
ensure pipes are deep enough so all users can connect into the
system
try to locate pipes parallel to the ground surface
ensure pipes arrive above outfall level
avoid pumping if possible
Design Steps
Step 5 - Revise layout
Revise the horizontal and/or vertical alignment to
minimise system cost by reducing pipe:
Lengths
Sizes
depths
Design Criteria
The following criteria need to be formulated for design of
sewer systems:
infiltration)
heavy producers of wastewater
allowance for illicit rain water connections to sanitary sewers
design storm
runoff coefficient
Pipe profiles (and materials)
hydraulic friction constants
minimum slopes of sewers
outlet levels (maximum water level, invert for storm water)
Design Criteria
For a large urban area the runoff factor and the wastewater
l/p/d
Water
loses
l/p/d
Wastewater production
Average
l/p/d
l/s/ha
1
2
3
Total
Design Criteria
Infiltration to sewer pipes
Assume specific rate of groundwater infiltration (in l/s/
ha) for sewers with their invert located below the
groundwater table
Allowance for illicit inflow
Compile available sewer sizes
Design Criteria
Storm water quantities
The amount of storm water to be transported is
determined with the rational method.
Design Criteria
Hydraulic criteria
Steady and uniform flow conditions are assumed
Usually Colebrook-White formula is used for the
k
2.51
s
V 2 2 gS f D log10
3.7 D D 2 gS D
f
where
Design Criteria
Non-circular profiles (open channels, box profiles) are
1 23 12
v= R S
n
where: n is roughness factor
Design Criteria
Determine the hydraulic performance of selected
profiles
Establish partial flow diagrams if necessary
Design Criteria
P = D
T = D sin
D2
=
A
( 2 sin 2 )
8
D
=
y
(1 cos )
2
D sin 2
=
Rh
1
4
2
Design Criteria
Minimum slopes of sewers
To assure that sewers will carry suspended sediment,
two approaches have been used:
Design Criteria
Tractive force
gRh s
The required minimum tractive force of the flow should
=
min fgd ( g w )
where
Design Criteria
Criteria for discharge -Maximum discharge levels
Sanitary sewers
Storm sewers
return period
intensity
duration.
domestic population
commercial/industrial output
infiltration.
Contributing area
Quantify:
catchment area
surface types
imperviousness.
peak flow-rates.
hydrographs.
pipe roughness
velocities
depths.
Calculate pipe:
sizes
gradients
depth.
Calculation tables
The design of sewers can be accomplished by using
Example
Design the a storm drain network for the arae shown
195
i = 0.708
t
Example
The runoff coefficient classes are as follows;
Clas Runoff
s
coefficient C
A
0.10
B
0.35
0.65
0.85
Design criteria
Diameter
Minimum
slope
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
4.0
3.3
2.5
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.25
1.11
1.00
Full capacity
Flow
(m3/s)
Velocity
(m/s)
0.038
0.056
0.105
0.169
0.252
0.343
0.461
0.595
0.741
0 78
0.79
0.83
0.86
0.89
0.89
0.92
0.93
0.94
key
A
B
C
E F
G
H
E
F
G
H
=
=
=
=
Manhole number
Ground level
Invert level upstream sewer
Invert level downstream sewer
9.00
7.23
7.03
11 0.75
B
13
L=100m 0.30
12
L=100m 0.40
L=100m 0.25
3 0.88
9.80
7.55
8.70
7.15
7.10
0.62
4
D
12 0.38 6
B
L=100m 0.40
L=100m 0.40
9.10
7.65
9 0.88
9.20
6.90
6.80
9.30
7.90
1.5
8
B
L=100m 0.50
5
1.5
5 0.75
10.00
8.60
L=100m 0.90
9.00
6.69
9.80
8.35
7 0.75
9.00
6.43
L=100m 0.90
L=100m 0.40
2
L=100m 0.60
11
L=100m 0.80
10 1.5
1.5
1.0
2
9.00
7.60
7.40
10
L=100m 0.30
8.80
7.37
9.20
7.90
End