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System and Boundary in thermodynamic

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for analysis,
Surrounding or environment
is can defined as the mass or region outside the system or everything external to the
system
Boundary
The closed surface that separates the system from its surroundings, through which
energy and mass may enter or leave the system.
Boundaries can be fixed or movable. Boundaries can be real (cylinder walls and piston
surfaces in an internal combustion engine), in many cases, a thermodynamic analysis
must be made of a device, such as a heat exchanger, that involves a flow of mass into
and/or out of the device.

Boundaries can also be imaginary (cross sections of pipes at the

entrance and exit of turbines)
It is possible to subdivide a system into subsystems, or to group several systems
together into a larger system

Thermodynamic System Types

There are three kinds of systems depending on the kinds of exchanges taking place
between a thermodynamic system and its environment : isolated, closed and open
system
Isolated systems: is one with rigid walls that has no communication (i.e., no heat,

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mass, or work transfer) with its surroundings. An example of an isolated system would
be an insulated container, such as an insulated gas cylinder.
Closed systems: system is one in which the system mass cannot cross the boundary,
but energy can (heat or work). A greenhouse is an example of a closed system
exchanging heat but not MASS with its environment. Whether a system exchanges
heat, work or both is usually thought of as a property of its boundary, which can be
adiabatic boundary: not allowing heat exchange; rigid boundary: not allowing
exchange of work so we can get conclusion the important point of closed system are :
Consists of a fixed amount of mass
No mass can cross its boundary
No mass can enter or leave a closed system Volume does not have to be
fixed
But energy, in the form of heat or work can cross the boundary
when the piston rises, the boundary of the system moves Heat and work
crosses the boundary of the system during this process but not mass
Open systems: system is one in which mass can cross the system boundary in addition
to energy. A boundary allowing matter exchange is called permeable. The
ocean would be an example of an open system so we can get conclusion the important
point of closed system are:
The procedure in such an analysis is to specify control volume that
surrounds the device under consideration
The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface
Mass as well as heat and work can flow across the control surface
From picture below we can see open system and closed system, where even energy is
not allowed to cross the boundary in closed system, that system is called an isolated
system.

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