EXTRUSION

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the aluminum extrusion process starts with a diet being loaded into the press
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the diet has openings that will create the profile when the aluminum is pushed
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through
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dies our preheated to prevent the aluminum from sticking in these openings
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next the wrought alloy is brought to the press in the form of a bill
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the bill it as a solid solent oracle length of a lawyer there can be up to
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seventy two inches long
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abilities and placed into a heating furnace and he did to nine hundred
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degrees fahrenheit
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this temperature allows the bill it to become soft yet still maintain its shape
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in a solid form
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note that the aluminum has not changed color
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even as a basis for heating furnace at nine hundred degrees
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did he did bill it is now loaded into the press

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as pressure is first applied the bill it is crushed against the dye
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them as the pressure increases the soft but still solid aluminum has no place
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else to go
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and begins to squeeze out through the opening of the diet
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to emerge on the other side as a fully formed profile
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the extrusion has cooled after emerging from the dye
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either naturally or through the use of air or water quenchers
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this is a critical step to ensure sufficient metallurgical properties
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after aging
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the extrusion is then transferred to a cooling table
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a stretcher is used after the profile has been cool to straighten the
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extrusion
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incorrect any twisting that may have occurred after the extrusion
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finish cuts off is used to cut the profile to the specified commercial life
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extrusions are then placed on rafts as they are prepared for the aging process
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extrusion alloys reach their optimal strength through the process of aging
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sometimes known as age hardening
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natural dating occurs at room temperature
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artificial aging takes place through controlled heating in an aging often
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the aging of and further strengthens or hardens the profile through controlled
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thermal treatments that affect the metallurgical structure of the alloys
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yielding maximum strength
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hardness an elasticity for the profile
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once the extrusion process is complete the die is removed from the press and
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cleaned of any residual aluminum
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after cleaning the die is inspected and prepared for the next time it will be
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used to extruded this profile

ROLLING

this isn't all university production

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this film will give you as a student an overview of the processes within a hot
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rolling now
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the film is made in collaboration with insists on being in mourning
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the steel material is processed plastic green
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at very high temperatures
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rotating roles reduce the thickness of the material
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and produce long strips that can be used for manufacturing products such as steel
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plates
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we will be going through the various stages of the hot rolling process
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each stage requires knowledge and experience to ensure high quality
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product
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immaterial it is
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heated in the reading furnace

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rolled in the rafting now
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coral boxed
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role in the finishing mail
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before the slab can be processed
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it must be seated
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the slab is continuously casten has the dimensions required for the final
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product of a correct weight
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and thickness
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these furnaces keep the material to about twelve hundred degrees centigrade
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walking being princes
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he didn t real through the other
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the heating is especially important as it affects the properties of the
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material
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if the material is not sufficiently heated

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incorrect material properties will arise
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this is due to carbides and nitrates failing to dissolve
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during the heating process and the transport to the rockingham
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the hot material reacts to the oxygen in the air and the mill scale consisting of
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oxide is formed on the surface
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if they are excited layer remains on the material during rolling
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the mayor risks being rolled into the steel material
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adversely affecting the surface quality of the final product
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the material must undergo a mill scale cleansing before rolling
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in order to cleanse the surface
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waters sprayed at high pressure hundred and sixteen bombs
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after the material has undergone a surface cleansing
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it sent to the rockingham
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here the material is rolled from its original thickness of twenty two
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centimeters
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down to about
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three centimeters
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is is a very significant reduction
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at this rough email
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four high vol the notice
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to back up
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and to smaller working
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the back of roles are often cast steel group
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the working roles must have very smooth surfaces and tolerate high temperatures
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and where as they are in direct contact with the material
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this particular material is rolled with five passes
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where one past means that the material passes through the roles ones
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the material is surface planned several times during the roughing mill process
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any new traces of mail scam
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in order to control the width of the material
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vertical roles are used
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the material is now called
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transfer bars
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after the roughing mail
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the transfer bar is rolled up in the coral barks
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the coil boxes primary purpose is to save space
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button when inside the club box a temperature equalization also occurs
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the temperature difference between the ends of the material is minimized as the
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transfer bar is coil together
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when the transfer bar is removed from the coral barks it has a temperature at
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of about one thousand fifty degrees centigrade
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the ends of the transfer bar are cut off and the bar undergoes further males
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killed it
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after this it's time for the next stage
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this mill consists of six n
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in the shape of
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four high voting
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here the transfer bars now called strips
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pot of gold into a thickness of between sixteen
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and one point eight milliliters
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we see enough of
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which measures and controls amongst other things the line speed
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the swinging motion that can be observed is when opt
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is adjusting itself
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in order to control the profile and the flatness of the strips
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the working roles are horizontally adjustable

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the first stands control the profile
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and in the later stands the flatness is controlled
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it's very important to have the correct
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profile and flat
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nest before any post-processing start
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the cooling rate is adapted to each strip to produce the appropriate
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microstructure and material properties of the end product
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where mister fiske passed through the cooling section it's coral game
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the temperature during carling varies between a hundred and fifty
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and seven hundred and fifty degrees centigrade
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depending on the properties assigned to the material
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after coiling and the subsequent cooling
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this trip can be sold directly to the customer
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or undergo additional processing stages for instance cold rolling

FORGING
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is the controlled information of metal into specific shapes
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by the use of compressive forces
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these courses are applied through tools and died driven mainly by hammers
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which still form the working spot hivelocity impact
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or presses
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which to form the workpiece through controlled high pressures
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forging is one of the oldest metalworking processes
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dating as far back as eight thousand bc
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it is utilized today to reduce the cross-section
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improved the metallurgical microstructure
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provide directional grain flow
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and eliminate porosity of casting get
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in fabricating brought no forms

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to form discrete parts to near net shape from these rock mill forms
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for their refining microstructure and directional grain flow
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because of these effects on microstructure and grain flow
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the mechanical performance of rock mill forms and parts
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is typically superior to that of cast medals
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opened i for j
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is performed on ended
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or a pre form
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and is the defamation of a workpiece
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between flap or shaped dies
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without completely restricting mental flow
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this defamation can result in lengthening of the workpiece while
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reducing its cross-section
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upsetting regions along the length to greater sizes than adjacent regions

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bulging the work pieces cross-section
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while reducing its length
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lengthening and upsetting are typically done using multiple impacts as the work
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pieces incrementally advanced lengthwise
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and rotated about its longitudinal access
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there is a centrally no limit to the size of forgings that can be made
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using opened i for j
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they can range from a few centimeters two thirty meters in length
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and wave from a few
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to up to several hundred thousand kilograms
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although fairly complex shapes can be made using opened i four jg
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most a rather simple solid sore hollows requiring considerable machining
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to achieve final shape
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forgings are produced using simple flat

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v shaped
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or semi round dies
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various six esri tools are also used including saddles
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blocks
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rings
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manju rolls
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and punches
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to withstand forging temperatures abrasion and impact
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dies and accessory tools are usually made of hard work
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tools deals or medium carbon alloy steels
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impression dot forging
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also called closed i forging
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is the defamation of metal that forging temperature
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within one or more die impressions or cavities

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it is performed both impresses and hammers
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work pieces maybe round
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or rectangular
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and cross-section
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or flat desks
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and that dies are sometimes enter relief heated to minimize chilling and cooling
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of the workpiece
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for simple shapes impression die fourteen can be performed in a single
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press stroke
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more often however
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several strokes of different force are used with dies
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having several impressionist four sequential pre forming and finish
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forging operations
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preforming operations may include

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to increase the workpiece cross-section
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blocking to refine the shape four finish forging
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and finish forging to complete the shape
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in finnish forging
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the bulk of the metal is forced into the impression
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wala thin-layer
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called flash
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flows out between the dies at the parting plane surrounding the forging
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flash comprises a flat region called the land
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and sometimes a bowl this region at the end of the land created by a gutter in
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the upper die
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the thin flash cools rapidly increasing pressure within the impression
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which assists metal flow in the impression details
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once finish forging is complete

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the flashes removed either manually for with training dies