Conjunctions. Conjunciones. En anteriores unidades se ha utilizado ocasionalmente La expresi6n “pequefias piezas que articulan el lenguaje” para hacer referencia a diversas palabras que, pese a su brevedad, resultan importantes en la construccién de las frases, como, por ejemplo, las preposiciones, cuyos usos estudié cn la unidad 19. La presente unidad esta dedicada a as ppiezas” que se emplean para unir oraciones, es decir, a las conjunciones y a otras palabras de enlace. En las siguientes paginas revisara varias de estas palabras que bulario con otras nuevas, Tanto la Song como la secci6n de Written English de esta unidad hacen referencia a las cartas escritas en estilo informal, y la seccidn de Style, por su parte, est dedicada a algunas expresiones de argot (slang) britinicas y americanas, Consejos para el aprendizaje. Durante los primeros veinte afios de su vida, el novelista de origen polaco Joseph Conrad (vea las pags. 968 y 969) no supo inglés. Su primer contacto con dicha lengua data de Ia época en que empez6 a trabajar como marino en barcos britinicos. Cuando Conrad recordaba esa época, decia que las primeras palabras que oy6 en inglés fueron las de ka advertencia Look out there!, pronunciada mientras le lanzaban una soga desde Io alto de un bareo. Mis tarde empez6 a escribir en inglés. y sus libros, entre los que se encuentran Lord Jim (1900). Heart of Darkness (1902) y Nostromo (1904), han ejercido una cnorme influencia en otros escritores Su progreso en el aprendizaje del inglés desde que oyé aquellas palabras de aviso hasta llegar a ser una gran literatura inglesa puede servir de estimulo a todos los estudiantes de inglés (incluso a los que no pretenden convertirse cn novelistas de fama mundial!). Ademds, el principal método de estudio que siguié Conrad en los primeros aos de su aprendizaje del inglés era de cardcter autodidacta, exceptuando el rea limitada de lenguaje que pudo practicar durante su trabajo a bordo de barcos, Por ello, este ejemplo puede animar especialmente a aquellas personas que estudian un idioma por su cuenta y que ticnen pocas oportunidades de poner en practica sus habilidades en la nueva lengua. Observacién. El estudio de la presente unidad no precisa de ninguna observacidn previa, puesto que en el apartado de Introduet revisan los principales puntos relacionados con las conjunciones que usted ya conoce. Asi pues, adelante!Ir Speaking and listening Introduction. Annatisstillin Sweden with, roup of tourists, One right she has a bad dream. Listen tothe cassette. fol- lowing the first version of the text Listen the second version Read the second version aloud. Why is Drottningholm “Sweden's Versailles” putting inthe Palace called 2 Introductio Official: What is the purpose of your visit? Anna: Um. Official: What is the purpose of your visit? Are you coming here to wor Anna: Well Official: Are you a tourist? Anna: Y@s vs NO ov Official So you're not a tourist. Anna: No... No, 'm a travel courier. Official How long will you be staying? Anna: For two weeks ... until the ... 29th. Official: Have you anything to declare? Anna: Sorry? Official: Have you anything to declare? You are in the green channel. If you have something to de- clare, you should be in the red channel. So you have nothing to declare. Anna: Well ese Voss OF oes Official Have you anything to declare? Have you Tourist 1 Anna: anything to declare? Have you anything to declare? .. Why is Drottningholm Palace called “Swe- den’s Versailles’ Well ... because France. s like Versailles Tourist 2: Anna: Tourist 3. Anna: Tourist 4: Anna: Tourist 4: Anna: Tourist 1: Official: Tourist 2. Official: Tourist 4: Official: Anna: What is the Wasa Museum? It’s a museum where you can see the Wasa. What's the Wasa? It’s a ship. It sank in 1628, wh its first voyage. Now you can vi Yesterday, when we you pronounced it /'s Yes. Is that the correct pronunciation? Yes, I think so. was making Why is Drottningholm Palace called “Swe- den’s Versailles”? How long will you be staying? What is the Wasa Museum’ Have you anything to declare? Is that the correct pronunciation? What is the purpose of your visit? What is the purpose of your visit? What is the purpose of your visi’ (Anna wakes up.) ‘Oh! ... Ont That is the purpose of your it?” Actually, that’s a very interesting ques 1094UNIT 54 Tourist 2: What =» the Wasa Museum? Anna: W’s.a severe where you can see the Wasa. Tourist 3: What's +=+ Wasa? Anna: Isaship. I'sank +» 1628, while it “++ making its first voyage. Now you can visit =». Tourist Yesterday, when we visited the Great Church, you ¢ssenesee it 'sto:rkurka:n/. Anna: Yes. Tourist 4: 1s that the correct ++++#+0=090002 Anna: Yes, [think «+. Tourist 1: Why is Drottningholm Palace *+**+* “Swe- den’s Versailles”? Official: How long will you be »+*+9=0? Tourist 2: What +» the Wasa Museum? Official: Have you anything to =+*=*=-2 Tourist 4: Is that the +++» pronunciation? Official: What is the purpose of your «=+++2 What is the purpose of your »*+»? What is the pur- pose of your #¥+++? (Anna wakes up.) Anita OWL ws Ot oo. “What is the “+++0e" of your visit?” Actually, that’s a very interesting ques- tion. Introduction. Official: What is the purpose of your »«»+#2 Anna: Um ow Official: What is the purpose of your =»=**? Are you coming here to *+**? Anna: Wella» Official: Are you » tourist? Anna: Yes... No Official: So you're not a vse+s+*. Anna: Now. No, P'ma travel sever. Official: How long wil you be »»*++++? ‘Anna: For two +s"... until the ... 29th, Official: Have you anything +» dectare Anna: Sorry? Official: Have you anything to «+++? You are in the green svoweee, If you have =**re=+"" to de- ‘clare, you should be in the += channel. have severe to declare. Anna: WA oo. Lose €F os Official: Have you s++s++* to declare? Have you sseseeee to declare? Have you *=**"*+* to declare? Tourist I: Why is Drottningholm Palace +++» * den’s Versailles”? Anna: Well... because it's «+ Versailles i France. purpose ‘papas! declare farklest! declarar channel feel acceso, pasillo ‘museum ‘mjus"z10m museo voyage vous) travesia, viaje Practice. You have already met these conjunctions. Incondiions: if Tn reasons because ‘About time: after ti when before while About purpose: $0 that to Others: although as or and but <0 Translate these sentences from the cassette dialogue. ‘They include some conjunctions. 1, So you're not a tourist. 2. If you have something to declare, you should be in the red channel. +» because it’s like Versailles in France. It sank in 1628, while it was making its first voyage. Yesterday, when we visited the Great Church, you pro- nounced it /'sto:rkurka:n Answers on page 1112 The Speaking and listening section in this unit has these sections, ‘Are you sure? Estas seguro(ra)?, Esti (usted) seguro(ra)? Alternatives. Alternativas. Additions. Adiciones.