Digital Radio Relay Signals

Digital Radio Relay Signals
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Quadrant Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Filtered Spectrum
FlexiPacket Radio Modulations and Bandwidths
Adaptive Modulation
FT42826EN02GLA0
2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
3
4
8
14
15
FT42826EN02GLA0
FT42826EN02GLA0
1.1
Quadrant Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Fig. 1 represents a generic Quadrant Amplitude Modulation (QAM).

The bit rate defines the rate at which information is passed.
The Intermediate Frequency (IF) is the Modulator Output
Each symbol represents "N" bits, and has "M" signal states, where "M = 2N".
The symbol rate is the rate at which the carrier moves from one point in the
constellation to the next point
Bit Rate
QAM
Modulator
Intermediate
frequency
Signal States in the
Constellation = M
Symbol Rate =
Bit Rate
N
04 QAM N = 2 M = 4
QAM Constellation with M = 16
16 QAM N = 4 M = 16
64 QAM N = 6 M = 64
128 QAM N = 7 M = 128
256 QAM N = 8 M = 256
Time
QAM Signal versus Time

Fig. 1 QAM (1)
FT42826EN02GLA0
From Fig. 2 to Fig. 4, different QAM Modulations are shown.

As reported in Figures, the Phase and Amplitude can easily represented in vector coordinates as a discrete point in the I-Q Plane where I stands for in-phase (i.e. phase
reference and Q stands for Quadrature (i.e. 900 out of phase).
Increasing the modulation levels, more information is transmitted (bits
associated to the signal state)
As the number of modulation stages increases, the requirements concerning
linearity and low AM/PM conversion of all the stages used also rise sharply.
This may lead to decrease the Tx Output Power in order to increase the TX
amplifier linearity.
4QAM = 4PSK
I
Symbol Rate = Bit Rate/2
16QAM
I
Fig. 2 QAM (2)
FT42826EN02GLA0
64QAM
I
128QAM
Fig. 3 QAM (3)
FT42826EN02GLA0
256QAM
Fig. 4 QAM (4)
FlexiPacket Radio Supported Modulations
Fig. 5
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1.2
Filtered Spectrum
Radio Spectrum must be restricted to avoid interferences with adjacent channels.

The radio filters are designed also to avoid degradation of the data transmission
1.2.1
Nyquist Filter
A rectangular binary signal theoretically has an unlimited bandwidth. If this digital

signal goes to modulate an IF carrier, and then to be converted in RF, the result
would be a similarly unlimited bandwidth of the RF channel. As bandwidth efficiency
(i.e. transmission of the highest possible bit rate with the lowest possible bandwidth)
is a major consideration for radio relay transmission, suitable counter-measures must
be adopted. These are:
Nyquist filtering and
multiple phase modulation procedures.
f(t)
-T/2
Time
T/2
square pulse
energy
spectral
density
1/T
2/T
3/T
Freq.
square pulse unfiltered spectrum
Fig. 6 Square Pulse Unfiltered Spectrum
FT42826EN02GLA0
The Nyquist theorem states that it is sufficient for the transmission of a digital signal
to limit the bandwidth to half the bit sequence frequency (Nyquist bandwidth).
Thus, for example, a signal of 140 Mbit/s can, according to the Nyquist theorem, be
adequately transmitted with a transmission bandwidth of 70 MHz.
Nyquist Bandwidth: x fbit
Fig. 7 Nyquist Bandwidth
The consequence of this theorem is a proper filtering of the original square pulse:
An ideal shape for a pulse is shown in Fig. 8.
An important feature of the pulse response in figure is that a pulse can be transmitted
once every T seconds, and be detected at the receiver without interference from
adjacent pulses, that is, without the so called Intersymbol Distortion.
There is a family of filters that works very well for digital radios. They are called
Raised Cosine Filters. A raised cosine filter forces all the bit tails to "0" in the
sampling period in order to avoid the intersymbol distortion.
-2T -T
2T 3T
time
Fig. 8 Pulse response of a bandlimited channel
FT42826EN02GLA0
The shape of these filters is described by the "alfa factor " called ROLL-OFF.
The roll off represents the extra bandwidth respect to the minimum theoretical, or
Nyquist, bandwidth 1/2T.
In Fig. 9 we can see different roll off factors.
As you can see, value equal to "0" is for the Nyquist ideal filter, while "1" requires
double bandwidth respect to the theoretical minimum.
Ampl.
(linear)
0.5
= roll-0ff= a/b
Bw= 1/2T.(1+)
Bw
1/2T
Freq.
Raised cosine response
=0
= 0.3
= 0.5
=1
Ampl.(linear)
0.5
1/2T
1/T
Freq
raised cosine response for various

Fig. 9 Raised Cosine Response
10
FT42826EN02GLA0
1.2.2
Spectrum at the Modulator Output
The spectrum of a QAM system is determined by the spectrum of the baseband

signals applied to the quadrature channels as reported in Fig. 10.
BANDWIDTH : QAM filtered spectra
Symbol Bw = 1/4T
1/4T
R=1/T
cos2
filter
S/P
16 QAM
1/4T
Bw(mod) = 1/4T.(1+)
Freq.
Fc
1/6T
R=1/T
cos2
filter
S/P
Symbol Bw = 1/6T
64 QAM
1/6T
Bw(mod) = 1/6T.(1+)
Fc
Freq.
1/7T
R=1/T
S/P
cos2
filter
Symbol Bw = 1/7T
128 QAM
1/7T
Bw(mod) = 1/7T.(1+)
Fig.11 QAM Spectra
Fc
Freq.
Fig. 10 QAM Filtered Spectra
FT42826EN02GLA0
11
According to the previous considerations, RF Bandwidth depends on the Modulation

type and on the filtering according to the formula here below:
BW = Symbol Bandwidth x (1+Roll-Off)

Fig. 11 Bandwidth Formula
Some examples are reported in Fig. 12.
Bit Rate= 34Mbit/s
Modulation= 4QAM
Roll Off= 0.6
Symbol Rate= 34Mbit/s /2= 17Mbit/s

Bw= 17Mhz x (1 + 0.6)= 27.2Mhz
Bit Rate= 140Mbit/s
Modulation= 16QAM
Roll Off= 0.6

Bw= 35Mhz x (1 + 0.6)= 56Mhz
Bit Rate= 140Mbit/s
Modulation= 128QAM
Roll Off= 0.4

Bw= 20Mhz x (1 + 0.4)= 28Mhz
Fig. 12 Bandwidth Examples
12
FT42826EN02GLA0
Changing the point of view, fixing the bandwidth and changing the modulation, the
transmitted throughput will increase or decrease.
During the commissioning procedure, the FlexiPacket ODU Bandwidth is configured
and remains fix until modified via LCT or NetViewer.
As reported in the next chapter, FlexiPacket ODU supports the Adaptive Modulation.
Adaptive is the modulation not the bandwidth. So the throughput will be proportional
to the modulation levels selected automatically.
4QAM
16QAM
64QAM
128QAM
256QAM
Frequency
Bandwidth
Fig. 13
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13
1.3
FlexiPacket Radio Modulations and Bandwidths
In Fig. 14, FlexiPacket Radio Bandwidths, Modulations and Capacities are shown
referred to the maximum license.
400 Mbps Capacity license

Layer 1 Ethernet Throughput (Mbps)
Bw
3,5 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
56 MHz
4
QAM
5
11
22
55
109
16
QAM
11
21
45
111
218
64
QAM
35
74
171
336
128
QAM
42
88
201
394
256
QAM
48
103
231
453
Layer 2 Ethernet Throughput (Mbps)

Bw
3,5 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
56 MHz
4
QAM
4
8
18
43
85
16
QAM
9
17
35
86
169
64
QAM
27
57
133
260
128
QAM
32
68
156
305
400 Mbits Capacity

4-256 QAM
3,5 -28 MHz channels
256
QAM
38
80
179
351
Fig. 14 FlexiPacket Radio Modulations and Bandwidths
14
FT42826EN02GLA0
1.4
Adaptive Modulation
The concept of Dynamic Modulation rises when thinking about the compromise
between the planned Microwave dimensioning (that has to take availability and
performances into consideration) and the need for more capacity.
Usually Microwave link is considered to work in normal conditions and to provide
good performances (according to Standards), and being unavailable or giving poor
performances for a certain percentage of time, due to fading or bad propagation
conditions (typically rain, affecting propagation in frequency bands above 15 GHz).
In planning phase, the link is engineered (frequency, bandwidth/modulation,
capacity, antenna diameter) to meet the worst case, but this way the link capacity is
under utilized for most of the operating time.
Thus, basically Dynamic Modulation introduces a way to transmit more capacity with
higher modulation formats when the propagation conditions are good, and switch to
more robust modulation formats in case of fading phenomena to preserve high
priority traffic (i.e. voice vs Data/Video).
For basic and delay sensitive service (voice), the basic capacity can be considered
guaranteed, allowing Data to exploit the rest of additional capacity provided, as
shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 Dynamic Modulation
FT42826EN02GLA0
15
1.4.1
FlexiPacket Radio Adaptive Modulation
Five different profiles (from 4QAM to 256QAM) are available inside the FlexiPacket
Radio.
The switching criteria to pass from a modulation to another one is based on the Mean
Square Error (MSE) estimation This parameters is dependant from the received
signal level and modulation type.
FPR ACM Switching Criteria

The switching criteria is based on the Mean Square Error (MSE) estimation
This parameters is dependant from the received signal level and modulation type
Rx Level
256 QAM
128 QAM
Hitless Switch
for Speed of
Attenuation up to
50dB/s
64 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
Capacity
Most
Valuable
Traffic
High
Priority
Services
Max Throughput
All services
transported
Fig. 16 FlexiPacket Adaptive Modulation (1)
16
FT42826EN02GLA0
Adaptive Modulation Features are reported in Fig. 17
Modulation levels 4, 16, 64, 128, 256 QAM

Speed of Attenuation up to 50dB/s
Switching Criteria based on Mean Square Error (MSE) estimation for both upshift and down-shift
Hysteresis to avoid continuous changes of modulations
Uni/bidirectional mode: ACM shift is settable by the user as bi-directional or unidirectional (i.e.: Shift between different modulations acts independently in the
two link directions)
Performance monitoring: FlexiPacket Radio provides, for each measurement
interval (15m or 24h), the time spent in each ACM profile
ACM can be activated / deactivated via NMS and LCT
Fig. 17 FlexiPacket Adaptive Modulation (2)
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FT42826EN02GLA0
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17
18
FT42826EN02GLA0

Digital Radio Relay Signals

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Digital Radio Relay Signals

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Digital Radio Relay Signals