T h e Hydrophobic Effect:

Formation of Micelles a n d Biological

Membranes, 2 n d Edition
Charles Tanford, John Wiley & Sons,
Somerset. NJ, 1980. v 232 pp. 23.7 X
1 5 8 cm. $18.50.
~

This new and slightly enlarged edition

was prepared to present a clearer and
updated exposition of the principles that
govern selfassembly of molecules that contain hydrophobic groups, especially in regard
to the formation of biological structures such
as proteins and lipid bilayers. This work, like
the first edition, is a terse and readable
chemist's account that organizes the most
significant physical chemical studies in this
field into a coherent picture. The first ten
chapters on the solubility of hydrocarbons
and amphiphiles in water and organic solv e n t ~ temperature
,
effect, water structure,
micelle size, shape, and thermodynamics, and
monolayers emphasize physical principles
with relevant examples. T h e last seven
chapters demonstrate the application of these
principles to biological systems, including
lipids, protein, and lipoprotein structures.
Much of the material in the excellent first
edition has been retained without revision.
The new material added in general refines the
original concepts. Some new data is presented
and other work is updated with new references.
As with the first edition, this book does not
attempt to he comprehensive and as such has
a definite personal flavor to it. Many of the
examples are taken from work done in the
author's laboratory and in that of his colleague, J. R. Reynolds, who collaborated in
the preparation of the chapter on serum lipoproteins. T h e selectivity of the author in
citing work precludes, for example, any discussion of the general criticism of the h y ~
drophobie effect mounted by J. H. H i l d e ~
brand a t the University of California a t
Berkeley (see for example Proc Not1 Acad.
Sei. USA, 76,194,1979). In spite of this, this
hook remains the best single exposition of the
hydrophobic effect.

STEVEN
CLARKE
University of California at Los Angeles
LO*Angeles. CA 90024
Quantitative Toxicology
V. A. Filov, A. A. Golubev, E. i. Llublina, and
N A. Tolokontsev, John Wiley 8 Sons, New
York, 1979. xvii 262 pp. Figs. and tables.
15.5 X 23.5 cm. $32.50.

Quantitative Toxicology is an English

translation of a book which originally appeared in Russian in 1973. Following each
chapter, a 1978 addendum has been added;
most references in the addenda are from
1974-1976. "Quantitative" in the title could
perhaps be translated "theoretical," inasmuch as the overall aim of the hook appears
to be a n attempt to lay a theoretical base
upon which predictions regarding toxic potential of chemicals may be made without
extensive biological examination. T h e book
is noteworthy for its extensive coverage of the
Russian literature, which tends to be otherwise ignored. Since Soviet toxicologists have
been effectively active along paths which
contrast sharply with those practiced in the
West, the book affords valuable broadening
perspective.

A246

Journal of Chemical Education

The work consists of eight chapters. Organism-Poison Interactions represents a

complete but standard coverage of effects of
such parameters ss species, sex, temperature,
and route of administration on tonic effects.
Dose-Resoonse Relationshins oresents the

on dose-time curves; both deserve careful

attention. The chapter on Toxicant Distribution deals mainly with the well-known
Ferguson Principle and with its applications
to toxicology. Beginning in this chapter and
recurring throughout the remainder of the
book extensive efforts are made to correlate
toxic potential with chemical properties of
chemicals. It appears a major defect in the
work is that nogeneral theme emerges. Some
correlations (mostly among closely related
homologous series) are successful, but others
are not, and one does not receive any indication whv this should be the ease. Thus.

time.
T h e chapter on Kinetics Effects incorporates an interestingly different section on
mathematical modeling and a n extensive
addendum covering the rapidly emerging
field of toxicokineties. Since relatively few
applications of the latter have been made,
many of the illustrative examples are wellknown effects of drugs. T h e subject of Cumulation of Poisons is covered in a short
chapter, the most notable feature of which is
a discussion of Kagan's Cumulation Constant
approach to the subject.
I t is often the ease that people are exposed
to more than onenoison simultaneouslv. and
t h r ncl rc-ult

. ~ t t v nn 31

r.+i\ I<,

\Inn\ ~llu.lr.~l~.m.
u l lh.;

arr :ivcn

I.

basic concepts, methods of prepsration of

stereoisomers, determination of spatial eonfiguration, one chapter each for the stereochemistry of alkanes and their derivatives, of
ring compounds, of compounds with multiple
carbon bonds, of aromatic compounds, of
heterocyclic compounds, of nitrogen compounds, of compounds of other elements, of
natural compounds, and of complex (metal)
compounds.
same useful techniques in stereochemistry
and studies which add significantly to our
understanding have not been included. T h e
(NMR) ~ a r o i u relation.
s
Horeau's remarkmational transmission are essentially not
treated. T h e early eut-off date means that
inter alio the steric bulk parameters of
Charton and the recent literature on chiral
catalysts are not covered.
The principle of paired sterea-diagrams is
described, but no illustration is given nor is
advice given on haw to "see" them in three
dimensions without optical aids. I found
Potapuv's notation for "above the plane"
(solid wedge, thick end toward the viewer)
and "below the plane" (outline wedge, thin
end toward the viewer) difficult to get used
to as I envisage t h e wedges as attempts a t
perspective drawing. A few clear errors occur:
the Grignard reagent is attacking the wrong
carbonyl of ar-ketoesters un page 123; a minor
rule of the Cahn, Prelog, Inguld R,S/E,Z nomenclature; "sum of the atomic numbers" (p.
36) is, I believe, misunderstood. There are

p r c d ~I
31)

tlk

h.~prt.rm S ~ m d t . t t w ~ 1~:iirvt. .mi

a d . n.
several mathematical approaches which may
be useful in a predictive sense. The final
chapters on Strueture-Tonicity Relationships
and Calculation of Toxicity Parameters are
similar, and present Hanseh-type extrathermodynamic relationships as well as toxicity calculations based on a bewildering
array of physical parameters of chemical
compounds. Again, the work is diffuse; some
of the many correlations are successful, others
not, even among closely related compounds.
A clear take-home message does not seem to
emerge.
This is a n interesting book, which will serve
to acquaint chemists interested in toxicology
with the highly mathematical Russian approach to the determination and prediction
of the toxic potential of chemical substances.
Everyday applications of the concepts presented would seem to require a better
knowledge of chemical mechanisms of tonicity than is available currently.
G

would have been better saidin terms of "upfield" and "downfield," though the fault may
he in English usage; downfield is the direction
of increasing overall field strength experienced by a nucleus.
T h e coverage of the more classical literature is excellek, and there are a large number
of brief but valuable tables illustrating points
under discussion. There is a oleasant informality and directness in the style which
makes the book easy to read and understand.
The subheadings at the foot of every page are
useful, although they contribute an additional 6% to the overall size of an already
thick book. This book will be of use to those
a t and beyond the level of senior undergraduate in chemistry At its price, the bookis well
worth adding to even relatively modest
chemistry libraries. Institutional libraries
should perhaps order two copies. My copy
already has loose pages.

ROBERT A . WlLEY

JAMES C. ORR
Medicine
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland
Canada

Stereochemistry
V. M Potapov. Mir Publishers, Moscow.
Distributed by Imported Publications Inc..
Chicago. 1979, 678 pp. Figs. and tables. 21
X 1 4 c m $13.50.

T h e Virial Coefficients of P u r e G a s e s
a n d Mixtures. A Critical Compilation
J. H Dymond and E B. Smith. Clarendon
Press. Oxford, 1980. xvi, 518pp. Figs. and
tables. 16 X 24 cm. $69.00.

This textbook is a translation of the 19%

Russian edition. It is a well-written account

Workers who have used the previous tabulation of Dymond and Smith will be sur-

Faculty of

prised by the extensive coverage (now including mixtures) the solid binding, and unfortunately, the price for 500 + pages of
photographed typewritten pages. Values of
second virial coefficients are given for 387
pure components and 533 binary pairs. 'Third
virial coefficients are given for man" oure
systems but only a few mixtures.
As in t h e early edition, graphically
smoothed values are given for a number of
extensively studied substances, usually with
remarks indicating which data were selected
if differences exist among measurements.
While the discrepancies for benzene have
heen apparently cleared up, the authors did
not attempt t o solve the problems of met ha^
nol, fluorine, ammonia, and low temperature
water (1400K). In nearly all cases where
volumetric data were used, helpful estimates
are given of the errors, either from the original paper or with the authors classification
system. For most of the data, the enperimental method is listed. In most mixtures
values oC the pure coefficients are listed if
used t o cobtain the desired cross coefficient.

-.

sons it is somewhat inconvenient in cases

where smoothing and critical evaluation were

not done because the temperatures used by
different workers are renerallv not the
same.
There is no discussion of the possibility of
using theory or correlations to help smooth
the data. I would h a r e thought that more
powerful techniques than the graphical one
would he useful. No separate discussion of
those systems in need of measurement is
given, though occasionally (such as with
acetylene) the need is made clear for an individual system.
This book has a limited appeal; it is primarily for theoreticians, carrelators, and experimenters in the area of vapor imperfections a t moderate densities. A library copy
might he valuable to physical property specialists in chemical process design since it
contains data on many complex substances
which could then be used t o obtain parameters in their correlations. It might be valuable
also t o thermodynamics teachers wishing to
put real numbers into their homework and
test problems though no correlating e q u a ~
tions are given. However, the average chemist
or physicist will find the price too high for the
limited use he or she would make.

J. P. D'CONNELL
University of Florida
Gainesviile. FL 32601
R e a c t i o n R a t e s of Isotopic Molecules
Lars Meiander and William H. Saunders,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980. vii
331 pp. Figs. and tables. 23.6 X 15.6 cm.
$29.95.

According to the Preface, this work may be

considered a second edition of Melander's
1960 book "Isotope Effects on Reaction
Rates" (Ronald Press). Melander's hook was
outstandingly successful in providing a concise and critical introduction to the use of
kinetic isotope effects in mechanistic research. "Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules" should prove a worthy successor.
Although the organization of the 1960 bm,k
has been retained largely, the text has heen

completely rewritten and revised to include

research developments of the past two decades. T h e extent of the revision is apparent
Rom the fact that roughly three quarters of
the cited references are dated 1961 or later.
A uarticularlv valuable addition is a new
chapter which discusses the use of computers
in modelling isotope effects. Other advances
are reflected in expanded coverage of several
topics. Notable among these are solvent isotope effects and the treatment of quantum
mechanical tunnelling.
Despite substantial revision and the participation of a new author, the text has
maintained the level of presentation and the
extreme clarity which distinguished the 1960
book. A review of "Isotope Effects an Reaction Rates" (THIS JOURNAL,
38,330 (1961))
closed with the statement "It should appeal
t o the beginner and expert alike and should
he on the desk of every research scientist who
uses isotopes." This assessment is equally
valid as applied t o "Reaction Rates of l s o t o ~
pic Molecules."

M. D. PATTENGILL
University of Kentucky
Lexington. KY 40506
R e s e a r c h In A s s e s s m e n t I1
Chemical Society Assessment Group. Birmingham. England. 1979. 120 pp. Tables.
15 X 21 cm. f 3.00.
T h e title of this booklet is rather misleading unlens one allows the collection of questiunnaires and the expression of opinions to
constitute research. These proceedings deal
almost exclusively with the evaluation of
students in a way that is uniquely applicable
t o the British system.
T h e first paper, "The Supervision of Post
Graduate Research Students," simply reports
opinion polls of students and their supwvisors without offering either enlightenment or
routes for resolving the dissatisfactions encountered.
This is followed by 3 papers on assessment
(grading) of practical laboratory work in
secondary level ehem, m organic, and in p~
chem, respectively. T h e attempts to obtain
a single scale for grading have little, if any,
utility beyond the British schools.
A nine-page paper by M. A. Small, [Jniversity of Aston, "Student Project Work a t
the Tertiary Level" contains some useful
checklists fur someone new to planning this
type of laboratory work.
In other papers, pre-university grades were
found t o be poorer predictors of degree success than first year university grades; and the
value of student experimentation was questioned.

recommended reading for those who wish t o

obtain more complete information from
multiple-choice examinations. Both "elimination testing" (identification of wrong responses) and ''confidence testing" (a scale of
"belief' for questions that do not have unique
correct responses) are hriefly discussed. Item
difficulty, item discrimination, and total test
reliability are also mentioned.
THOMASE. TAYLOR
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
Volume 58

Continuing S e r i e s
A d v a n c e s in C a r b o h y d r a t e Chemistry
a n d Biochemistry. Volume 37
Editors: Stuart R. Tipson and Derek Horion,
Academic Press. New York. 1980, x 484
pp. Figs. and tables. 15.5 X 23.5 cm.
$49.50.
Table of Contents: William Ward Pigman
(1910-1977); Free-Radical Reactions of
Carbohydrates as Studied by Radiation
Techniques; Synthesis of L-Ascorbic Acid;
Primary Structure of Glycoprotein Glycans:
Basis for the Molecular Biology of Glycaproteins: Neoglycoproteins: The Preparation
and Application of Synthetic Glycaproteins;
Biochemistry of N-D-Gaiactosidic Linkages
in the Plant Kingdom; Bibliography of Crystal
Structures of Carbohydrates. Nucieosides,
and Nucieotides 1976.

A d v a n c e s in Inorganic Chemistry a n d
Radiochemistry. Volume 23
Editors: H J. Erneleus and A. G. Sharpe,
Academic Press, New York. 1980. ix 441
pp. Figs. and tables. 15.5 X 23.5 cm.
$51.00.
Table of Contents: Recent Advances in
Organotin Chemistry: Transition Metal
Vapor Cryochemistty: New Methods for the
Synthesis of TrifluoromethylOrganometallic
Compounds: 1.1-Dithiolato Complexes of
the Transition Elements; Graphite Intercalation Compounds: Solid-state Chemistry
of Thio-, Seleno-, and Tellurohalides of
Representative and Transition Elements.

R e v i e w s in Bio Toxicology. Vol. 2

Editors: Ernest Hodgson, John R. Bend, and
RichardM Phiipot, Elsevier North Holland,
Inc.. New York. 1980. ix 300 pp. Figs. and
tabies. 16.5 X 24.5 cm. $35.00.
Table of Contents: Xenabiotic-Metabolizing
Enzymes; Toxic Compounds; Modes of
Toxic Action; Metabolic Pathways: Methodology of Biochemical Toxicology.

A d v a n c e s in Organometallic
Chemistry. Volume 18
editors:.^. G. A. Sfone and Robert West.
AcaCemc I'less. k c * Y o ~ K . 1980 x t 354
pp k 9s. an0 la0 cs 15 5 23 5 cm
Tan e of Conlenls Fo..r Dnc;ales of Mcln
Carbonyl Chemistry in Liquid Ammonia:
Aspects and Prospects; Organoiithium
Catalysis of Olefin and Diene Poiymerization: Ziegler-Natta Catalysis; Chiral Metal
Atoms in Optically Active Organo-Transition-Metal Compounds; Mixed-Metal Clusters; Trends in Organosilicon Biological
Research: Boron Heterocycles as Ligands
in Transition-Metal Chemistry.
~~

~~

NEW JOURNAL ANNOUNCEMENT

Fundarnenfa Scientiae, edited by B. Jurdant
and M. Paty, is a new, international journal,
published in English and French and is devoted
to exploring problems concerning the function
and foundations of science that are of interest
both to members of the scientific community
and to the educated layman. This journal will
attempt to determine the relationships among
the sciences and to place each in an overall
context. An attempt will be made to address
the need for constantly redefining the everchanging relationship between science and
philosophy. Fundamenfa Scienfiae will include
a limited number of reviews and a letters page,
the latter to encourage critical reflection from
inside and outside the scientific community.
Number 8

August I981

A247