SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
NOT FOR SALE
by
Vikash Ranjan
SOCIOLOGY
by VIKASH RANJAN
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Syllabus
and analysed.
has no laboratory,
Quantitative Method:
This research employs quantitative measurement
and the use of statistical analysis. For example, what
percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and
commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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Qualitative Method
Questionnaire
Interview
Observation
Case Study
QUESTIONNAIRE
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SOCIOLOGY
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Types of Questions
Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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The disadvantages
questions are :
of
open-ended
Vikash Ranjan
Examples:
Smoking: regularly/occasionally/never
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
NOT FOR SALE
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Vikash Ranjan
Limitations of Questionnaire
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Advantages of Questionnaire
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
INTERVIEW
for the specific purpose of obtaining researchrelevant information and focused by him on the
content specified by the research objectives of
description and explanation.
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Vikash Ranjan
Functions of Interview
Characteristics of Interview
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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Types of Interview
type
V/s
unstandardised
of
Vikash Ranjan
Standardized
interviews:
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
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Vikash Ranjan
Process of Interviewing
In the non-personal interview there is no face-toface relationship, but the information is collected
through telephone, computer or some other
medium.
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Vikash Ranjan
Advantage of Interview
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
Disadvantages of Interview
Characteristics of Observation
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Purpose of Observation
It
is
less
questions.
less
anonymity
effective
for
than
sensitive
OBSERVATION
Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
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by
Vikash Ranjan
Types of Observation
Systematic/unsystematic observation :
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
Process of Observation
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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It is relatively inexpensive.
Advantages of Observation
Disadvantages of Observation
Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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CASE STUDY
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
To conceptualise,
To operationalize variables,
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Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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SOCIAL SURVEY
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SOCIOLOGY
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STUDENTS COPY
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CONTENT ANALYSIS
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SOCIOLOGY
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STUDENTS COPY
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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SERENDIPITY
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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Types of Variables
Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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SAMPLING
Vikash Ranjan
Estimate of parameters:
Testing of hypothesis:
Purposes of Sampling,
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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Principles of Sampling
Advantages of Sampling
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
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Vikash Ranjan
Probability Sampling:
Probability sampling today remains the primary
method for selecting large, representative samples for
social science and business researches. According to
Black and Champion, the probability sampling requires
following conditions to be satisfied:
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Types of Sampling
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
Advance :
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Non-probability sampling:
Quota sampling:
Accidental sampling:
Snowball Sampling:
HYPOTHESIS
Purposive Sampling:
It involves use of judement and a concerted attempt
to obtain representative under the impression of
Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
Nature of Hypotheses
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Types of Hypotheses
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
alcohol.
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Vikash Ranjan
(ii) X is dependent on Y.
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SOCIOLOGY
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Vikash Ranjan
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
NOT FOR SALE
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Vikash Ranjan
Reliability
Reliability is the consistency of your measurement,
or the degree to which an instrument measures the same
way each time it is used under the same condition with
the same subjects. In short, it is the repeatability of your
measurement. A measure is considered reliable if a
persons score on the same test given twice is similar. It
is important to remember that reliability is not measured,
it is estimated.
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To test theories,
Criticism of Hypotheses
Vikash Ranjan
Validity:
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SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS COPY
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Vikash Ranjan
Types of Validity
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SOCIOLOGY
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STUDENTS COPY
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Vikash Ranjan
Vikash Ranjan
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