INTRODUCTION

India is blessed with adequate reserves of coal and hydro resource whereas the
conventional hydrocarbon (oil and gas) reserves so far estimated are inadequate to
meet the growing demand of this country. Latest estimates indicate that India has
around 0.4% of the worlds proven reserves of crude oil and natural gas and against
this the domestic consumption is estimated at 2.8% of the worlds consumption. So
this huge demand requires to be met either from the imports or increase in domestic
production and switching over to other nonconventional energy fuels. Hence, I will
discuss about one such non-conventional fuel that is methane gas stored in gas
hydrate deposit. Significance of this gas hydrate is that its abundant availability in the
shallow marine sediments of slope, in eastern region of India. One such promising
area is the Krishna-Godavari offshore, eastern continental margin of India.
One such non-conventional fuel is methane gas stored in gas hydrate deposit.
Significance or scope of using studying gas hydrate is that its abundant availability in
the shallow marine sediments of slope, along eastern continental margin of India and
on dissociation 1 cubic meter of gas hydrate yields nearly 164 cubic meters of pure
methane gas and about 0.8 cubic meters of fresh water. The amount of natural gas
estimated from the world's gas hydrate accumulations though are speculative ranges
from at least 100,000 TCF 3. In contrast, the conventional natural gas accumulations
for the world are estimated at approximately 440 trillion cubic meters only.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING:
Outline briefly (with maps and diagrams) the location, extent and boundaries, overall
stratigraphic sequence (including a table indicating rock units, lithology and age) and dip
pattern or main geologic structures. Do not give an extended geological history; simply
describe the relevant stratigraphic and the important structural features of the area.

Location, Extent and Boundaries.

Krishna-Godavari Basin is a peri-cratonic passive margin basin in India. It is spread across
more than 50,000 square kilometers in the Krishna River and Godavari River basins in
Andhra Pradesh. The site is known for the D-6 block where Reliance Industries discovered
the biggest natural gas reserves in India in 2002. It was also the world's largest gas
discovery of 2002. The Krishna-Godavari Basin covers the deltaic areas along the east
coast of India, extends into the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. It occupies an area of 20
000-28 000 km2 onshore and 13 000-24 000 km2 offshore.The basin was formed from the
Late Carboniferous to the Quaternary, resulting in sediment layers up to several
kilometers.The KG basin occupies an onshore area of about 28,000 sq. km and extends
offshore beyond midslope, encompassing an area of 145,000 sq. km.

Figure 1 The location of the block KG-ONN2004 in KG basin India

Stratigraphic sequence
The KG basin is characterised by three distinct successive tensional tectonic regimes viz.,
early rift, main rift and drift phases. This basin is an integral component of the eastern
continental margin of India (ECMI), which has evolved as a consequence of rifting and
subsequent drifting of India from the contiguous AntarcticaAustralia. The early rift phase the
Gondwana rift phase commenced in late Paleozoic through block faulting which dominantly
consist of shale and clay siltstone with some claystone and limestone bands. Marine
sediments comprised of clastic and carbonates were deposited over the rift filled sediments,
and variable thicknesses shale-silt-clay and sand beds of Upper Cretaceous to Recent age
9-11 characterise this basin.The KG basin thus developed has upper Paleozoic to lower
Mesozoic non marine grabenfill sequence onshore and an upper Mesozoic to Holocene
sequence of marine sediments in theoffshore. Due to presence of rivers in this areas such
as the godavari, the rejuvenation of Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and
Cauvery and other minor tributariesthereby facilitating major transportation of huge sediment
influx into the Bay of Bengal. This sediment flow has manifested in the form of deltas and
delta-fronts. An extensive marinetransgression took place in the early drift phase with southeasterly tilt in late Cretaceous which led to the deposition of Ragavapuram shale. The drilling
results confirm the presence of hydrocarbons in thePermo-Triassic to Pliocene. More specifically
the middle/upper Miocene to mid Pliocene is the promising hydrocarbon prospect off Godavari
Pliocene sands either in the combination of sandsilt-clay or sand/silt/shale sequence has proved
as the best payoff zones of either crude oil or gas. Since hydrocarbon generation is taking place
in the KG offshore, the upward migration ofnatural gases can play a vital role in occurrence and
formation of gas hydrate deposits at shallowerlevels, where the required pressure-temperature
conditions prevail.

DIP PATTERN

Figure 2 The lithology & Hydrocarbon shows in the well Drilled studied from the cores
collected

Hydrocarbon Habitat
Describe (with the aid of cross-sections, contour maps and other
diagrams) the mode of geological occurrence of petroleum within the field
or basin, including:
The host formation(s);

Type(s) of reservoir rocks (including properties such as porosity and

permeability);
This is the most important part of the assignment.
Cross-sections, Contour Maps, Other Diagrams.

The mode of Geological occurrence of petroleum within

the field or basin
Initial successful hydrocarbon exploration in the Krishna-Godavari basin was in thin
Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in the Narasapur structure of the East Godavari subbasin. Exploration efforts since 1978 have established oil and gas reservoirs ranging
in age from Late Permian to Pliocene (Rao, 1991).

Sikka (1990) used the probabilistic model to estimate the undiscovered hydrocarbon
potential of Cretaceous and Tertiary plays in the Krishna-Godavari basin to be 726
million tons. The estimate took into consideration basin analysis, chance of success
of individual plays, risk analysis, and Monte Carlo simulations.

The host formation

Type of reservoir rocks porosity and permeability

Narsapur claystone and younger is a mixture of sand clays and calcareous
sandstone. It occurs at a depth of 500metres Matsyapuri siltstone it occurs at a
depth of 1000metres, which is an alteration of sandstone, limestone and clays,
Bhimanpali limestone which occurs at a depth of 1500metres is mainly fossilerous
limestone/dolomite with thin beds of claystone and sandstone they have a good
porosity and permeability, pasaralpaudi it occurs at a depth of 2000metres is
dominantly sandstone and siltstone with siltstone interactions. Creataceous is
contenential shale gray to dark fissile calcareous shale. Also further the individually
all the source rocks are explained with detailed analysis on porosity and
permeability. Inter & Intra-formational shales are expected to be the main
potential cap rocks in the block. The Rajoule Volcanic (if substantially
present in the Block) and Bhimanpali Limestone (where impervious) may
also provide seal for entrapment of hydrocarbon.

TYPES OF TRAPS
Traps represent the structural or stratigraphic features controlling the petroleum
accumulation Structural and statigraphic traps within creastaceous sediments of the
block are the key zones of primary exploration targets. Titled Fault blocks, growth
faults and related rollover anticlines provide structural traps. Stratigraphical graphic
traps formation in the block is influenced by various depositional environments which
is controlled by different rifting phases
Seismic surveys and geological mapping indicate that although structural traps do
exist in the Krishna-Godavari basin, most of them are only small to medium in size.
Also, unconformity surface, and permeability barriers all play important role in the
entrapment of hydrocarbons. Anticline closures serve as traps for lower Eocene
reservoirs. Inter-bedded shales may serve as local seals for these reservoirs. The
thick middle Eocene carbonate may also act as a regional seal. In the East Godavari
sub-basin, lenses of sands in the Chintalapalli Claystone produce hydrocarbons.

SOURCE ROCKS

About 200 m of source rocks were identified in Permian-Carboniferous coalshale sediments. The lower Cretaceous-Grey to dark grey shales is oil prone.
Upper Cretaceous argillaceous rocks located in the south eastern onshore
basin have also matured to generate gaseous hydrocarbons since the Eocene
is fossiliferous limestone/dolomite with thin beds of siltstone and claystone
and are also good source rocks and posses high porosity and permeability.

Palaeocene shales a mixture of sand, clay and calcareous sandstone of the

East Godavari sub-basin contain dominantly type III kerogen with 2-3%
organic matter and have fair to good source potential. The level of maturation
is in the early to peak oil phase of generation. Gas and subordinate oil-prone
have been identified in Palaeocene sediments and exhibit good porosity.

Lower Eocene shales an alteration of sandstone, limestone and clay, contain

high organic matter concentrations (TOC 3-4%). Geochemical studies reveal
that they are in the early phases of maturation. These source rocks have a
tendency to generate gas and subordinate oil and have generated
hydrocarbons since the early Miocene.

In Offshore area, lower Miocene-Oligocene source rocks are identified in the

Ravva area, the thickness of source beds is about 400 m, and they have a
high organic matter concentration (TOC 1.49-1.86%). The quality of the
source rock, however, is rated very poor for generating commercial quantities
of liquid hydrocarbons.

Resources:
Indicate the size of the hydrocarbon resource and its state of development, including
if possible production history and future prospects for the area. Associated
infrastructure or markets could also be included in this section.
The Krishna-Godavari Basin covers the deltaic areas along the east coast of India,
extends into the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean,It occupies an area of 20000-28
000 km2 onshore and 13 000-24 000 km 2 offshore. The hydrocarbon potential of the
system is divided in two different basins which will be discussed further.This proven
petroliferous basin has potential reservoirs ranging in the age from the Permian to
Pliocene Exploratory drilling of more than 350 wells in more than 160 structures has
resulted in discovery of 42 oil and gas bearing structures. The Godavari-sub-basin,
thin sands and limestone within the source are reservoirs.

Conclusions and Future Prospects

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