MAKALAH KIMIA ANORGANIK II

UNSUR-UNSUR TRANSISI III

(Golongan III B)

DISUSUN OLEH :
Kelompok I:
Lia Agustini

(06121010007)

Ranny Rolinda Rusman (06121010020)

Arum Estu Tami

(06121010028)

DOSEN PENGASUH :
Prof. DR. Fakhili Gulo, M.Si.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
2014

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, karena berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya
jualah penulis dapat menyelesaikan pembuatan makalah ini.
Tak lupa penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak Prof. Dr.
Fakhili

Gulo,

M.Si. dan

teman-teman

mahasiswa

pendidikan

Kimia

angkatan 2012, yang tiada henti memberikan dukungan dan motivasinya, serta
pihak lain yang terkait demi terselesaikanya makalah ini.
Layaknya kata pepatah, Tak ada gading yang tak retak. Demikian jugalah
ungkapan yang tepat untuk makalah ini. Apabila dalam makalah ini terdapat
kesalahan baik dalam bentuk penulisanya maupun ejaan dan bahasanya, maka
penulis mohon maaf yang setulusnya. Dan tentu saja kritik dan saran yang bersifat
membangun dari pembaca sekalian amat kami harapkan. Semoga makalah ini
dapat bermanfaat dan berguna sebagaimana mestinya.
Demikianlah sepatah kata yang penulis sampaikan. Atas perhatian
pembaca sekalian, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih.
Inderalaya, 09 Oktober 2014

Penulis

Daftar Isi

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Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................ ii

Daftar Isi............................................................................................................iii
BAB I Pendahuluan ........................................................................................ 1
1.
2.
3.
4.

Scandium............................................................................................... 2
Yttrium.................................................................................................. 3
Lanthanum............................................................................................ 13
Actinium................................................................................................ 17

BAB II Pembahasan ........................................................................................ 20

BAB III Penutup .............................................................................................. 22
1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 22
2. Saran ..................................................................................................... 22
Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................................. 23

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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.

Latar Belakang
Sangat banyak unsur-unsur yang dapat ditemui di alam ini. Sampai saat ini

saja sudah 112 unsur telah ditemukan oleh para ahli. Unsur-unsur tersebut
memiliki sifat dan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda yang menyebabkan sulit untuk
mempelajarinya. Oleh karena itu, untuk memudahkan dalam mempelajari unsurunsur tersebut, para ahli telah berupaya untuk mengelompokkan unsur-unsur
tersebut

berdasarkan

kemiripan

sifat

dan

karakteristik

unsure-unsur

tersebut. Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas maka penulis tertarik untuk membuat

sebuah makalah yang berjudul Unsur Golongan IIIB. Dalam makalah ini
terdapat materi mengenai sejarah unsur golongan IIIB dan reaksi mengenai unsur
golongan IIIB.
II. Tujuan
Tujuan pembuatan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas yang
diberikan oleh dosen mata kuliah Kimia Anorganik II tantang unsure golongan
IIIB.

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BAB III
ISI
UNSUR-UNSUR GOLONGAN III B
Comparison of properties of the IIIB Group Elements
a. Atomic size
In one class, from top to bottom fingers growing larger, the more the
number of electron shells. Meanwhile, in a period, from left to right fingers
getting shorter, because the size of the core of the right to be even greater, with the
core appeal of the stronger electron.
b. density
In one class from top to bottom the greater density. This is because the
relative atomic mass that occupies the greater but that is almost the same volume.
c. Ionization energy
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron is bound to
be weaker than a neutral atom or in a gaseous state.
In one class, from top to bottom value of the ionization energy decreases
IIIB group elements, because from top to bottom atomic radius so that the greater
the attractiveness of the core with the outer electrons is weak, then the smaller the
ionization energy.
d. Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons from the
atoms of the element lain.Dalam one class, from top to bottom of group IIIB
elements electronegativity is getting smaller, because the larger the radius, the
greater the volume and the attractiveness of the nucleus and the electrons is weak.

23

1. Scandium
Energy
First

Level: 4
Energy

Level: 2

Second

Energy

Level: 8

Third

Energy

Level: 9

Forth Energy Level: 2

1.1.

History
(Latin: scandia, Scandinavia). Mendeleev predicted the existence of

elements of the periodic system ekaboron based on the principle of the invention.
This element has an atomic weight estimated between 40 (calcium) and 48
(titanium). Scandium element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals
and gadolinite euxenite, which has never been found anywhere except in
Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of byproduct euxenite and other rare minerals,
Nilson was able to produce 2 grams of pure scandium oxide. Subsequent scientists
then showed that the same Nilson discovered scandium with ekaboronnya
Mendeleev.
1.2.

Discovery
Scandium is a group IIIB elements that are in the period of 4 Scandium is

part of the transition elements. Scandium was discovered by Lars Nilson in 1879
in Sweden. Scandium is found in minerals euxenite, thortveitile, thortvetile and
Gadoline in Scandinavia and Madagascar. Fredik Lars Nilson and his team are not
aware of the predictions on the source in 1879, which contained a little
investigating metal on earth. With spectral analysis they discovered a new element
in the mineral earth. They named scandium from Latin Scandia meaning
Scandinavia and in the process of isolation, they process 10 kg euxenite,
generating approximately 2 g of pure scandium oxide (Sc2O3). This element is
named in honor of Scandium as the Scandinavian countries where the discovery
of this element. Dmitri Mendeleev periodic element used in 1869 to predict the
circumstances and the nature of the three elements is called ekaboron.Fischer,

23

Brunger, and scandium Grinelaus process for the first time in 1937, by electrolysis
of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at temperatures 700-800C.
1.3. Nature-properties
Scandium is a silver-white metal that change color to yellow or
kemerahjambuan if exposed to air. These elements are soft and more resembles
yttrium and rare metals other than aluminum or titanium. He lightweight and has a
higher boiling point than aluminum, making it a highly desirable material by
perangcang spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked with a mixture of 1: 1 HNO3 and
48% HF.
Physical Properties
1. Density

: 3 g/cm3

2. Melting Point

: 1812,2 K

3. Boiling Point

: 3021 K

4. Form (25C)

: solid

5. Color

: silvery white

Atomic Properties
1. Atomic Number

: 21

2. Mass Number

: 44,956

3. Electron configuration

: [Ar] 3d1 4s2

4. Atomic Volume

: 15 cm3/mol

5. Electron Afinity
6. Electronegativity

: 18,1 kJ/mol
: 1,36

7. Ionisation Energy : - First : 631 kJ/mol, Second

2389 kJ/mol
8. Primary oxydation number

: +3

9. Other Oxydation Number : +1, +2

10. Crystal form

: Hexagonal Unit Cell

Chemical Properties and Reactions

23

: 1235 kJ/mol, Third :

Chemical properties of Scandium:

Reaction with water:
When heated, the Scandium will dissolve in water to form a solution consisting of
ions Sc (III) and hydrogen gas
2Sc (s) + 6H2O (aq) ---> 2Sc3 + (aq) + 6OH- (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Reaction with oxygen
In the reaction with the combustion air or quickly it will form scandium (III)
oxide
4SC (s) + 3O2 (g) ---> 2Sc2O3 (s)
Reactions with halogens
Scandium is very reactive w/hen it reacts with all the halogens to form trihalides
elements
2Sc (s) + 3F2 (g) ---> 2ScF3 (s)
2Sc (s) + 3Cl2 (g) ---> 2ScCl3 (s)
2Sc (s) + 3Br2 (l) ---> 2ScBr3 (s)
2Sc (s) + 3I2 (s) ---> 2ScI3 (s)
The reaction with acid
Scandium klrida soluble in acid to form a solution containing ions Sc (III) and
hydrogen gas
Sc (s) + 6HCl (aq) ---> 2Sc3 + (aq) + 6Cl- (aq) + 3H2 (g)
1.4. Scandium compounds
One form of the compounds found in the element Scandium is Scandium cloride
(ScCl3), Metals can also be obtained through the electrolysis process with the
following reaction:

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2Sc (s) + 3 Cl3 (g) 2ScCl3 (s)

This comes from the electrolysis of molten potassium, lithium, scandium chloride
at a temperature of 700-800 0C. The research was conducted by Fischer, Brunger,
Grieneisen.
1.5 Useful
Clorida Scandium (ScCl3), where these compounds can be found in halide
lamps, fiber optic, and laser ceramic electrolyte.
Primary application of the elements scandium alloy alumunium- dalah as
scandium is used in the aerospace industry and for sports equipment
(bikes, baseball bats) that have a high quality.
Other applications is the use of scandium iodide for lights that provide a
high intensity. Sc2O3 is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of Acetone
Health and the Environment Effect

1.6.

Scandium is not toxic, but need to be careful because some scandium

compounds may be carcinogenic in humans but it can cause liver damage if it
accumulates in the body. Together with aquatic animals, Sc can cause damage to
the cell membrane, thus providing a negative effect on the reproductive and
nervous systems.
Sc can contaminate the environment, especially from the petroleum
industry and from the disposal of household furniture. Sc continuously
accumulate in the soil, it will trigger the concentration in the human body and
animals.
2. YITRIUM (Yttrium)
Currently yttrium (the name of a Swedish village, Ytterby) widely known
in its use as superconducting oxides (along with barium and copper). This is the
first superconducting material that functions at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The
element was discovered in 1789 by Gadolin and finally isolated in 1828 by
Whler. More than 15 tons of oxides are now manufactured every year. In

23

addition to its use in the study of superconductivity, is also used in phosphors

(red) for color television tubes.
Yttrium is a silvery metal. Most commercially produced daripasir yttrium
monazite which is also the source for most of the elements of the soil.
Yttrium has a silvery-metallic luster. Yttrium lit up in the air. Yttrium is found in
the minerals of the earth. Moon rocks contain yttrium and yttrium is used as a
Tabel: Basic Information dan Classification of Yttrium

Name : Yttrium

Group in periodic Table : 3

Symbol : Y

Period in Periodic Table : 5

Atomic Number : 39

Block in Periodic Table : d-block

Atomic Mass : 88,90585 (2)

Color : silvery white

Standard Form : solid in 298 K

Classification : metal

This sample is from the Element Collection, an attractive and safely packaged
collection of 92 natural elements are available for sale.
2.1 Invention
Yttrium is a group IIIB element residing in the period 5. Yttrium included
in the transition metal. Yttrium was discovered by researchers from Finland
named Johan Gadolin and isolated in 1794 by Friedrich Wohler in 1828 in the
form of impure extract of yttria from yttrium chloride anhydrous reduction (YCl3)
with potassium.
Gadolin Johan Friedrich Wohler
Yttria (YCl3) is the oxide of yttrium and discovered by Johan Gadolin in
1794 in the mineral gadolinite of Yttreby, Sweden. In 1843 a Swedish chemist
Carl Mosander can show that yttria can be divided into oxides in three different
23

elements called Yttria. Mining is located near the village of Ytterby which
resulted in some minerals such as erbium, terbium, ytterbium, and yttrium has the
same name as the village.
Carl Mosander
These compounds are named in honor of the city Yttrium because Ytterby
in Sweden. This compound is found in the rare minerals found on earth (including
monazite, xenotime, Yttria). This compound is not found in a free state on earth.
2.2. The Properties of Yttrium

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Physical Properties
Density: 4.5 g / cm 3
Melting point: 1799 [or 1526 C (2779 F)] K
Boiling point: 3609 [or 3336 C (6037 F)] K
Form 4 (25 C): solid
Color: silver
Temperature superconducting: 1.3 [or -271.85 C (-457.33 F)] (under

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

pressure) K
Atomic nature
Atomic number: 39
Mass number: 88.91
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d1 5s2
Atomic volume: 19.8 cm 3 / mol
Electron affinity: 29.6 kJ / mol
Definitions that are used most of electronegativity is that an element's

electronegativity is the power of an atom when in a molecule to attract electron

density to itself. electronegativity depends on a number of factors and elaborate as
the other atoms in the molecule. The first scale of electronegativity was developed
by Linus Pauling and scale yttrium has a value of 1.22 on a scale running from
from about 0.7 (an estimate of francium) to 2.20 (for hydrogen) to 3.98 (fluorine).
Electronegativity has no units but "Pauling units" are often used when indicating
values mapped to the Pauling scale. On the interactive plot below you may find
the "Ball chart" and "Shaded table" styles most useful. At an interactive point can
be seen in the chart below diagrams and tables are useful.

23

Tabel Some Electronegativity for Yttrium

Electronegativity

Nilai dalam satuan Pauling

Pauling Electronegativity

1,22

Sanderson electroegativity

0.65

Rochow Allred Negativity

1,11

There are a number of ways to produce a set of numbers representing

electronegativity and three are given in the table above. Pauling scale is perhaps
the most famous and sufficient for many purposes.
7. Ionisation energy:
First: 615.6 kJ / mol
Second: 1181 kJ / mol
Third: 1979.9 kJ / mol
8. Main oxidation states: +3
9. Other oxidation states: +2
10. Form of Structure: Hexagonal Unit Cell
Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of Yttrium are:
Reaction with water
When heated it Yttrium metal will dissolve in water to form a solution consisting
of ion Y (III) and hydrogen gas
2Y (s) + 6H2O (aq) 2Y3 + (aq) + 6OH- (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Reaction with oxygen
In the reaction with the combustion air or quickly it will form Yttrium (III) oxide
4Y (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Y2O3 (s)
Reactions with halogens
Yttrium is very reactive when it reacts with all the halogens to form trihalides
elements
2Y (s) + 3F2 (g) 2YF3 (s)
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2Y (s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2YCl3 (s)

2Y (s) + 3Br2 (g) 2YBr3 (s)
2Y (s) + 3I2 (g) 2YI3 (s)
Reaction with acids
Yttrium klrida soluble in acid to form a solution containing ions of Y (III) and
hydrogen gas
2Y (s) + 6HCl (aq) 2Y3 + (aq) + 6Cl- (aq) + 3H2 (g)
2.3. Yttrium Compounds
Yttrium metal is available commercially so it is not necessary to make it in
the laboratory. Yttrium is found in the mineral extraction lathanoid and yttrium
and lanthanoid metals from ores is very complex. This is an extract metals from
ores by salt extraction with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and
sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern techniques for the purification of these
lanthanoid salt mixtures involve selective complexation techniques, solvent
extraction and ion exchange chromatography.
Pure yttrium available through the reduction of YF 3 with calcium metal.
2YF 3 + 3Ca 2Y + 3CaF 2 2YF 3 + 2y + 3Ca 3CaF 2
Yttria (yttrium oxide, Y 2 O 3), was discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794 in a
mineral called gadolinite of Ytterby. Ytterby is the site of a mine in Sweden which
contains many unusual minerals containing erbium, Terbium and ytterbium and
yttrium. Friedrich Wohler states obtained pure element in 1828 by reduction of
chloride anhydrous (YCL 3) with potassium.
Yttrium compounds usually found in the form of compounds
- Yttrium garnet Allumunium Y3All5O12
- Yttrium (III) Oxide Y2O3

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This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as

halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some
other compounds of yttrium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for
yttrium given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p-block elements in
particular. Based on oxidation number, an electron configuration is also given but
note that for the other components, is seen as a guide only. The term hydride is
used in a generic sense to indicate compounds of the type M x H y and not
necessary to indicate that any compounds listed behave chemically as hydrides. In
the compound of yttrium, usually largely yttrium oxidation number is: 3.
Hydride
The term hydride is used in a generic sense to indicate compounds of the
type M x H y and not necessary to indicate that any compounds listed behave
chemically as hydrides.
Yttrium dihidrida: YH 2
Yttrium trihydride: YH 3
Fluoride, Chloride, Bromide, Iodide
Yttrium is very reactive to the halogens; fluorine, F 2; chlorine, Cl 2;
bromine, Br 2; and iodine, I 2, to form the trihalides yttrium (III) fluoride, YF 3;
yttrium (III) chloride, YCL 3; yttrium (III) bromide, YBR 3; and yttrium (III)
iodide, YI 3.
2Y (s) + 3F 2 (g) 3 2YF (s)
2Y (s) + 3Cl 2 (g) 3 2YCl (s)
2Y (s) + 3br 2 (g) 3 2YBr (s)
2Y (s) + 3I 2 (g) 3 2YI (s)
Yttrium triflourida: YF 3
Yttrium trichloride: YCL 3

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 Yttrium tribromide: YBR 3

Yttrium triiodide: YI 3
Oxide
Metal Yttrium reacts slowly in the air and its reaction with oxygen to form
yttrium (III) oxide, Y 2 O 3 Or Diyttrium trioxide: Y 2 O 3
4Y + 3O 2 2Y 2 O 3
sulfide
Diyttrium trisulphide: Y 2 S 3
complex
Diyttrium trisulphate octahydrate: Y 2 (SO 4) 3. 4/5 H 2 O
Yttrium trinitrate hexahydrate: Y (NO 3) 3 .3 / H 2 O 5
2.4. usage
- Yttrium garnet Allumunium Y3All5O12 this compound is used as a laser in
addition to diamond jewelry that stimulants on.
- Yttrium (III) Oxide Y2O3 compound is used to make YVO4 (Eu + Y2O3) Eu
phosphor which gives the red color in color TV tubes. Yttrium oxide is also used
to make Yttrium-Iron-garnet were used in the microwave to be effective
- In addition, Yttrium is also used to increase the strength of the metals aluminum
and magnesium alloy. Addition of Yttrium on iron has made his effectiveness in
working.
2.5. For Health and Environmental Effects
Yttrium danger if the moisture in the air is if inhaled by humans can cause
cancer and if it accumulates in excess amounts in the body causing damage to the
liver. On exposure to water the animals Yttrium cause damage to the cell
membrane, which affects the reproductive system and the function of the nervous

23

system. Yttrium is not toxic but some of scandium compounds are carcinogenic in
humans but it can cause liver damage if it accumulates in the body.
Yttrium can contaminate the environment, especially from the petroleum
industry and from the disposal of household furniture. Yttrium continuously
accumulate in the soil, it will trigger the concentration in the human body and
animals.
3.LANTHANUM
3.1. General Description
Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number
57. Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that is owned by a group 3 of
the periodic table and the lanthanides. Lanthanum is a soft metal, ductile, and soft
which quickly oxidize when exposed to air. It is produced from the mineral
monazite and bastnasite using a complex multistage extraction process.
Lanthanum compounds have many applications as catalysts, additives in glass,
carbon lighting for studio lighting and projection, ignition elements in lighters and
torches, electron cathodes, scintillators, and others. Lanthanum carbonate (La2
(CO3) 3) was approved as a treatment for kidney failure.
3.2. History and Discovery
A Swedish chemist, Carl Gustav Mosander which is a great chemist with
the nickname "father moses" in 1893 has found a new element in the form of a
sample of cerium nitrate impuritif. Lanthanum was discovered by the Swedish
chemist of this when he changed the composition of the sample of cerium nitrate
by heating and reacting the salt with dilute nitric acid. From the results of the
reaction and isolate the so-called lantana. Lanthanum was isolated in pure form in
1923.
Then he gave the name to the "Lanthana" which means "hidden". The
mineral is now known as Lanthanum oxide, La2O3. The pure metal is not / can
not be isolated up to 1923.

23

Lanthanum is the first element in a series of elements called

"Lanthanida" .Which often called the goal "rare earth" minerals or rare. Y and La
are almost always affiliated with the group Lanthanida. He is white silver, soft,
and quite easily sliced with a regular knife. The entire group IIIB metals in easily
arise if the staining in the air, and flammable as La2O3.
Separation operated commercially include deposition of a weak base
solution with the addition of magnesium oxide nitrate or ammonia gas.
Purification lanthanium remain in solution conditions. Another way fractional
crystallization made by Dimitry Mendeleev, in the form of double ammonium
nitrate tetrahydrate, which is used for separating the lanthanum that has a small
solubility of didymium which has a greater solubility in the system 1870 is used
commercially in lanthanum purification until the development of the solvent
extraction method which began in 1950 As the purification of lanthanum,
ammonium nitrate direkristalisaikan of water. Lanthanum is relatively easily
purified, since there is only one adjacent lanthanide cerium is very easily
separated according to the valence bond.
3.3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Lanthanum is a silvery white metal, malleable, strong but soft enough to cut with
a knife. He is one of the highly reactive metals. He oxidizing rapidly when
exposed to air. Lanthanum has a density of 6.17 g / cm 3. , Has a melting point of
1193.2 K and a boiling point of 3693 K.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Reaction with water
Lanthanum is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water but fairly
quickly if it reacts with hot water to form hydrogen gas and hydroxide Lanthana
2LA (s) + 6H2O (g) 2La (OH) 3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

23

- Reaction with oxygen

In the reaction with the combustion air or quickly it will form Lanthana (III)
oxide.
4LA (s) + 3O2 (g) 2La2O3 (s)
- Reactions with halogens
Lanthanum metal reacts with all the halogen elements form Lanthana (III) halide
2LA (s) + 3F2 (g) 2LaF3 (s)
2LA (s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2LaCl3 (s)
2LA (s) + 3Br2 (g) 2LaBr3 (s)
2LA (s) + 3I2 (g) 2LaI3 (s)
3.4. USE
Rarely La pure metal or oxide compound has a specific purpose. Because
the chemical elements have in common, they are very difficult to separate. The
mixture will be termaanfaatkan of the pure form. for example: "misch metal" is a
mix of some "rare earth" and is commonly used for "lighter flints' and forms of
phosphorus oxidation is also used in television screens (LaMgAl11O19) and some
similar fluorescence equipment.
La2O2 is used to create a special optical glass (glass adsorbs infrared,
camera and telescope lenses). If La is added in the steel will increase the softness
and durability of the steel. He was used as the main material in the carbon
electrode (carbon arc electrodes). La salts contained in the zeolite catalysts used in
petroleum pengkilangan process. One of the uses of the compounds Lanthanida
goal is in the film industry for studio lighting and projection.
Lanthanum can adsorb H2 gas so that the metal is called the "hydrogen
sponge" or a hydrogen sponge. H2 gas is dissociated into atomic H, which will fill

23

most of the room (interstice) in the La atoms. When the H atom escape back into
the air then they re-join the HH bond.
E. For Health and Environmental Effects
It is very dangerous and the smoke inhaled mist jikak with the influx of
oxygen and in the long term, will be able to cause embolism. If the person can
breathe La affected by lung cancer. If accumulates in the body, the La-threatening
liver organ. It can contaminate the environment, especially from the petroleum
industry and from the disposal of household furniture. He continuously
accumulate in the soil, it will trigger the concentration in the human body and
animals. Together with aquatic animals, La can cause damage to the cell
membrane, thus providing a negative effect on the reproductive and nervous
systems. He is very easy to accumulate in the muscles.
3.5. CHEMICAL REACTION
- Lanthanum combustible at 150 C to form lanthanum (III) oxide
4 La + 3 O2 2 La2O3 + La + 3O2 4 2LaO2
However, when exposed to moist air at room temperature, lanthanum oxide form a
hydrated oxide with a large volume increase.

- Lanthanum is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite
quickly with hot water to form lanthanum hydroxide:
2LA (s) + 6H2O (l) 2LA (OH) 3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) + 2LA (s) + 6H2O (l) 2LA
(OH) 3 (aq) + 3H 2 (g)
- Lanthanum easily soluble in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the
La (III) ions, which exist as [La (OH2) 9] 3 + complexes
2LA (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) 2La3 + (aq) + 3SO4 2- (aq) + 3H2 (g) + 2LA (s) + 3 H
2SO 4 (aq)

23

2LA 3 + (aq) + 3SO4 2- (aq) + 3H2 (g)

4. Actinium
4.1. General Description
Actinium (pronounced / ktnim / ak-TIN-nee- m) is a radioactive
chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89, discovered in 1899
actinium Actinides are elements of the group, a group of 15 similar elements
between actinium and lawrencium in Table periodic. Actinium, named aktinos of
bahasaYunani. Actinium is also a rare radioactive metal that glows in the dark.
Actinium isotope longest life (Ac-227) has a half-life of 21.8 years. This element
is obtained as impurities in pitchblende, an ore mined for uranium content. Onetenth of a gram of actinium can be recovered from 1 ton of pitchblende.
4.2. Origin of the Invention
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by Andre-Louis Debierne a French
chemist who separates from the mixture actinium. Actinium is separated from
uranium ores, in 1899 explained that actinium is similar to titanium and in 1900
explained that actinium is similar to thorium. Then Friedrich Oskar Giesel
independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance that is similar to
lanthanum and called it "emanium" in 1904 After the comparison substances in
1904, the name was retained because Debierne seniority. Actinium chemical
properties similar to lanthanum. The word actinium comes from the Greek,
activism, aktinos, which means light. Because Ac is a radioactive element that can
be glow in the dark room, which is caused by the intensity of radioactivity is blue.
Actinium is found in a number of sedukit in uranium ores but many more were
made in units of mg by means of neutron irradiation of 226 Ra in a nuclear
reactor. Actinium metal is made by way of reduction of actinium fluoride with
lithium vapor at temperatures 1100-1300C. 4.3. Chemical Properties
Actinium shows chemical properties similar to lanthanum. Because of this
similarity the separation of actinium from lanthanum and other rare earth
elements, which are also present in uranium ore becomes difficult. Solvent
23

extraction and ion exchange chromatography is used for separation. Only a

number of actinium compounds are known, such as ACF 3, AcCl 3, AcBr 3,
AcOF, AcOCl, AcOBr, Ac 2 S3, Ac2O, and AcPO3. All the mentioned compound
is similar to the compounds of lanthanum and actinium shows that compounds
generally have an oxidation number of +3.
4.4. Physical Properties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Density: 10 g / cm 3
Melting Point: 1323.2 K
Boiling Point: 2743 K
Form (25 C): solid
Color: white silver
Melting Heat : 14 kJ mol -1
Heat of evaporation: 400 kJ mol -1
Material Capacity: (25 C) 27.2 J mol -1 K -1

4.5. useful
The nature of radioactivity of actinium 150 times larger than radium,
making it possible to use AC as a neutron source. Instead, actinium is rarely used
in the field of industry. Ac-225 is used in the treatment, which is used in a
generator to produce Bi-213. Ac-225 can also be used as a healing agent for the
"radio-immunotherapy".
4.6. Health and Environmental Effects
Actinium-227 is highly radioactive and adverse health effects. Danger of
actinium is equal to the danger of plutonium. The greatest danger of raioaktif
transform life as we know it is a danger to the reproductive system and the nature
of the decline. Even with low-dose carcinogenic which causes a decrease in the
immune system. The growth of nuclear technology has brought a large amount of
radioactive substances into the atmosphere expenditures, land, and sea. Harmful
radiation and are concentrated in the food chain, so harmful to humans and
animals.
4.7. Chemical Reactions

23

 Reaction with oxygen

Actinium actinium flammable form (III) oxide
4ac (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Ac2O3 (s)
Actinium compounds
For example ACF 3, AcCl 3, AcBr 3, AcOF, AcOCl, AcOBr, Ac 2 S 3, Ac2O, and
AcPO3.

Actinium-227 is highly radioactive and adverse health effects.

The greatest danger from radioactive transform life as we know it is a
danger to the reproductive system and the nature of the decline.
Even with low-dose carcinogenic which causes a decrease in the immune
system.

BAB III
PEMBAHASAN
Bab ini berisi pembahasan dari pertayaan dan jawaban selama kegiatan
diskusi. Pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh beberapa peserta diskusi dan dijawab oleh
kelompok penyaji.
23

1. Nurbaiti:
Pertanyaan:
Mengapa unsur transisi dimulai dari golongan III B?
Senyawa scandium apa yang bersifat karsinogenik? Apa

yang

menyebabkan sifat karsinogen tersebut?

Mengapa scandium yang bersifat kuat bisa dipotong dengan pisau dengan
mudah?
Mengapa lanthanum bereaksi cepat dengan air panas tetapi lambat
denngan air dingin?
Jawaban:
Golongan-golongan B terletak antara golongan IIA dan IIIA. Unsureunsur tersebut merupakan peralihan dari golongan IIA ke golongan IIIA,
yaitu unsure-unsur yang dialihkan hingga di temukan unsure yang
mempunyai kemiripan sikap dengan golongan IIIA. Periode ketiga
golongan IIA ditempati oleh magnesim (nomor atom 12), sedangkan
golongan IIIAoleh aluminium (nomor atom 13). Pada periode keempat,
golongan IIA ditempati oleh kalsium (nomoratom 20). Namun demikian,
unsure

berikutnya,

yaitu

scandium

(nomor

atom

21),

tidak

menunjukkankemiripan sifat dengan aluminium. Oleh karena itu,

scandium tidak dapat ditempatkan di bawahaluminium pada golongan
IIIA. Ternyata, 10 unsur harus dialihkan hingga ditemukan gallium
(nomoratom 31) yang menunjukkan kemiripan sifat dengan aluminium.
Kesepuluh unsure tersebt merupkanunsure transisi periode 4.
Sc2O3, Na3ScF6, Sc(OH)3
Mudah dipotong karena ikatan logamnya lemah
Lanthanum cukup elektropositif dan bereaksi secara lambat dengan air
dingin tapi cukup cepat jika bereaksi dengan air panas membentuk
lanthana hidroksida dan gas hydrogen. Air dingin menyerang lantanium
secara pelan-pelan, sedangkan air panas dengan sangat cepat.
Lanthanum cukup elektropositif dan bereaksi lambat dengan air dingin
dan cukup cepat dengan air panas untuk membentuk lantanum
hidroksida.
2. Leo Saputra Simanjuntak
23

Pertanyaan:
Unsur Lantanum dan Actinium termasuk dalam golongan Lantanida dan
Actinida, kenapa dalam tabel periodik unsur dimasukkan dalam golonga III B
sedang lantanida dan aktinida yang lain diletakkan dalam penggolongan yang
berbeda?
Jawaban:
Semua unsure transisi dalam sebenarnya menempati golongan IIIB, yaitu
lantanida pada periode keenam dan aktinida pada periode ketujuh. Jadi,
golongan IIIB periode keenam dan periode ketujuh, masing-masing berisi 15
unsur. Unsure-unsur transisi dalam memiliki sifat-sifat yang sangat bermiripan
sehingga ditempatkan dalam satu kotak. Alasan pemisahan unsur-unsur
lantanida dan ktinida lain dari golonngan 3 B adalah untuk menyederhanakan
tampilan dari system periodic unsur.
3. Nurul Safitry
Pertanyaan:
Bagaiman kelimpahan dari unsur-unsur golongan III B? Bagaiman pula
kelimpahan dari isotop-isotop dari unsur golongan III B?
Jawaban:
Unsur-unsur golongan III B memiliki kelimpahan yang sedikit di muka bumi.
Begitu pula dengan isotp dari unsur-usur dalam golongan ini.

PENUTUP
I. Kesimpulan
Sifat Unsur-Unsur Golongan IIIB
1. Dalam satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah jari-jari semakin bertambah
besar. Sedangkan dalam satu periode, dari kiri ke kanan jari-jari semakin
pendek.
2. Dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah densitas semakin besar
3. Dalam satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah nilai energi ionisasi unsur
golongan IIIB semakin menurun.
4. Dalam satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah elektronegatifitas semakin kecil.

23

5. Unsur

golongan

IIIB

terdiri

dari

Skandium

(Sc), yitrium

(Itrium), lanthanum, dan Aktinium.

6. Unsur golongan III B adalah golongan unsur yang memiliki kemiripan
sifat paling dekat dengan unsur golongan II A.
7. Kelimpahan unsur golongan III B di muka bumi cukup jarang.
II. Saran
Demikian makalah tentang unsur golongan III B. Semoga bermanfaat dan
selanjutnya dalam penyusunan makalah sejenis diharapkan penulis dapat
menampilkan materi yang lebih lengkap.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim.

2009.

Golongan

IIIB.

(Online).

(http://kimiadahsyat.blogspot.com/2009/06/golongan-iii-b.html). Diakses
pada: 05 Oktober 2014
Anonim.

2013.

Sistem

Periodik

Unsur

(SPU).

(online).

(http://kimlemoet.wordpress.com/2013/08/15/sistem-periodik-unsurspu/). Diakses pada: 05 Oktober 2014

23

Anwar,

Kay.

2013.

Lantanida.

(online).

(http://kanwar03oke.blogspot.com/2013/06/lantanida.html).

Diakses

pada: 05 Oktober 2014

Suciasih,

Rizki.

2014.

Golongan

III

B.

(online).

(http://rizkisuciasih.wordpress.com/2014/05/10/golongan-iii-b/). Diakses
pada: 05 Oktober 2014
Utami,

Budi.

2012.

Sistem

periodic

Modern.

(online).

(https://www.academia.edu/5684762/Sistem_periodik_modern). Diakses
pada: 05 Oktober 2014

23