9 Arithmetic: Fractions
and Percentages
9.1 Revision of Operations with Fractions
In this section we revise the basic use of fractions.
Addition
a c
a+c
+
=
b b
b
a c
ac
=
b d
bd
Division
a c
a d
b d
b c
ad
=
bc
Example 1
Calculate:
(a)
3 4
+
5 5
(b)
3 1
+
7 3
Solution
(a)
3 4
3+4
+
=
5 5
5
7
5
= 1
(b)
2
5
3 1
9
7
+
+
=
7 3
21 21
16
21
142
Example 2
Calculate:
(a)
3
of 48
4
(b)
3
of 32
5
(b)
1 2
1
2 5
Solution
(a)
3
3
of 48 =
48
4
4
3 48
4
= 36
(b)
3
3
of 32 =
32
5
5
3 32
5
96
5
= 19
1
5
Example 3
Calculate:
(a)
3 3
4 7
Solution
(a)
33
3 3
=
47
4 7
9
28
(b)
1 2
3 2
=
1
2 5
2 5
=
6
10
3
5
or
1 2
3 2
=
1
1 2
2 5
5
=
143
3
5
9.1
Example 4
Calculate:
3 3
(a)
7 4
(b)
3 4
4 5
Solution
(a)
(b)
3 3
3 4
=
7 4
7 3
12
=
21
4
=
7
1
or
1 3
3 3
4
=
7 4
7 31
4
=
7
3 4
7 4
=
4 5
4 5
7 5
4 4
35
16
=2
3
16
Exercises
1.
2.
Calculate:
(a)
1 4
+
7 7
(b)
3 7
+
8 8
(c)
1 7
+
9 9
(d)
3
1
+
10 10
(e)
7
9
+
13 13
(f)
6 5
+
7 7
(g)
5 3
7 7
(h)
7 4
9 9
(i)
11 6
13 13
(b)
1 1
+
5 7
(c)
1 1
+
4 5
Calculate:
1 1
+
(a)
2 3
(d)
2 1
+
3 2
(e)
7
3
+
8 10
(f)
3 4
+
4 5
(g)
3 2
+
7 3
(h)
4 2
+
9 3
(i)
1 5
+
4 8
144
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Calculate:
(a)
1
1
1 +2
2
2
(b)
3
1
+4
4
4
(c)
3
1
+3
5
5
(d)
1
1
3 +1
3
2
(e)
4
3
+2
5
5
(f)
4
4
+3
7
7
(g)
(h)
2
1
+3
7
3
(i)
5
2
+3
9
3
(b)
3
1
3
4
4
(c)
3
1
2
8
4
3
5
+2
4
8
Calculate:
1
1
(a) 2 1
2
2
(d)
5
6
3
7
7
(e)
5
7
3 1
8
8
(f)
1
1
3
3
2
(g)
2
1
1
3
9
(h)
3
1
2
7
2
(i)
1
2
2
4
3
Calculate:
(a)
1
of 20
4
(b)
1
of 30 kg
5
(c)
3
of 32
4
(d)
4
of 90 kg
5
(e)
5
of 49 kg
7
(f)
3
of 20 m
8
(g)
3
of 36
5
(h)
7
of 42 m
10
Calculate:
1 1
(a)
2 4
(b)
3 1
8 5
(c)
2 3
3 5
(d)
6 2
7 3
(e)
4 3
5 4
(f)
4 3
7 5
(g)
1 3
2 4
(h)
4 3
9 7
(i)
1 4
8 5
(b)
3 8
4 9
(c)
3 4
5 5
Calculate:
1 1
(a)
2 3
(d)
7 1
10 2
(e)
3 3
4 5
(f)
5 7
9 8
(g)
6 2
7 3
(h)
4 3
7 4
(i)
5 2
6 3
145
9.1
8.
Calculate:
1 3
(a) 1
2 4
(b)
1 2
2 7
(c)
1 1
1
2 4
(e)
1 3
2 4
(f)
2 4
1
3 5
Calculate:
1 3
(a) 1
2 4
(b)
1 1
2 2
(c)
1 2
4 3
1 1
2 4
(e)
1 4
2 5
(f)
1 2
4 3
(b)
1
4
3 1
2
7
(c)
1 1
3
(b)
1
1
1
2
4
(c)
1
3
3 1
3
7
(b)
1 3
2 7
(c)
1
1
3
4
6
(e)
1
2
1 2
2
3
(f)
2
5
1
3
8
(d)
9.
(d)
10.
11.
Calculate:
1 3
(a) 1
2 4
Calculate:
(a)
12.
1 2
4 3
3
1
1
4
2
Calculate:
(a)
4
3
+1
7
4
(d)
1
6
1
2
7
Example 1
There are 600 pupils in a school. How many school lunches must be prepared if:
(a)
3
of the pupils have school lunches,
4
(b)
2
of the pupils have school lunches?
3
146
Solution
(a)
3
3
of 600 =
600
4
4
1800
=
4
or
3
3 150
of 600 =
600
4
1 4
= 450 lunches
= 450 lunches
(b)
2
2
of 600 =
600
3
3
1200
=
3
or
2
2 200
of 600 =
600
3
1 3
= 400 lunches
= 400 lunches
Example 2
1
m
4
(b)
Solution
Perimeter = 2
1
1
1
1
+1 + 2 +1
4
3
4
3
= 2
3
4
3
4
+1 + 2 +1
12
12
12
12
= 6
14
12
= 7
1
m
6
Area = 2
1
1
1
4
3
or
Area = 2
1
1
1
4
3
9 41
31
1 4
9 4
4 3
36
12
= 3 m2
= 3 m2
147
1
m
3
9.2
Example 3
A loaf of bread requires
6
1
kg of flour?
2
3
kg of flour. How many loaves can be made from
4
Solution
6
1 3
2 4
13 3
2
4
13 4
2
3
52
6
4
6
2
3
8 loaves can be made.
=
2
.
3
Pressing 4
fraction
, which
7
represents 4 .
9
Note that you must write the fractions in their correct form, and not just copy the
display.
(Some calculator displays may be different from this example check the
instruction booklet for your calculator.)
Exercises
1.
Use your calculator to find answers for the following, making sure that they
are written in the correct way:
1 3
5 1
3 1
+
(a)
(b)
(c)
4 7
7 3
4 9
(d)
1 1
2 6
(e)
3 7
4 8
148
(f)
4 3
5 8
2.
(g)
1
1 7
2
(h)
1 3
2 4
(i)
5
2
1 +4
7
3
(j)
1
2
1 1
2
3
(k)
1 3
4 4
(l)
(a)
6
and then press the =
8
Describe what happens.
(b)
8
and then press the =
6
Describe what happens.
(c)
What happens to each of the fractions listed below if you enter it into
3.
9
,
2
4
,
6
6
,
4
1
2
3
2
5
key:
10
,
3
3
10
Calculate the area and perimeter for each of the rectangles below:
(a)
2
m
3
(b)
3
m
5
1
m
2
1
m
4
4.
5.
1
of the discs they produce
20
have faults. How many faulty floppy discs would you have if you bought:
(a)
6.
7.
100 discs,
3 kg flour,
(d)
1 kg flour,
(b)
80 discs,
(c)
2000 discs ?
3
kg of flour. How many cakes could be made with:
8
2
(b) 6 kg flour,
(c)
kg flour,
3
1
1
(e) 1 kg flour,
(f) 1 kg flour.
2
3
3
cm
4
x
9.2
8.
1
cm thick. Calculate the height of a pile of paper that
80
(a)
40 sheets,
(b)
120 sheets,
(c)
70 sheets,
(d)
140 sheets.
1
cm high?
2
1
2
litres of orange squash. To make one drink,
of a
200
5
litre of squash is needed.
A bottle contains 1
3
4
1
cm
5
3
cm
4
3
cm
8
Example 1
Convert the following fractions to percentages:
(a)
17
100
(b)
9
10
(c)
3
5
(d)
3
4
(e)
1
3
(f)
1
8
150
1
.
100
Solution
(a)
17
1700
100 =
100
100
or
1
17
100 = 17%
1 100
or
10
9
100
1 10
= 90%
or
20
3
100
1 5
= 60%
or
25
3
100
1 4
= 75%
= 17%
(b)
9
100
10
900
10
= 90%
(c)
3
300
100 =
5
5
= 60%
(d)
3
300
100 =
4
4
= 75%
(e)
(f)
1
100
100 =
3
3
1
= 33 %
3
1
100
100 =
8
8
4
= 12
8
1
= 12 %
2
Example 2
Convert these percentages to fractions:
(a)
30%
(b)
(d)
6%
(e)
80%
1
16 %
2
Solution
(a)
30
100
3
=
10
30% =
151
(c)
(f)
45%
1
62 %
2
9.3
80
100
8
=
10
(b)
80% =
(c)
45% =
(d)
6% =
(e)
1
1
1
16 % = 16
2
2 100
45
100
9
=
20
6
100
3
=
50
33
1
2 100
33
=
200
(f)
1
1
1
62 % = 62
2
2 100
=
125
1
2
100
125
200
5
8
Example 3
A football team is based on a squad of 20 players. In one season 8 players are
shown a red or yellow card.
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a)
(b)
8
800
100 =
20
20
= 40%
or
100 40 = 60%
152
5
8
100 = 40%
1 20
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
50%
(b)
75%
(c)
40%
(d)
25%
(e)
20%
(f)
10%
(g)
8%
(h)
58%
(i)
36%
(j)
64%
(k)
76%
(l)
12%
7
10
(b)
1
2
(c)
1
4
(d)
3
4
(e)
7
20
(f)
6
25
(g)
19
20
(h)
17
25
(i)
3
5
(j)
1
5
(k)
11
20
(l)
7
50
1
12 %
2
(b)
2
66 %
3
(c)
1
33 %
3
(d)
1
14 %
2
(e)
1
18 %
2
(f)
1
4 %
4
(a)
1
8
(b)
1
6
(c)
3
8
(d)
47
200
(e)
61
200
(f)
2
3
5.
In a class of 25 pupils there are 8 individuals who play in the school hockey
team. What percentage of the class play in the hockey team?
6.
153
9.3
7.
8.
A double decker bus has 72 seats; there are 18 empty seats on the bus.
9.
10.
(a)
(b)
(b)
Jason took 4 tests at school and his results are given below:
Science
60 out of
80
Maths
75 out of 100
English
38 out of
50
French
28 out of
40
(a)
(b)
Example 1
Calculate 20% of 120.
Solution
20% of 120 =
=
20
120
100
2
120
10
= 24
154
Example 2
Calculate 75% of 48 kg.
Solution
75% of 48 kg =
=
75
48
100
3
48
4
= 36 kg
Value Added Tax (VAT) is added to the price of many products; in the UK it is
1
1
currently 17 %. An interesting way to calculate 17 % is to use the fact that
2
2
1
1
17 = 10 + 5 + 2 ; this is illustrated in the next example.
2
2
Example 3
A bike costs 180 before VAT is added. How much VAT must be added to the
1
cost of the bike, if VAT is charged at 17 % ?
2
Solution
10%
of 180 = 18
5%
of 180 = 9
1
2 % of 180 = 4.50
2
1
17 % of 180 = 18 + 9 + 4.50
2
= 31.50
155
9.4
Exercises
1.
2.
Calculate:
(a)
50% of 22
(b)
10% of 70 m
(c)
25% of 60
(d)
30% of 80 m
(e)
60% of 40
(f)
90% of 50 kg
(g)
75% of 30
(h)
25% of 6 kg
(i)
30% of 32 kg
(j)
16% of 40
(k)
70% of 8 m
(l)
35% of 20
Use the method of Example 3 to calculate the VAT that must be added to the
1
following prices at a rate of 17 %:
2
(a) 200
(b) 300
(c) 40
(d)
3.
(a)
(b)
4.
6.
7.
8.
(e)
28
(f)
38
1
Calculate 17 % of 25
2
Describe the most sensible way to give your answer.
1
Calculate 17 % of the following amounts, giving your answers to a sensible
2
degree of accuracy:
(a)
5.
30
15
(b)
75
(c)
(b)
How much would you pay for the bike in the sale?
9.
In a school there are 280 pupils in Year 7. 85% of these pupils go on a trip to
Alton Towers. How many pupils go on the trip?
10.
Alec scores 75% on a test with a maximum of 56 marks. How many marks
does Alec score in the test?
156
20
100
= 0.2 p
120
= 1.2
100
80
= 0.8
100
Example 1
The price of a jar of coffee is 2.00. Calculate the new price after an increase
of 10%.
Solution
10% of 2.00 =
10
2
100
or
= 0.2
= 2.20
= 2.20
157
9.5
Example 2
In a sale, the price of a TV is reduced by 40%. What is the sale price if the original
price was 170.
Solution
40% of 170
40
170
100
or
= 68
Sale price
so multiply by 0.6
= 170 68
= 102
= 102
Example 3
Jared earns 24 each week by working in a shop. His wages are to be increased by
5%. How much will he then earn each week?
Solution
5% of 24 =
5
24
100
100% + 5%
or
= 1.20
= 105%,
so multiply by 1.05
= 25.20
= 25.20
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
40
(b)
136
(c)
262
(c)
340
50
(b)
92
(a)
Increase 40 m by 30%
(b)
Increase 60 by 5%
(c)
Increase 66 by 20%
(d)
Increase 80 kg by 40%
(e)
(f)
Decrease 60 by 25%
(g)
Reduce 70 kg by 5%
(h)
Reduce 90 by 15%
(i)
Increase 40 m by 7%
(j)
Increase 18 by 4%
158
4.
A computer costs 600. In a sale there is a 20% discount on the price of the
item. Calculate the sale price of the computer.
5.
A shopkeeper increases all the prices in his shop by 4%. What is the new
price of each of the items below? Give your answers to the nearest penny.
Box of chocolates
Bag of flour
75p
Packet of sweets
50p
Tin of beans
20p
Can of drink
45p
6.
A CD player costs 90. In a sale the price is reduced by 25%. Calculate the
sale price.
7.
8.
1
Add 17 % VAT to the following prices, giving your answers to the nearest
2
pence:
(a)
400
(b)
22
(c)
65
9.
The population of a town is 120 000. What is the total population of the
town after a 5% increase?
10.
11.
(a)
(b)
How much money does she have after 5 years? (Give your answer to
the nearest pence.)
Andrew has 100 to invest in a building society. At the end of each year,
10% interest is added to his investment.
(a)
What is the multiplier that can be used each year to calculate the new
amount in the account?
(b)
(c)
(d)
159
increase
100
original amount
Percentage decrease =
decrease
100
original amount
Similarly,
Example 1
The price of a drink increases from 40p to 45p. What is the percentage increase?
Solution
Increase = 45p 40 p
= 5p
Percentage increase =
=
5
100
40
25
2
= 12.5%
Example 2
The number of pupils in a school increases from 820 to 861. Calculate the
percentage increase.
Solution
Increase = 861 820
= 41 pupils
Percentage increase =
41
100
820
= 5%
160
Example 3
Although the lion is thought of as an African animal, there is a small population in
India and elsewhere in Asia. The number of lions in India decreased from 6000 to
3900 over a 10-year period. Calculate the percentage decrease in this period.
Solution
Decrease = 6000 3900
= 2100 lions
Percentage decrease =
2100
100
6000
= 35%
Example 4
The price of cheese, per kg, is increased from 3.26 to 3.84. What is the
percentage increase?
Solution
Increase = 3.84 3.26
= 0.58
Percentage increase =
0.58
100
3.26
(384 326) p
= 58p
Percentage increase
58
100
326
= 17.8% to 1 decimal place
Example 5
In a sale, the price of a bike is reduced from 180 to 138. Calculate the
percentage reduction in price, correct to 1 decimal place.
161
9.6
Solution
Reduction = 180 138
= 42
Percentage reduction =
42
100
180
Exercises
1.
The price of a school lunch increases from 1.40 to 1.54. Calculate the
percentage increase in the price.
2.
3.
The price of a car increases from 8000 to 8240. What is the percentage
increase in the price of the car?
4.
A shopkeeper buys notepads for 60p each and sells them for 80p each.
What percentage of the selling price is profit?
5.
The value of an antique clock increases from 300 to 345. Calculate the
percentage increase in the value of the clock.
6.
7.
8.
The price of a bus fare is reduced from 55p to 40p. Calculate the
percentage reduction in the price of the bus fare, correct to 1 decimal place.
9.
162
10.
Jasmine invests 250 in a building society. After the first year her account
contains 262.50. After the second year it contains 280.88. Calculate the
percentage increase of the amount in her account:
(a)
(b)
(c)
= 1.175
Original price
120
1.175
141
1.175
141
Example 1
Jane's salary was increased by 10% to 9350. What was her original salary?
Solution
100% + 10% = 110%,
110
= 1.1
100
Therefore Jane's original salary would have been multiplied by 1.1 to give 9350.
which =
1.1
1.1
9350
9350
163
9.7
Example 2
In a sale, the price of a video recorder is reduced by 22% to 218.40. How much
money would you save by buying the video recorder in the sale?
Solution
100% 22% = 78%
=
78
100
= 0.78
The original price would have been multiplied by 0.78 to get the sale price. So
divide by 0.78 to find the original price.
Original price
0.78
0.78
280
218.40
218.40
Example 3
1
The cost of an order, including VAT at 17 %, is 274.95.
2
Calculate the cost of the order without VAT.
Solution
Original cost
234
1.175
1.175
274.95
274.95
164
Exercises
1.
In a sale the prices of all the clothes in a shop are reduced by 20%.
Calculate the original prices of the items below:
Item
Sale Price
Jeans
36
Coat
56
Shirt
14
2.
3.
The amount that Jason earns for his paper round is increased by 2% to
21.93 per week. How much extra money does Jason now get each week?
4.
A special value packet of breakfast cereal contains 25% more than the
standard packet. The special value packet contains 562.5 grams of cereal.
How much does the standard packet contain?
5.
1
The bill for repairing a computer is 29.38 which includes VAT at 17 %.
2
What was the bill before the VAT was added?
6.
7.
A 3.5% pay rise increases Mr Smith's annual salary to 21 735. What was
his original salary?
8.
The price of a bike in a sale is 145. If the original price has been reduced
1
by 12 % , what was the original price? (Give your answer to the nearest
2
pence.)
9.
Alice carries out an experiment to record how quickly plants grow. One
plant increases in height from 12.0 cm to 13.8 cm in one week. A second
plant increases by the same percentage to 16.1 cm. What was the original
height of the second plant?
10.
James buys a computer. The seller reduces the price by 30% and adds VAT
at 17.5%. If James pays 1551 for the computer, what was its original
price? (Give your answer to the nearest pence.)
165