Ex LiBRIS
The Pennsylvania
hobticultural society
LYRASIS
http://www.archive.org/details/hardyperennialsOOmacs
HARDY
PERENNIALS
HARDY PERENNIALS
BY
A.
Founder and
First
Author
of
J.
Chairman
MACSELF
of the National
etc.
by R. A. Malby:
by Winifred Walker
water-colour drawings
line
drawings by
Maud
A.
West
NEW YORK
First Published
April, 1922
CONTENTS
chap.
Introductory
.......
PART
II
....
24
........
Preliminary
VI
VII
Planting
31
19
Garden
IV
13
III
page
........
41
47
52
...
65
......
y^
in the
PART
Plants Worth Growing
....
Garden
II
Index
215
1434
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
DRAWINGS
IN
....
FritiUaria Imperialis
Types
COLOUR
of Irises
Grouped
in Grass
....
Lilium Regale
Modern
Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
24
40
56
64
88
160
192
LINE DRAWINGS
PAGE
35
37
An Example
An Example
of
Bad
Planting
47
of Rational Planting
48
Cutting of Delphinium
58
59
60
Root Cuttings
61
....
63
Layering Trailers
64
66
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
10
PAGE
Long-spurred Aquilegia
Chrysanthemum
90
III
114
Layering Carnations
Root
Geum
of
:
Eremurus
138
Mrs. Bradshaw.
Mimulus: "Chalk
Hill
Giant"
147
166
177
"
Propagating Ornamental Vine from " Eyes
211
DEDICATED
TO
WHOMSOEVER LOVES A
DESIRES
GARDEN AND
TO GROW BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS
HARDY PERENNIALS
INTRODUCTORY
OURbooks
subject
of
many
13
INTRODUCTORY
14
who
those
find
difficulty
among
the
inevitable
technicalities, botanical
must
a book of this
find a
place
in
character,
let
us assure
will in
INTRODUCTORY
There
will also
15
in the inter-
may
and success
in its pursuit.
PART
CHAPTER
THE
usual custom
is
to
and construction
accommodation of the plants
one
is
The
advised to grow.
ideal site is described, the soil of
which we
loam of medium
The method of making good paths is
with, and the provision of suitable boundary
dealt
fences, shelters
This
is
all
HARDY PERENNIALS
20
Then let us view the matter from another standpoint, and see what can be done in the way of
selecting plants that will revel in, or at the least
accommodate themselves
to
the
conditions
that
prevail.
subjects.
is he who possesses a garden
deep rich loam, providing sunny borders, shady
nooks, well-drained slopes and moist hollows with
shelter from rough winds but suffering no dis-
Fortunate, of course,
of
all
seasons.
21
to
the owner of a confined town garden, a windswept slope of hungry gravelly soil, a patch of cold
or of shallow earth over chalk,
stiff clay,
but
disappoint,
that
all
effort
discourage
to
and
make such
foster
it
the
would
idea
futile.
preferences.
It does
HARDY PERENNIALS
22
make
To
suit
prevailing conditions.
It
is
many
knowledge
of the
numbers
of
in
weeds.
we
mere
useless
is
23
certainly at a disadvantage as
of his neighbourhood.
Verbascum
blattaria in the
bouring
But even
fields.
in
some native
and
at
At the very
least,
the
of our
study
for his
will help
own
him much
garden.
and such
CHAPTER
II
LETignorenotor
it
for a
moment be supposed
that
we
importance of sensible
endeavours to make the soil of any garden as good
as it can be made.
Nothing we have written is
intended to convey the impression that the garden
maker should just take things as he finds them and
make no effort to increase the fertility of his soil.
On the contrary no satisfaction or success may be
expected unless intelligent and thoughtful labour
is put into the cultivation of the soil.
We will not waste our space over scientific jargon
as to the chemical and organic constituents of
various kinds of soil. To skim the surface of such
a subject is worse than useless. To deal thoroughly
and in detail with the science of soils, their origin,
composition, and peculiarities requires a volume.
Our present purpose is to make a few plain practical
remarks that
belittle the
may
improving the
possibilities
of successful gardening.
in
garden
24
soils are
harsh, stony
IRl'IILLARIA IMPERIALIS
(Crown Imperial)
LUTEA
25
gravel and a
soils
Stones, gravel,
but
it
and
close binding
is
means exclusion
point
is
of air
growth of plants.
which is
Another
HARDY PERENNIALS
26
Green Manuring
very beneficial to sandy and stony soils. Green
manuring is accomplished by sowing a plot of
ground with white mustard, rape, or some other
quick-growing crop that makes plenty of leaf, and
digging the whole in when growth has well advanced. If an ounce each of Kainit and superphosphate per square yard are sown and raked
in with the seed growth will be very rapid, and
as the green crop grows plant food is absorbed
by the leaves from the atmosphere and by the
roots from the soil, all of which will be eventually
buried in the soil to become available to the next
occupants of the ground.
A frequent mistake when adding humus to a
is
hungry
soil is to
destroy
it
by the
again
application
bum.
Stiff
clay
is
The exclusion
air
is
excluded.
may
up and
useless.
clay soil
is
many
it
is
plants.
left
in clods in
air
and
frosts
of winter will
27
mellow
crumble
down
to
fine
tilth.
Quicklime,
correct
its
acidity
and
liberate
hardy plants.
There is a vast difference between a broken-up
pasture and the undersoil from which the surface
turf has been removed.
The turf itself, full of
fibrous roots, rich in humus and nourishment, is
often removed for sale, but it must be remembered
that the soil underneath has lain undisturbed
perhaps for many years, shut off from the influence
of
HARDY PERENNIALS
28
of
sun and
air
effects of winter's
and sour,
and requires a thorough course of treatment to
fit it for the growing of hardy plants.
The first step should be to throw up the soil
frosts.
may
it
may
of
be advisable to
is still
another kind of
soil
29
cultivated
added to the
result
be that the
will
when humus
soil
a sour
soil,
good dressing
bum up
becomes
originally
make
it
Here
life will
sour.
food.
continually
plant
is
soil
the
soil
in themselves
an old garden
sluggish
was
likely to
light soil
case will be
more
wood
beneficial
cation of manure, at
'
HARDY PERENNIALS
30
should proceed
when
This applies to
all soils
the ground
is
excessively wet.
Never dig in
and certainly snow must
never be buried. If a garden is on water-logged
ground something must be done to improve drainage.
The laying of an elaborate system of pipe drains
the frosted crust of
soil,
it
CHAPTER
III
PLANNING
THE
reader
or takes
who happens
to secure a
new garden,
been so long
HARDY PERENNIALS
32
unrestricted sunlight
Laurel,
sus,
to
Aucuba
japonica,
common Thuya
or Cupres-
It
is
sadly
common
shrubs.
It
is,
of
any
rate
where
Laburnum
33
or
In cases
that
really
or screen, Tamarix,
and fragrant
which will make a grand hedge if
given the support of a few posts and wires, are quite
capable of fulfilling the requirements of a hedge, and
will delight us with gay blossoms instead of the
eternal and monotonous green of Privet and Laurel.
Escallonia, Laurustinus, or the beautiful
Penzance
Briers,
The common
error
is
to
and beds.
pathway
By
at
to separate
this arrange-
the
full benefit of
HARDY PERENNIALS
34
paths are
pathway.
may
all
the
give play to
good
may
of
small
36
HARDY PERENNIALS
that sometimes
replace.
and serve as a
beds.
main occupants
of the
,^
i^t^>^?^.::^}^:^^-\i
-f^r'
/^u''.>^^',v v.j'.A
with Beds of
HARDY PERENNIALS
38
For the more prominently placed beds tall erectgrowing subjects might be thinly planted over the
surface of the bed, allowing space for some carpeting
plant to cover the whole area inside the edging.
If each of the subjects chosen for a bed flowers at
a different season, the bed will be attractive over
the whole season from Spring to Autumn, and with
a varied series of such beds one will have a garden
of ever-changing beauty and interest.
Corners of the grass where there is little treading
may be planted with Colchicums, Autumn- or Springflowering Crocuses and other bulbs, and even in
Winter we may secure a measure of brightness with
berried shrubs, silvery or variegated edging plants,
and patches
of the
Seasonal Borders
Where space
in gardens of
well-known enthusiasts,
scheme
39
highly
is
commended.
The
taller
and
is
used to
among
the
Verbascums with
leaves
and
Candelabra-like
capital
upstanding
objects
clumps.
their
a fine sight.
may
also
The
be
giants
huge woolly
inflorescences
make
which by attracting
tropical
is
large.
appearance,
HARDY PERENNIALS
40
variety of situation
or
elevation,
and
may
Liliums
and years of engrossing interest and enjoyable work may be occupied in establishing a repre-
plants,
sentative collection.
-The
Iris
family with
us with cheap,
easily
its
many
sections provides
There are
like-
matter of
cost,
aristocrats of Flora's
kingdom
so far as loveliness
is
and
who would
varieties
the
environment that
all classes
will
ensure
many
families are
pondered
TYPES OF IRISES
Top
Spanish
Right
Germanica
Striped
English
CHAPTER
IV
WHATEVER the
soil
Nothing
is
essential
less
digging
is
to finish.
41
42
HARDY PERENNIALS
broken up.
Another two-foot
strip is
then measured
for
manner
but the
forking.
top-soil,
which
is
If
manure
is
plentiful,
may
of
and conservation
Manuring
we can only treat in a general and superficial
manner.
The ordinary run of herbaceous plants
but require a reasonably rich
soil,
and must have a tolerable amount of
humus, which is decayed vegetable matter. Some
are not fastidious
subjects prefer a
heavy
soil,
many
a would-be gardener.
is
43
method
soil
of testing
is
about an ounce of
soil in
soil is
say
Shake
well mixed, then pour in
gill of
rain-water.
half
cation of lime.
If
the
soil is infested
On Planting Seasons
Where planting
one's object
is
is
to proceed immediately or
to sweeten
where
greater safety.
HARDY PERENNIALS
44
It is well to allow
digging
and before
danger of
planting,
fine particles
otherwise
there
is
and
this renders
it
difficult
new
A
'
roothold in their
quarters.
question
When
is
frequently
asked
by novices
is
baceous plants ?
Too often the answers are
given in general terms, suggesting that Autumn
and Spring are suitable seasons for all such operations.
'
most things
in most places may be successfully done in Autumn
or in Spring, but whereas on light dry soils Autumn
It is perfectly true that planting of
planting
is
root, a great
45
that,
necessitates, they
'
along early,'
or
'
along in Autumn.'
The Nurseryman,
little
in order to
extra expense of
making
When
HARDY PERENNIALS
46
The
away
winds.
When
the cavity
is filled
with
soil,
trodden
CHAPTER V
PLANTING
THEengage
task of planting
actual
deal
more
in
the roots
it
of
may
profitably
is a good
than just making a hole and sticking
plant
in
it.
Some
things seem
growing if
they are only thrown on
the ground with a spadeful of soil over them, but
that is not the right way
treat
plants from
to
which we want first-class
capable
results.
of
One method
commonly prac-
which
is
tised
but
may
be con-
demned without
cation
is
qualifi-
that of pressing
come
size.
mass
of
and consequently
HARDY PERENNIALS
48
languish,
and probably
die, especially
twisted in pressing
them
as
if,
is
very
doubled up and
All holes
make
mound
upon
have
the
it
will
just
crown
point
from
its
which
young
growth start s
level with the
ground line. Lay
out the roots on
every side so that
they spread down
the
sides
of
the
mound without
Rational Planting, allowing Space for
Soil.
well-broken
soil
until the
whole
is
sides
of
Fill in
filled
the
with
slightly
level.
the roots.
It is a
fair
if
PLANTING
49
if merely planted
Those plants that have rhizomatous or stoloniferous stems, that is stems that
run over the surface of the ground and root into
in
of
stoloniferous
char-
acter.
just
to regain
it.
HARDY PERENNIALS
50
Labelling
always a pity to neglect to label plants, and
should be done at planting time lest it should be
delayed until names are forgotten or the exact
It is
it
sure to
of
regretted.
As
to
of planting
soil
and the
plants.
PLANTING
soil it is
water
amount
of
it,
51
CHAPTER
VI
HERE
field
that
is
must
we have
for
By Seed
up a wide
study and experiment, and one
a subject that opens
much
find
plants,
The
whether
first
it
52
the ideal.
when
dry,
it is
53
of
dug
Autumn
in
pulverize
it
and
may
years old,
amount
The
all
latter
may
velopment of the
fragile
young
seedlings.
HARDY PERENNIALS
54
may
varieties, are
best
frame or hand-light.
It seems to be quite the general practice to press
the soil down smooth and even after the seeds are
covered, but there can be little justification for
that operation which must tend to exclude air,
and very frequently causes the surface to form a
crust through which the seedlings break with
difficulty.
The soil under the seeds should be
pressed moderately firm, but all that is necessary
for the covering soil is to water it with a fine-rosed
can, which will settle the surface quite as closely
as is good for the seeds.
During ordinary seasons there will be enough
soil
55
water and hour of application. Hard tapwater straight from the main is not good for any
plant, but where rain-water cannot be had it is
of distinct advantage to keep a tub or tank filled
in a position exposed to the sun, for in a day or two
such water will nearly approach the temperature
the
months evening
will
if
Transplanting Seedlings
Before growth has advanced sufficiently to overcrowd seedlings, those sown in pans, boxes, or frames
in other
HARDY PERENNIALS
56
soil
serve
as
deterrents to
or finely
charcoal
PRIiMULAS, AURICULAS,
AND POLVAMHU.-.
57
at the plants.
2.
great
Propagating by Cuttings
many
of the
named garden
varieties of
'
The number
for propagation is
very
large,
all
58
HARDY PERENNIALS
'
size,
and
many
if
trailing
their long
hardened, and
many
of our
or
59
If
pots
Badly Trimmed, the Cut being too far below Joint. 2. Correct, Square Cut at
Base of Joint. 3. Cutting with Neatly Trimmed " Heel."
ten cuttings
may
HARDY PERENNIALS
6o
watering,
of the glass.
after
the
first
warm day
to
show
application through
a fine-rosed watering-can
may
become
fairly
dry
Of course no
young cu 1 1 i n g s
be
should ever
given anything in
fall.
the
way
man-
of
ure-water or
Cuttings of Strong Growing Plants
inserted in a sheltered border.
Many things may be thus propagated without
tilizers.
fer-
Such
stimulants cannot
of roots
are forming.
dwarf Campanulas,
Gaillardias,
6i
dUJ
a simple matter.
3.
Root Cuttings
may
growth.
These
be readily propagated
into
Exam-
ples
of
Romneyas,
first
etc.
In
Root of Centaurea.
Cross Lines show where to
cut to make root cuttings.
the
must be carefully
dug up, taking
care not to break
or injure the long
thick roots.
The
roots
may
lengths
HARDY PERENNIALS
62
charcoal or lime.
light soil
serve as
4.
The
Propagation by Division
majority
increased
by
hardy
of
perennials
may
be
division.
may
knife.
Pseonies, Delphiniums,
Hellebores,
are
all
plants
of
the
63
class
By
Propagation by Layering
layering
a plant in the
is
soil in
order that
it
may make
of
inde-
method of
propagating named varieties of Carnations, and is
dealt with in detail in the cultural hints upon that
parent
plant.
It
is
the
recognized
HARDY PERENNIALS
64
ziesias,
may
'
tongue
'
is
make
two
in Carnations
sufficient
just to
a small notch or
bark on the
in the
Many flower-
ing climbers
ing
shrubs
and
flower-
are
readily propagated
also
by
layering,
types,
may
joint,
ciently rooted.
CHAPTER
THE CARE OF PLANTS
VII
IN
THE GARDEN
MUCH
if
Phloxes,
Solidagos,
a crowded mass.
The weaker stems, and especially those in the centre
of the plant, should be cut clean away from the base
a
'
left in
HARDY PERENNIALS
66
tinuity of
when
when seeds
duction, consequently
Moreover,
physical strain
there
is
in developing seeds to
maturity
vitality of
a neatly and
securely staked
Hollyhock.
the root stock after the flowering and growing season, and as the stems and
leaves wither the greater part of the sap that is
in
the
'
eyes
growth
'
or
'
buds
will proceed.
'
away
of
will materially
The
Ills
weaken the
still
67
plant.
By
chief offenders,
enemy
at a distance.
of great importance
greatest possible
vast numbers.
amount
will
do an
immense
which
and one
insects,
eradicate.
of the
Leather- jacket
pedes, Slugs,
of the worst of
most troublesome to
grubs,
Woodlice,
Milli-
HARDY PERENNIALS
68
are
common
enemies,
all
of
soil
by making
As soon
as the mixture
moisture of the
soil
it
comes
upon these
plants.
When
gnawing or sucking
69
many
pro-
to.
There are
by
to
see
that every
away dead
insects
and
day or two
late to grapple
HARDY PERENNIALS
70
leaves.
and Delphiniums
In practically
all
safest
Two
to a gallon of rain-water
makes a
useful fungicide.
Be
PART
II
PLANTS
HAVING
WORTH GROWING
general
principles
of
management.
arrangement
is
importance.
Acsena.
members
of this
Rock
and
that
foliage.
show
to best
HARDY PERENNIALS
74
of
metallic
'
among
which
is
evergreen,
Grecian and
Roman
of the
is
of a
more
rosy
stagnant moisture
is
75
apt to rot
We
'
'
Achillea Siberica
is
more elegant
HARDY PERENNIALS
76
and
is
asunder,
plant the
Actaea.
and
summer
This
is
after transplanting.
The plant
when once
^y
likes moisture,
and
When
may
stock a clump
it
is
desired to increase
in early Spring.
or Flower of
'
'
of our Spring
flowers.
Alstroemeria.
Like
miniature
lilies,
individually,
size that
Their beauty
contrasting colours
other plant.
The
is
make them
distinct
from any
roots of Alstroemeria
are fleshy
HARDY PERENNIALS
78
The tubers
are
From
this deep-rooting
habit
we
get an inkling
and dread
of
Some
A.
lilac, red,
with
pelegrina,
and purple
bright
Althaea.
This
class of
combination
of
and A.
versicolor,
and green.
is
the botanical
long ranked
striking
markings,
green
purple, maroon,
among
name of
single varieties of
the Holly-
which have
whom we
call
the
florists.
is
79
required
some dark
one of the species of Althaea
may be planted with confidence, and should the
troublesome fungoid disease that attacks the florist's
Hollyhock make their cultivation difficult, the
stronger species may well be utilized in their stead,
for they seem to be practically immune from
Althaea cannabina is a tall-growing plant
disease.
producing an abundance of single rose-pink flowers.
A. ficifolia has handsome seven-lobed leaves which
gave it the name of the fig-leaved Hollyhock. Its
flowers are clear sulphur yellow, and an established
plant throws up many stems well clothed with
bloom. Another yellow-flowered species is A.
sulphurea, with almost round leaves. This is not
to stand out in conspicuous relief against
background a mass
so
tall,
of
an Italian species
with rosy-red flowers. It makes a fine specimen
plant.
The specific name of the florist's Hollyhock
is A. rosea.
Of this species many choice garden
thereabouts.
varieties
A.
taurinensis
is
exist,
carefully
cuttings.
kept true
It is probable that this method of propagation,
together with rich feeding to produce fine blooms for
exhibition, had a good deal to do with the weakening
of the plant's constitution, and subsequent susceptibility to the disease which at one time threatened
wholesale destruction of choice Hollyhocks.
Probably the finest collection of Hollyhocks in
HARDY PERENNIALS
8o
hands
Walden.
of Messrs. Vert
of the
Saffron
The
&
Walden
strain
still
exists in the
Of
late
years,
May
If
or June.
by frequent soakings
8i
One
of the best
known
is
A. saxatile compactum,
are
besprinkled
freely
blue
exposed to
A. italica is an
variety
larger
is
of
'
Dropmore
more vigorous growth and produces
flowers.
Opal
is
another
fine
'
variety
of
blue shade.
Anemone. So extensive, so varied, and so perfectly charming are all the members of the Anemone
family that several pages might well be devoted to
their description and recommendation for purposes
innumerable. Certainly we may say no garden
should be without some of the many types and
HARDY PERENNIALS
82
of
the
popularly called,
sentative
collection
of
all
its
classes.
We may
of a
prolonged Winter, Anemones of many kinds throughout the Summer, and some that will linger in bloom
to keep company with the latest of the Michaelmas
There are dwarf miniatures that only
Daisies.
soil,
Anemones
variety
of
the
is
is
83
one of the few yellow-flowered Windflowers, but the grand flowers of A. sulphurea,
which are of large size and clear sulphur yellow, are
among the very choicest of hardy flowers. The
large silky-petalled blossoms of A. Pulsatilla are
violet, with a conspicuous cluster of golden stamens
This Anemone
in the centre of each blossom.
likes a loamy soil with a certain amount of lime, and
culoides
it
is
For
best
Anemones
for
is A. japonica and
embrace various shades
border
the
its
ordinary herbaceous
of rosy red
and
delicate
form.
Spring.
Whilst
the
it
may
Anemones
borders
it
is
in the
and
HARDY PERENNIALS
84
one aims at making a speciality of a collection he may pursue his ambition until the number
of varieties gathered together closely approaches
a hundred, all being delightfully pretty plants.
Anthemis. A genus of composite or daisy-like
flowers, several of which have silvery, finely-cut
The dwarfer kinds such as A. canescens,
foliage.
A. styriaca, and A. Macedonica are useful rock
plants, whilst A. tinctoria and its several garden
varieties are capable of producing a good show of
yellow flowers in the border, and have excellent
and
if
when
lasting qualities
cut.
Anthericum.
St. Bernard's Lily is the popular
There is
or English name of the Anthericum.
'
'
justification
for
calling
this
flower
lily,
for
lily-like in
that
is
reminiscent
foliage of
the
of
Anthericums
is
Madonna
Lily.
The
tone.
The slender but rigid flowerstems are branched, and the blossoms are lightly
stems, making first-rate
distributed along the
decorative material for vases, and they retain their
fresh green
when
it
is
cool soil
85
sown as soon
if
as ripe.
It is best to
A. Liliago
is
two
feet,
Its flower
the blossoms
means
method
of growth,
spreading
itself
by
So near akin
in fact
and
name
of
This
for cutting.
Antirrhinum.
by reason
serviceability,
colours,
Worthy
of their
of a chapter to themselves
of
exceptional
most delightful
made
HARDY PERENNIALS
86
capabilities
are grown.
It
difficult
is
to
name
a subject
to
and prolonged
requirements.
any
little
risk of
of increase
serious variation
by seed
is
from cuttings.
For the sake
may
87
when
Where the
soil is
glorious display.
Although
it
is
recommended that
for ordinary
it
may
be
HARDY PERENNIALS
88
When
ward
pressure,
move
leaves,
firmly
re-
few lower
and insert
round the
edge
of pots filled
with light sandy soil.
Keep in a closed
frame in a sheltered,
shady position until
rooted,
giving
Branch of Antirrhinum, the Lower
afterwards
plenty of
and
ven tilation
similar treatment to
that
afforded
to
seedlings.
possible.
soil
Do
when
flower spikes
show
89
bronze-green
flowers
is
show
foliage
these
to capital advantage.
delicately-tinted
Another species
Aquilegia.
Only
lest
and A. Skinneri,
which have yellow corolla petals with red
spurs.
A. Chrysantha is golden-yellow throughout,
and there are others of blue and white.
The most fascinating and delicate shades and combinations of colour are to be found in the race known
as caerulea hybrida.
These are large flowered, long
spurred, and free blooming, and they embrace an
infinite variety of mingled shades of mauve, rosy
lilac, fawn, lavender and pale yellow.
To see them
as A. Californica, A. canadensis,
all
of
HARDY PERENNIALS
90
border.
They
enjoy
deeply
dug,
rich
fairly
which
soil,
al-
The plants
dry.
enjoy sunshine so
long as they do
not
suffer
from
lack of water, but
do better in
a shady position
than in a spot
will
from
summer's
drought.
Propabe
gation
may
effected
by
divi-
seedlings
make
plants.
not
readers
list
hardy plant
with
will
our
a
any good
the species and
found
and all
worth growing.
catalogue,
We
weary
in
91
free flowering,
carpeting
itself
graves,
its
known
as
Armeria.
Commonly
its
certainly
It
allotted bounds,
Thrift
or
Sea
rich rose-coloured
edging plants.
indicates,
many
plants
flowers.
size
Everybody
knows the
old-fashioned,
fragrant-leaved,
HARDY PERENNIALS
92
thrives best
when
its
which were
care.
first
named
soil.
The commoner
species
embedded
by
spirsea-like
flowers.
amply
The
and
This
its
As
its
name tuberosa
93
sunny spot
it
will thrive
and
yield an increasing
is
in tufts
bees,
or loose umbels.
in the
vicinity of hives.
Asperula.
known
Several
of the Asperulas,
commonly
One species of
character which should be far more generally
cultivated than
on account of
extremely
decorative character,
A. hexaphylla. The stems
of this plant are slender and wiry, clothed with
narrow pointed leaves, which nestle in whorls to
the stem. The flowers are tiny and pure white,
arranged in flattish umbels or panicles. The flower
heads are small by comparison with Gypsophila, but
in grace and elegance the Asperula is quite its equal,
and its lasting powers are great. A cool moist rootrun in an open, rather spongy soil, suits the Asperula,
and it is a good subject for growing under the partial
shade of trees. When increase of stock is required
a clump may be lifted and its hard, rambling underit
is,
is
its
HARDY PERENNIALS
94
it is
not wise
Asphodelus.
Over
carpet
of
scarlet
Geum,
them
prominent positions
in beds on the la\vn, or at approaches to lily pools,
Asphodeline lutea is closely akin to
fountains, etc.
the true Ashhodel, but its flowers are bright yellow,
and its stems leafless. A rich purple carpet of
Campanula, or the vivid scarlet of Potentilla atrosanstateliness that befits
guinea
make
for
what
It is
somewhat
difficult
matter to decide
mas
Daisies.
The humblest cottage garden has its
Michaelmas Daisies, and their cultural requirements
are so simple that they may be said to be capable of
hardy Autumn-blooming
feel
95
all
some
somewhat rough,
Autumn a show of
mauve
or lavender
shade, but presenting an unkempt and unruly appearance through the greater part of the year, scarcely
counterbalanced or compensated by the ultimate
Such, indeed, were the olddisplay of bloom.
fashioned types and varieties, but thanks to the
foresight and the skill of some of our hardy plant
specialists
whole
new
varieties evolved
HARDY PERENNIALS
96
Novse Angliae
less artistic
cultural requirements
cuttings or division,
a dozen varieties
cutting
from
may
August
to
November,
the
latest
and A.
on slender
wiry stems.
herbaceous
Spiraeas, the Astilbes are a family of extremely
handsome plants that delight in the moisture or
water-margins and bog gardens. Feathery plumes
of flowers rise over spreading masses of elegantly cut
and fringed foliage. There are pure white, cream,
flesh coloured, salmon, and rose pink, and a few
deeper red varieties.
In addition to their charm
in the garden they are invaluable for forcing or for
the adornment of an unheated greenhouse or
Astilbe.
Persistently
miscalled
conservatory.
Astrantia.
This
is
similar to that of
whilst
its
some
The
fresh
of the
glossy foliage
Ranunculus
tribe,
by a
frill
Carniolica
of
A.
the
and white
97
flowers,
warmth and
is
must be
among
the best
our
herbaceous border.
The Indigo plant is strikingly handsome
Baptisia.
and very distinct in character. It produces stiff,
erect spikes of large pea-shaped flowers which are of
The foliage
a very pleasing shade of clear blue.
spreads horizontally under the flower spikes, and a
well-established clump is a feature worthy of
prominence among our choicest perennials. The
plant throws up new branches from the ends of
spreading underground stems, and ample room
should therefore be allowed in a position where
frequent disturbance will be unnecessary.
There are white- and yellow-flowered Baptisias,
but B. Australis, the blue one, is undoubtedly the best.
HARDY PERENNIALS
98
take
it
as a general necessity or at
any
rate desirable
often elegance,
able
is
and
characteristics,
In some
from
their
decayed.
sides,
These,
looking
99
starting
though
as
'
B. salicifolium
free
The
perennial Convolvulus
is
useful
pleno
is
is
C. hederacese flore
if
amount
of space.
Campanula. To accommodate a complete collection of campanulas one would require quite a large
garden, and to name and describe all the species
HARDY PERENNIALS
100
of sunshine prevents
many
the miniatures
some
are
things thriving.
Among
of
named
varieties
and
is
C. carpatica in several
serviceable
may
in
either
of
these
it
also
loi
Moerheimi
flowers,
is
when
cut.
The variety
of
similar
character
but even larger and more effective. A recent introduction named Telham Beauty is the finest of all
the persicifolia type yet brought into cultivation,
not only in size of bloom, but pleasing shade of blue.
We cannot name all the varieties of Campanula, the
list in some specialists' catalogues far exceed a
hundred names, but for a choice selection the reader
may
any
C.
lactiflora, a
named
bushy-growing
sarmatica,
Alliariaefolia,
flowers.
seed.
C.
of delicate blue.
HARDY PERENNIALS
102
May
make
The
or
June,
not be over
secured
flower stems
is
Catananche.
observed.
The
calyces
are scaly,
Both
decorative.
varieties
come
103
practically
true
'
Balm
to Cedronella cana,
of
and
fragrance,
grateful
Nor
vigorating.
is
of Gilead
it
'
is
the
conjures
name given
up
sensations
at
one's fancy
doomed
in-
to shattering
is
Forming a bush
two
up a number
feet or over,
of stems to a height of
by no means gorgeous
but specially enjoyable in the twilight
of a summer's evening when their fragrance is
most pronounced. Seeds will germinate freely, and
almost any side-shoot stripped off with a heel
will root in a compost of sand, leaf-soil and loam
or chestnut-crimson flowers,
in display
'
'
in equal proportions.
Centaurea.
The name
Perennial Cornflower
may
be described as
flower tribe C.
best known.
Golden
Thistles.
montana and
Of the Corn-
its varieties
are
the
HARDY PERENNIALS
104
but
is
with
many
often
plants that
may
be used in well-situated
C.
dealbata
scales.
C.
glastifolia
has
smaller
yellow
flower
see
to
105
cliff clothed
with the red Valerian, as Centranthus ruber is called,
to realize that this is a plant of marvellous vitality,
The
very
useful where one requires a screen for an ugly
corner or a big tall plant to stand boldly over its
Cephalaria.
is
neighbours' heads.
and
C. alpina
flowers,
They
long
There
while
C. tartarica
those
of
C.
stems,
no
make
pretty
cut-flower
decorations.
but it is
advisable to divide and replant about every third
is
year.
Cerastium.
difficulty
in
their
White-leaved
culture,
plants
with
trailing
stems
HARDY PERENNIALS
io6
good blue
In
Summer
Delphiniums,
stock
will
be easily produced.
former name
Cheiranthus.
^The
more
if
107
brilliant orange,
another orange-coloured
flower of excellent character, and C. mutabilis is
a very interesting plant, its flowers changing colour
as they approach maturity, being almost white at
C. Marshallii, a hybrid, is
a good stock
is
used,
and
from seed.
Chelone.
There
Chelone which
are
make
three
or
four
species
of
their
flower
'
there
Lyoni
is
is
and
HARDY PERENNIALS
io8
and
that they have become
varied are
its
many
varieties
in review.
stems,
and remarkable
is
or profit
modern
quite outclassed,
and both
109
for pleasure
Mayfield Giant
is
one of the
finest at present in
produced at a
diameter of six or seven inches. Rentpayer is an
early and continuous bloomer that is being very
largely grown for market.
Robinsoni has deep
cultivation, its flowers being easily
is
in
character to C.
maximum, and
C.
lacustre
is
quite
distinct
and
character,
uliginosum
C.
plant
is
is
of
Autumn,
and pro-
of
harvest
thanksgiving
services.
may
All of the
by
lifting
the clumps in
HARDY PERENNIALS
no
and
silvery-leaved C. argenteum
and
also
as
the
C. cinerarice folium,
Caucasicum,
all
which
of
make
capital
edging
plants
is
colour,
no
vital
and
disparity between
tomed
to see at the
November
all-round
in
We
we
do not,
are accus-
exhibitions of the
among
reds,
we may have
all
So far as varieties
the
bronze,
orange,
so
Autumn
III
January,
Choose
not
but
glass,
in
strong
heat.
sturdy
young
growths
from the base of
stock plants which
have been potted
as soon as flower-
ing ceased.
Insert
these
sandy
in
compost, and
when rooted pot
off
singly
into
Grow
small pots.
on steadily in
moderate warmth,
giving
light
tion,
sible
plenty of
and
and
ventilaif
re-pot
five-inch
posinto
Stool
"
pots as
HARDY PERENNIALS
112
an application of lime
all
the
room
possible,
if
such
is
deficient.
Afford
to staking,
Mulch the
with loose
and never allow the
sets in either
Combat
insect
In regard to disbudding
it is
to one
in the
open garden.
the
Autumn
bloom
Chrysogonum Virginianum. Dwarf, and of semiprocumbent habit, with leafy stems and freely
produced starry flowers of a bright yellow, this
plant makes an admirable carpet between tallergrowing plants with spiked flowers. The Chrysogonum will continue to bloom from early Spring
late
its
113
Many
to
artistic
tastes,
and
as
the
Chrysogonum
is
good-tempered plant that will thrive almost anywhere it should be freely used to cover otherwise
bare intervals of space.
Cichorium
Intybus.
This
is
grows wild
is
the
cliffs,
Wild Chicory
and because
we can never
or
Some lime in
make it happy.
There
is
nestle in the
the soil
something quite
is
all
uncommon
HARDY PERENNIALS
114
cold
Spring
is the best time to transplant or propagate by
division, for Autumn is the flowering period, and
sometimes if disturbed too soon after flowering
stiff
soil.
If
they have a
Rhododendrons, or such shrubs as
Laurustinus, Escallonia, or even a Yew hedge, their
waving racemes are thrown up more conspicuously.
background
of
There are
seven or
eight
species
and
varieties, all
being
ing
interest-
and
well
worth growing.
Clematis.
orthodox
The
"~^"**^^>--<s>^.4,4
method
of
planting Clema-
Open Garden.
tis to be nailed
be a good means of partially toning
down the ugliness of plain bricks, but it is not the
best method of showing the Clematis in its full
to a wall
may
glory.
Often the roots are in a constant state of starvation through the overhanging eaves preventing rain
from reaching them. Sometimes the richness of
their colours is deadened by the red-brick background, and the neglect of necessary pruning and
many
115
a fine appearance.
Why do we not more often plant Clematis in
the open border with a few rough boughs or an old
tree
stump
for
them
to ramble over
Once seen
growing in this fashion, the real glory of a welldeveloped Clematis is indelibly impressed upon
the mind, and whenever a herbaceous border is
contemplated, space for a Clematis should be insisted
upon.
Nor do we need to confine ourselves to the general
run of Jackmannii, Lanuginosa, Viticella and other
of the types listed as climbing plants, for there are
a number of
species
and
charming
hardy
and easily-grown
perennials.
C. alpina in its violet
with
its
violet bell-shaped
flowers,
of
heraclaefolia,
named
is
may
HARDY PERENNIALS
ii6
C.
arachnoideus
by reason
known
is
as the
Cobweb
Thistle
grow
luxuriance.
All
are
makes a
easily
feature of
raised
from
seed.
Codonopsis.
habit, Codonopsis
ovata
is
lovely
trailing
flower
that
117
white,
and when
fully
up
like
To make the
clumps
in
dark foliage
ground.
of
light
evergreen
soil,
shrubs
rich
in
forms a back-
Many
little
readers
may
fail
to
is
leaves
in
the
garden,
but
never
many
flowers.
Ii8
HARDY PERENNIALS
119
down
soil
indefinite.
Convolvulus.
quite
in
Whilst
commonly
both
its
is
is
familiar
Tom Thumb
purple flowers.
down which
is
no
difficulty in their
culture.
Coreopsis.
florists'
shops
HARDY PERENNIALS
120
made
have
golden
the
flowers
of
is
Coreopsis
no need to
charm.
is
perennial in
many
There
districts,
verticillata
is
'
decorative value.
are
easily
Coronilla.
If
121
commend
itself
to
his
attention.
Semi-prostrate
fumitory
is
at
its
HARDY PERENNIALS
122
still
in the
may
of the garden.
Seeds scattered
shady corners
attaining as
much
The Crambes
is
like a
to
is
Cyclamen.
men
are
classed
and certainly
dainty
foliage
and
pockets
little
Crinums.
for
their
handsomely-marbled
cosiest
place
Generally speaking
123
little
befit
ledges
plants,
and
blossoms
them
in
for
the
the
lower
charm
and win the fullest admiration their merits entitle
them to, the very best situation for a colony of
hardy Cyclamen is a cool, moist, leafy bed under
the grateful shade of woodland trees. Here, with
perhaps Snowdrops and Wood Anemones as companions in Spring, Cypripedium spectabile and
Orchis in variety during Summer, and the rare but
sweetly charming little Leucojum autumnale later
on, we may have one or another species of hardy
Cyclamen in bloom practically throughout the
parts of the Rockery, but to reveal their full
whilst
year,
their
endless delight.
silver-and-green
Seed raising
is
foliage
is
an
is
to obtain imported
corms
dormant
state.
ground.
The
better plan
is
first
to lay
them
in shallow
HARDY PERENNIALS
124
leaf-soil,
silver
half fibrous
Cypripedium.
The
largest flowered
Lady's Slipper
and most
Hardy
Perennials.
One
is
one of the
may
find a place
among
Astilbes,
and that
Gillenia trifoliata.
C. spectabile is
without doubt
large rose-coloured
pouch or
slipper contrasting
125
'
'
effective
result
in
spikes,
while
the
latter
attacks of mildew,
will
frequently
a disease to which
soil
126
HARDY PERENNIALS
deeply
flourish
will flower
127
enemy
'
To
HARDY PERENNIALS
128
comments were
written, but
and
and symmetry
against
Statuaire
Rude
is
equally remarkable
another
totally
flower.
Its
but
distinct
colour
is
soft
and branching.
name and
is tall,
robust,
to
in flower
We
of
may
be well
gratified.
129
'
colour.
The plant
hails
from
California,
and
its
in
down
into a
HARDY PERENNIALS
130
Under
name
generic
this
there
are
among
florists'
that
species
flowers,
are
highly
prized
as
Rock-garden
subjects.
The border
carnation,
and naturally
named D.
much literature,
botanically
it
florist.
The
and yellow-ground
which grace the exhibition table are generally grown in pots and given the protection of a
glass roof to preserve their blossoms from damage
by rain or dust, this method of culture demanding
much care and considerable skill but treated as
ordinary garden perennials the requirements of the
Carnation are perfectly simple, and the plants are
fancies
of
Propagation
is
131
generally effected
by
layering,
imme-
cision
diately below
the underside
of a conveni-
ent
joint.
Turn the edge
blade
of
the
in
an upward
direction
and
cut
through
the
centre
of
the
Layering Carnations.
The stems when pegged down must be covered with
stem
very gently
stem press
soil to
in
into
the
prepared
soil,
holding the
HARDY PERENNIALS
132
bedded out
a frame through
either
by cutting
making a
plumarius.
Pinks
is
a descendant of Dianthus
general principles the culture of
is
effected either
them apart
or
following year.
Several
of
particularly
D.
the
dwarf
deltoides,
and
are
trailing
useful
species,
edging
and
is
Dicentra.
the plant
known
as
'
The Bleeding
this family
Heart,' Dicentra
133
of red
well
Dictamnus
more
but
correctly
labelled
fraxinella
and
named D.
fraxinella alba,
is
name may
evening by
placing a lighted
match
close
to
its
producing
fine
effects
in dry,
hungry
soils,
whilst
HARDY PERENNIALS
134
Dodecatheon.
Dwarf
in
stature,
and
of quaint
little
Their
umbels on erect
embracing
The
good depth.
well-developed clumps.
Doronicum.
is
better
135
clump
far
it
is stiff
and
flowers
its
inis
as
it is
sometimes described.
True,
it
flowers late
is
is
best effected
by means
of root cuttings.
E. ritro
ruthenicus as
it is
often called,
is
larger
and
taller,
HARDY PERENNIALS
136
This
will
may
be classed as one
of the plants that never outgrows the stage of rarity,
although it has long been in cultivation. It is a
lover of peat, shade, and moisture, and provided
with such conditions it will carpet the ground with
leafy stems, and produce charming little white
flowers with tinges of red to brighten them up.
The blossoms are pleasantly perfumed. It is a
charming plant to grow in company with choice
small-growing Rhododendrons, Azaleas, or hardy
Epigaea
repens.
Ericas.
Epilobium.
its
in
select for
tall trees.
In
increase apace.
In such spots
Epimediums
family
that
should
command
special
and
flushed
with
is
delicate
are a
attention.
marvellously
rosy
tints.
Summer slender
137
fragile-looking racemes
white,
stems
and
may
Division
simple
is
affords
Eranthis hyemalis.
frequently called,
is
is
desired to thin
Eremurus.
a
more
It
noble,
them out
would be
or increase stock.
difficult
imposing,
or
name
indeed to
aristocratic-looking
by written
It
would be impossible
to
convey
who
Eremuri in
full
bloom.
It
Imagine a broad-spreading
stantial,
stalkless
is
leaves
mass
arching
of
sub-
long,
around
see.
in
all
HARDY PERENNIALS
138
and
The colour
in the centre of
is
most
delicate
flesh
e n-
of the
whole.
Such is
a spike of Erem-
liness
urus
robustus.
But
there
are
some as
and majes-
others,
tall
t
some
There
are yellow species, and of late years some very
remarkable and lovely hybrids have been introduced,
adding immensely to the richness of a remarkable
smaller, but not lacking in attractiveness.
family of plants.
The
roots of an
fleshy thongs
Disturbance of
these roots is fraught with danger, for they are
brittle and easily broken.
The best means of
radiating from
a central crown.
young
is
to
139
plant quite
between
The
soil
and garden
Erigerons
and several
'
Eryngiums are
we term steel
'
blue, but E.
maritimum
grey,
is
glaucous
is
silvery
HARDY PERENNIALS
140
mould and
sifted
manure being
of
considerable
greenhouse,
flowering.
Fritillaria.
early
Imperialis) in
its
Spring
being
their
season
for
(Fritillaria
and
brick-
red varieties
is
Lilium-like
chequering
The
blossoms.
pencilling
several
or
or
varieties
in
clumps
of
pendant
its
are
in
141
useful
the
in
mixed
left
undisturbed.
There
are
quite
be killed
Handsome
foliage
and fragrant
flowers
holding character.
character.
HARDY PERENNIALS
142
be
lilted
perennials.
Quite good
itself is
required.
Both
143
two such.
'
'
marking
their positions
Gentiana.
we
to pass
It
and Rock
acaulis,
or
even
brick
rubble,
in the foreground
some
are
HARDY PERENNIALS
144
But there
of the
many
are
fact,
their effectiveness.
Gerbera.
The
have been
made
to acclimatize
them
it is
in the southern
and western
may
145
made up
produce their
elegant
o n g-
mar-
petalled,
guerite-like
blossoms
in
shades of rose,
cotta,
terraand sal-
mon.
In the
orange,
event of a very
sharp Winter, it
be advisable
to cover the bed
with a good
thickness of dry
bracken, hay, or
will
similar covering,
removing
before
this
new
growth commences
Geum.
in Spring.
the Geums.
Perfect hardiness
compact habit,
fitting
them
and ease
for
of culture,
massing in beds as
production of an
HARDY PERENNIALS
146
abundance
of flowers,
colours,
as well as
although
all
also be increased
by
Closely
the
Spiraeas, but
branching
panicles,
bearing
Gillenia trifoliata is a most elegant and ornamental
plant which thrives best in very moist positions near
In company with
the margins of a stream or pond.
Gillenia
Funkias
the
is charmIrises, Eulalias, and
ing in both leaf and flower, and no waterside garden
should lack a few clumps.
Everybody knows Gypsophila paniGypsophila.
culata, and its double form has probably made
greater strides in popularity and widespread cultiGillenia.
its
allied
flowers
in
to
loose
among hardy
The single
and when once
form
is
easily
planted in
its
raised
from seed,
flowering quarters,
it
should be
left
makes long
it
147
fleshy thong-like
inevitable breakages.
chalk or
best,
but
tidious.
is
soil
impregnated with
it
The
not
over-fas-
double
variety
by
grafting
to
seedling
best propagated
young shoots on
Simply
when about
strip off
Seedling Root
of
Gypsophila Paniculata
grafted with scion of
THE Double-Flowered
Variety,
HARDY PERENNIALS
148
golden-rayed daisies on
tall
We
erect stems.
have
Helianthus.
in height
The
from two
Perennial
Sunflowers, varying
to ten feet,
throughout
will
show
fill
large
of golden
of flower
esteem,
at
is
all
calculated to
sole
requirements of
149
This
is
of Spring.
Autumn and
shades of colour,
pencilled.
there
are
Some,
many
many
too,
uncommon
beautiful
sweetly
and
scented,
and
interesting hybrid
HARDY PERENNIALS
150
varieties
Orientalis,
Hemerocallis.
The
Lenten
Rose,
H,
to
September. There are varieties with goldenyellow flowers, some of rich orange, and some of
Some are dwarf,
terra-cotta and coppery orange.
and some throw up stout strong flower stems to a
height of four feet. All are easy to grow, and so
long as they get some sunlight make themselves
happy wherever they may be planted,
Under the homely name of Rocket,
Hesperis.
both the single and double forms of Hesperis Matronalis have long been favourites in old country gardens.
The single purple type is capable of grand effect in
Spring if raised from seed and transplanted before
It likes a fairly rich
it becomes hard and stunted.
soil with a good dressing of lime, and is best treated as
a biennial. The double white Rocket is an extremely
useful subject for cutting, but of late years stocks
have become very scarce, chiefly owing to the
ravages of a destructive black-leg fungus.
A
spraying with a solution of Sulphide of Potassium
till
is
powdered charcoal
in the soil
is
of consider-
151
able
benefit.
from
cuttings of the
of a
number
of well-selected varieties
which grow to
we may
justly claim
and
utility
modern variety
True, there
is
of
H.
sanguinea.
own
selection
HARDY PERENNIALS
152
than a
common
lift
Autumn,
and
Massed
divide
borders,
Hypericum.
foliage
There
and flowers
is
of the
Hypericums, the
latter
153
clusters of crimson-tipped
anthers.
is
which are
of the
Hypericums
overgrown clumps
may
be divided at will.
Iberis.
The Perennial Candytuft, of which there
are several good white and one or two pinkish-lilac
varieties, are useful free-flowering plants for edging
large borders, or for planting on wall gardens.
They
may be produced from seed or propagated by
also
cuttings.
In
not one of a
hundred experts capable of complying with a request
Incarvillea.
all
probability
It
is
less
throat.
To
see
spreading
the
plant at
foliage
numerous flowers
and
its
best,
vigorous
with handsome
stems carrying
HARDY PERENNIALS
154
of deep soil,
occasionally
dormant
may
entirely
will
Other varieties of
Inula.
It
soil.
to be dead, for
growth
There
than
is
all
being better
full sun.
Grandifiora,
noble,
of
heaviness.
The
foliage
too
Plant in
It
would surely
broad,
strong
is
soil,
Summer.
we
prefer to urge
Irises,
that
desires
to
make
representative collection
155
and
to acquire gradually a
may
him occupied
find
here a family
for years,
For ease
of culture the
Germanica
by the
may
section, the
be
made
The connoisseur
novice.
will
Oncocyclus and
among
this group.
among
baceous border.
Isatis glauca.
Why
it is
we
underbranching stems
clothed with glaucous foliage and produces great
spreading masses of tiny golden flowers, waving in
the slightest breeze like a cloud of yellow smoke.
The plants scatter seed freely, and an abundant
supply of seedlings is thus obtainable which can be
stand.
The
plant
makes
is
difficult to
tall
transplanted in Spring.
Kniphofia.
is
Summer and
early
Autumn.
Two
points
must
When
HARDY PERENNIALS
156
should be done in
Spring, not in Autumn, and a situation must be
chosen where there will be no stagnant moisture
around the crowns in Winter. In hot countries,
it is true, Kniphofias grow luxuriantly in boggy
marshes, but not so in Britain. The best clumps we
transplanting
is
necessary
it
its
early as April.
157
all
have charming
foliage as well
leafy spikes of
very
foliage,
fine.
The
of the
therefore advisable
soil to
place
when planting
in
soil.
heavy
Lilium.
As with
Irises, so
grown
HARDY PERENNIALS
158
the
skill of
command.
at their
plants.
Closely similar
in
form
of flower to the
Antirrhinum, and although smaller in size of individual flower, so prolific and constant as to compare
with the Antirrhinum for brave display, the Linarias
are invaluable to the
is
owner
of a wall
garden or a
The
name
implies
is
purple,
by merely
established
may
either
scattering
of
seeds
its
them be
in
the
seed and
soil
The
may
rest
remarkable
manner to get their roots through the narrowest
chinks into the body of cool, moist soil behind or
beneath the stones, and with this accomplished the
stems and foliage will withstand fierce blazing sun
away.
and revel
in
seedlings
One
it.
of the family
is
contrive
of the daintiest
L. repens Snowflake.
in
This plant
159
little
spikes of white flowers
having an appearance not unlike Heather. This is
a good plant to grow for cutting.
Linum. The common flax of the linen industry-
is
Linum
Linums
and
in the second,
seedlings
may grow
undisturbed.
With the
shrubby
species, plant a
To
many
name
either
among
the
simply
indicates the blue-flowered edging plant used so
generally, planted in conjunction with scarlet GeraLobelia.
the
Lobelia
HARDY PERENNIALS
i6o
niums, but our aim is to draw attention to the richhued, tall spiked varieties of L. cardinalis, L. fulgens,
and L.
The vivid
syphilitica.
crimsons of the
first
scarlets
and
fiery
in white,
blue,
pink,
and
violet,
shades of colour.
Lupinus.
Among
LILIUM REGALE
A hardy
variety that
may
i6i
unquesyellow-flowered Tree
tionably
Lupins
linked
L.
Both
with
the
arboreus.
produce very
much
longer spikes.
requirements
simple.
well-dug
of
soil
stocks,
HARDY PERENNIALS
62
are
species
of
a somewhat
character.
Lysimachia.
Loose-strife
it
is
is
follows
names
use of
so-called
the
also
common name
appUed
to the
simple or
common
water-side plants,
flowered
L.
thyrsiflora,
roseum
may
wild uncultivated
bog-garden,
and
whilst
than
beautiful,
it
of
bloom
The flowers
and of somewhat
yellow, but when
in evidence.
The colour
similar shape.
163
is
light
is
M.
of
flowers
and cut
HARDY PERENNIALS
i64
Meconopsis.
of the
ting of a
their fine
blossoms of M.
quite
mounds
and
To grow Meconmust be
a
that is
secured.
Some peat, an abundance of sand, and
a sprinkling of small charcoal will make a loamy soil
silky
hairs increase
opsis well,
their value.
soil
perfectly drained
year of growth.
is
of
Mertensia.
uncommon
It is
beauty.
In Mertensia Siberica
we
165
Michauxia.
It
is
often amusing to
watch the
when he
is
is
admiring
is
Michauxia
but however mysterious
and unpronounceable he may consider the name, he
Tchihatcheffi,
is
it is
well
grown and
bloom.
full of
Growing
to a
colour,
giving
The
the
foliage
plant
somewhat
Lily-
large, grey-green in
is
strikingly
handsome
the
common
yellow species,
is
and the
M. cardinalis with
large-flowered, gaudily-
i66
HARDY PERENNIALS
beginning of Winter,
and transplanting
should be done only
in Spring.
Monarda.
Bergamot
is
The
an old-
fashioned favourite,
its
heads of bright-
else in the
garden.
There are
scarlet,
crimson, pink,
pur-
167
as crocosmaeflora, pottsii,
Rayon
cultivation,
the
best
The
and
Myosotidium
Chatham
nobile.
^This
plant,
Island Forget-me-not
is
known
as the
a subject
that
HARDY PERENNIALS
i68
may
tax the
skill of
one that
somewhat
who
difficult plant,
but
it
is
will well
It is advisable to
little
bracken,
heather, or straw.
Myosotis.
^There
is
for
its
familiar to us
dampness
all,
of a ditch or brook,
not
we proceed
to
another,
well to bear in
it is
plant
either
for
Before
one purpose or
mind that
there
is
much
between the Forget-me-not of the waterand those that thrive in the woodland and the
garden. M. palustris and several varieties of this
species are the moisture lovers.
M. sylvatica is the
difference
side
will
accommo-
date
any semi-shaded spot in the garden, but
M. dissitiflora is of neat, tufted habit which makes
it a most desirable edging for beds of Tulips, Polyan]\I. alpestris and its
thus and other bright flowers.
itself to
169
varieties also
good
soil,
little
planting
is
Nepeta.
if
Two
totally
distinct
species
of
this
it is
'
'
(Enotheras.
and
The family
is
a large one,
its
species
habit of
HARDY PERENNIALS
I70
(E.
biennis,
it
gives no further
may
be
171
blossoms.
The plants
quarters while
quite
young and
small.
Ostrowskia
aristocrat
magnifica.
Here
among hardy
called a glorified
we have a
perennials.
Campanula,
for
it
It
is
may
real
be
the largest
HARDY PERENNIALS
172
of blue.
full justice.
some
of
it is
its
special
to do itself
large
fleshy
undisturbed.
From
is
commenced
must be
The
best plan
is
and
In late
it is
Autumn
during the
Paeonia (Paeony).
European or Chinese,
description or eulogy.
much
space
with
is
too widely
Nor
is it
cultural
known
to require
necessary to occupy
instructions,
for
the
and garden varieties alike are goodtempered and accommodating plants that ask only
for ample root room, some nourishment and infrePaeonies species
quent disturbance.
Paeonies should be planted for permanency, there-
173
and well
nourished.
liberal
of space.
thoroughly
beneficial.
lifting
should
withered.
Papaver (Poppy).
'
crown
'
in
Short
Poppies.
sheltered
174
HARDY PERENNIALS
metallic
their
polished black-purple
by
All the
cutting the
sandy
compost.
Papaver rupifragum
is
strong-growing plant
shade of terra-cotta. It is
from seed, and is very charming for
table decorations.
massed legions
of perennial flowers.
The
Florist's
position
as
among
exhibition
the
175
prominent
be classified
its
may
named
varieties being
symmetrical in form and rich and pure in colour.
To those who wish to form a collection of some
subject that may be made a speciality, the Florist's
Pentstemon makes a strong appeal. A good Pentstemon must have large bell-shaped blossoms with
a wide, evenly rimmed, flattened margin. The
outer colour must be rich and solid, and a perfectly
flowers,
u nbroken band of
clean-cut,
should encircle
wide-open
the
mouth.
throat
The
may
be
either plain, in
which
case
it
right
hand, pencilled.
should be clean
white,
or pencilled, that
is
down
lined
or
veined with
ground.
The
bells
'
'
HARDY PERENNIALS
176
and shaded.
When
off singly,
clay;
in
stable
manure and
such
soil it
if
is
possible
some
half-rotted
on heavy soil.
Give the plants plenty of room, water liberally,
leaves.
Mortar rubble
is
also useful
177
Phlox.
classes
tall
erect
and there
their culture.
is
We
no
difficulty in
are not at
the
is
bearing in
the best
in
soil available,
gross feeders
Inflorescence
OF
Pentstemon
Barbatus, showing extreme elegance of form.
HARDY PERENNIALS
178
The named
of a rich vermilion
colour.
The plant
will thrive
is
a rampant
intervals
P. Alkekengi bears
much
many
lanterns.
Phytolacca.
because
The
quite
unlike
other
plants.
is
interesting
Phytolacca
179
under
trees,
erect,
growing plants of
and feathery
show. The best
foliage
fine
tassels of
of
all,
all
our
climbing plants.
growth
is
'
'
HARDY PERENNIALS
i8o
way
will
If
allowed
grow
in a tangled
them
all short,
is
built
Summer, and
Spring, any side-shoots
early
that have
away.
Then
felt
the
produced in abundance.
Potentilla.
With
as well as
Florist's type, of
able
which
are
which named
best suited to
subjects
capital
for
prominent
suspicion
it is
i8i
utterly impossible to
HARDY PERENNIALS
82
mottled foliage
flowers
are just
damp shady
and heads
suited
places
to
of
reddish
positions
and blue
under
trees,
hedge banks.
Pyrethrum. Too well known to require description, the Pyrethrums, single and double, are so
extremely useful for cutting and for colour effects
in the garden that every one desires at least a few.
Speaking broadly we may say the Pyrethrum is
perfectly hardy and easy to grow, and yet failures are
frequent
A brief explanation of one or two aversions
of the plant will point to the cause of the majority
of the failures, and foremost among the aversions
is
disturbance
and
division
in
late
Autumn and
is
183
to
arrest
the
Cutting away
another life-shortener.
progress
of
these
pests.
This
is
frequently done to
mind the
cultivator
may
find
and gratifying
success.
Ranunculus. Wherever it is too wet for Pyrethrums, we may be sure we may plant one or other
of the many kinds of Ranunculus, and from the
native Buttercup of the meadows to the tall and
chaste white-flowered R. Lyalli, the whole family
Yellow
is full of
interest and lovable charm.
predominates, but many of the yellow-flowered
There
species have white-flowered counterparts.
are also the tuberous-rooted Persian Ranunculus,
with brilliant scarlet, crimson, and orange shades,
and throughout the genus we find handsome foliage
Water-gardens, bogs,
as well as beautiful flowers.
shady woodland walks, grassy stretches under the
HARDY PERENNIALS
84
shade of
trees,
Rodgersia.
of richness
Romneya.
finest
Romneya Coulteri
With blossoms
Romneya.
as to soil so long as
vision
made
it is
is
nothing
sheltered sunny
and
in
very cold
little
protection afforded
be afforded.
by
may
185
furze boughs,
with advantage
insisted
manent
Summer
to per-
quarters.
Rudbeckia.
Some
of the
stiff
in
effective
The
best
and speciosa,
is a good plant
HARDY PERENNIALS
i86
most
desirable.
S. patens,
may well be
it
in great profusion.
Sanguinaria.
far
This
is
little
is
the case.
Its
canadensis
is
187
best seen in a
and
straggling.
of the Saponarias
rosy pink
yielding
stiff,
erect
showy
The mossy
plants.
make
section
and
large rosettes
leaves,
HARDY PERENNIALS
i88
The Megasea section includes stronggrowing plants with large rounded leathery leaves
of rich shining green, the flower heads also being
large and bright in colour.
These are fine plants for
ized in grass.
banks
streams.
of
likes limestone,
All
the
Saxifraga family
will
make
excellent
growth.
Scabiosa.
The
lavender and
and elegance,
universally
among
it
is
mauve blossoms
and
of superb grace
popular.
Of
late
of
years
is
many new
may
be divided, but
it
is
Seed,
if
new,
will
germinate
189
Sedums in the herbaceous garden. Sedum spectabile and the deep red
varieties, erect growing, succulent in stem and leaf,
and quaintly beautiful in flower, may well be made
Saxifrages, there are uses for
a favourite that
it is
Many
other
Sedums
Senecio.
The name
is
the botanical
name
of the
many kinds
tint
of
foliage
fair
its
is
large
marguerite-like
lanceolate, fleshy,
amount
and
blossoms.
Given a
and attains
glossy.
Its
HARDY PERENNIALS
190
considerable
become
size,
it
has never
would warrant.
and
good display of
bloom without covering a great deal of ground space.
S. Listeri is of a very delicate and pleasing shade of
three or four feet high,
edges.
it
S.
malvseflora
yields a
cerise
blossoms on two-foot
stems.
Yellow-flowered composites are plentibut not too plentiful to allow welcome for such
plants as Silphium laciniatum and perfoliatum.
Both are big yellow daisies borne on tall stiff stems
clothed with big bright-green leaves, but the
particular shade of yellow is somewhat uncommon,
deeper than lemon, but cool and refreshing rather
than rich and glowing. In late Summer and
Autumn a large isolated bed filled with these stately
plants forms a striking object when viewed from a
distance.
The clumps easily divide in early Spring.
Solidago.
However poor one's soil, however stony
Silphium.
ful,
191
and will
space and send up a crowd of
S.
Virgaurea nana,
a dwarf,
or Multiradiata.
grandiflora,
Plant in a position
in foliage as well as
must
plants that
ever there
is
among
the
first
the Spiraeas,
all
Where-
things thought of
by the garden
192
HARDY PERENNIALS
reds
for water-side
selves quite at
make them-
a good display in
if
the soil
is
wood put
Autumn. Spiraea
'
in a flourishing condition.
The
Lamb's
is
Ear,
Lamb's
or
193
Wool
downy
The spreading
worthy
of
of potting in
light,
elegantly-divided
panicles
of
small,
soft-
HARDY PERENNIALS
194
The latifolia, limonium, and gmetypes are of lavender blue, the incana, tartarica,
and eximea types having flattened, spreading panicles
tinted flowers.
lini
a certainty
To
if
raise a
is
seedling stock
is
this is
by no means
procured.
is
not quite
The
germination.
The
to attain strength
in all
lifting
carefully, these
roots
195
may
When
may
planted
dislike
in active
out
in
districts
many
where the
plants
they
Winter decoration.
are
The
of
exceptional
value for
and
emblems
etc.,
also for
floral
of a lasting character.
Sternbergia.
is
the only
mem-
HARDY PERENNIALS
196
faded.
four
close-growing
some
affording
protection
Winter.
Stokesia cyanea.
to
the
bulbs
during
flowers
foliage.
is
The
style of a
and dangling
Heuchera, but
leaves
197
their
in shape, and
up the crimson purple
tints
able.
'
struggle to
make
like flowers,
if
it
falls
198
HARDY PERENNIALS
will
'
Aquilegias.
But
uncommon
form.
and white
T. fiavum
is a native plant
yellow
with
heads, easy of culture, as indeed the
whole family may be said to be. T. glaucum is
varieties.
its
199
graceful plumes of
bloom
will not
other flowers.
T. citriodorus
as well as the
may
are in keeping.
HARDY PERENNIALS
200
bed of
Appropriately
layering,
fine,
sandy
the
called
and
and
cut-
soil.
'
Foam
its
down more
many
uninteresting.
plants
that
listen or
outshine the
take heed to
its
little
good
flower
to be quite
many showy
Spider- wort,
qualities
but
and consider
201
may be
plants that
clump
and lavender, as
well
several
re-establish themselves.
Surely this
is
not a plant
Where
the Tricyrtis'
cla}^
soil,
HARDY PERENNIALS
202
Trillium.
delightful,
little
flowers
Lilies are
such
so
in
gardens.
The puzzle
colony
is
is
solved
when once a
really flourishing
How
garden
border where, if planted an inch or two beneath
the surface, the roots are scorched and parched in
Summer, and if planted deeply the close hard-setting
soil above make the struggle upward to daylight too
different the conditions of the ordinary
;
severe.
Wood
We
Lily,
must come
it
must
203
Of
yellow
minent position.
may
are
many.
Among
either
there
flowers
The globular
or cupped flowers,
may
practically double, in
all
the
plants
may
mass
it
of long
and flower
up the
stalks.
the
first
season of planting,'
it
seems somewhat
common Nasturtium
HARDY PERENNIALS
204
shadowy background.
Tropseolum speciosum,
a plant that many have coveted and tried in vain
to estabhsh in their gardens, need not be despaired
of if very simple precautions are taken at the outset,
and once established it may be depended upon to
grow in strength and beauty year by year.
in the
The
point to insist
upon
stock
is
may
toward success.
A great many roots of this
Tropaeolum are imported every year. They come
from sandy-peaty soils, and before they reach the
private planter's hands have probably been so long
out of the ground that they have lost half their
vitality,
and
grown
in
garden
With
soils
site.
may
any case
If
it
is
difficult
for roots
of this country.
well-established
good chance
a
in
plants in pots
we have a
of success.
the
soil
If
the
soil is light
and
Deep planting
is
If
leaf-mould, peat,
soil,
so
much
the better,
to
aim
at.
After
all, it
205
abundantly repay
with pretty pendent,
tubular flowers of brillant red and rich orange
grows from a balloon-shaped tuber, which should be
planted deeply and bedded in sand, when they will
be safe from harm even in sharp winters.
Of remarkable beauty both in leaf and flower,
T. polyphyllum seems naturally adapted for trailing over the steep slope of a bank, or the face of
a rough stone wall, where its glaucous leaves
and bright golden flowers form a charming sight.
It is a plant that never fails to attract admiring
scarlet of a vigorous colony will
the
effort.
T.
tuberosum,
attention.
Verbascum. Given a large border of deep, wellsoil, with a fair amount of lime or chalk, a
drained
HARDY PERENNIALS
2o6
collection
an
effect
of
Verbascums
that
may
is
capable of producing
more imposing
V.
conspicuously out
three-feet
spikes of
dark,
almost indigo,
flowers,
PLANTS
WORTH GROWING
207
made
for a
sum total
Where
attention.
few clumps of
room should
some of these
Veronica.
varied one.
HARDY PERENNIALS
2o8
The flowering
may
nomen-
synonymous names
are all
too
common,
spicata
varieties
of
longifolia
are
often
wrongly
verticillata.
rank,
instances
In the
;;
and
to those
who take
209
a delight in
names
an engaging
For just half a dozen of the most distinct
task.
and pleasing sorts to form the nucleus of a collection,
of a collection of Veronicas will offer
mixed
or to include in a border of
perennials,
we
erect,
V. spicata corymbosa,
of
HARDY PERENNIALS
210
readers to allot
some space
in their gardens,
however
blossom.
A number
of
named
varieties
now
in
by the plant
breeder,
and
posies
richer-
Quite
number
of
other
Viola
species
shaded frame.
Among
ornamental
211
Eminently suited to
choicer species and varieties
may
by the
also
"Eye"
of Ornamental Vine.
chii
is
botanically
folia
is
purea
is
Vitis
inconstans.
V.
heart-shaped
autumn
tints
being as
HARDY PERENNIALS
212
any
situation.
Yucca filamentosa or
in every garden.
in the
way
of
When
must be
and at the roots will be found thick
protrusions from the main stock with whitish
it is
carefully lifted,
fleshy
number
of
brown
213
cord-like
loam.
Zauschneria.
to deal
is
The
last plant
distinct
of
all.
as these
are
may
brighter
home
in a well-drained,
soil,
HARDY PERENNIALS
214
variety
named
Splendens,
when obtained
true,
of larger size
INDEX
Autumn
Crocus
cum), 116
Acaena, 73
{see
Colchi-
Acanthus, 74
Achillea, 75
Aconitum, 76
Actaea, 76
Balm
Adonis, 77
103
Baptisia, 97
Beds of Hardy Perennials, 34
Alstroemeria, 77
Belamcanda, 98
Althaea, 78
Alyssum, 81
Anemone,
81
Anthemis, 84
Anthericum, 84
Antirrhinum, 85
Aquilegia, 89
Calliopsis
Arabis, 91
Armeria, 91
Calystegia, 99
Arnebia
Macrotomia), 162
Aronicum [see Doronicum), 134
{see
Artemisia, 91
Asclepias, 92
Asperula, 93
Asphodelus, 94
Aster, 94
Astilbe, 96
Astrantia, 96
Atragene
{see
Aubrietia, 97
Clematis), 114
{see
Coreopsis), iiy
Campanula, 99
Carduus {see Cnicus), 116
Carnation, 130
Catananche, 102
Cedronella, 103
Centaurea, 103
Centranthus, 104
Cephalaria, 105
Cerastium, 105
Ceratostigma plumbaginioides,
106
Chelone, 107
215
INDEX
2l6
Chelone
barbatus
{see
Pent-
Dodecatheon, 134
Doronicum, 134
Dracocephalum, 134
Chrysanthemum, 108
Chrysanthemum Indicum, no
Chrysogonum Virginianum, 11?.
Echinacea, 134
Echinops, 135
Epigaea repens, 136
Epilobium, 136
Epimedium, 136
Eranthis Hyemalis, 137
Eremurus, 137
Erigeron, 139
Eryngium, 139
Erythronium, 140
Clay
Soil,
26
Clematis, 114
Cnicus, 116
Codonopsis, 116
Colchicum, 116
Convallaria Ma j alls, 117
Convolvulus, 119
Coreopsis, 119
Coronilla, 120
Corydalis, 121
Crambe, 122
Crinum, 122
Cuttings, propagating by, 57
Cuttings, Root, 61
Farfugmm
Ficaria
{see
Fritillaria,
Senecio), 189
Ranunculus), 183
140
{see
Fuchsia, 141
Fungoid
Cyclamen, 123
Cypripedium, 124
ment
Diseases,
of,
The Treat-
69
Funkia, 141
D
Delphinium, 125
Gaillardia, 142
Galega, 142
Galtonia candicans, 143
Garden, The Small Town, 33
Gas Lime, 43
Gentiana, 143
Geranium, 144
Gerbera, 144
Geum, 145
Gillenia, 146
Glechoma {see Nepeta), 169
Glossocomia {see Codonopsis),
116
Destruction of Insects, 67
Dianthus, 130
Dicentra, 132
Dictamnus, 133
Dielytra {see Dicentra), 132
Digging, 41
Digitalis, 133
Diplacus {see Mimulus), 165
Diseases,
The Treatment
Fungoid, 69
Division, Propagation by, 62
of
INDEX
Gravelly and Stony
Green Manuring, 26
Soil,
25
G\'psopliila, 146
H
Hardy Flower Garden, The, 19
Hardy Flower Garden, Planning
and Preparation
Hardy
Hardy
of,
of,
31
Ills
and Ailments
67
Hardy
Helenium, 147
Helianthus, 148
Heliopsis, 149
Helleborus, 149
Hemerocallis, 150
H\^ericum, 152
Ailments
Plants, 67
Incarvillea, 153
Inula, 154
Iris,
154
K
Kniphofia, 155
Liatris, 157
Lime, 28, 43
Linaria, 158
Linosyris {see Aster), 94
Linum, 159
Lobelia, 159
Lubinia {see Lysimachia), 162
Lupinus, 160
Lychnis, 161
Lysimachia, 162
Ly thrum, 162
M
Macrotomia echioides, 162
Malva, 163
of Soils, 24
and
Labelling, 50
Lathyrus, 156
Layering, Propagation by, 63
Leucanthemum {see Chrysanthemum), 118
Management
Iberis, 153
Ills
217
of
Hardy
Megasea
{see
Soil,
Saxifraga), 187
Mertensia, 164
Michaelmas Daisy, 94
Michauxia, 165
IVIimulus, 165
Monarda, 166
Montbretia, 167
Morina, 167
Myosotidium
Myosotis, 168
nobile, 167
28
INDEX
2l8
Pulmonaria, 182
Pyrethrum, 182
Nepeta, 169
R
CEnothera, 169
Ononis, 171
Ranunculus, 183
Rhaponticum
Onopordon, 171
Ostrowskia magnifica, 171
{see
Centaurea),
103
Rhodiola
{see
Sedum), 189
Rodgersia, 184
Romneya, 184
Root -cuttings, 61
Rudbeckia, 185
Phlox, 177
Phygelius capensis, 178
Physalis, 178
Ph^-tolacca, 178
Pityrosperma
{see
Cimicifuga),
113
Salvia, 185
Sanguinaria, 186
Saponaria, 186
Saxifraga, 187
Scabiosa, 188
Schivereckia {see Alyssum), 81
Seasonal Borders, 38
Sedum, i8g
Seedlings, Transplanting, 55
Seedlings, Watering, 55
Seed, Propagating by, 52
Seed, Sowing, 53
Plumbago
Senecillis
{see
Ceraplumbaginioides),
larpentae
tostigma
106
Podophyllum, 179
Polygonum, 179
Potentilla, 180
Piimula, 180
{see Senecio),
189
Senecio, 189
Sidalcea, 190
Geum), 145
Silphium, 190
Soil, Clay, 26
Soil, Gravelly and Stony, 25
Soil, Sour and Manure-sick, 28
Sieversia {see
Management and
Improvement of, 24
Soils, Practical
Solidago, 190
Soil,
28
INDEX
219
Spiraea, 191
Tritoma
Stachys, 193
Staking Plants, 65
Trollius, 203
{see
Kniphofia),
155
Tropaeolum, 203
Statice, 193
Veratrum, 205
Verbascum, 205
Veronica, 207
Viola, 209
Vitis, 210
Teucrium, 197
Thalictrum, 198
Thermopsis, 199
Thymus, 199
Tiarella, 200
Tolmiea Menziesii, 200
Town Garden, The Small, 33
Tradescantia virginica, 200
Transplanting Seedlings, 55
w
Wallflower
[see
Cheiranthus), 106
Watering Seedlings, 55
Wire Worm, Destruction
Yucca, 212
Tricyrtis, 201
Trillium, 202
Zauschneria, 213
&
of,
67
1827 00005243
Date Due
ri
1^
..d^^f^^T^^^y^
Sf3Vob-
ii(76-'
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Time
When renewing
Renewals
Fines*
value.
is
'';
E.S.McCAWLEir^tO.
BOOKS
HAVRFOR0,PA.
Librarian!