Sport Rec Private Akts

Airman Knowledge Testing
Supplement for Sport Pilot,

Recreational Pilot, and
Private Pilot
2013
This publication combines publications formerly known as
Computer Testing Supplement for Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot and
Computer Testing Supplement for Sport Pilot, Sport Pilot Instructor,
and Sport Pilot Examiner.
U.S. Department of Transportation

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
Flight Standards Service
ii
Preface
This Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement is designed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Standards
Service. It is intended for use by Airman Knowledge Testing (AKT) Organization Designation Authorization (ODA)
Holders and other entities approved and/or authorized to administer airman knowledge tests on behalf of the FAA in the
following knowledge areas:
Sport PilotAirplane (ASEL and ASES)
Sport PilotGyroplane
Sport PilotGlider
Sport PilotAirship (LTA)
Sport PilotBalloon (LTA)
Sport PilotWeight-Shift Control (WSCS and WSCL)
Sport PilotPowered Parachute (PPL and PPS)
Recreational PilotAirplane (RPA)
Recreational PilotRotorcraft/Helicopter (RPH)
Recreational PilotRotorcraft/Gyroplane (RPG)
Private PilotAirplane/Recreational PilotTransition (PAT)
Private PilotHelicopter/Recreational PilotTransition (PHT)
Private PilotGyroplane/Recreational PilotTransition (POT)
Private PilotAirplane (PAR)
Private PilotRotorcraft/Helicopter (PRH)
Private PilotRotorcraft/Gyroplane (PRO)
Private PilotGlider (POL)
Private PilotFree BalloonHot Air (PBH)
Private PilotFree BalloonGas (PBG)
Private PilotLighter-Than-AirAirship (PLA)
Private PilotPowered-Parachute (PPP)
Private PilotWeight-shift Control (PWS)
Comments regarding this supplement, or any AFS-630 publication, should be sent in email form to the following address:
AFS630comments@faa.gov
iii
iv
Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................................. iii
Contents............................................................................................................................................................. v
Appendix 1......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Legend 1. Sectional aeronautical chart.......................................................................................................................................................3
Legend 2. Airport/facility directory.............................................................................................................................................................4
Legend 8. Airport/facility directory...........................................................................................................................................................10
Legend 9. Airport/facility directory...........................................................................................................................................................11
Legend 10. Airport/facility directory.........................................................................................................................................................12
Appendix 2......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 1. Lift vector......................................................................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2. Load factor chart..........................................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 3. Altimeter........................................................................................................................................................................................5
Figure 4. Airspeed indicator.........................................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 5. Turn coordinator...........................................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 6. Heading indicator.........................................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 7. Attitude indicator..........................................................................................................................................................................9
Figure 8. Density altitude chart..................................................................................................................................................................10
Figure 9. Control position for taxi..............................................................................................................................................................11
Figure 10. Gyroplane rotor blade position................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 11. Glider yaw string......................................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 12. Aviation routine weather reports (METAR).............................................................................................................................14
Figure 13. Telephone weather briefing.......................................................................................................................................................15
Figure 14. Pilot weather report..................................................................................................................................................................16
Figure 15. Terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAF).......................................................................................................................................17
Figure 16. Area forecast.............................................................................................................................................................................18
Figure 17. Winds and temperatures aloft forecast.....................................................................................................................................19
Figure 18. Weather depiction chart............................................................................................................................................................20
Figure 19. Radar summary chart...............................................................................................................................................................21
Figure 20. Low-level significant weather (SIGWX) prognostic charts......................................................................................................22
Figure 21. Sectional chart excerpt.............................................................................................................................................................23

Figure 28. Time conversion table...............................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 29. VOR...........................................................................................................................................................................................31
Figure 30. ADF (movable card).................................................................................................................................................................32
Figure 31. ADF (fixed card).......................................................................................................................................................................33
Figure 32. Airport/facility directory excerpt..............................................................................................................................................34
Figure 33. Airplane weight and balance tables..........................................................................................................................................35
Figure 34. Airplane weight and balance tables..........................................................................................................................................36
Figure 35. Airplane weight and balance graphs........................................................................................................................................37
Figure 36. Airplane power setting table.....................................................................................................................................................38
Figure 37. Crosswind component graph....................................................................................................................................................39
Figure 38. Airplane landing distance graph..............................................................................................................................................40
Figure 39. Airplane landing distance table................................................................................................................................................41
Figure 40. Gyroplane takeoff and landing graphs.....................................................................................................................................42
Figure 41. Airplane takeoff distance graph................................................................................................................................................43
Figure 42. Helicopter weight and balance graph.......................................................................................................................................44
Figure 43. Helicopter weight and balance graphs.....................................................................................................................................45
Figure 44. Helicopter CG envelopes..........................................................................................................................................................46
Figure 45. Gyroplane weight and balance graph.......................................................................................................................................47
Figure 46. Gyroplane weight and balance graph.......................................................................................................................................48
Figure 47. Helicopter height velocity diagram..........................................................................................................................................49
Figure 48. VASI illustrations......................................................................................................................................................................50
Figure 49. Airport diagram........................................................................................................................................................................51
Figure 50. Airport diagram........................................................................................................................................................................52
Figure 51. Airport landing indicator..........................................................................................................................................................53
Figure 52. Flight plan form........................................................................................................................................................................54
Figure 54. Glider weight and balance diagram.........................................................................................................................................56
Figure 55. Glider performance graph........................................................................................................................................................57
Figure 56. Standard soaring signals..........................................................................................................................................................58
Figure 57. Hot air balloon performance graph..........................................................................................................................................59
Figure 58. Hot air balloon performance graph..........................................................................................................................................60
Figure 59. Compass card............................................................................................................................................................................61
Figure 61. Weight and balance diagram....................................................................................................................................................63
Figure 62. Weight and balance diagram....................................................................................................................................................64
Figure 63. Rectangular course...................................................................................................................................................................65
Figure 64. Airport/facility excerpt..............................................................................................................................................................66
Figure 65. Airport markings.......................................................................................................................................................................67
Figure 66. U.S. airport signs......................................................................................................................................................................68
Figure 67. S-turn diagram..........................................................................................................................................................................69
Figure 68. Weight and balance chart.........................................................................................................................................................70
Figure 69. Wind triangle............................................................................................................................................................................71
vi

Figure 73. Velocity vs. G-loads..................................................................................................................................................................75
Figure 74. Glider Hand Signals.................................................................................................................................................................76
Figure 83. Altimeter....................................................................................................................................................................................85
vii
viii
Appendix 1
AIRPORTS
Open dot within hard-surfaced runway configuration

indicates approxmate VOR, VOR-DME, or VORTAC
location.
Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069 ft., or same

multiple runways less than 8069 ft.
Hard-surfaced runways 1500 ft. to 8069 ft. in length
Seaplane Base
Abandenedpaved,
having landmark value,
3000 ft. or greater
F
Ultralight
Flight Park
Selected
MIAMI
Airport
of Entry
285 L 72 122.95
RP 23, 34
VFR Advsy 125.0
AOE
UNICOM
ICAO
Location
Indicator
shown
outside
contiguous
U.S.
FAR 91
Location
Identifier
When information is lacking, the respective charactor is

replaced by a dash. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights
and may not represent the longest runway or full length lighting.
285 Elevation in feet

L Lighting in operation sunset to sunrise
L Lighting limitations exist, refer to Airport/Facility
Directory.
72 Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet;
usable length may be less.
FSS Flight Service Station

NO SVFR Fixed wing special VFR flight is prohibited.
CT 118.3 Control Tower (CT) primary frequency
Star indicates operation part-time (see tower frequencies)
tabulation for hours of operation).
C Indicates Common Traffic Advisory Frequencies (CTAF)
ATIS 123.8 Automatic Terminal Information Service
ASOS/AWOS 135.42 Automated Surface Weather Observing
Systems (shown where full-time ATIS is not available).
Some ASOS/AWOS facilities may not be located at airports.
UNICOM Aeronoutical advisory station
VFR Advsy VFR Advisory Service shown where full-time ATIS
not available and frequency is other than primary CT frequency.
Runways with
Right Traffic Patterns
(public use)
RP Special conditions
exist - see A/FD
Underline indicates
no voice on this frequency.
Crosshatch indicates
Shutdown Status
Operates less than
continuous or On-Request.
ASOS/AWOS
HIWAS
122.1R
FSS radio
providing voice
communication
A
H
FSS
NO SVFR
NAME (NAM)(PNAM)
CT 118.3 C ATIS 123.8
Box indicators FAR 93

Special Air Traffic
Rules& Airport
Traffic Patterns
AIRPORT DATA
Frequencies above this line box are remoted to

NAVAID site. Other FSS frequencies providing voice
communication may be available as determined by
altitude and terrain. Consult Airport/Facility Directory
for complete information.
R - Receive Only.
Certain FSSs provide Airport

Advisory Service, see A/FD.
Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS).

Frequencies 121.5, 122.2, 243.0 and 255.4
(Canada - 121.5, 126.7 and 243.0) are available at many
FSSs and are not shown above boxes. All other
frequenciesare shown.
CHICAGO CHI
122.1R
COMMUNICATION BOXES
122.1R 122.6 123.6
OAKDALE
382 116.8 OAK
Legend 1. Sectional aeronautical chart.
Other facilities. i.e., FSS Outlet,

RCO, etc.
NDB-DME
Non-Directional
Radiobeacon (NDB)
VOR-DME
VORTAC
VHF OMNI RANGE (VOR)
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
Rotating airport beacon in operation Sunset to Sunrise
Servicesfuel available and field ended during normal working hours

depicted by use of ticks around basic airport symbol. (Normal
working hours are Mon thru Fri 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. local tima.
Consult A/FD for service availability at airports with hard-surfaced
runways greater than 8069 ft.
Unverifield
Heliport
Selected
Military Other than hard-surfaced. All military airports are

identified by abbreviations AFB, NAS, AAF, etc.
For complets airport information consult DOD FLIP.
Private (Pvt) Nos-public use having emergency or

landmark valve.
ADDITIONAL AIRPORT INFORMATION
All recognizable hard-surfaced runways, including those closed, are

shown for visual identification. Airports may be public or private
SCALE 1:500,000
4500 MSL
V 69
Height above ground

Under construction or
reported; position and
elevation unverified.
Elevation of the top above

mean sea level
NOTICE: Guy wires may extend outward

from structures.
(1149)
UC
2049
or
Obstruction with high-intensity lights

May operate part-time
Group Obstruction
below 1000 ft. AGL
1000 ft. and higher AGL
or
RNAV
waypoint
OBSTRUCTIONS
TK313
T319 (helicopter
only)
169
Total mileage
between NAVAID, on direct Airways
Class E Airspace low altitude RNAV routes
are indicated by center line.
132
Class E Airspace exists at 1200' AGL unless

otherwise designated as shown above.
Class E Airspace low altitude Federal
Airways are indicated by center line.
Intersection - Arrows are directed towards
facilities which establish intersection.
Differentiates floors of
Class E Airspace greater
than 700 ft. above surface.
Class E Airspace with floor

1200 ft. or greater above
surface that abuts Class G
Airspace.
Class E Airspace with floor

700 ft. above surface.
Class E (sfc) Airspace
2400 MSL
40
Ceiling of Class D Airspace

in hundreds of feet. (A minus
ceiling value indicates surface
up to but not including that
value).
Class D Airspace
Class A Airspace (mode C

See FAR 91.215/AIM.)
Class B Airspace
Only the controlled and reserved airspace

effective below 18,000 ft. MSL are shown
on this chart. All times are local.
UA
1 E
VFR Waypoints (See

Airport/Facility Directory
for latitude/longitude).
NAME
(VPXYZ)
Marine Light
Parachute Jumping Area

(See Airport/Facility
Directory).
Unmanned Aircraft Activity
Glider Operations
Hang Glider
Activity
Ultralight
Activity
Isogonic Line (2010 VALUE)
MISCELLANEOUS
IR211
Prohibited, Restricted,
and Warning Areas;
Canadian Advisory,
Danger, and Restricted
Areas.
Alert Area and MOA Military Operations
Area
Special Airport Traffic
Area (See FAR Part 93
for details)
ADIZ - Air Defense
Identification Zone
Mode C
(See FAR 91.215/AIM).
National Security Area
Terminal Radar Service
Area (TRSA)
MTR - Military Training
Route
AIRPORT TRAFFIC SERVICE AND AIRSPACE INFORMATION
Railroad
Roads &
Road Markers
Coast Guard Station
Water Well
Mountain Pass
11823 (Elevation of Pass)
Mine or Quarry
Oil Well
Tank-water, oil or gas
Race Track
CG
Lookout Tower
618 (Elevation Base of Tower)
Outdoor Theatre
Landmark Feature - stadium, factory,

school, golf course, etc.
Aerial Cable
Power Transmission Lines
40
Rocks
Non-Perennial Lake
Pier
Perennial Lake
Bridges and Viaducts
Dams
(Pass symbol does not indicate a

recommended route or direction of flight
and pass elevation does not indicate a
recommended clearance altitude.
Hazardous flight conditions may exist
within and near mountain passes).
95
TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Airports having Control Towers are shown in Blue, all others in Magenta. Consult Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) for details involving airport lighting, navigation aids, and services. For additional symbol information refer to the Chart Users Guide.
Other than hard-surfaced runways
LEGEND
SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHART
Legend 2. Airport/facility directory.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Appendix 2
Ch
ord
Re
su
Fo lta
rc nt
e
Lift
line
Drag
Relative wind
Center of pressure
Figure 1. Lift vector.
Load
factor
n
1.0
10
1.015
30
1.154
45
1.414
60
2.000
70
2.923
80
5.747
85
11.473
90
Load factor chart

9
Load factor G units
Angle of
bank
o
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Bank angle in degrees
Figure 2. Load factor chart.
Figure 3. Altimeter.
FEET
00 FEET
10 0 FEE
T
0
10
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
8
6
FEET
00 FEET
10 0 FEE
T
0
10
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
8
6
FEET
00 FEET
10 0 FEE
T
0
10
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
240
40
220
60
200
180
80
160
140 100
Figure 4. Airspeed indicator.
D.C.
ELEC.
TURN COORDINATOR
2 MIN.
NO PITCH
INFORMATION
Figure 5. Turn coordinator.
30
24
I5
2I
33
I2
Figure 6. Heading indicator.
B
C
Figure 7. Attitude indicator.
DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART

15
14
000
14,
000
13,
13
000
12,
12
00
000
10,
10
(
de
re
su
s
re
00
it
alt
9,0
00
8,0
Sta
00
7,0
nda
rd t
00
6,0
em
atu
per
re
Approximate density altitude (thousand feet)
fe
0
11,
11
et)
00
5,0
00
4,0
00
00
2,0
000
1,
el
ev
al
Se
-12
10
-7
20
-1
30
4
40
10
50
16
60
00
,0
1
S.L.
C -18
F 0
Pressure altitude
conversion factor
28.0
1,824
28.1
1,727
28.2
1,630
28.3
1,533
28.4
1,436
28.5
1,340
28.6
1,244
28.7
1,148
28.8
1,053
28.9
957
29.0
863
29.1
768
29.2
673
29.3
579
29.4
485
29.5
392
29.6
298
29.7
205
29.8
112
29.9
20
29.92
3,0
Altimeter setting
("Hg)
21
70
27
80
Outside air temperature

Figure 8. Density altitude chart.
10
32
90
38
100
43
110
30.0
73
30.1
165
30.2
257
30.3
348
30.4
440
30.5
531
30.6
622
30.7
712
30.8
803
30.9
893
31.0
983
B
D
Figure 9. Control position for taxi.
11
D
Figure 10. Gyroplane rotor blade position.
12
13
HW
PUSH
PULL
OFF
NET
DIST
ALT
DIST
NET
ALT
AVG
GO
AVG
GO
L
NAV
L
NAV
SH
PU
FNCN
FNCN
SEL
10
VOL BATT
PWR
-4
SEL
VOL BATT
PWR
-4
Accele
ration
G UNITS
-2
KNOTS
KNOTS
-2
SH
PU
SH
PU
50
Figure 11. Glider yaw string.
PULL
OFF
PUSH
HW
SH
PU
10
60
O
LT
SA
60
kn
ot
s
50
kn
ot
s
70
winter
70
winter
O
LT
SA
80
10
80
knots
8
10
10
knots
8
10
90
90
FE ET
ALT
0
FE ET
20
120
140
2
29.8
29.8
29.9
30.0
100
60
80
80
knots
29.9
30.0
160
ALT
40
I00
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
I00
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
20
120
60
knots
100
160
140
40
ON
STEER
RADIO
FOR
300
ON
300
ON
STEER
FOR
30
60
STEER
RADIO
210 240
ON
FOR
STEER
60
FOR
30
210 240
330
120
330
120
150
150
HW
PUSH
PULL
OFF
NET
DIST
DIST
NET
ALT
ALT
PULL
OFF
PUSH
HW
AVG
GO
AVG
GO
L
NAV
L
NAV
SH
PU
SH
PU
VOL BATT
PWR
FNCN
SEL
8
10
VOL BATT
PWR
-4
SEL
10
FNCN
-4
Accele
ration
G UNITS
-2
KNOTS
Accele
ration
G UNITS
-2
KNOTS
SH
PU
SH
PU
60
0
4
0
4
70
winter
70
winter
O
LT
SA
O
LT
SA
60
kn
ot
s
50
kn
ot
s
10
80
10
80
knots
8
10
10
knots
8
10
Accele
ration
G UNITS
10
10
90
90
FE ET
ALT
FE ET
20
120
140
2
29.8
29.8
29.9
30.0
100
60
80
80
knots
29.9
30.0
160
ALT
40
I00
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
I00
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
20
120
60
knots
100
160
140
40
ON
STEER
RADIO
FOR
300
ON
300
ON
STEER
FOR
30
60
STEER
RADIO
210 240
ON
FOR
STEER
60
FOR
30
210 240
330
120
330
120
150
150
HW
PUSH
PULL
OFF
NET
DIST
DIST
NET
ALT
ALT
PULL
OFF
PUSH
HW
AVG
GO
AVG
GO
L
NAV
L
NAV
PU
SH
SH
PU
VOL BATT
PWR
FNCN
SEL
8
10
VOL BATT
PWR
-4
SEL
8
10
FNCN
-4
Accele
ration
G UNITS
-2
KNOTS
Accele
ration
G UNITS
-2
KNOTS
PU
SH
SH
PU
kn
ot
s
60
0
4
O
LT
SA
60
70
winter
70
winter
O
LT
SA
10
80
knots
8
10
80
knots
8
10
10
10
10
kn
ot
s
90
90
10
50
50
50
I00
I00
FE ET
120
140
FE ET
ALT
20
29.8
29.9
30.0
100
60
80
knots
29.8
29.9
30.0
160
ALT
40
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
9
CALIBRA
TED
TO
20,000
FEET
8
7
20
60
80
knots
100
160
120
140
40
ON
STEER
RADIO
FOR
300
ON
300
ON
STEER
FOR
30
60
STEER
RADIO
210 240
ON
FOR
STEER
60
FOR
30
210 240
330
120
330
120
150
150
14
Figure 12. Aviation routine weather reports (METAR).
SPECI KJFK 121853Z 18004KT 1/2SM FG R04/2200 OVC005 20/18 A3006
SPECI KMDW 121856Z 32005KT 1 1/2SM RA OVC007 17/16 A2980 RMK RAB35
METAR KLAX 121852Z 25004KT 6SM BR SCT007 SCT007 SCT250 16/15 A2991
METAR KBOI 121854Z 13004KT 30SM SCT150 17/6 A3015
METAR KINK 121845Z 11012G18KT 15SM SKC 25/17 A3000
15
Figure 13. Telephone weather briefing.
The winds aloft are: 3 thousand 170 at 7, temperature 20; 6 thousand 200
at 18, temperature 14; 9 thousand 210 at 22, temperature 8; 12 thousand
225 at 27, temperature 0; 18 thousand 240 at 30, temperature 7.
By 15Z, we should have a few scattered cumuliform clouds at 5 thousand

AGL, with higher scattered cirrus at 25 thousand MSL. After 20Z, the wind
should pick up to about 15 knots from the south.
Current weather here at Dallas is wind south 5 knots, visibility 12 miles,

clear, temperature 21, dewpoint 9, altimeter 29 point 78.
A weak low pressure over the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico is
causing a weak southerly flow over the area.
There are no adverse conditions reported or forecast for today.
This is a telephone weather briefing from the Dallas FSS for local operation
of gliders and lighter-than-air at Caddo Mills, Texas (about 30 miles east of
Dallas). The briefing is at 13Z.
Dallas
Caddo Mills
UA/OV KOKC-KTUL/TM 1800/FL 120/TP BE90//SK BKN018-TOP055/OVC072TOP089/CLR ABV/TA M7/WV 08021/TB LGT 055-072/IC LGT-MOD RIME 072-089
Figure 14. Pilot weather report.
16
TAF
KMEM
121720Z 121818 20012KT 5SM HZ BKN030 PROB40 2022 1SM TSRA OVC008CB
FM2200 33015G20KT P6SM BKN015 OVC025 PROB40 2202 3SM SHRA
FM0200 35012KT OVC008 PROB40 0205 2SM-RASN BECMG 0608 02008KT BKN012
BECMG 1012 00000KT 3SM BR SKC TEMPO 1214 1/2SM FG
FM1600 VRB06KT P6SM SKC=
KOKC
051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR

FM1600 18010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020
PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM SCT040=
Figure 15. Terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAF).
17
BOSC FA 241845
SYNOPSIS AND VFR CLDS/WX
SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL 251300
CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL 250700...OTLK VALID 250700-251300
ME NH VT MA RI CT NY LO NJ PA OH LE WV MD DC DE VA AND CSTL WTRS
.
SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN.
TS IMPLY SEV OR GTR TURB SEV ICE LLWS AND IFR CONDS.
NON MSL HGTS DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.
.
SYNOPSIS...19Z CDFNT ALG A 16NE ACK-ENE LN...CONTG AS A QSTNRY
FNT ALG AN END-50SW MSS LN. BY 13Z...CDFNT ALG A 140ESE ACK-HTO
LN...CONTG AS A QSTNRY FNT ALG A HTO-SYR-YYZ LN. TROF ACRS CNTRL
PA INTO NRN VA. ...REYNOLDS...
.
OH LE
NRN HLF OH LE...SCT-BKN025 OVC045. CLDS LYRD 150. SCT SHRA. WDLY
SCT TSRA. CB TOPS FL350. 23-01Z OVC020-030. VIS 3SM BR. OCNLRA. OTLK...IFR CIG BR FG.
SWRN QTR OH...BKN050-060 TOPS 100. OTLK...MVFR BR.
SERN QTR OH...SCT-BKN040 BKN070 TOPS 120. WDLY SCT-TSRA. 00Z
SCT-BKN030 OVC050. WDLY SCT-TSRA. CB TOPS FL350. OTLK...VFR
SHRA.
.
CHIC FA 241945
SYNOPSIS AND VFR CLDS/WX
SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL 251400
CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL 250800...OTLK VALID 250800-251400
ND SD NE KS MN IA MO WI LM LS MI LH IL IN KY
.
SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN.
TS IMPLY SEV OR GTR TURB SEV ICE LLWS AND IFR CONDS.
NON MSL HGTS DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.
.
SYNOPSIS...LOW PRES AREA 20Z CNTRD OVR SERN WI FCST MOV NEWD INTO
LH BY 12Z AND WKN. LOW PRES FCST DEEPEN OVR ERN CO DURG PD AND
MOV NR WRN KS BORDER BY 14Z. DVLPG CDFNT WL MOV EWD INTO S CNTRL
NE-CNTRL KS BY 14Z. ...SMITH..
.
UPR MI LS
WRN PTNS...AGL SCT030 SCT 030 SCT-BKN050. TOPS 080. 02-05Z BECMG CIG
OVC010 VIS 3-5SM BR. OTLK...IFR CIG BR.
ERN PTNS...CIG BKN020 OVC040. OCNL VIS 3-5SM -RA BR. TOPS FL200.
23Z CIG OVC010 VIS 3-5SM -RA BR. OTLK...IFR CIG BR.
.
LWR MI LM LH
CNTRL/NRN PTNS...CIG OVC010 VIS 3-5SM -RA BR. TOPS FL200
OTLK...IFR CIG BR.
.
SRN THIRD...CIG OVC015-025. SCT -SHRA. TOPS 150. 00-02Z BECMG CIG
OVC010 VIS 3-5SM BR. TOPS 060. OTLK...IFR CIG BR.
.
IN
NRN HALF...CIG BKN035 BKN080. TOPS FL200. SCT -SHRA. 00Z CIG
BKN-SCT040 BKN-SCT080. TOPS 120. 06Z AGL SCT-BKN030. TOPS 080.
OCNL VIS 3-5SM BR. OTLK...MVFR CIG BR.
SRN HALF...AGL SCT050 SCT-BKN100. TOPS 120. 07Z AGL SCT 030
SCT100. OTLK...VFR.
Figure 16. Area forecast.
18
19
0507
2113
3000
1707-01
2006+03
2325+07
2714
6000
Figure 17. Winds and temperatures aloft forecast.
FT
ALS
AMA
DEN
HLC
MKC
STL
9000
2420
2725+00
2321-04
2113-03
2215-01
2332+02
12000
2635-08
2625-04
2532-08
2219-07
2322-06
2339-04
FD WBC 151745
DATA BASED ON 151200Z
VALID 1600Z FOR USE 1800-0300Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000
18000
2535-18
2531-15
2434-19
2330-17
2338-17
2356-16
24000
2444-30
2542-27
2441-31
2435-30
2348-29
2373-27
30000
245945
265842
235347
244145
236143
239440
34000
246755
256352
236056
244854
237252
730649
39000
246862
256762
236262
245561
238160
731960
20
70
60
30
60
50
200
200
39
250
150
60
250
29
55
21
17
250
70
180
48
20
20
45
26
80
3
14
70
65
70
70
100
0188
Figure 18. Weather depiction chart.
NO91
CMC.
WEATHER DEPICTION
16Z SAT 14 APR 2012
US DEPT OF COMMERCE
NOAA/NWS/NMC WASHINGTON
65
10
15
10
65
50
30 2
IS AUTOMATIC WX DBS
1262 OUT OF 1462
TOTAL STATIONS
AVAILABLE FOR
ANALYSIS
200
110
29
37
TROF
32
43
40 55
60
36
14
19
25
16
35
24
25
16
50
18
150
250
220
45
12
15
5
12
2 1/2
TROF
22
1 1/2
2 1/2
14
36
23
25
21
11
10
13
14
65
30
16
17
12
10
70
48
18
10
15
10
10
40
19
20
5
18
12
13
15
220
8
11
60
10
11
14
5
2
15
250
110
150
250
200 85
TROF
10
10
10
1/2
30
30
130
260
84
9
3
13
72
25
16
55
33
24
13
19
29
36
55
95
95
45
40
260
30
22
COLD WK
100
150
78
68
15 12
17
17
200
12
14
23
14
11
25
15
23
5
12
STNY WK
11
42
250
200
SHADED AREAS...IFR WITH CIG LESS THAN

16
1000 FT AND/OR VSBY LESS THAN 3 MILES
CONTOURED WITHOUT SHADING...MVFR AREAS WITH
CIG GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1000 TO LESS THAN OR
2
EQUAL TO 3000 FT AND/OR VSBY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL
TO 3 TO LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 5 MI NO CONTOURS...VFR
AREAS WITH CIG GREATER THAN 3000 FT AND VSBY GREATER THAN 5 MI
32
10
200
50
26
10
26
12
15
100
13
12
16
11
250
25
40
44
15
240
25
16
17
42
12
220
COLD WK
14
20
44
15
250
23
2 1/2
12
16
80
15
250
250 250
220
65 2
55
23
25
12
5
48
15
250
120
16Z SAT 14 APR 2012 A6+41

US DEPT OF COMMERCE
21
190
NA
150
NE
160
NE
NA
240
RW
RW
NE
NE
NE
230
SHADING --ECHO AREAS

CONTOURS AT INTENSITIES 1-3-5
TOPS 999--BASES .999--100S OF FT
PREFIX-A--ACFT RPTD TOP
MVMT--AREAS+LINES--PENNANTS
MVMT--CELLS--ARROWS WITH SPEED
PRECIP TYPE AND CHANGE OF INTENSITY
+ IS NEW OR INCRG, - IS DCRG
LEGEND
210
RW
180
RW
Figure 19. Radar summary chart.
RW
NE
NA
180
NE
NA
430
270
S
230
NE
NA
NE
NE
None
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NA
NA
NA
WEATHER WATCH AREAS
RW
330
160
NA
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
RW
300
SW
250
NE
NE
250
NE
NA
NE
NE NE
290
RW
1435Z
390
TRW
NE
NE
RW
260
NE
NE
210
NE
250
RW
SAT
14
RW
APR 2012
250
TRW
RW
NE
430
470
TRW
TRW
TRW
290
200
TRW
NE
NE
NE
RADAR SUMMARY SD14
RW
TRW
RW
340
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
160
NE
NE
RW
200
NE
NE
NA
US DEPT OF COMMERCE
RW
210
170
160
RW
NE
NE
NE
NE
22
120
120 /
TROF
240 /
100W
L
999
1450
100W
120 /
TROF
90W
1015
0571
90W
80W
1018
80W
120
4501
Figure 20. Low-level significant weather (SIGWX) prognostic charts.
TROF
0571
180 /
TROF
1002
VT 18Z
Sat Apr 14 2012
12 HR SIG WX PROG
120W
TROF
VT 18Z
Sat Apr 14 2012
12 HR SIG WX PROG
LOW LVL SFC-400MB
120W
080
240 /
040
70W
120W
080
120 /
VT 06Z
Sun Apr 15 2012
24 HR SIG WX PROG
120W
1027
TROF
FSTHS INPLY POSSIBLE

SVR OR GARATER TURBC
SVR ICING AND LLNS
0271
70W
2251
40N
Base (hundreds of feet MSL)
070 /100
Top (hundreds of feet MSL)
Extreme turbulence
Severe turbulence
Moderate turbulence
Freezing level above mean sea level
Freezing level at surface
Moderate or greater turbulence
Ceiling 1,000-3,000 feet inclusive and/or

visibility 3-5 miles incl.
Ceiling less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility

less than 3 miles
Flight planning only

see TAF & for specific terminal forecast
080
40N
040
040
040
1000
TROF
240 /
240 / 180 /
040
100W
L997
1027
080 /
TROF
VT 06Z
Sun Apr 15 2012
24 HR SIG WX PROG
LOW LVL SFC-400MB
120 /
90W
4501
90W
TROF
1013
0471
80W
1021
4201
80W
120
070 /
0281
40N
2281
40N
040
70W
70W
080
Figure 21. Sectional chart excerpt.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
WYOMING
add 5 hours
add 4 hours
add 6 hours
add 5 hours
add 7 hours
add 6 hours
add 8 hours
add 7 hours
N E W
10E
M E X I C O
COLORADO
Eastern standard time

Eastern daylight time
Central standard time
Centeral daylight time
Mountain standard time
Mountain daylight time
Pacific standard time
Pacific daylight time
Figure 28. Time conversion table.
M O N T A N A
15E
Easterly variation
Mountain standard time
U T A H
A R I Z O N A
I D A H O
To coordinated universal time
CALIFORNIA
Pacific standard time
N E V A D A
O R E G O N
To convert from
15E
20E
WASHINGTON
20E
TEXAS
SOUTH
DAKOTA
MINNESOTA
5E
I O W A
OKLAHOMA
5E
LOUISIANA
ARKANSAS
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ILLINOIS
WISCONSIN
Central standard time

KANSAS
NEBRASKA
NORTH DAKOTA
10E
OHIO
10W
GEORGIA
KENTUCKY
VIRGINIA
NORTH CAROLINA
FLORIDA
SOUTH
CAROLINA
WEST
VIRGINIA
MAINE
MARYLAND
DELAWARE
15W
20W
RHODE ISLAND
10W
NEW JERSEY
CONNECTICUT
MASSACHUSETTS
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
VERMONT
20W
5W
NEW
YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
15W
Eastern standard time
ALABAMA
TENNESSEE
INDIANA
MICHIGAN
5W
Westerly variation
ine
ic l
n
o
Ag
2
3
3
3
TO
TO
TO
LOC
LOC
FROM
24
24
FROM
6
3
TO
TO
LOC
FROM
24
24
FROM
24
18
21
TO
24
21
24
TO
LOC
FROM
18
TO
LOC
OBS
18
21
OBS
8
21
24
18
21
OBS
7
18
LOC
FROM
18
21
TO
LOC
OBS
18
21
OBS
5
3
24
18
21
OBS
4
0
LOC
FROM
18
21
OBS
LOC
FROM
OBS
Figure 29. VOR.
31
FROM
OBS
12
15
32
24
21
21
24
Figure 30. ADF (movable card).
SET
SET
24
W
30
21
15
SET
12
W
S
33
15
21
24
30
SET
15
12
30
12
33
30
33
W
33
33
33
33
30
24
Figure 31. ADF (fixed card).
21
21
30
30
W
24
30
30
W
24
30
15
3
33
33
24
15
33
21
6
W
4
33
33
24
24
30
W
24
30
21
15
21
15
21
33
15
12
21
15
12
21
6
E
12
15
6
E
12
15
24
6
12
12
12
12
34
Figure 32. Airport/facility directory excerpt.
Useful load weights and moments

Baggage or 5th
seat occupant
Occupants
Front seats ARM 85
Rear seats ARM 121
Weight
Weight
Moment
100
Moment
100
120
102
120
145
10
14
130
110
130
157
20
28
140
119
140
169
30
42
150
128
150
182
40
56
160
136
160
194
50
70
170
144
170
206
60
84
180
153
180
218
70
98
190
162
190
230
80
112
200
170
200
242
90
126
100
140
110
154
120
168
130
182
140
196
150
210
160
224
170
238
180
252
190
266
200
280
210
294
220
308
230
322
240
336
250
350
260
364
270
378
ARM 140
Empty weight~2,015
MOM/100~1,554
Moment limits vs weight

Moment limits are based on the
following weight and center of
gravity limit data (landing gear
down).
Weight
Moment
100
Usable fuel
Main wing tanks ARM 75
Gallons
Weight
Moment
100
30
22
10
60
45
15
90
68
20
120
90
25
150
112
30
180
135
35
210
158
40
240
180
44
264
198
Auxiliary wing tanks ARM 94

Gallons
Weight
Moment
100
30
28
10
60
56
15
90
85
19
114
107
*Oil
Quarts
Weight
Moment
100
10
19
*Included in basic empty weight.
Weight
condition
2,950 lb (takeoff or landing)
2,525 lb
2,475 lb or less
Figure 33. Airplane weight and balance tables.
35
Forward
CG limit
AFT
CG limit
82.1
77.5
77.0
84.7
85.7
85.7
Moment limits vs weight (continued)

Weight
Minimum
Moment
100
Maximum
Moment
100
Weight
Minimum
Moment
100
Maximum
Moment
100
2,100
1,617
1,800
2,500
1,932
2,143
2,110
1,625
1,808
2,510
1,942
2,151
2,120
1,632
1,817
2,520
1,953
2,160
2,130
1,640
1,825
2,530
1,963
2,168
2,140
1,648
1,834
2,540
1,974
2,176
2,150
1,656
1,843
2,550
1,984
2,184
2,160
1,663
1,851
2,560
1,995
2,192
2,170
1,671
1,860
2,570
2,005
2,200
2,180
1,679
1,868
2,580
2,016
2,208
2,190
1,686
1,877
2,590
2,026
2,216
2,200
1,694
1,885
2,600
2,037
2,224
2,210
1,702
1,894
2,610
2,048
2,232
2,220
1,709
1,903
2,620
2,058
2,239
2,230
1,717
1,911
2,630
2,069
2,247
2,240
1,725
1,920
2,640
2,080
2,255
2,250
1,733
1,928
2,650
2,090
2,263
2,260
1,740
1,937
2,660
2,101
2,271
2,270
1,748
1,945
2,670
2,112
2,279
2,280
1,756
1,954
2,680
2,123
2,287
2,290
1,763
1,963
2,690
2,133
2,295
2,300
1,771
1,971
2,700
2,144
2,303
2,310
1,779
1,980
2,710
2,155
2,311
2,320
1,786
1,988
2,720
2,166
2,319
2,330
1,794
1,997
2,730
2,177
2,326
2,340
1,802
2,005
2,740
2,188
2,334
2,350
1,810
2,014
2,750
2,199
2,342
2,360
1,817
2,023
2,760
2,210
2,350
2,370
1,825
2,031
2,770
2,221
2,358
2,380
1,833
2,040
2,780
2,232
2,366
2,390
1,840
2,048
2,790
2,243
2,374
2,400
1,848
2,057
2,800
2,254
2,381
2,410
1,856
2,065
2,810
2,265
2,389
2,420
1,863
2,074
2,820
2,276
2,397
2,430
1,871
2,083
2,830
2,287
2,405
2,440
1,879
2,091
2,840
2,298
2,413
2,450
1,887
2,100
2,850
2,309
2,421
2,460
1,894
2,108
2,860
2,320
2,428
2,470
1,902
2,117
2,870
2,332
2,436
2,480
1,911
2,125
2,880
2,343
2,444
2,490
1,921
2,134
2,890
2,354
2,452
2,900
2,365
2,460
2,910
2,377
2,468
2,920
2,388
2,475
2,930
2,399
2,483
2,940
2,411
2,491
2,950
2,422
2,499
Figure 34. Airplane weight and balance tables.
36
400
a
Re
tp
as
se
Fu
ng
el
er
(6
lb
/g
al
)
300
Pi
lot
&
200
48 gal**
38 gal*
fro
n
250
Loading Graph
Load Weight (pounds)
as
rp
350
rs
ge
n
se
30 gal
150
20 gal
100
10 gal
50
0
Maximum Usable Fuel
Baggage or passenger on
childs seat (120 lb max.)
10
15
* Standard tanks
** Long range tanks
20
25
30
Load Moment/1,000 (pounds-inches)

Notes:
1. Lines representing adjustable seats show the pilot or passenger center of gravity
on adjustable seats positioned for an average occupant. Refer to the Loading
Arrangements diagram for forward and aft limits of occupant CG range.
2. Engine Oil: 8 qt = 15 lb at 0.2 Moment/1,000
Note: The empty weight of this airplane does not include the weight of the oil.
Normal
category
2,200
2,100
2,000
te
go
ry
1,900
ilit
ca
1,800
Ut
Loaded Airplane Weight (pounds)
2,300
1,700
1,600
1,500
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Loaded Aircraft Moment/1,000 (pounds-inches)
Figure 35. Airplane weight and balance graphs.
37
100
105
110
38
36
28
21
14 10 2,450
7 14 2,450
181
184
186
183
180
157
160
162
159
156
11.5
11.5
11.5
10.5
9.7
6.6
6.6
6.4
5.8
5.3
19.5
19.2
18.8
17.4
16.1
2 19 2,450
8 22 2,450
8,000
10,000
12,000 15 26 2,450
14,000 22 30 2,450
16,000 29 34 2,450
Figure 36. Airplane power setting table.
Note: 1. Full throttle manifold pressure settings are approximate.

2. Shaded area represents operation with full throttle.
41
178
155
11.5
6.6
19.8
5 15 2,450
6,000
6 2,450
2 2,450
2 2,450
5 2,450
48
12 11 2,450
9 2,450
13 2,450
4,000
55
175
171
152
149
11.5
6.6
20.4
7 2,450
16.1
17.4
18.8
19.9
20.2
20.4
20.7
21.0
21.2
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
9.4
10.1
10.9
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
RMP IN HG PSI GPH
17 2,450
11.5
19
2,000
63
169
147
11.5
6.6
20.7
3 2,450
KTS MPH
RMP IN HG PSI GPH
6.6
27
SL
Engine MAN. Fuel flow

speed press per engine
IOAT

TAS
Standard day (ISA)
ISA 20 C (36 F)
20.1
IOAT
Feet
Press
ALT.
Cruise power settings
156
160
163
163
161
158
156
153
150
180
184
188
188
185
182
180
176
173
KTS MPH
TAS
65% Maximum continuous power (or full throttle 2,800 pounds)
43
50
57
64
72
79
84
91
99
2,450
10 2,450
14 2,450
18 2,450
22 2,450
26 2,450
29 2,450
33 2,450
16.1
17.4
18.8
20.3
20.8
21.0
21.3
21.5
21.8
4.9
5.4
5.9
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
9.1
9.8
10.6
11.4
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
RMP IN HG PSI GPH

37 2,450
IOAT
ISA +20 C (+36 F)
155
160
163
166
164
161
159
156
153
178
184
188
191
189
185
183
180
176
KTS MPH
TAS
10
20
Example:
40 knots wind at 30 angle

A 30 angle between wind and runway
B 40 knots total wind velocity
C 35 knots headwind component
D 20 knots crosswind component
30
60
Win
dv
elo
cit
y
50
40
Use plastic overlay
Headwind component
50
40
60
30
70
20
80
10
90
10
20
30
40
50
Crosswind component
Figure 37. Crosswind component graph.
39
60
70
40
eet
ISA
20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 38. Airplane landing distance graph.
F -40 -20
C -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

de - f
altitu
e
r
u
s
Pres
Retarded to maintain 900/ft on final approach

Down
Down
Paved, level, dry surface
IAS as tabulated
Maximum
000
10, ,000
8 00
6,0 ,000 0
4 ,00 .L.
2 S
Power
Flaps
Landing gear
Runway
Approach speed
Braking
2,800
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,950
2,800
80
78
75
72
69
70
68
65
63
60
2,600
2,400
Weight (pounds)
MPH
25 C (77 F)
3,965 feet
2,814 lb
9.0 knots
(headwind)
2,200
in
0 10 20 30
Wind component
(knots)
He
ad
w
Ground roll
1,080 feet
Total over 50 feet obstacle 1,700 feet
Approach speed 68 knots (78 mph)
OAT
Pressure altitude
Weight
Wind component
Reference line
kts
Example:
Speed at 50 ft
win
Tail
Weight
pounds
50
Obstacle
(feet)
Gu
ide
Ob
li
s
tac for I nes
le nte not
r
h
e
igh med app
ts iate lica
bl
Reference line
Associated conditions:
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Distance (feet)
Reference line
41
60
1,600
445
Ground roll
1,075
Total to clear
50 feet OBS
At sea level & 59 F
470
Ground roll
1,135
Total to clear
50 feet OBS
At 2,500 feet & 50 F
Landing distance
495
Ground roll
1,195
Total to clear
50 feet OBS
At 5,000 feet & 41 F
520
Ground roll
1,255
Total to clear
50 feet OBS
At 7,500 feet & 32 F
Flaps lowered to 40 Power off

Hard surface runway Zero wind
Figure 39. Airplane landing distance table.
3. For operation on a dry, grass runway, increase distance (both ground roll and total to clear 50 feet obstacle) by 20% of the total to clear 50 feet obstacle figure.
1. Decrease the distances shown by 10% for each 4 knots of headwind.

2. Increase the distance by 10% for each 60 F temperature increase above standard.
Approach
speed, IAS,
MPH
Gross weight
lb
NOTE:
42
FO
510
40
Total landing distance
520
60
Figure 40. Gyroplane takeoff and landing graphs.
500
80
530
540
800
Pressure
altitude
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Total takeoff distance
1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
0
F
OA
Weight 1,500 lb Zero wind Rotor pre-rotated to 450 rpm Smooth hard surface runway
100
40
60
80
AT
20
Total takeoff distance to clear a 50 feet obstacle
20
Total landing distance to clear a 50 feet obstacle
10
43
000
00
8,0 000
6, 00
4,0 000 .
2, S.L
ltitu
re a SA
I
su
res
et
fe
de -
66 knots (76 mph)

72 knots (83 mph)
20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 41. Airplane takeoff distance graph.
F -40 -20
2,950
2,800
2,600
2,400
2,200
66
64
63
61
58
2,200
76
74
72
70
67
72
70
68
66
63
G
ap uid
In
te
pl e l
rm
ica in
e
b
le s n
fo ot
r
t
bs
te
Reference line
ac
le
ts
gh
i
he
0 10 20 30 0
Wind component Obstacle height
(knots)
(feet)
He
ad
win
d
83
81
78
76
73
50 ft
kts
MPH
Takeoff speed
Lift-off
kts
MPH
2,800
2,600
2,400
Weight (pounds)
Power Full throttle 2,600 rpm

Mixture Lean to appropriate fuel
pressure
Flaps
Up
Landing Retract after positive
gear
climb established
Cowl
Open
flaps
C -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

10,
1,375 feet
Ground roll
Total distance over
a 50 feet obstacle
Takeoff speed at
Lift-off
50 feet
2,300 feet
15 C (59 F)
5,650 feet
2,950 lb
9.0 knots
OAT
Pressure altitude
Takeoff weight
Headwind comp.
Reference line
Weight
pounds
Reference line
Associated conditions
ind
Example:
ilw
Ta
ia
ed
0
50
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2,400
195 lb fuel
2,300
600 lb cabin load

Max. approved weight
2,200
ll
ga
3 Passengers
s
on
0
24
2,000
1,900
lb
Weight (pounds)
40
2,100
Pilot and one passenger
Ze
1,800
ro
1 Pilot
fu
1,700
Note: Assumed 170 lb pilot & passengers
1,600
1,500
el
86
88
90
92
94
96
CG (inches aft of datum)

Figure 42. Helicopter weight and balance graph.
44
98
100
34
170
32
165
B
C
160
30
28
44
Main tank & auxilliary tank

Sta. 107.0
26
155
150
40
Moment in thousands of pound (inches)
Moment in thousands of pound (inches)
24
35
22
20
30
18
16
25
Pilot and passenger

Sta. 83.90
14
20
12
10
145
Aft CG limit 100.0
140
135
B
130
Forward CG limit
fuel tank full 25 gal
125
120
Forward CG limit 95.0 0 fuel
115
110
15
105
10
100
95
Denotes aux fuel range
Denotes aux fuel range
5
2
1,000
1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700
Aircraft weight (pounds)
0
0
100
200
300
400
Load weight (pounds)

Loading chart
Figure 43. Helicopter weight and balance graphs.
45
CG chart
Gross weight (pounds)
Approved center of gravity envelopes

lateral and longitudinal
2,200
2,000
Approved area
1,800
1,600
92
94
96
98
100
Longitudinal CG (inches aft of datum)

Lateral offset moment envelope
2,200
2,100
2,000
1,900
1,800
Left
Lateral offset moment

Pound (inches)
Figure 44. Helicopter CG envelopes.
46
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
5,000
1,600
3,000
1,700
4,000
2,300
Right
Center of gravity moment envelope

Normal category
Maximum takeoff weight
1,500
1,450
Total weight (pounds)
Example point
1,400
1,350
Fuel consumption
1,300
Minimum flying weight
1,250
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
Total aircraft moment X 1,000 (pound - inches)
Figure 45. Gyroplane weight and balance graph.
47
114
116
118
Loading chart
300
250
Seat FWD
Seat AFT
Weight (pounds)
200
150
Full
100
15 gal
Max
10 gal
50
5 gal
Code Configuration
Pilot/passenger
Baggage
Fuel
10
12
14
16
Load moment x 1000 (pound inches)
Figure 46. Gyroplane weight and balance graph.
48
18
20
22
Height velocity diagram for operation at sea level

(Tests conducted on prepared surfaces)
2,200 pounds gross weight
Avoid operation in this area
600
Height above terrain (feet)
500
Safe operating area

400
300
Recommended takeoff
profile
200
Best rate of climb speed

at sea level
100
Use caution in this area to

avoid contact of tail rotor
guard with ground
40
20
40
60
Indicated airspeed (mph)
Figure 47. Helicopter height velocity diagram.
49
80
100
Red
White
Red
White
White
Red
White
White
White
Red
White
Red
White
Red
Figure 48. VASI illustrations.
50
Red
Red
NW-1, 15 NOV 2012 to 13 DEC 2012
D
E
Figure 49. Airport diagram.
51
NW-1, 15 NOV 2012 to 13 DEC 2012
22
18
36
Figure 50. Airport diagram.
52
Wind cone
Figure 51. Wind cone airport landing indicator.
53
Figure 52. Flight plan form.
54
55
Stations diagram
Rear seat STA. 74.70
Front seat
STA. 43.80
STA. 0
Empty weight ............................................... 610 pounds

Empty weight station ................................. 96.47 inches
Maximum gross weight............................. 1,040 pounds
Center of gravity limits ...............Stations 78.20 to 86.10
Figure 54. Glider weight and balance diagram.
56
L/D max 30.9:1 at 53 mph min sink 2.2 FPS at 44 mph
30
12
28
10
L/D glide angle
26
24
22
4
Vs
L/D
Vs sinking speed
20
30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 94 98
V-MPH
Figure 55. Glider performance graph.
57
FPS
Fans
Rudder
tly
Pu
n
ge
ll
ll
Pu
ge
nt
ly
8
Roll
10
Fishtail
Roll
11
12
Roll
Move out
13
Waggle rudder
Figure 56. Standard soaring signals.
58
Fishtail
C
+50
F
+120
Se
ve
et
fe
t
ee
ee
0f
le
00
5,0
,0 0
+100
0f
,00
10
15
+40
+30
+80
0
,00
11 ,000
0
12
,00
13 ,000
14
+20
+10
+40
0
Free lift only
Air temperature
+60
+20
Sample: computed maximum
Envelope temperature
Gross weight
Typical free lift
Ambient temperature
Basket weight
Envelope weight
Empty tanks
Fuel
Passenger weight
Total weight
0
20
20
300 F
1,663 lb
150 lb
60 F
130 lb
152 lb
78 lb
126 lb
720 lb
1,206 lb
Max gross weight
10
At gross weight find 1,206 lb

proceed vertical to intersect 60 F
horizontal line. Maximum height
with 1,206 total weight would be
11,000 feet MSL.
30
40
40
600
800
1000
1200
Gross Weight (pounds)
Figure 57. Hot air balloon performance graph.
59
1400
1600
1800
60
0
-20
200
400
-10
10
20
0 feet
30
40
50
60
70
Ambient temperature altitude (F)
Note: Propane pressure marginal below 0F
15,00
600
et
00 fe
et
0 fe
el
-lev
80
100
altit
ude
90
sure
pres
110
120
Balloon volume = 56,400 cu ft

Balloon internal temp = 250F
(Max. permissible for sustained operation
Approx. empty weight = 335 lb) (with two tanks)
Sea
5,00
10,0
peratur
rd tem
Standa
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Maximum gross weight limits
Figure 58. Hot air balloon performance graph.
For
Steer
For
Steer
N
0
S
181
30
27
210
214
60
56
240
244
Figure 59. Compass card.
61
E
85
W
274
120
116
300
303
150
148
330
332
62
15"
20"
CG
CG
500 LB
250 LB
15"
CG Plank weight 200 LB
45"
45"
Figure 61. Weight and balance diagram.
63
Datum
50"
100"
25"
CG
CG
CG
Fulcrum
Figure 62. Weight and balance diagram.
64
Wind
3
4
Figure 63. Rectangular course.
65
Figure 64. Airport/facility excerpt.
66
19
Terminal
Non movement area
A
E
D
Figure 65. Airport markings.
67
4 - 22
4 - APCH
ILS
TERM
22
22
HS-1
Figure 66. U.S. airport signs.
68
Wind
Figure 67. S-turn diagram.
69
Occupants
Empty Weight Data

*Oil is included in
empty weight
Front seats
Empty
Weight
(pountds)
Empty
Weight
Moment
(/100)
2,110
1,652
Certificated Weight
ARM 85 inches
Weight
(pounds)
Moment
(in-lb)
Weight
(pounds)
Moment
(in-lb)
Moment
(in-lb)
120
102
120
133
163
130
111
130
144
177
ARM 75 inches
140
119
140
155
190
Gallons
Weight
(pounds)
Moment
(in-lb)
150
128
150
167
204
160
136
160
178
218
23
45
270
203
170
145
170
189
231
60
45
49
294
221
180
153
180
200
245
15
90
68
55
330
248
190
162
190
211
258
20
120
90
60
360
270
200
170
200
222
273
25
150
113
65
390
293
30
180
135
70
420
315
35
210
158
75
450
338
40
240
180
80
480
360
Gallons
Moment
(in-ib)
30
10
Baggage
ARM 150
Gross Weight Moment Limits

2,80
3,00
2,90
2,30
135
150
110
165
3,200
120
180
3,100
130
195
140
210
150
225
160
240
170
255
180
270
190
285
200
300
210
315
220
330
2,900
2,800
2,700
1,90
75
100
2,10
2,00
60
50
120
3,000
45
40
90
2,20
30
30
80
2,600
Weight pounds
15
20
90
3,300
2,40
10
105
3,400
2,50
Moment
(in-lb)
70
3,500
2,60
Weight
(pounds)
60
3,600
Moment / 100 inches pounds
Alt
Position
ARM 136
inches
Fuel
Weight
(pounds)
2,70
Rear seats
Fwd
Position
ARM 111
inches
1,80
2,500
1,70
2,400
230
345
2,300
240
360
250
375
260
390
270
405
1,60
2,200
1,50
2,100
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
2,000
NOTE: All moments are equal to
weight arm
100
Center of gravity inches aft of datum
Figure 68. Weight and balance chart.
70
71
Figure 69. Wind triangle.
72
73
74
75
20
40
Normal stall speed
Figure 73. Velocity vs. G-loads.
Load factor
60
80
+15 fps
+30 fps
120
140
30 fps
Indicated airspeed (mph)
100
15 fps
Normal
operating range
G
160
180
Caution
range
200
Never exceed
speed
220
Structural damage
Maximum structural cruise
Check controls
Close towhook
Open towhook
Thumb moves through circle
Figure 74. Glider hand signals.
76
Raise wingtip to
level position
77
78
79
340
SOUTH DAKOTA
PIERRE RGNL
(PIR)
3E
UTC 6( 5DT)
N44 22.96 W10017.16
OMAHA
1744 B S4
FUEL 100LL, JET A OX 1, 2, 3, 4 Class I, ARFF Index A NOTAM FILE PIR
H2I, L12H
RWY 1331: H6900X100 (ASPHGRVD)
S91, D108, 2S137, 2D168
HIRL
IAP
RWY 13: REIL. PAPI(P4L)GA 3.0 TCH 52 .
RWY 31: MALSR. PAPI(P4L)GA 3.0 TCH 52 .
RWY 0725: H6881X150 (ASPHGRVD)
S91, D114, 2S145,
2D180
HIRL 0.6% up W
RWY 07: REIL. PAPI(P4L)GA 3.0 TCH 47 . Tank.
RWY 25: REIL. PAPI(P4L)GA 3.0 TCH 54 .
RUNWAY DECLARED DISTANCE INFORMATION
RWY 07:
TORA6881
TODA6881
ASDA6830
LDA6830
RWY 13:
TORA6900
TODA6900
ASDA6900
LDA6900
RWY 25:
TORA6881
TODA6881
ASDA6881
LDA6881
RWY 31:
TORA6900
TODA6900
ASDA6900
LDA6900
AIRPORT REMARKS: Attended MonFri 11000600Z, SatSun
11000400Z. For attendant other times call
6052249000/8621. Arpt conditions unmonitored during
05301000Z. Numerous nonradio acft operating in area. Birds
on and invof arpt and within a 25 NM radius. No line of sight
between rwy ends of Rwy 0725. ARFF provided for part 121 air
carrier ops only. 48 hr PPR for unscheduled acr ops involving acft
designed for 31 or more passenger seats call 6057737447 or
6057737405. Taxiway C is 50 wide and restricted to acft 75,000 pounds or less. ACTIVATE HIRL Rwy 1331
and Rwy 0725, MALSR Rwy 31, REIL Rwy 07, Rwy 13 and Rwy 25, PAPI Rwy 07, Rwy 25, Rwy 13 and Rwy
31CTAF 122.7. NOTE: See Special Notices Section
Aerobatic Practice Areas.
WEATHER DATA SOURCES: ASOS 119.025 (605) 2246087. HIWAS 112.5 PIR.
COMMUNICATIONS: CTAF 122.7
UNICOM 122.95
RCO 122.2 (HURON RADIO)
R MINNEAPOLIS CENTER APP/DEP CON 125.1
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE PIR.
(L) VORTACW 112.5
PIR
Chan 72 N44 23.67 W10009.77
251 5.3 NM to fld. 1789/11E.
HIWAS.
ILS/DME 111.9
IPIR
Chan 56
Rwy 31.
Class IA ILS GS unusable for coupled apch blo 2,255 . GS
unusable blo 2135 .
PINE RIDGE
(IEN)
2E
UTC 7( 6DT)
N43 01.35 W10230.66
3333
B NOTAM FILE IEN
RWY 1230: H5000X60 (ASPH) S12 MIRL 0.7% up SE
RWY 12: Pline.
RWY 30: PAPI(P2L)GA 3.0 TCH 26 . Fence.
RWY 0624: H3003X50 (ASPH)
S12
0.7% up NE
RWY 24: Fence.
AIRPORT REMARKS: Unattended. Rwy 0624 CLOSED indef. MIRL Rwy
1230 and PAPI Rwy 30 opr dusk0530Z , after 0530Z
ACTIVATECTAF.
WEATHER DATA SOURCES: ASOS 126.775 (605) 8671584.
DENVER CENTER APP/DEP CON 127.95
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE RAP.
RAPID CITY (H) VORTAC 112.3 RAP Chan 70 N43 58.56
W10300.74
146 61.3 NM to fld. 3160/13E.
80
CHEYENNE
H5B, L12G
IAP
81
64
IOWA
SIOUX CITY
N4220.67 W9619.42
NOTAM FILE SUX
OMAHA
(L) VORTAC 116.5 SUX
Chan 112
313 4.4 NM to Sioux Gateway/Col Bud Day Fld. 1087/9E.
HIWAS. L12I
VOR unusable:
280292 byd 25 NM
306350 byd 20 NM blo 3,000
293305 byd 20 NM blo 4,500
350280 byd 30 NM blo 3,000
293305 byd 35 NM
RCO 122.45 122.1R 116.5T (FORT DODGE RADIO)
SIOUX CITY
SIOUX GATEWAY/COL BUD DAY FLD
(SUX)
6S
UTC 6( 5DT)
N42 24.16 W9623.06
OMAHA
1098 B S4
FUEL 100LL, 115, JET A OX 1, 2, 3, 4 Class I, ARFF IndexSee Remarks
H5C, L12I
NOTAM FILE SUX
IAP, AD
RWY 1331: H9002X150 (CONCGRVD)
S100, D120, 2S152,
2D220
HIRL
RWY 13: MALS. VASI(V4L)GA 3.0 TCH 49 . Tree.
RWY 31: MALSR. VASI(V4L)GA 3.0 TCH 50 .
RWY 1735: H6600X150 (ASPHPFC)
S65, D80, 2S102,
2D130
MIRL
RWY 17: REIL. VASI(V4R)GA 3.0 TCH 50 . Trees.
RWY 35: PAPI(P4L)GA 3.0 TCH 54 . Pole.
LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS
LANDING
HOLD SHORT POINT
DIST AVBL
RWY 13
1735
5400
RWY 17
1331
5650
ARRESTING GEAR/SYSTEM
RWY 13 BAK14 BAK12B(B) (1392 )
BAK14 BAK12B(B) (1492 ) RWY 31
AIRPORT REMARKS: Attended continuously. PAEW 03301200Z during
inclement weather NovApr. AER 31BAK12/14 located (1492 )
from thld. Airfield surface conditions not monitored by arpt
management between 06001000Z daily. Rwy 13BAK12/14
located (1392 ) from thld. All Agear avbl only during ANG flying ops. Twr has limited visibility southeast of
ramp near ARFF bldg and northeast of Rwy 31 touchdown zone. Rwy 31 is calm wind rwy. Class I, ARFF Index
B. ARFF Index E fire fighting equipment avbl on request. Twy F unlit, retroreflective markers in place. Portions
of Twy A SE of Twy B not visible by twr and is designated a nonmovement area. Rwy 1331 touchdown and
rollout rwy visual range avbl. When twr clsd, ACTIVATE HIRL Rwy 1331; MIRL Rwy 1735; MALS Rwy 13;
MALSR Rwy 31; and REIL Rwy 17CTAF.
WEATHER DATA SOURCES: ASOS (712) 2556474. HIWAS 116.5 SUX. LAWRS.
ATIS 119.45
UNICOM 122.95
SIOUX CITY RCO 122.45 122.1R 116.5T (FORT DODGE RADIO)
R SIOUX CITY APP/DEP CON 124.6 (12000330Z )
R MINNEAPOLIS CENTER APP/DEP CON 124.1 (03301200Z )
SIOUX CITY TOWER 118.7 (12000330Z )
GND CON 121.9
AIRSPACE: CLASS D svc 12000330Z other times CLASS E.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE SUX.
SIOUX CITY (L) VORTAC 116.5 SUX Chan 112 N42 20.67 W9619.42
313 4.4 NM to fld. 1087/9E.
HIWAS.
at fld.
NDB (MHW) 233 GAK N42 24.49 W9623.16
SALIX NDB (MHW/LOM) 414
SU N42 19.65 W9617.43
311 6.1 NM to fld. Unmonitored.
TOMMI NDB (MHW/LOM) 305
OI N42 27.61 W9627.73
128 4.9 NM to fld. Unmonitored.
ILS 109.3
ISUX
Rwy 31
Class IT. LOM SALIX NDB. ILS Unmonitored when twr clsd. Glide path
unusable coupled approach (CPD) blo 1805 .
ILS 111.3
IOIQ
Rwy 13
LOM TOMMI NDB. Localizer shutdown when twr clsd.
ASR (12000330Z)
SNORE
N4313.96 W9519.66
NOTAM FILE SPW.
NDB (LOM) 394 SP
121 6.8 NM to Spencer Muni.
SOUTHEAST IOWA RGNL
OMAHA
(See BURLINGTON)
82
83
216
COLORADO
CRAWFORD
(99V) 2 W UTC 7( 6DT) N38 42.25 W10738.62

DENVER
6470
S2 OX 4 TPA7470(1000)
NOTAM FILE DEN
L9E
RWY 0725: H4900X20 (ASPH)
LIRL (NSTD)
RWY 07: VASI (NSTD). Trees.
RWY 25: VASI (NSTD) Tank. Rgt tfc.
RWY EW: 2500X125 (TURF)
RWY E: Rgt tfc.
RWY W: Trees.
AIRPORT REMARKS: Attended continuously. Rwy 0725 west 1300 only 25 wide. Heavy glider ops at arpt. Land to the
east tkf to the west winds permitting. 100LL fuel avbl for emergency use only. Pedestrians, motor vehicles, deer
and wildlife on and invof arpt. Unlimited vehicle use on arpt. Rwy West has +15 building 170 from thld 30 left,
+10 road 100 from thld centerline. +45 tree 100 L of Rwy 07 extended centerline 414 from rwy end. 8 to
20 terrain off both sides of first 674 of Rwy 25 end. EW rwy occasionally has 6 inch diameter irrigation
pipes crossing rwy width in various places. Rwy 07 has 20 trees and 10 to 20 terrain 20 right of rwy first
150 . EW rwy consists of +12 inch alfalfa vegetation during various times of the year. Arpt lgts opr
dusk0800Z. Rwy 07 1 box VASI left side for local operators only or PPR call 9709217700 or
9709213018. Rwy 0725 LIRL on N side from Rwy 25 end W 3800 . Rwy 07 1300 from end E 300 . No thld
lgts Rwy 0725 3800 usable for ngt ops.
COMMUNICATIONS: CTAF/UNICOM 122.8
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE MTJ.
MONTROSE (H) VORW/DME 117.1 MTJ Chan 118 N38 30.39 W10753.96
033 16.9 NM to fld. 5713/12E.
CREEDE
MINERAL CO MEM
(C24)
2E
UTC 7( 6DT)
N37 49.33 W10655.79
DENVER
8680 NOTAM FILE DEN
H3E, L9E
RWY 0725: H6880X60 (ASPH) S12.5, D70, 2D110
RWY 07: Thld dsplcd 188 .
RWY 25: Road.
AIRPORT REMARKS: Unattended. Elk and deer on and invof arpt. Glider and hang glider activity on and in vicinity of
arpt. Mountains in all directions. Departure to NE avoid over flight of trailers and resident homes, climb to 200
above ground level on centerline extended prior to turn. Acft stay to right of valley on apch and/or departure
route. 2 cable fence around apron.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE DEN.
BLUE MESA (H) VORW/DME 114.9 HBU Chan 96 N38 27.13 W10702.39
158 38.1 NM to fld. 8730/14E.
CUCHARA VALLEY AT LA VETA
(See LA VETA)
DEL NORTE
ASTRONAUT KENT ROMINGER
(8V1)
3N
UTC 7( 6DT)
N37 42.83 W10621.11
DENVER
7949 NOTAM FILE DEN
H3E, L9E
RWY 0624: 6050X75 (ASPH) 1.1% up SW
RWY 0321: 4670X60 (TURFDIRT)
RWY 21: Mountain.
AIRPORT REMARKS: Unattended. Wildlife on and invof arpt. Unlimited vehicle access on arpt. Mountainous terrain
surrounds arpt in all directions.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION: NOTAM FILE ALS.
ALAMOSA (H) VORTACW 113.9 ALS Chan 86 N37 20.95 W10548.93
298 33.7 NM to fld. 7535/13E.
84
85
Figure 83. Altimeter.
CALIBRATED
TO
20,000 FEET
5 4
ALT
FEET
9 0
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
8
6
CALIBRATE
D
TO
20,000 FEET
5 4
ALT
FEET
9 0
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
AL
T
5 4
CA
LIB
R
20 TO ATE
,00
D
0F
EE
T
FEET
9 0
I00
29.4
29.5
29.6
86

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Airman Knowledge Testing

Supplement for Sport Pilot,

U.S. Department of Transportation

Figure 22. Sectional chart excerpt.............................................................................................................................................................24

Figure 71. Sectional chart excerpt.............................................................................................................................................................73

Open dot within hard-surfaced runway configuration

Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069 ft., or same

Hard-surfaced runways 1500 ft. to 8069 ft. in length

When information is lacking, the respective charactor is

285 Elevation in feet

FSS Flight Service Station

Box indicators FAR 93

Frequencies above this line box are remoted to

Certain FSSs provide Airport

Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS).

Legend 1. Sectional aeronautical chart.

Other facilities. i.e., FSS Outlet,

VHF OMNI RANGE (VOR)

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION

Rotating airport beacon in operation Sunset to Sunrise

Servicesfuel available and field ended during normal working hours

Military Other than hard-surfaced. All military airports are

Private (Pvt) Nos-public use having emergency or

ADDITIONAL AIRPORT INFORMATION

All recognizable hard-surfaced runways, including those closed, are

Height above ground

Elevation of the top above

NOTICE: Guy wires may extend outward

Obstruction with high-intensity lights

below 1000 ft. AGL

1000 ft. and higher AGL

Class E Airspace exists at 1200' AGL unless

Class E Airspace with floor

Class E Airspace with floor

Class E (sfc) Airspace

Ceiling of Class D Airspace

Class A Airspace (mode C

Only the controlled and reserved airspace

VFR Waypoints (See

Parachute Jumping Area

Unmanned Aircraft Activity

Isogonic Line (2010 VALUE)

AIRPORT TRAFFIC SERVICE AND AIRSPACE INFORMATION

Coast Guard Station

Tank-water, oil or gas

Landmark Feature - stadium, factory,

Power Transmission Lines

Bridges and Viaducts

(Pass symbol does not indicate a

Other than hard-surfaced runways

SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHART

Legend 2. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 3. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 4. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 5. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 6. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 7. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 8. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 9. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 10. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 11. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 12. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 13. Airport/facility directory.

Legend 14. Airport/facility directory.