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Ear Mae Bisa Beng ies er ‘Quarnne sed & Din ite ecm Dense gran Pa) ‘Commarea neo bey Tom) Tent ‘Baga Fan Nentoea S81Dapiete Fate Arica of Corn Vase Tenefraes Rs Cinpie 98 -Rncagy Anti rg Aut ihe te Fling Tames aay 33 ‘Seeston sf Eee Ads (Ghatbeune Bey Aur soot file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ Page 33 of 42 4/28/201025 DaeCuhatin a; MASae 329 Sen Comevatin Seno Ens Yous B11 Tapencton of Ea Saving sea Sa. tal Cosmin cee She oe Sete Eeegy Cuaron ela ‘TeFralonnglstavens se Ved be Boge Aut ‘Se Spoualind emraran Und SECTION“ $~ VIL ENGINEERING 3 a8 350 in iM ‘Yat A eas of Cenen Su Gaia iam tonn iia Sis 361M Rh Alin Cowen Ghde Gf val conse Cobian REC ees 32 Mearero Anil Onreioe Uta Noes on Coxon Sor angle Reus et ante ad Lots Grav ia Sand Core Bendre Moneis Shee Fores. tnd afew: Lande Stel a Mle ps file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4 at aa Page 34 of 42 4/28/2010Page 35 of 42 2) Sn: nes fe Horr 32 Rewienee Sets 553 Cota Seen ula Seat 3a2 Bas ay MS Sinfaeat vitsinnal atin ior hi = Sat ist aise 36164 sles B89 Sac ofBuling Sinn Cott tates Fotos fhe fencer era Son tenes ‘pond sah Regence neste sees Ter Eclmbovof coven Stal ailng oss ac Ric Fak “Sho Aen Wee ofS Suds ‘reat See sate ‘Caso ‘Beas: Comat Sone pee tm ‘proved Eeldng anes ice cee Being offen Ninian Bek cud er cans Baas Namtorsasranyee me ions ‘Ver Seorh Beales ‘Nanay Wal au Signer Bos oct Sets Cement) Fx FeeisionEaeeentt am} See (es Stmepa one le ee i, Bonu wanes file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/2010Page 36 of 42 (Chapter 3 = Sia Tables sagt BL Saree Rea de ma Bs Ww ied toe Mott Gnges mi Chapter 36 Environment eI 2A medion 3 SETI Supa vine ara Youu emcee a SERIE Nibuzee Diol Pollan Parent 3a BENS Pane Mera aoe Parme BE Bla Sttaworsit 3 B13 Aner Grae Sante Et 1a Staion ign Atant Ar Qaig Bo B21 AicPalhcon is 32 Ghomeralrontoe ce M24 Protem aren Sook TSP.Dyie is 243 Emer anayee its D131 Coote Wig Dashes ake Mar Her Etc FY Srednertol Doped au 384 NseTobe Menem as HAS Aes Dial Pr SECTION 6. MISCELLANEOUS ‘Chapter 38 Standane f Rlccal Phat aad Fanon mon ‘Slaps 40 = Pt gn Mish emaca Ts 1031 60 Pays bis a tel Conan tore a Thera Maer aan: ‘Atal Ne treme ioe Termeni leemextu Via Tos ia ‘isal adem fh empernaes an ‘Theflacyoyana pearmonme Lote a3 ‘erie & Pasas of Wed bx Gahan Serie 4038 (isa saa Glew Apeninar Wight ine Gay Fis ae ‘Sande Dg Wer ae file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/2010Page 37 of 42 BL Poneto SecA Sie dsresest "1 SiaphDifererinioas &fneprtione O22 Sus acute oom (Chapter 61 - General Conversion Tabs au cpt gnome naw 12 rte mao @ orregsaae # a eee : 3 Gem 2 2h ean $ Be EEA ceateriecmminmn EVN Bred yo Sets of Gat Hows Echt cis peat tee et aan os ii Eee maaan es 222 Canrew co Be BEES sccasin 2 es) scant oy $2 EEE be orectitennnatenomy St 2] Seay = 4229 “ROR™ Matiods: (Avemg: Ras of Renn! Three Mens of 7 ea a oe EERE om 2 os BAe 3 a) ete # is Fe eoraincr ah eu ieee a gy Seat Epaennnense nce # 2 ERS a Cie ein ene a a alte. s 2 See # SET ce # sess file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/201023 nor das Renee oe Bed Eelam ey Sat Rens Papen {R62 ThePstinng Patan tad fe nal dag {EUG Prcatn ey Bul ‘64 Tralee ben ate nee 407 eg ges pean eae $213 Gel Ses Pecion 2h Rea rea 1224 Suey Povo Ptin ‘Chapter #4 - Power Pan Dats Chapter $6 Earth $5) tees 4 Cheat ed on pe aS} Eatin $313 Mange annne mace Cana iiereases {613 Cares ene Sree “S16 Sage enue teeta sree #517 Eating rastse Centre 313 Bitvalloe Cares A818 Sat Bets Core $62 Beagnot betnbeares (S21 Ivers tetas 4522 Te ace slip efor of antl ene of Sod SED MAR Atsipd ldo srudsiowe oetowe a 4324 Grondng soma: {$824 Newel Groat Cras 4525 taming owe’ Se nly Se A824 geal nthe er Se vy EAL Sie cri riraceamanee «a Sa GS Niter otecabs Rail TEST laser a eee ceaice $355 Greig ot Sutton He file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ staan wie ise ia as 2 2 is = Page 38 of 42 4/28/2010Page 39 of 42 4356 Seckg ofan ant Beale iin Subs) ae $263 Gre eser 33 6) Temi se 1 Gaara! cate ae ELS Giseatsippee 0 E13 Meiemacnees Se $88 Evie Conary Pris sa 9:1 Veiga Famke fa Sus ofCopow arth Lents ao 510 ating Sree oa SSI Fete ke Sat $5102 Pe tig, a4 ‘5103 chon ah Gini faa newre Sa Sebel cemirg constr Ss Bean or esenie Sk SSE Nem Ea onc Be (Chapter 4 ~Teecommaniation Princ sar4e07 i et fa Solin Game ig Se te . Sie SH stones 2 wo Hee 4h Digi Carer stems 4633 Deteton of 2K as; Bea 3h See 2 os OY AG Taree Le Cencants 20 ERS Py on os Soe 22 ERE weereerewe 463 eeme $834 FoverGan otm anoms ss Searetaeetne cre Se Sele, Ses ees 2 Se file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/2010Page 40 of 42 reser 1s ren s ere aia = ieee 2 awn si Reon 8 Bee Ran a He tnice es ~ Sees & ‘deli Cmamiacsicns 4559 SE eee gto 2 tei eee i en e wor Sevoti z 20 ies 2 Se ete = Seekers, be iia = ee FY SE ae mene os # Sialic # Bcd ents an Asrovave Fes ae Care z Sein a cee 3 ae x ae Pd ws reacts # aa Fa a eae 3 oe fe lated a Re PERCe imamtamiae Semamneneanenttr file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/2010Page 41 of 42 46102 Out Die Coane sen ee $8104 Tganleshin Ene Senin io SENG ety sence Po ai) leenee om ae 4610) Pace Bone 35 EO Lee Matis Von uy se Title Cetetenstmpetone terest Pane ne ae att Meena ao 4012 Gane tape ae UE Sepsis Chace iG Ean Teepe fon ig Ranmscteee Eopoot fase Ys) Grew feet S52 ceregupmar in Fig Al and Atal Respiration Tnsrutions on Fst Aid sue Sauer 8 = # = 3 2 Chet wane a = Psa oeauni FE See seaistnnin Eh meleetacthe oe 2) Ses Intex file://F:\TNEB Manual\Complete\Contents.htm_ 4/28/2010SECTION 1 HYDRO GENERATIONCHAPTER 1 Generation—Hydro AK. Mounagurusamy, K. Govindaraju and C. Purushothaman 11 USEFUL FORMULAE AND INFORMATION Aid HYDRACLICS £1.11 The general equation for the velocity of spouting water is + ‘where v ~ theoretical velocity ie metres per sce. 2 — acceleration dae to gravity. — 9.81 m per tec. per see, A head of water in metres, ‘Substituting the valre of “g”, the equation reduces to 1112 The general equation for discharge dV H mfoee. The dcchaxge Q in bio motes por cacond =a See ‘where “2” is the coetMcient of discharge which varies with me stape Of th orifice oF tbe ‘and “a'" Is the ares of the orifie in (metre)? ard i isthe head in mets. Coefficiént of discharge “c® for circular orifice and tubes Decoription Value of Onifce in thin plates va : Bell mouth orifice ” 0.89 Jnwardly projecting orifice aot running full wih L= 4 (Borda's mowhpicce) . ost External cylindrical mouthpiece cunning full L > 2d 082 Jncernal eslindrieat mouthpiece timing BNL > 2% os Converge ronipiece angie of convergenne 8 = 1° om Disammmensigie atl of 3 | divergence 8 = Said L = 98 ost Convergent divergent mouthpiece 1.001.2 Pover Engineers’ Hundbock ALIS Discharge dough revtanguias orifices wad wes under tow head @ Ifthe ares ofthe freely flowing orifice ortube is large in comperison with the head, Qa i on. (1? ~ HB) st foe where ff and Ha are the heads at the bottom and top of the oritice in metres respec lively. £ is the length of the orifice ix metres and C is the cacthcient of discharge even in 11.12. Wi op of te orifice ea hs wns suf, then Hy = 0, Q- ; OL. Vg HE a8 face, “his ithe basic theoretical equation for dacharge ovec weir. (8) The above formula can be used wih an errer not grester than 1% if the head of the top ofthe freely flowing orifice is greater than twice the height of the orifice 14.44 Trangular Netehes 8 2 ya Q= § Cys tan} HF ‘where Q ~ discharge in m3isec. G ~ eneffcint of discharge 4 ~ angle of the notch, 1 ~ head on natch measived from veriex in nels Takingan average vilteof'C'ae 86, the valine Q kecomes oqualto 1.42 tan 672, mises. cua Wao be expresied in ferme of B und Q=071 BE metsee, here B is the widhh of the notch in mains at Jiguid surf. Fo: a 90" angle uf notch, Q ~ 08214? meisec. For 230? anglo of aotch, Q = 142H°? miisec. LAS Velocicy Head 2 Velocity bead by gone Bddy bee by = 1G etaoe where K f the coefficient of eddy toss. K. = 0.56 for short nubo with sharp comered entrance. £0 for short be with rounded entrance. '56 t» 093 for inwardly projecting Dube with sharp cornered entrance. 4.1.6 Bernoulli's Theorem The general law governing steady flow of water. in concuits as giver by Bernoulli is a follows:Generstion Hye 1B Fora steafy flow ica condail dhe suo of the velocity lea, the pressure head and the peter head at any point A is cqual io tao sum of the correspending heads at any upstream point B, less the less of head between points A and B. Expressed mathematically, Sy sie neff pate where “V7 and “v,? ae the velocity in metres per sec. atpoints A and B respertively fp and Tp: are the corresponding pressure heads in aettes He and He! ate the corespoading potential heads in metes, Hi total Fittional rsistarce or head loc in menes, between points A and B LAT Pipe Friction @ ——@)-—_Gomoral Soranula for Joos of Head Hl = where | ~ length of pipe in metres. ¥ — velocity of water in metres per se, m= hydraulic mean depth (or hydraulic mesh raclus) of ploe in mewes, ‘The hydraulic mem rads is defined as the rtioof the area of the pipe to its perimeter. Gelm= ar 2 metros fl a where A srew ofthe pipe in a? P — perimeter of the pipe in metres. F ~ coefficient of pige fiction. ‘he siggested values af “for various plpes are given below i For new pipes of big diameter 0.005 Foreld pipes oflig diamcr 0.01 (b) Mamine't formula : vin’ _ i Re where Hy — head loss due to fiction Vv ~ velocity of water nthe pipe / nel ‘n — ruzosity covfficient 1 ~ length ofthe pre enn R = idea reds Concte:e pines m= 0.012 10 0014 Steel pipes n= 1,008 to 0.0121.4 Pmves Ragincers’ Hardbcok For unlined turnels ‘Very rough sock surface Rook tunnel with surface trimmed 200410 0.06 m= 0.025 100.035 Reck tumel tinued and invert concreted a ~ 0.02 v0 0.03, (0) Darey-welstach farina fe? Fr = gq fr moa creulac pee where Hy ~ bead loss duewo friction, for ckeulat pipes £ coefficient of fiction depeeding upon type, conditions of the pive and Reynolds muniber which may be obisined from Fig. 1 ~ Iengh of pipe ¥ — velocity through pipe 4 - dameteraf ppe ~ aveclerstion due to gravity SL ruse R hydvamlie mean radius (A/P) (e) Wiliars and Hezen's equation Be" GaECRES Eps wiere ¥ — velocity of water R= hydraulic radins (A/P) ‘Recommended value of efor east iron pipe Age New 4106 years dd 100 12 years oid 13 19 20 years old 26 tw 35 years od ery rongh 1.1.1.8 Some Useful Conversion Tables 1 acre fh — 43,560 ew, 7.88 mallion cu. 1 sq.mile #. 130 120 110 190 20 60Goneratien Erba US RELATE ROUGHNESS aa 7Y UBEWAN eatONASH Masre 2 gesre 2 ase z wove 09 200%, FRICTION FACTOR t ie Fig J. Moody Diagram for Friction in Pipes1G Power Hagineets' Humdboat, | water KP = 550 ft Ins persecand = BRS en fi per see Tow. see perannon = 1.13 9. mille ft per, nam, 1 inch ofrain = 3600 et per acre 1 atea = 14.3 thin? = 1.03 egies. ‘Weight of water = 624 Ibi’ = 1000 Kgin?= # ket = 1 gmiera 1 metic HE = 75 m. kgisce 1 mets HE = 735.5 wats, ERGY AND POWER ‘The enersy of water K in metre Kilograms stored in a reservoir and allowed to pass through ‘a tarbine under coustant net hend delivered inthe form of werk is given by Kank bys where w — weight of I cu.tn, of water in kgs. = 1000, ¥ — volute of water in enbe meres LL gross heac in metres, hy — head lost ia condui: system and tail race tw metres. © — sion efficiency expitasd tou notion Abo Ke wit (Ape. vwtaro“Q' ithe dbcarge trough te uatine in co, meres'ec and “1” she tone secon (2) Power éoveloped = PinMEB)~ Fo = 1953.QGi-HDe. aru KW)= Gy ~981.q Oa « .). Power developed F, is given, ina general form P fin RW) = 981 » Q (le curces} > ast head (in mores) x Staton efieney: with «combined eficiensy a£.55% for turbine and generator. 1.2. PENSTOCKS RL. Themodmum pemnisibleveheily Vof wae ina pemiock s general given ty the fmt Vso lah where Ais the working head.Generation -Hisdho 17 Permissible velocities: © For medina teads velocity limited 1o 2-4.5 mm/sec, (average 3.65 w/se:), GB) Yorbigher beads velocity ap © 6 mises. (ma). ii) Minimam velocity 1.83 mises. 12,2 The econemical diameter of the penstock is given Fy the formula (0 Savkasia's formula peo = 06a were D — esonoaizal di of penstck i) p — rated horsepower (metric) of turbine H — rated net head of turbine (m) wy a p-315 [35 wwheze D — economical ia of penstck @ ~ decharge comes) 1 = net eas np © acceleration due to gravity Gi) Dolend’s forraula peas H where D — economical Dis of penstock BP — vated herse power (metic) of turbine Hi — sated net head of trsine (m) Wabi g ate wx 108 {B+ 0.361). — economical dia of sbafttuanel — discharge (m°isec) — mugosity coefficient = 0.014 ~ overs efficiency = 853% ost of power paise/untt — unit cos: oF Uning Rem = unit cost of excavation Rin ~ anual © & M cost = 8% of ttal cost @ ps where Omreesaong 1LB Pover Rngincers' Handbook (6) DIS formula pes 2.96 109 Q8ute yy Op [00s ascer BSED, ‘where 1) — economical ia of penstock O. — discharge through pensteck mee a ~ menming’s rugesity coetctent & — overall efficiency of plant By — anmudl lead factor Gy — cost of 1 kovh of energy in Rupees Ce — unit cost of excavation in Ref! fin Rolin Head on pestock inctuding water hammer (m) cout of steel in Rake unit cost of concrete li i= percentage by which steel ia persiock is overweight due to provision ofsuff- cenets, carresion allowance ste, Gy, — allowable stress tn steel 2 — Joint ficioncy of penstock 1 ~ ratio of anrual fixed operation ana maintenznce charges te construction cast of penstoek. 1.2.13 Structural design of penstock, 2) Penstock shall be designed 1p resist he total Mead consisting OF static head and pressure Fao dus to Water hammer efltet. Th cave of hurried penstock subjected to exuctnal pressure, (Ge thickness as caleulated above shall bo checlud for buckling dus to extemal pressures. 1 Allowable stresses, Nonmel operairg conditim = Lowest of 1/3 of miriam wtimate tensile strength (or) 60% of minimum yield svength of steel 2merseney condition Lowest of 2/1 of mininam ultimate tensile ‘strength [er} 90% of minimum yicld strength. Interment condition Lovett of 40% of minimim uiimote tensile strength (ar) 2°3 of nriximum yield strength of steel‘Table | Materials and Allowable Stresis Geneva Hyco 19 asm — | Minimam | Mininam allowable Stresses MPa Desigaation | tensile | yield sovength | stress tira | MPa — | Normal_|tntermitent] Emergency | Exceptional coniltion feonditian | condition | condition avis crates [3103 | 1653 | ws | asa | 16s | stos ceaoe [3448 | is6ez | mes | tase] i862 | aan Grade | 3793 | 2069 | 1262 | 1655 | 2069 | 3793 Asis Grieso | ais | x07 | iste x07) ais7 craess | saaz | 2413 | ato aa | as2 ASI araicso [437 | 2207 | iste | ims | mer | ats orecds | aaez | 2413 | isso | isa. vais | asa rae 7 | 4sz5 | 2029 | ior | 2026 | 2020 | ae27 S37 Clas | zaeinand) woo | mag | tour | ans | ata | azz ender AS37 Class 1 over 2-1%in| 4482 | 303 | aes | isa | ro86 | as asi? rao | as | 2611 | sao | s2s9 | 7990 «) Dosign thickneos of peastock pa — BE 4 1sto2ie for sorosion alwiver ~2ee* where 1, panstack shell thickners (mm) Pp d- fe ¢ joint efficiency design wacer pressure (Staic head ~ pressure cise uc to water hamames) Nara? inside dia of penstock (mma) lowable stress in sleel (Nam?) ‘When the pexztock ie subjected to extemal water pressures, the thiclnocs of the penstodk, designed above shall be cheeked for buckling pressures, Adcitional thickness towards corrosion allowenc? nzed not be added if the penstock is [Painted with anticorrosive paint1.10 Power Bngincers' Handboen 4) Minium hens Minin ines ef pnw or iting necteny ricky ing Waespert mda R40 or whee i, ~ miriam tikes 0) Ua Asef emi 89 ton = eat spe econmendin ton ens Gms 4 = diamoter of fenstock (mm) ns’ enon 6 xm for smaller dia penstock Liner 10 smn for larger dia panstock liner 2) The chemical composition and physical properties of few grades of penstock steel piste ae indicated in table 2Generation Hiro VAN argorors | -} =f -po-] > sy) o« =) bere] e- apse os | copovare | ~ “Po-forporp rf sd tt sf nf * fore e-sene se0 ss | cprovge |v] -] | =| =| | ove} voo] sero) -|-sro Jaro] i-eep ‘eae cone 818 goa} svo | $0 s9o} oo] xem] xm) ot} sea} zo] acpun) vieerors | cseorace | -|-coun) evo ]-ro| - ape] sia} ro] soo) vo) sro] re] cisvmusy| UssA9| ov: | soricr} -} > soo |seo | eep| se0| co] seoo| ovo] sro |rco] zesw NAS¥ or caw epimang wl oa} alawfas] 9] mm] sf a] a is | 2| Passo anny wing | austar. Nw S. po | aroma Spade pantie nerisedains arma PHS Paennso mpg Aa Jo cap iodeng oIekWS pute WoRNENd MOD [HOLME ¢ 914CLU2 Power Raginoer' Handbook (0 French practice “The fonnula emaploved by French enyincers for ihe thicknass of a penstock is pat. Dawe where p= pressure plus over pressure dasa a f= tector of safety (1.25) Jy — Aiciency of welded jour. da — welding factor (0.925) y= Field sess of weet Au addition of 1/14 in. Is made 1 the ealealated value for covosion, ©) Geman pracice PDE. ~ 2S (ely where P — cmergency pressine D ~ average pise diameter safety factor (1.25) ‘minima yield poi = sdliton for eorrasins = thickness Fo- te seam efficiency 0.893, 15 so 1 (h) Continental practice According to Continental designers: Headdicmeser 3 Redpoint 1s 12.14 Minimum plate thickness Pipe diameter Tofckvess (Straight tuber) Thicimess (Special tmbes)- Upto 160mm. Sem om {600mm w 24407 16mm om shove 244mm. 2. mm. iim (2) Longimdinal sess at saddle ~ te Fran o unere £¢ = longiudinal stress a sale, = yielapoln: strengu, th — gop ste.GoneraticsRudro 1.13 (b) In bending of pipes between saddles (combined with stress for static pressure) 1266 tgiem? for low cans steel. 1985 ky'o? for high tesile eel, (©) Anchor bots — 1266 (6) Stuctural see! for sacle — 1404 kefom? (¢) High tensile eel yield polar — 3303 kyon? {© Ubinente strength — 4711 kya? for 12.7 mm to 38.1 mum thick pi 12.1.5 Welding Bfficiency ‘Table3 Maximum Allowable Iniat Efticiency fer Are and Gas Welded Joint Joint Efficiency It, | type of Jetny Limttations — /euny ] Fully Fully Spot No! Description radiograph! radiograph! radiograph. radio ed ed and stress relieved relieved 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 1, | Double welded bar] Plave shickne 1.00 s - os) jpint with ainglo "VW" | not mero than ‘eseluding bur jointe | 20 mae: with basking trips. 2, Double weldad burt | are thickness 1.00 - - 085 jointwith doubte"W | more than 22 num excluuiag due joints | butao: geearer requiring oe sivess | shan 36 mn living, 3. | Double welded butt | Plate thickness - 00 0.90 30 Joint wan double’ | more than 36 mm requirieg sete relieving. 4,| Single welied but | Butweld with ene 0.90 - - 0.80 Joint with backing place offset for sip, ‘ireumaferential Joines only G2) Shop welaing tuny radiographed - 9376, (2) Field welding fully radiographed - 50% 1.21.6 Stiitener-vings and supports + Por conduits subjected co waiform external pressure stiffener rings shouldbe designedon the Ibusis of following formula,Ld Power Engingers’ Harubook Osa = ‘where 1 — required moment of inertia of stiffener ring D ~ ouside dia newer of shell P ~ maxinum extemal working preseure 1. > disumee bevieen tings E — module of elasticity Spacing of stittene: ring Maximum : 240 thickness of steel ner ‘Misimmuun : 60° thicknots of steel finer Fora protiminory design, the avarage weight of the Ponstock can be arrived by means of the menogram given it Fig, 2. DIAMETER METERS weit eso XO,PER.N, wits word, Te 500 950 ig, 2 Average Weight per Mate of Ponstocts for Give Diameter aed Static HeadGoveration—Hivako L153 12.18 Bends: 122 12.2.1 12.22 1223 waded 12.25 122.6 Radius of bend = 3 to 5 times the diameter of penstock pipe ‘Ths deflection angle between etch suocessor sezrcen' ~ S240 10° Anchar blocks are o be provided atthe location of bens in the penstock. The anckor blocks has to be designed for the unbalanced forces acting at he bend jection. PENSTOCK FACTOR 7 ‘Tho Bureau of Reclamation practice is thas she penstack factor x stiould oot exered FeRAIMHINECONTANE Foe good regulating experience where Zo length of pestrk hf Y= average velocity in fk.sec He ~ bead inf ‘The change in spe fs restricted in part by the WR? of the water wheel and generator aud iscqutto BEET aye = pcs tinein coms ate enaing sonstant = {where IWR? is in Ibs. 9 and N is in RPI fant — np Wydvaulic Faettia: The hy daulv inertia isthe tie lo being up Ole water masses contained in the pressure couuit from rest to the Powing velocity I under the impulie of a pressure qual to head 17. The Hydraulic Instn — 72> expressed in secends. valve is nomallybetweon 0.6 mad 30 seconds in pote, Mechanical Inertia (Ts The mechanical ie ie is thetime necessary 1 bring up the rotating masses fiom rest to the normal speed and itis equal 12 14g Where C is tho reguisting constart, The value of Tis normally belwean 2 and 8 sceonds excupt in cases where a separate flywheel is provided. LE ‘zr iva large mmber of hydraulic installations is around 3 and in standard French practice shoul oth gel great an fr masin hen sins ‘ydeawie Gradient-—The hyarutcgracient etary post isthe vertal distance below ead ter elation al 1 te et bead bewour te Tobey and te pes he veloc ‘bead at the point, Water Hammer:-—Watsr hartmer is defined as the change in pressure above or below nnormet pressure caszed by sudien changes in ho sate of water flow. Pressure waves are sot up in ¢ column of Liquid whenever 4 change in velocity of flow ‘akss lave. These waves are trenemited iarcugh tte conduit with an slmost constant velocityLAG Power Bigincers' Handbook 12.27 independent of the “shock intensity”. The velocity of the pressure waves depends upon the ‘lasticty of material of the pipes atid upon the ratio of the thickness of their walls to their Glare The veicty of te pease wave « eghcaby » Eye e+) ~ vec of peste ave (ts) 2 mechs of sty of ater Un) ngs Meds for pipe walls (tn) — inside diameter of pipe (m) — thickusss of pipe.(1) (P — mass density of fluid (tm), For otdiny steppe the pressure Wave Ye-city varies fom 94 to 1087 ase. For concrete lined tunaels, very thick pipe or conduits having smal! diameters and thick walls it approaches a maxinmm of 1420m/see SRO 1 Pressure Rise for Normal Closure An approtiqute formula for pressure rise is giver by ay aa” here L — length of pensiosk F xelocity of water . T — governor closing tims in soconds Bo - S81 mb A — pressure rise ‘Surge Pressures for Instantaneous Closures ‘The time in second required for the pressurc wave to travel to the top of the pire linc and return to the point of origin is T=22a, This time ig called critical rime. When Sow is stopped within the critical time maximum surge pressure for instantaneous closure for conduit of unifonn thickness material and diar-cteris bnax~ ave Where 2 — velocity of pressure wave y= velochty of flow desmoyed g - 981 mies? ‘The relative pressure sie is SHIH = awfgHt ‘where A fs te heat. ‘Naturally the lower the the higher isthe relative pressure rise. {branch pipes are present oF ti there are changes in thickness or diameter the meximamn sunge caa be increased owing toa piling ap” ofthe elaetic waves. The instantaneous sargeGonortdon— tyre SAT unay be two or three times the value given by ew/g. Relief valtes ar surge tanks may be needed for long penstocks. 1.22.9 Relief Valves ot Pressare Regulators 1 A thamd mle for provision of selief valve is that wher the fims of governor otion is shorter than, Length of penstock x Velocioy in penslock 333 x Head sucha valve ie necded, © end Hin 105 V in r/esm) WATER TURBINES, 1.3.1 Definition of Varioas Heads Desigre Heud (hg) is the head at which peak efficiency is developed at the rated speed. The design head sould be made approximately equa. 10 the weighted average bead (Have) if possible Rated Head (bq) s the head at which turbine fll-cate outpat equels rated generator input, Generator effisioney iz assumad to be $6 percent. Gross Head (H) is tae tte. static head fro. forcbay t0tal-wner, Net Head! (Ha) isthe tue pressure differential berwzen the entrance to tke turbine case and the tailrace water elevetion. The measurement of the pressure head at the enttance to the turbine case must be corrected for the velocity head at that point, and the-tail-water ele vatien corrected for residual velocity head. The teibsvater elevation istaten as the average levation of the water surface measured at adisance downsieam trom the draft tube discharge openings approximately egnal ta the distanc> terween centre lines of adjacent units. The residual velocity is ssumed as the total ra of ow of waler drough the turbines uivided by ‘the sum of the net areas of the draft tube discharge openings. The intake and penstock loss- es are deducted but the spiral case and draft tube are considered as partat the turbine and are included in the efficiency determination. For pentocks that have leagths less than three times the maximura head, the total hydraulic losses should not exceed 1 percan-of the rated hhead, with the trashrack, intake, and fend losses accounting for approximately one hal of (Ge total oss. Longer penstocks omy have losses of approximately 3 16,10 percent of the rated head and velocities not excosding 9.1 mm/sec ‘Main Head (Hoax) is be maximum forchry level without spill-way discharge, minas (ail-water level with ane unit operating at full load. When tail-water variation is small or the discharge is into. lake or reservoir, maximugn head may eccut ata forebay level equivalent that of maximum spllsway discharge. imaie ard penstock lossessaremnor included because ‘the umits on a penstack may all be operating at specd-no-land, which wl rede losses to a negligible value. Minton Head (tfmin) isthe wink fo-ebay level, minus tail-water Revel, without spill sway discharge, with all unis operating a l-gatt, minus intake and ponstock losses. When118 ower Bigiteern’ Hardbook and ful. gate dis:hange of all unis, a condition ia whlch te surface of the taikwater may be raised more than the forebay is drawn down. Weighted Average Head (Hve} s eximatea ttom reservoir operation data, the average year” ly Fower output, average yearly worer release, and approximate inczke and peusiock losses An 80 percent plant efficiency is used for storage plants and 78 perceat efficiency forrun- ftthe-river plants ‘Kilowatt hours per year Have * Kore fast per year * eboney oT ‘When roaervoir operation data abe sot available, the weighted average head is 3 mated fem the weighted average forchay sater surfane slexation—that level ot which the esetvair contem (jv acre foc) isthe average ofthe contents st maximum forcbay Wate! aut- ‘ice elevation and minimum ferekay power water surface elevation — and the tail-water clevation for all units operating at Allzate, Plant Rating: 1he plant factor isthe plant ourput ix kilowatt hours per year ducing We average year of ile reservoir operation study, divided ty the rated Kitowart capacity and ‘muiplied by oe ours in a yeat, The resalt is stated ss a pexcentage. Plentoutput=* Flan Capability laut footer ‘Multipurpose storage project - Plant factor= 0% or more. ‘Run-cf-river projeet — Plant fheto Special cases, such as high value peaking capacity Zor an overloaded system, heve [usti- fied a plaat factor as low as 28%, 60% or more, ‘The over-all plext eficiency, including turbine, gencrater, transformer, and associated equipment including station services. butnot penstock or open channel losses, usually used for esiimiting and power studies is as follows: Storage cam plant 80% maximum uso river plant 736 Equipment efficiencies are assumed to be not less ibaa Generator 9a, Peak eificiexcy of trbine 90 Full oad turbine efficiency (design head} 83% Average load over a cortain period od factor = — Average load over a cerain peredt Tee factor — FF Tend oonscing during the same petiod Permissible Range of Head ‘Anurbine runne’s peripheral speed at tbs entering edge of the ruuner blades in relation to the spouting velocity of the water affects the efficisney and the cavitation characteristicsGeneration Hyibe 1.19 ‘The permissible departure from the design head and its design speed, et which this relation is optimum, has becn found through experience to be as floss: Type af ubine Max herd Min. have Francis or reaction 125% 6% Propeller fined blade 110% 0% Propeller adjustable blade 120% st 132 Spiral Casing: 2 The Water velocity in the easing, when measured tangentially, should be 18 percent of sponting velocity ar the design heed, bat in no case be move than 10,67 metres persec. Ve=0.18 Qe bos & The entrance diuneter should preferabiy be less then the penstosk diameter. The tangentis] velocity in successive sections should remain constant 13.13. Thickness of Spiral Casing: DxP 2xF where D = diameter in centimetres = pressure in meves, — ubtimate loadin Kc — 3,200 Keisg om, for el. F — fastorof safety 1 = thickness in om, 1.344. Weight of Steel Spiral Casing: Weight of stzel spiral easing may be compressed using A. Texot's furmuls x Oy 9) tae where W, — weight of spiral case (2) By — tnlecaig af runner (my 4 = dia, of intel sib mp K = constant depending upon the materia] used andl method of jointing. Tt varies ‘rom 100 to 140 £ — mean wall thickness of the spiral case (mm)1.0 Poser Breiner! Handbook TAD 43.24 SPECIFIC SPEED ‘The specific speed is the speed at which a given manner would revolve if weve 29 redaped in proportions thet it weuld develop on motric HLP. under one moter head, “B N-3 uber Nz - specific speed Y= seyolutionicainore at fall gave and neaa #. P— korse power of ranner A= head inn Meric HP =75 m kzies. The following are Bapirical formas for specific speeds for differen heads for various Ispet of turbines. Tie actual sxeed i tan to be determined from 3.2.1. (@) Propeller urbines Range of H1= 4.50 30m 1030 HB for head Iss than 18 sa — fixed blade propeller turbine) ‘For adjustable blade type aid 10% w he specific speed obtained fem propeller wheel formula, (0) Francis Torbines, Range of H=24 0 305 m S.No. Authority Formuia tor i¥s. 1 (Creager and Tustin - . y= pia wee 2 Yeon 89 ‘Where iste tele qual to 9% of etal hes 4 BuewetBecamwin, avn nag smih x, = A NEMA Spann Bat Ten Common s (Whee Nis ee geste and ss ees) 6 WN White 4 a Fama Nyman ¢ Oe (une Nisa mene yom end Ws inne) Hae13.23 Gereration-Fivero 1.21 7. L, Keyl 8 HL. Hackert formola Ninwe. <2 Gyhae Nye inmac pein nas sie) © pce whats Range of = 1220 1524 m Mae = ee le singe et Sea x 4/flo ot jets ormltljote “The pwopelier type runner is designed to maiatain axia! flow as ncarly as possible, wheres in the Francis turbine theve is considerable foss apart loads due to the rotary motion of the ‘water. This kind of wheel has a pezked efficiency cune, so that the efficiency en part load is very low, This Guwback is avuided in te Kaplan turbise, in which the inclination of the bes is adjusted by a govemar. Thus in a propeller type the efficiency érops from 92 per cont at full load to 65 per cent ar balf loed, while the Keplan turbine maintains a uniform efficiency of abut 90 per cent Ine case of how heads itis necessary to achicve as high an anguler speed of the wheel a8 possible, in erder to avofd gearing to the generator or to reduce the size of the later, The angular velocity can be increased by reducing (ue dlaxnener of the wheel, and several wheels ‘cal De used to produce a desired output. The tomn specific speed has beer introduced so as to enzble a comparison to be made between different sizes of machines a3 regards angular ‘velocity. The specific speed is the number of revolutions per minute thet a geometrically siniler mackine woulé make if it were to deliver 1 b:p-unwer « head of 1 2, Ia be shown ‘thatthe specific spead is given by Neath x view p04 vebere Ny — spevific speci revolutions par min: bhp.—_ optpuein horse-power, and — headin f ‘With a given head the velocity fs cocstany; the water flow is proportional to the square of the diameter ofthe wheel, a8 aso is hp, whereas the speed N is inversely proportional to ite disister acd tus is invéraely proportional Io yp. The value of n, given above isin British units the metric unt: is given by expressing in metres and hip. in matic borse- poiver (0.986 British h.p.);thus metric specitic speed = 4.38 x British specific spocd. With the same head the specific speed af'2 Kaplan or propeller turbine is twice or three tunes thet ofa Frauvis (abive, The advantace cau be'wed tw inorease the dineter of tae wheels and deocasc thet number for a given cutput of cnergy, orto avoid or decrease the gonrng, orto decreas the sizeof generator. ‘wacensinexce, Kaplan and Fravcic nmbings give the same ouput under thesamie head, the former driving dict at 125 R.PM. while the later nas at41 7 RLPM. and requies gearing. Approximate values of the specific speod for water turbines are 20 wo 120 For the Francis type, 12610200 fer the propeller typo, and 10 to 20 forthe impulse type. Based on head ard specie mpeed, the mubines may be selaced using the fig. 3.1.22 Poser Enghwors" Handbook » [Feron WEAD ‘IN METERS. SPEoINe SPEED INR.AM, Fig, 3 Sedeclon uf Turbines Based on Head & Specific Speed 13.3 APPROXIMATE FORMULAE FOR TURBINE DIMENSIONS Tin MKS. Cais (i Francis Turbines ‘The Velocity ratio @ isthe ratio of te peripheral spe2d of nominal diameter of runnae water -assage fo the theorstcsl spowting velocity of water under giver head, Ky 68-555) GANOBETT FORMULA) The value of O varies from 0.66 1a 092 Gi) Beonamic ciameter of the nner oso — a metres {iy Velociry Ratio ‘where His Design Head inmetres and N is Speed ip REM. (Ul) Buit diarteter of tho roaner“D” ein be caleulsted using the foraula given below: zB Te Ge) The length of the draft ibe can be obtained from 00 95m where L— dbaft we length measured from rum aais in metres Thy — exit diameter of runner in motrea 1, ~ specific speed,Geraratiea tieeo 1.23 (¥) The depth of the draft be ean be computed from A Me Boa whore.A axdmum depth below cortre line of wicket gate (aictree), Dj - eit diameter of runner in metres, Ny ~ specific peed. Bb Imprelse shacks a an Evie 75 x where @ efficiency, 8 — velocity Rane. J velocity coefiiciemt of the jet, eb edo ‘This forrnula i arrived ot by assurting 88) =0.97,0=05. tong MLE co be ees 5p dette Ol S- Eg where Q i in evsect, andd= diameter of jet in centimens, (@) Knowing the value of “d” the dia “D” of the runner can be calculated. The value of SO” varius fron! 0.44 to 0.50, ML tm PRS, UNITS. (a) Francis Turbines ‘Velocity ravio © = 0.053 N29 = 0.09 where N, is tbe specific speed 155A? Dibcharge diameter 9 =24 Power Brginvers' Handod : 18x Ox VE Peripheral diemeter at inler — “2 *O% VF 7 Where sf RAM, design head Horizon longth of draft tbe = 3.8 D. Vertical height = 2.51 (8) impulse wheels B_ se D () a7 sy knowing N, caleulate a - 2 @ N=190 3 vie ‘where ¢ — eifsiensy; @ trom tables below calculate J, Velocity coefficient of jet. 576.9 TP ia oa whore ia in enscea d= diameter of et. (2) With this velne of “2, find D= diamater of rumer Apprenimats Values of @ Impulse wheel 04410 0.50 Reaction wheels-Francis Ns 20 o 6 80 @ . 67% O75 082 12 Propeliee or Kaplan Ns wo | 11 @ 1S SLB 100 1.10 ts 200 205 215 Yelecity Ratio is used te determine diameter “P" from which all other dimensions are determined.Gmerction-Hdeo 1.28 1.3.4 SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF FRANCIS TURBINE ‘Tho sectional elevation of a Francis trbinc is as showm in figure below on (A)~ Spiral case @)-head vorer ©) stay rink @— mma. sha (©) atey vate Q)—runner {D) — discharge ring: CO) — wicket gates (e)—draftanbe liner @)—tinks; ©)- pit ines Oh - gate levers: (G)-mainsheft bearing QD - servemctors. Fig. 4 Seestonal eloostion of a Francis reaction turbine.1.26 Power Engineers’ Handbrok ‘Table 4 Macertats of Turbines ‘The materiale to be weed for the prineipel parts of hydraulic turbincs geacrally cuuform to (he spotifieations listed below. Physical properties Specification | Ultimate | Yield | Eleng in| Reduction Mates ASIM orcther | suength. | point, | 508mm in Ares ra | MPa % % L. Cast teal ATV GE N36 42) 231 | 22 30 2. Cast welding sel | A-2i647T Gr WCA | 4219] 2109 | a4 35 3. Cast taisless steel | A-296-497T Gr. CPB 4922] ios | 35 4. Cataainbessed | A20649TGr CAIs | «3z8| 4570 | 18 30 5. Cast stainless steel | azas.aot cr cr20 | om2| aoe | 30 6. Cast FOC AABB-CL 30 2109 7. Cast on AABE-CI, 40 281.2 8. Cast ron A-48-48-C1. 50 3516 . 9. Steel bar Note (SAE 1029) aaa} 209 | 15 30 Lo, Steel bar ‘one (GAE 1045) en2} mwi2 | is 46 12, Alloy steel bar ‘None (SAE 4149) ons | aia | 20 30 (2, Alloy stecl bar ‘None GAE 4340) eno} msa | 16 Ed 13. Stainless cel bar | Commercial 18-2 e328] wor | 9 14, CRS. bar Standerd saa} asta | as so 1S, Spring steel Upto 8.1 mm diameter | 1933.5 16. Spring stee) Upto Loma diameter | 1957.8 17. Spring steel Up co 3.0mm diamerer | 1581.9 18. Spring ste] ‘Upto 64rom dismerer | 14062 19. Spring sicel ‘Upto 78mm damerer | 12304 20, Spring stees Upto 12.7 mm diaweres | 1863.2 . 21, Carbon stool A-235-527 Claas B sora | asad | oan 40 22, Carbon steel forgings 4-235.52T Class B sna] 2637 | 24 40 23, Alloy steel forgings —_A-237-52T Class B ses} 3867 | 26 52Goneraton-tydro 12 [o [s] a TNE Ty ARON one #9 ou | a | se ov aa pub cy SUE seat | 0059 | SOF my oP eye ye ie ae seoe| oct | or oF st| | s ~ | ave ze oss | ost | ex |] a1 | see | v0 | ovo | ore sec | ¢ | us | oe sfol af on foo | ceo | ae si-39 | os-sy vest} £0 ave $5-09 | aor : 50 sro sz-o9 | pst “feo oz przo roe ww fs ae [xo | so | sec ut wo] os si] so | ao sveuni00" 2667 orsci| ox | sh | ee [sv] v00> sto-| sox feo solsro scofice sol” ae wn oT paste 7 rr % Fo [et] eee one at si co | oz | ve |> aor eeceairt ag 7 a gaya | 25 =°1 ue Ssoupaey| ¥4 vou Funf 4 | s [ro fom} mo] m | me ] os 20 | mmm ode pager | aun] aA “saruadnud preps ‘BonortT09 [raIUOYEY “SOMME UTOGINT, ALTRIPAH TF Pas{l AYRE) IuUse $2111.28 Power Knginears’ Handbook ‘Table 6 Chemical Compesition af T1 Steel. ‘Material Pereesit Mutetial Percent Carbon 010 0.20 Chroraiam * 040-080 Mengamese 060-1.00 Molybdenum 940-060 Phosphorus 004 Max Vanadium 003-010 Sulphor - 0.450 Mex. copper . 015-050 silleon 015-035 Bown 9.002-0.006 Nickel 9704.00 ‘The caechanical proportcs of T steei for thickness 64 to $0.8 mm are given below. Yield strug (ia) 825. MPa Tonsil suengih (Win). 7383 MPa Elongation in $08ram (Min)... 18% Reduction of Area (Min) V,stee (thickness for thickness) casts more as the materiel is more difficult Wo fabricate, angie and weld, Specification for stainless steel ranuer castings. B.S. 1630 grade A 13S 13At Chemical Composition Cwbon . 0.2% maximum Silicon 1.00% Mangia 1.0986, Niskel 1.00%, Chrous 16, Sulphar 0.0586. Phosphoms 9.05%. Frosicol Properties (afer complete hea: treatment), Uttimate tomilestength Not les than 542.5 MPa Ybeta point Not less an 341.9. MPa Elongation Not less than 20% (B.S.1. Pest Picts “C"), Bend test 1. Not less than 120° over 25.4 anm radins on a specimen, 254 mm diameter or 254 om wide * 19.) mm thick MATERIAL OF RUNNERS ‘The tuner material containing 12 to 14% of chromium with upto 5% of nickel is now most favoured for water turbines construction in Europe.Conerotton Hyon 1.28 1.35.2 Pitting of alloys ‘Runner material Relativerute of pitting 1, Welded sinless stoel (17% Cr. 724 Ni) 1 2. @). Cast stainless steel (12% Cr) 3 Gi) Welded stainiess steel (18% Cr. and 8% Ni) 5 Gil) Cast stainless steel (1825 Cx. and 8% Ni 5 3. High tensile steel bronze 13 4. Alominioa beonze - 2s 3. Cast sieel (0.33% C) 7 6, Mangiese tronze : 80 7, Spenyed stainless steel (18/3) 122 8, Cast iton - Da 236 CAVITATION ‘As the operating head in any bydranlie flume causing flow increases, the velocity head at any gnint in the flume increase cortacpemdingly. Thin ‘mcrease in velocity licad roeults in roduetioa of prosmurehoed, Cavitasion develops where ard when the abscluts pressure drops to or below the Vapour pressure of the water, The production of vapour filled cavities m the flowing swater av any Tquid in the regions of minimum pressure is known as eaviction. The elevation of the mitbine runner with respect ta the tal-raze water evel and the mext- ‘mum suetion head which is permissible are the most imporant consideraticn in connection ‘wih the cavitation atthe runner blades, ) The meximum permissible total draft Head Hs is given by the Thoma formula He = Ha—He— Ci where C's the plat ssn Ea - Be —Hs E Gil) Tha plaat sigma is to he determined by teste of model runners orbs experience curves, ‘An approximete value for the plant sigma is given hy ° ne Roger's formu = Ne @ Roger's formule C= RE Nyt © C= toe 4 cS Ta263 Wye.1.30 Poser Exgivzers' Handbook whee ¢ x, Ha ie pleat sigma, specific speed. ‘bacennetsi protnure head at elevation oftuaner above sea level ‘vapour prossurt head atthe discharge side of runner Dads at poi of iat preseurs distance tton ti-water to underside of runner blades. toel head. ‘ua, Fy Cor different elevations and teunperatares ate givea fa Fig. 5. Thovaineof cavitation eceffcient (©) for Francis turbines are lower than those for propeller or Kaplan turbines. The setting level for the later is consequently lower than that of Francis thine, Pelion wheel rubines are set above the macinnum tilwate: level 05 1.01520 105 herent Schaef 16 f wien wsspr tosh s’ ener Sas * wade at rslerc 8 — where | 78 os 10 1820 ELEVATIGH ABOVE SERLEYEL 1 toe METRE Fig 5 ales of Ha ond Ws for Diffrsat Blavatone and Temperate.{ i Generation Hydro “Fuble 7 Safe Values of Thoma’s Cavitation Coefficient Specific spoed at c axed capacity 30 0.01 ov 0.03 150 ont 200 a3 250 921 300 029 330 040 4u0 os 430 068 16 14 1a 12 1a aa oa oa oa ees ai oe of or os oo oy] | og Specie Speed N, (Bish) Sigma ae 2 Funcion of Spastic Spaed ot ot oni oz ei or 02] Fig, 6 The Values of 3 Suosen Comespand to Safe Operation for Weltcesigned Turbines iatLR Power Engineers’ Hondiock COMWERCIL BRasS _/” MANGANESE BRONZE 4 POLYVINYL eaLoaIDE LUMIKUW ‘STAINLESS STEEL, MILD STEEL NICKEL ALUMEINUM BRONZE SPECIAL TAEATSIENT STEEL, EFFECT OFT ME OF EXPOSURE CN.ERODED VOLUME OF VARIOLS MATERIALS AT 1SOFPS, \ MANGANESE NOKEL BONE VOLUME OF ERODED MATERIAL, CU. M.M e 8 «40 © a 70 ‘TIME OF TEST HOURS FB. 7 Volume Erosion Charecterite 2 150 FS, 137 TURBINE REGULATION 13.7.1 * Formulae dor pressure and speed regulation “Alliovies forte. Pressure varimion in decimals is given by : SE eB navead} B32 Lv . whee te Tp 4 length of penswodk + % the length of spiral casing HH head in feet T~ governor closing tims in sevouds ¥—velotity init.sec.Generation Myeba 1.33 “hia formal ie elon accents oulyit > “L whene asthe wave velocity, Note:— Use plus for presture rise and misus for pressure drop, 13.7.2 Pressure rise in percentage is alsa given by AH _LxHPxba HO xP where 7, L dH are came as above: 1D ~ diameter of penstock in feet HP ~ sated Horsepower 13.23. Speed Rise 8) Load recotion cenditions— [Ny —Beroeat of speed rise uncorrected for pressure tise and runaway conditfons My 1Ol x UP xt WR? x RPM BLAME OT sore © the Rogeloting constant, expressed in percentage WR? x RPM? HP (B) Np spend rise corrected taking runaway speed into aceoust N a4 Py (xpressed in decivnats) where K fs the rtie of rmaviay te normal speed, The mnawiey speed is the maximum speed ‘he turbine can attain with no Toad on the unit and with gate fully open. ‘Approximate values for “K" are given below: {@ Kaplan whorls: 18 1022 () Freneis wheels: varies with Ns as beleni: Ns | 216 229 267 © 34,81050 501070 701080 8040 100 K | les L035 180 1.85 18 20 (©) Nypercent speed rise acing pressure rise also into account, — a fxg. Messe tice)" nse)134 Power Ingineors' Handbook PRESSURE RISES. Fig. Turbine Repulation Curves. Toe Use Fig. § to determine pressure rise with index “2 and nave velucity parameter 2 r= pnd gore se, « wave vec wih gin 680 {ce forse] pesto 2 ~ lent of ponstock in feat and = veloc dagen pensork in toe and inbyulto eves cenit yell lor elation wise peur seer (@) Loud secoptance contin’ Nj—percent speed drop uncorrected for pressure drop. eb 10h sb etn ET reed inpercenng, where Popeye in ends N;— oonteet speed drop. ee (Nete:— Use Fig. 9 (carve for average speed drop correction} to read pressure drop for Tol toe ne TEGeraration—Rycry 138 Nn isnt Oran WaT % dou aunssaid Fig, 9 Turbine Regulation Qarves1.36 Power Engineers” Handbook o (CHART-B PRESSURE RISE Fig. £2 Allis cholaice’s curves\Generation—Fisdeo. 437 13.74 By Allis Chatmer’s Curves: Refer Fig. 10. Chart A shows at ordinates the ratios LV/H, whore £ is Imgch of pressure pipe in feet, Fthe fall-load average velocity of water in feet per second over ihe tots! length L and H the net head ia feet at fallload flow of water. The relative precaure rise in percentage chave the net heed # is plotted as abscissae. [Pér each individual pressure rise or abscissa of chat, the value TSH/LV remains constant, and so the value LV/H is direétly a multiple of the sovemor time T. Thus the velue LV/H or the ordinates ean be tekes from the curves ofthe govemcr time T of { to 15 sec. or for fixed valves LH the resultant percent pressute rises for a selected governor ime can be rend (Chart 8 shows ihe minimum perventoye af telaive sped rise for ordinate values C/T at yar- ‘ious porcentages of maximum pressute rise a5 abssissne. C being the flywheel constant NEWRZP from which te fiywheel elfect of rotating masses of the unit can be computed forthe respective apetd of the unt anc’nermal output Bot for a fixed ratio CIT, fhe pervant pressure rise can be deteraned! fora fixed pecert relative speed rise Example In this example, the known quantities for use in Fig. 10 are the ratio LVIES and CrT and the pressure rise inthe peastock of 30% (un droppinwcel the loud), which we do not wish to oxcond forreesons of sulety. ‘Taking the valu of LVAT in Chart A, Fig, 10 ac 25.5 we proceed horizontally as indicated by the dotted line, until we intomect the parmiasblo prosuure rise agmunted in thin case aa 30%, Here we zead thet herequired rotil' governor time ie 3 tac. From this point we move verti- cally along, 30% pressurs-rie line in Chart B. as shown by the dotted line, witil we resch the given value of the ratio C/T. which in this cose is 3,500,000, as shown by the dotted ‘hoxizental fine, The intersection of the vertical and horizontal lines gives the approximate speed rise that will occur on the dropping of the entire load, inthis case about 31%, 13.74 Pressure rise with relief valves Find cut change in velocity _ xox Ho where = is the pressure rise without relict valves and 7}-= effective govemorclosing tine, ave Discharge through preseure regulator in peroemtage of full oad discharge Average conduit vel. — Change in ve ‘Average conduit vel. x 100 aes late index (a1) = 2, where v4 = AU” catculasa at Calculate index (0) = FH whens Vj = AV calculated abore an a a (» ~ yn) in decimais. ‘This will be the pressure rise-with a pressure relief valve of capacity A%e calculated above, For different capacities of prescure regulator ealeulate back likewise.3B Power Ergivwers’ Fmbook 13.76 Approximate solution fer Pressure changes: %——— 57" * | os «. 3 “ Pe A < » » 2 « | ek wi, | | Mee, sano 2 1 fe Govemor elodingor apening ine on Fig, 11 Approximate Solution w Pressure changeGeneration —Fiyire 1.39 13.7.7 “Hydraulic Tarbive Speed Regulati i A q Fig, 12. Hpsbualio Turhinw Spout Regrdation EXAMPLE Giver: Trated governor time ~ 5 sec, HP = 40,000, 7-80 fi,’ 94.7, RP ~ $3,240,000 pound feet, Y= Vel. in penstock = 13.778 fk per sec., £-= 340 feet = length of penstack, (@} Te--gross govemorclesing time ~ 9.255 ~ 525 (8,240,000)(04.7;7 T,e0000)G49, 009) tb) Ts = starting up time of unit140 Power Engingers’ Handbook (64.7}40,00034 DON}? 792 tof a, (©) 5g ~ 282 percent fom Fig. 25.12 (8 Tp = starting up time of pipe tine SH0iTS779) wzzy@oy = i _ ip _ 187 n= P= 221 020 ‘h) SUR (speed rise for full oad off including water hammer) (281) (1 + .364)~ 38,3 percent 438 GOVERNOR CAPACITY 43.81 The approximate kg, m, rating of the goveriors far Francis and Propeller wheels is obtainad. stom the formula Ge = GDH x 12 where G, writ Servomoter capacity — tea Ge = servomeoe capaciy in ke. Dy = achange sinter of rane in r, fim — maven head snetuding water hammer in m Ns ~ specific speed of be unt the sorvonots volume Fis givan by 1s= Nott sebvamatar volume In cuble inches er Frm: ‘where # min, =njaimum raved al pressure n-Hs. per a9, fac, Por propeller type units with adjustable blades, the tatl servamotor ceparity will be 200 ta 250% of that given.by the above formula, Jn Kaplan Thrhines bace sevvorsctor capacity ie given by the formula MHP NS Gh= : re {oot pours] whore HP — rated horse power Hr ~ med bead Ns specific speed.Generation—tiycko 1.41 For isapulse whecls the servomotor capacity is dotsmined by the turbine manufacturer oa the basis of hyraulle forces involved in the particular design of the needle and deflector xi! 1.3.8.2 Capacity of governor (it, 1b.) — £ where the constant = 40 for Kaplan whines 55 for prope. 50 far Erne 3010 35 for Stream dellection of impulse whoeks 40 1060 for secdle sortro! of impube whol AP = HL ring of bite, a bead in fet, 1.38.3 piping size ‘The size of he piping and actuator size depend on the oll velocity n the piping at full gare ‘rave. On large wrutor the velocity should he about 15 fvsce. The piping size is given by the fornala where 7 ~ time element (i seconds. ¥ ~ allowable pipe velocity (in sec.) C= servometor capacity in ou. BJtrees P= coastaurto dewemine the pipe size a2 indicated below:— Pe Pipe size in inches. 458 2 293 28 2a 3 sas 4 733 3 493 ‘ 296 a 183 10V2 Paver Brgineers' Hondtook 4.49 13.91. 13.92 1393 13.9.4 1398 13.10 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS Dead Bund ‘Dead Bund is the fotel magnitude of tho sustsined spced change within which there is no resulting eceasurable change x the position of the govertor-coatrolied valveb, Deas band is ameasure of the insensitivity of the speed goveming system and is oxprassed in percent of ruled spec. ure’ Fora given governer-convolled valve postion there moy be both an increase and deccease in speed before here Js a change of valve gosition. In this case dhe total aiagalude ofthe sustaincd spood change referred to In the above definition is the sum of these speed changes. Governor Stabitity Governor stability Is the capability of the speed-goveming sysicm ¢ passion the prime mover goveror-controlled valves so that sustained oscillations of prime mover speed or brine mover energy input are not prodnccd by the speed-gaverning systom durlag operation, under sustained load demand or following 3 change ‘o a now sustained load demand. Overspred ‘Overspred is the meximurs increase in speed from an intial speed of the gousraion while operating ofa ataiod speed and power output is suddenly und completely discounested from the load, Overspeed is exprested in percent af rated speed. Dead Time Dead tine isthe time between 2 rudien change in power output md the commencement of the corresponding chariges in the meehanienl power inpat Note: This willbe vatiable th the magnimde of the change in the powcr oveput ‘Transicat Response Characteristics “The time rate at hich the prime mover ourpu chanlzes In refsIoa to the tine at which the spesd changes, i=. ap ds B ws function of F RUNATAY SPEED Rummuway spesd isthe spoed atmined by a unit under maximum head at full gabe when the _generntor is disconnected from the system andthe governor's inoperative, Hora simple pen- tock without surge mnie, munavway speed ig reached when the governor is inactive ans does ot clove the gates upoa dropping lead. On the other hind, speed vise aecors under normal {governor ection when tne load is dropped. ‘Runaway speed varies among mnenufacturess with the-design of cubing and gencrato.. Ftd tests indicate that runaway speed is considerably less than Lsually predicted hur it can beGeneration Metro LAB ecpected that it will oot exceed the following Henn B= Ban [se whee Np = anny speed in RPM. Ky — (0.75 Ne 145) parent of normal spac in % se com _ OX Hequosey n= desig orsumtmnous peed in rpm = 22% Heanesey m Pe se ‘No. cf pales hg — desianhead Fina — imu ead toca water bare Normal Range of Rumavay spas (1) Impulse urbines — 1.80 19 @) Francis turbines — 2102.2 ©) Kaplan mubines — 25 102.8 43. CRITICAL SPEED ‘Tne oriical spoeds of aromting shaft ae uhove at whieh the mumber oC natural vibravions or entural frequency equals the number of revelations px miaute or-certaia multiples thereat, At taese spends the rotating shaft beconsce dynamically unstable and vieaiens cocur Taking only the weight ofthe shaft inte censideration, 11.229 108d ci where No = rival speed, in RPA @ = shaft ameter, in om. Espen between bearings, in et. Note: 1 ‘The operating speed of any shalt should be reduced at least 20% fram eny critical spocd to avoid vitratian. 2. The sbove formula gives the lowest critical speed, 3. Creager and Justin sipilates that critical spcod be not less than 2 = Runaway speed. 4, A common mule is that the distance between centtes of bearings should net be greater tuan 20 times the stall diameter,LAM Power ingincers' Honlbaok 14 WATER WHEEL GENERATORS 24) SYNCHRONOUS SPEED 1208 > where S — synchronons speed it REN f= Sequenty in cyclesisee, P - fo. of poles. - 1 a _— Ries ‘Table 8 Approximate Weights and Dimensions of Vertical Water Wheel Generators Gh: 60 Te; 48 p.£) Generators Without Direct Connested Lxciters amg | spe | rym | nerveiehe] gop Diners RVA RPM sffeot ‘generator cxgiter, [_ yu | Oy) fs) eye 500 wo 10,780 19,50 2,495 3.16 | O61 sso | 480 ass | ame | os 20s | cis sow | to | eas | arse | sass am | cei son | as | apes | tspo0 | 1360 nee | ore asi0 | 10 | socato | aanace | tase su | ws 37,500 200 448,300, (254,020 2620 6.10 | 229 75,000 10 18,21,600 467,000 1,860 838 | 254 100.000 138.5 136,000, 801,120, 2450 9.90 | 3,05 uso | ta” | sazemw0 | ogre | nes aos | 330 Dimensions A, B and C wlate m Fig. 131421 Badd ConerationHycro AAS ‘The weight of a high — powered vertical shaft hydro genorator may be ealoulated by the (lowing empirical approximate formule jRe ccf nn ste ant nin pnt ¥ ‘generator power in Kilovelt amperes, the. coefficient K taving a value between 25 and 32 : sccording tothe design and constracton of the generator. Figs, 14 and 15 indicate the.diamecer and weight of vertical shaft hydro electric generators (wit thee guide bearings) as fonctions ofits power and apeed. The curves have ‘been obtained ky the analysis of detlled data on hydro electric povier stations already fx speration STAMETER fn] 1909 KYA, Fig. 14 Dlamterof Verteut Type Generators As Function of Appncent Power ant speed ‘Specific weight of a generator is defined as the weight of the generator per KVA capacity Tho specific weight of a unit having a reted power outpat of 10,000 KVA varies with rotor speed according te the following table for 1000 RPM agpror, S KW/KVA for, AKG AWA foro, > 20 KsiKVA ‘The graph in Fig, 16 gives tho specific weight of hydro generators plotted against speed and rated power.LAG Power Engineess" fardbook att NN ° 8 61900 KAY 7 Fig. {5 The Weight of Verteal Type Generaioe 4s x Fanction if Apparent Power and Speed oo KgKvA a L 0 yor 200 se 00 500 GODCTOORPK ig. 10 Specific Weight of Myeo Conerzars Plottoe Agalist Speed And Reted Paver 9) 1008 3000.KYAs 5) 4608-8900 KWA; ) 1060-20090 KV; th 35000-46005 KA. 4142.3. Determination of Rotor ‘he highest permissible peripheral spoed (1 mex) for norma! steel castings amounts to 160-170 auisec. Denoting the critical speed foe structural design, ic. the mnaway speed far rmavimians hear, (nsx), the fndamental relation ension =D @ will yield the germissDble rotor diameser (D} which may be practically taker identical with the dismeter of the stator bore 6 wmex p= @, UME meter... (1)Geniraton-Hydro LAT ‘where u max should be substituted in m/sec. while n yax is ig RPM, ‘The KVA output of three phase eynchroncos machine (N) can be writen in the forra N= 8D? in {KVA) ...(2) where D— rotor diameter in rues. 1 = length of rotor body in metres n= mated speed in RPM “Thus, for given, a max an N, D cau be obtained ftom equation (1) and thereafter com equation (2) For a given Power capacity, the rotor leagih ie, dimeasion 1 should be increased proportionately 1o rated speed The linear relationship between length and speed is gor by combining equation, (1) & (2) Wat max 32) name putting K = 22 Cis acoefficient characteristic of head conditions and turbine type). The miniman length of rotor is obtained as XN 182) 07 max Substituting the limit wmaax = 160 m/sec, xe 1 = ggg ON mete, a isin RPM and Nis n KVA To dewrmine the Lami power cutput, for given values of x and X practically, 2 longest possible rato; should be assumed, The max. value of { amtounts to about 4 metres sinbe & “ongest rotor is likely to cause difficulties regarding veutilation and cooling, ‘hus, lit power is given by : 4x 465 x10" _ 186 x 10% Nama = Sag = Rea (VAD Jn Go cas: of oplt La no ineprlly cat ore th: Tint speed must be reduced. A speed of 183 mubec sassuned in such acase and he lust power is ven by = _ Las x108 Now= SE Kva1.48 Powar Engineers! Handbook 143 FLYWOREL REFECT 1.43.2 Load-off Regulation Method: (Allis Chahnes’s chart) c Assuring pressure Rise and peed rice from choet B of fig, 25.10 the ratio = T © _ Flywheel camstant _ (WR?}/RPAE? x 108 T ~ Governor time (G2) CE) T whee wrt = (CAD-UPIT I, 92 ee RE = eM 108 WOE x (C/E go (RPM x 10° ‘Tis the governor or deflector closing time, 143.2 Another formula for determining WR? (Weoting House Formuse) 1905 xKWxT os 2 wee ears where T — — govemor closing ime In sec. No — spredin RPM 1.43.3 A third formula for WR? is piven in the Journal of LE.E. 1948 Par U1 Page 79. 10 xP Tae hem Minima WA? = 0.684% where P< rated ourpat in kW No - speed imRPM 1.4.34 A fourth formula for WR? (CLELB, 1948 Patt page 773) NTO8KVA x mp? (WR) rain = SHEN TEVA NP! 9, ps whore np isthe number of poles. 1500 (WR) correct = (WR?) calculated ¢ ‘witere (WR?) cateulated is in Ib. £2,1435 1436 Genevatienthyire AD where (is the actnal ouput coefficient of the altemator which is given by en oD where d— stator bore lengts in inches 1. = staior core length in inches 8 speed in RPM ~ tated output in KW. “The catio of actutl flywaeel effect tothe mniniawm varies from 1.0 t 2.44 (The average ie bot 1.75) AA fifth formula for calculation of flywheel effactis given by Ae fy CROW AME a K where £2 = Pormisile sped rise writ = Tex mp wise BPP ‘The relation between C and ns Is as under for Kaplan, Franeis and Propeller type Twice. mw % bs so 75 tao ts tk) 200 © 098 056 092 Ost 077 Om 0507 For Pelion wtecl (Guracted from paras 203, 206 of Hydra Electric Engineering Prastice by 1. Guthrie Brown — Volunne-2). Minimum WR? required ta linitthe speed rise toa predetermined value 2 yin = 288000 Te ye RE in = I ae WhercN turbine ouput in AP le time of closure in see, = notmnl speed RPM EB panissible relative ise En pormissibla spood riso in RPM,180 Power Eingtncers” Handbook 1437 ‘A flywheel effect resuting in unecenomical solutioas perfains in many instances co low values of E (9.10 100.15) Over conservative specifications concerning the speed rise ensting upon load scjocton, lead to over dimensioned mechines, and in arn, to excessive ccsts, Avcondingly 1) some turbine manuiactiers, the necessary flywieel effect should be derived trom the conition of stadle governing of te evbine. As revealed by the scady of stability criteria of the governing process for anbinas with compensating governors of the dashpat type, the flywheel effect can be determined from the following formula wr? = 67000 5 aniks m3) Tm - scveleratins time of the machine (rom standstill 6 tated speed) N= bine HP a epevoring spord RPM Tutis found ftom we grapti drawn benseen To & Ta, where Ta ts he avceleration ue of the water caluma moving in die pensteck and is given by Bly t= oY eh ‘Where the term Lv comprises the sum of sl products Lv applying tothe pensiock, te scroll ising and the draft cube if any, Length 1-is in metres, flow volosiy v (the mean velocity is ‘he scroll case and the drat tube) in smisec the net head FT in metres and g is the acceleration due to graviey ~9.81 w/seo2 TeH/y > 50 see, then Ta= 2 Te ww E highest petmissible overpressure in metres. Te — dime of turbine closure in sec, ‘Where result in the above over pressure Te acceleration time of water masses. Pig. 17 slows the graphical relaionship betwcen Ta and TeGeneration thsdro LSE tJ Fig, 17 Bngpiriel Rotatonship Between the Acceleration Times of the Flywheat Masses and Water Masses 1.4.38 Bureau of Reclamation Practice KVA PME HP PME iG Min. wr? =a or6 | FEA] + 1,087 44d INERTIA CONSTANT (H) Jen? (anes? Hea KVA * 10° here WE? is in Kg. m” EAS ACCELERATION TIME CONSTANT (Ta) Acceleration ime constant is the time in which the machine could reach synchronism from rest, if during the whole tine a constant aceelerating torque, comesponding to (a) Gre rated! KVA atthe temninals oc (L) the sated watt load at de terminals ot (6) the rated Wat: load at the shaft according 10 which ihe definition is used. The relation between Ta nd #1 is (Ta = aH () Ta = Hjcos® (©) Ta — gee Where cos@ = rated PR, and 9 = effieieney at rated load. dw It i obo given by Taos 4 whee J = fly wheel effect CD? expressed in tx? bs - ouput im KVA ww — angular veloeiy conresponding to naminal speed, ‘This Ta comesponds to the ased watt Joad atthe (enuials of the generator,182 Power Brgiccers” Handbook 1h 1A 1.4.62, 14.63 EXCITER Rate of voltage build up ‘Nota fell load main | exciter voltage xctter Response Ravn ts = Main Exciter capacity ‘The main exciter capacity im KW for 2 50 eycle 3 Phase water whec! allerator af rated. voltage and 0.8 FF is given by: Pilot Exciter capactty *For quick respons: excitation, 1.5 to 5% of KW rating of main excit ‘For super excitation, 15 10 25% of KW rating of main exciter Quick response exciition, ibat Is an excitation system which quichly responds io sudden ‘change in generator voluge by immedietely supplylng the necessary inciease or decrease af fold current as required, bas proved so valnoble in increasing the stability of power systems {hetit is almost universal prosties to provide quick scoponte excitation for Water wheel gen- crators. Ivig accomplished principally by designing the axciter with ahigh “ceiling, voitap=”, ‘hat is, a high upper ‘imit:o which the exchter voltage will vise with fall fold, providing a piles which is « anal cxciter to supply constant vollige to the exciler [elds, and providing a quick acting voltage regelator. 14.7 TYPICAL VALUES OF WATER WHEEL GENERATOR REACTANCES xe xf xk = 012-028 aad 045-120 xd 020-045, - 930-025 aq -, 030-072 xa — 7 045-590 = 010-029 d= (D6DL.AS x67 = 016-035 = 020-040 xq = 0451.00 a) 074-050 s2= 020-040 x0= 005-020 Whorexe — —eskage reactance. xd = reactance of armature reaction on the ditect axis, xa’ — eet ails uitsieat eacance af field laskage reactance wag Teacence of armulure reuction on the quadrature axis, xa’ = quadrature aria transicnt renetance xed — damper winding leakage reactancss xsq converted into an equivalent stator weactance on the direct axis and quadratare axis respectivelyGsneratien Hydro 1.58 xd — direct axis eynchronoas reactance xq quadranuse axis synchronous reactance xd" & xq" — —subreansient dect and qaadkatwe anis eactanseo x2 — negative soquenceresctance xo = zero seqqence reactance 148 LOSSES IN WATER WHEEL GENERATORS The following lesses are to be included when preyaring a stetenent of efficiency of pofynhase ymshroncus generators (and mors} (Exciting ciccutt loss; @) Field FPR tas (6) Main Rhoosat lose (©) Flectrical lave in oushes (QBs ss 2. Lasses independent of earent (0) Core ‘oss (® Bowing fiction {) Total windage lass {h) Beush friction 3, Dseet loud loss + @PR oss in wane windings 4, Stray load loss + G)Stryload less in iron (8) Sowy.load loss in conductor 149 GENERAL 14.9. Insulation Resistance Insulation resistance of the armatare windings in megohms should not be leas than, Rated Voleage Ruled KYA —. 100 1a60 Insulation resistance of field windings show'd uot be less than 1/2 to 1 Megotan at 73°C, 1492 Polarisation Index (P. ‘TheP_L ofa machine insulation is the ratio ofthe insulation resistance of the winding at 10 ‘minutes tothat at | minute with application of D.C. voltage usually $00 or 1000 volts to tbe winding,184 Power Engineers" Handbook Depending upon the winding condition, class, ard type of insulation, PL. values of 1 to 7 ‘rave been obiained, Class B mice insulation has ahigherPL, thas that ofa class A varnished ‘eambnc itsulation. Moisture or condutting of dust on a winding lowers the vaine. When high valtege A.C. machines have ed windings whiet ate nected with sem: conduotng, matcrial for covona elimination purposes, the F.. may be somewhet lower than that of a similar mechine whecn is unuested APL bemeen 1.5 and 30 is generally then 2s stisfacony, whilea fur: less tan 1.1 indicates, a questionable and dangeroxs conditcn ofthe insulation requiring immiediate tention. ‘Tho Dl, ean alzo be aed to indicate completion of the drying out pevcoss while drying out machines. Ifthe P], afelass B windings ie 2.5 ormore, the winding is emstly cry. LAS3 Cooling air Aicrequiremient of enclosed synchronous machine eo. KW loss absorbed by air °C rise in temp. of air ‘Another thircule for estimating te cooling-air flow required is eft iminute of air = 1880 Nn (200-99) i-_ 0 Q =a. cum/aee ‘where No denotes apparent generator power in Kilo Volt Amnperes. 4 desotes the intemal temperatare of the machine in cantigrae 1 denotes me cooling alr temperarare tn comtgrade. ‘gis the efficiency of the generator expressed in petcent LAS Flee protection ‘Mis. roguired saturation of CO; nomally employed to preven reignit 5.6% by volume, for extinguishing flare 25 to 40% it where © vol.of generstorair chamber in eft P= percentage of CO, desired. K = a factar to allow losses dus to leakage, 0.75 for dects upin 200 eft. eapacty. 0.82 for ducts in excess of 2000 «.ft Vol. of CO, for inmial ausenarge :V m714.10 14.101 44.102 Generation Hydro 1.55 INSULATING MATEREAES Definitions uf Iasulating malecias Cts 0,2 [ateials ce combinations of materials «9c as voto, silk, al paper with ngregnaion ‘er materials ax combinations of materials may be incuded is tis class ith experience or seceped esis hey can be shown w Be capable of opeatica at SOC Chass A: Matzvals oF combiatious of wuntedal such as colon, stk ad. paper when sully impregnated or soatedor whoa immersed ina dicccuie Cyua suchas oi, ler wails or combinations of mazeriale may bo insudod inhib casi by eupriene or averoied tea {hey cus be ation io be capable of operation at 108°. Chas Bs Materials ot combiaatnas of matnials such as mia, elas, fie, adoxos, et, with suinble nding rubctncee. Other materials or cmmbnations of materi, not necearily ‘inorganic, may be included in this class if by experience or accepted tees they can be shown 10 be capuble of operon at 130°C. Chass Fs ‘Matetials or combinstions of materials such as mica, glass, re, asbestos, ete. with stable bonding scbstmices. Otter materials or combinations of materials, not necessarily inorganic, may be included in this class if by experience or accepted fests taey can be shown to be capable of opsration at 155°C, Css Materials or combinations of materials such as silicon, elastomer, mice, glass, lot, astestos efc., with suitable bonding substances such as appropriate silicon resins. Other materials or combinations of oaterals may be included in th class if by experience or seceptad tests they ean be stiown to be capable of operation at J80°C: Chess G + Insutation that oonssts entirely of mic, porehin, glass, quate, and simian inorganic amarals, Cer muefals oF combinations of materials may be included in this cles i sngperionce or accepted tests they can be shown tobe capable of operation at temperatures over 206. Limiting “Hottest-cpot" Temperatures Limiting. tomperatares (called “hoftest-spot” tompetatures) have been established for purpose of standardization. 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DOI sad ma see ly COL ano GD sit 56 se 8 8 “L—_uyaas gooL a4 sige 20 ery Got Gxpaysut pow ordn saenE (Q ‘aon (u) pur (@) up ain spare play Me DUE “eBupuire TUS. 0} oer se is 1 + sauypora Bupanvoduna re pa sBupayn sped ser om 05 o 9 L : pasodia qiyd #Buypula Ary 2] pas z sL 6 se ss ss 2 7 +s8uypumssmucury +1 ORATOR TOT SRET] — VOTERS] aa —| TAHT USD LQ ESS as ¥ SHO POUT usec Jo yee on way 2 9 B81 amaeradiaay {CAGE —is61-C197 'S's'a) SURI Dd ‘ALA AULLVHAANTLL RTSISSHARAd FO STAT Te,Gorersion—tiydhe 163 ‘Tabb 12 LIMTIS OF PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE RISE As per ASA C50, 1943 (cot, el mach.) Column 1[2][:],4,s] 6 lie No. mswlatien clas ofaf[sf[afslfals DE. and AC. motor fxétonal HP as well we all induction motors 1 | windings, coves. Motors not corisined | Totally eneloved | Generally weed Peck eipmcnts in coluras +7 madblower | motors in contact with cooled motors insulation. = wo] wo | ss] a | 40 [- 2 | Coleet aad sliprings - 6 | ss | os] | 5 |r DG. Machines Synehronws con | OC Machines | DC. | D.C. | Fully-mciosea vette notonder col, | Gon. |Generat| momar: and 7 DC. lors wit| slower-ceoted ‘Al: | 25% | moton por | over Conver pose | cad for er motors) 2 rs ex, ‘these De. im ool De. Generators 46 Genera converters for con tars rated load at verter yh 25% 2hr fr 25% led a end of cleee ow ‘overloading, rolyai load + for? ts. 3 Rotor and ficld windings Allwindings except No.25.._ | 50:40] 7 | 40 | oo | s5 | 75 4 Single-lyer Heda windings with op. elas, sur, bate copper ‘winding soom| 0 |» |» | os | 35 5 Commutator, diprings 050] #5 | ss] a | os | a5 * Only thenmoneter nessurement ate given, Measurercats observed by increase in resistance allow an merease of 5 to 10. + Generators for elecroiysis 50°C, + Valuesin ( )64 Povar Engineers! Hendhook ‘Table 12 LIMISS OF PERMISSISLE TEMPERATURE RISE (Contd) AS per ASA C50, 1943 (rot. , mach.) 6 ‘Smnchronous machines.” ‘Al purpose Turbo-Generaters) raoios. high All eeasuremente wiih them.or | Synckron, | sjeedand skiw embedded temp. detectors. @Waen | Machines 2-0 | “speed mtn _ | Ceneratorsat rweasured by increase invesistance | ™Ol0rs. —fncasured at <0] 25% 2-be. over 5 of 10°higher values are partly 10 and 68-28 ba6 Motors, permissible) (No ®anly with — [yee peo [Moms in mo.) S2vererset Ps 2546 or 50% ‘ncteage in resistance method), ard 8 SUOBPR || eee Niator windings of turbogen. up to Generators with | oso) oF 500 KVA amd all other machines xp 25% Dew over | ame ‘to 1500 kVA. load og RR_| overtoatiog: “Aer con loading. so | [4a [oo [ss] 7 Stator windings witk two coll Jer sroove. (Turbo-generaiors Above SODKWA all ether macb, sbove 1500 kVA) so |» | so | | os | as 56 [Zoe | 60 [= 8 Insulated ficld windings not far [685 20] @8 |osPR) 6 | 85 TG _| 169 |pF)50] 0 . Siiprings ss [as [ss [os [or | TW | Gores, mech. pare ia comact ‘with aajacent inl. foe mach. sym. conv, sy, rach so |» [a [oo [ss | os TL | Squitrelcape, dep, wind, vty ti influence on ad ‘rush holders ete. forall machines, | O74 Hmnled by the inflenve on ajace parts ‘AS per VDE OS30/VLA1 (a-<), 30/1151. Coolant: Air ‘Teinperature of coolant: 35°C Tasulifion. ac to class tom No.| Winding or pat of machine § [AWE] ARG] BAG | CAC] Valid for 1 ‘All windings up to 5000 KVA with| exception of2 . : o | o | 0 Machine 2 Single-Jayerflekd windings ratings ‘in general debe Myer * ip to winding in cylindrical rotors xo | 0 | o S0OURNA 3 Commuraiors and springs. o 4 Bearing. ee 45Ganeraton-Fyden 165 HtemNo| Winding or partof machine Trstlaton_ ape te clase Re [AC [AC AT] Valid 5 | tron corse with embedded windings eee ss fer wiadings Machine ratings ‘ Jon cares without embedded . upto windings . . : 5000 VA a Al other ecinponents * : I ‘Windings np to 7600, measured | 55 «x iy. tn centre (Thermometer on stot Maskine easured a erds wall or In woth ratings centre)" cc se |J* aver wb “Dhe temperane anit in 5003 EVA machines: over 7000 V me seduced by 15°C far etch 1000 ¥ ever 7000 - |-f- le Double layer windings (thermomerer tween the Two faversi** oy a | + ‘nly fimited hy inftueez on adjacent windings. ‘Measiremeat with bulltdn resistance thermometer ‘TEST VOLTAGES FOR RLECTRICAL MACHINES to VDE OSA0V1, 4, Table Ul, ESS. ASA, Jn dee lable, U is: No. Ito 5, raled voltage, ay, valus; fo field windings; exciation voliage, for elecically- inked windings max. velbage to body, when one pele is on body; in reversing motors: 1.5 © roler vollage with weund-rotors; 3 nonreversing ‘motors’ ful: rotor voltage with ‘wound rotors, fer machines with a permanently earthgd pole: 1.25 ¥ reied veltage. ‘No. 6 t9 7a, excitation voltage ‘No. 8 9,1, rated voltsge No. 12 to 126, excitation voltage Na. 12d, rotor valtege.1.66 Pawar Roginver” Hantboek ‘Table 13 Test Voltages to VDE OS30°VI, 41. Table U. i Item No. Winding vie Range Test veltase jaw main i Ratedcapaciy Fisld windings of sya. gous. sym, motors, 5 13 Um. * rotary convertors with sabdivided field rnin 25 vataings oa starting, 125 ‘As 12 and [2a bor with excitation circuit Sforee.¥. | 15 Unmxt ‘which may be cutout <27V 8 for | win, 2E exe, V. 2215 12a Tnduction machines with aon-permianenily | Nonreversible 2U+1 short circaited rotor windings. Reversible 41 Ei mae. © highest vollage between to terminals when starting,1.68 Power Engineers’ Handbook 1S COMMON FAULTS OF THE TURBINES 1S1 ‘The Common Faults of he turbine and their causes are listed in the taole below ‘TABLE 14 COMMON FAULTS OF THE, FURBINE, Fault type. Fallare causes ‘Shaft vibvation alarming, Failure of the rotor seal allure of the guide bearing. ‘Thrust beating problem ‘Too large vibrasion of the spider paves Paihre ofthe oil seal Failure of the suction cone Runner damage ‘Vibration of the draft tube LLoaseness of stator core Insufficient roundness of stetor Inaufflejent rooruiness of satan “Thee-ptase unbalanced power ‘Three-phass shortage-cireuit Non-homoganeity of air gap Elongution af rotor poles Mechantcal imbalance, wabelanced magnedte force, shaft misalignuaere, bearing fare Design defect, seul ring abrasion, seal failure bY air injection Oil deficisncy, 00 large assembling clearance, overheat, support element damage Oi deficiency, instability of ot film, overheat, support element damage Looveness of supporting part, acternal excitation, dynamic imbalance, stiffness deficiency Assembling scemiricity Loosenew af the section cone Abrasion, cavitation erosion impact by foreign matter Change of the head water, runner damage Reterative expansion and contraction, plate, wear due to mais daplacemont Initia sttie rownaness, namic roundness Ital seit roundness, dynamic roueiness Ingtuence of etectic network Insadetion ageing, overheat of call, instantaneous dis- charge Incufficiont roundnocs of szator or rotor, mess imbalance, elongation of poles Hoos dsteetion of magnate yole, cenietfaged forceGouraios—Hyéo 1.69 1.52 AGING FACTOR OF HYDRO-GENERATOR AND SERIOUS TROUBLE OCCURED IN THE WORLD ‘Tho main factor of deterionstion ave classified into 4 itome as indisated below. Amsarg the four Soetors, 2 ond 4 ate the conventionally mentioned problems. 1 and 3 aze nighlighted, recently, beeatwe ef the developinent of prevensive main‘eneance tecknology. The factor of decerioration in Hyco-generators, sad examale of serious troubles caused by hydro generator ae indicated below o Decrease Lew eveue-eaniue ROTOR FRACTURE oF DUET enn a crOP STReNaTH ‘ANG EXCESS SPEED LOWIING LAYEE SHORT. EXCESS SHAFT VIBRATION — PAULE OF Foxe GUREAGE @ DUE To isAArION cuaury bere @ CConADEION, wen, INSULATION DAMARE OF STATOR EXO WHONGS. PHASECONNECTION BAH FAILUAE LOOSENEES QESTATOR WINtING ‘aur o suronausmnos cweticine or aon Soe EAR DAMAZE, ‘DETREASNG.OF COOLER wear PERFORMANCE:1.10 Power Enginuans’ Homchoot 16 Ll FUMPED STORAGE SCHEMES GENERAL LOA Principte ‘The basic principie of Pumped Storage scheme is to convert the surpius electrical enerey generated by a powerplant, or svailable in a system ip off-peak periods, zo bydauiie notan- tel energy, inorder to generaxe power in periods when the peak demand on the system ‘exceeds ihe total avaiatle capanity of the generating oations, By ding the surpins clectrical onerey evailablo in the network dusing lowécmend periods, ‘water is punped Gor a lower pond te ar appet pond. ln periods of peak damaxd, the power sution is operate inthe generating mode ie. water fom the ipper pond is drava through the same water conduit sysiemato the turbine for generating power. 16.1.2 Typer “Thete ave two tain types of pumped storage plants: () Teor pure pumped-storage plants and @ Mixed pumped-storage plaats. () True or pure preped-storenge plas Tn this type only pumped storage operation is envisaged without my scape for conven tional generation of power. These ate provided in places where the nun-ofl is poor Furlter, dhey aze designed only for operation on a day-to-day basis withous rou for Alexibiligy io operation. Q) Mixed pumped-siorage plans In this pe. imaddition to the puraped sorage operadior, some amount of extm energy car be generated by wiilizing the additional natal ran-off caring a year. These can be designec for opetation on a weekly evcls or other form of a longer period cycle by providing fora ‘ional swrage and afford some amount of fexibilay in eperation. 1.61.3 Componews ‘The mein components of pumped:-storage plants are, zs below, proceeding fom the ‘upsteam end: (1) the upper reserve with the dam. 2) te ioake, (G) ihe pressure rum, (4) de singe tn (9) the valve chamber. (he peaseck.Gentrasion-Hycbo 71 (the power house. (8) the tal vase sane. (9) the lower reservoir. 16.14 Economics Cost of Genzrtion ‘Since pumped storage plants aro generally negative energy projects, the method of wotk= ‘ng aut the cost of generstion for the conventional hydro scheme eganot be adopted forte pumped storage project. ‘The intematicnally adopted method of woskiny:cut the cost Gf generation is given below. ‘The cost of generation has to be worked out with special allowarce for the velue of peak ‘meray offered by the project, reckoning the extra cnergy generated at the basc thermal or nockar stations due to improveitent in load factor by integrated operation, (Lond carrying capacity canted by the pornped storage praject, asamring an equivalent thermal station, MW (Sar) (3) Corresponding euergy at the LF of 096 to 75%, applicable to the thermal ettion. =B, Mu (Sas) Energy available from the pumped storage project =C.MU (Say) Balance energy 10 be contributed by the base themual or nuclear station, = (6-0) MU, (0) Energy required from the bese thermal or nuclear couree for off peak pumping. =D.MU. (Sey) (vi) Total energy contribution from base thermal or nuclear source = PHQeR+ C+ DLN. Cont of generotion por KWWEL where — interest charges on tbe capital autay of tho purnped storage pruject; Q- O&M charges; XR — cost af total exergy contribution froma base'thermal or nuclear source {Ge} vost ofthe enerey caress viven in (vipabove, 8 ~ depreciation T cont Ww geont roterve find, Cost per KF of Punpped Storage Plont Since puriped storage plants are orly peak load stations, the cost per KW should be con siderably less han dial for base thermal or nuclear stations.