CHM

M 4353 Exam
m I Spring 2013
2

Name_______________________________

1 Which off the followiing best desccribes the ideea behind the parable off "the tragedyy of the com
1.
mmons"?
a. Resouurces are esssentially lim
mitless.
b. The exercise
e
of in
ndividual self-interest will
w result in the
t destructiion of land thhat is freely accessible
to all.
mmon self-in
nterest in suurvival of us and our offsspring wouldd necessarilyy reverse the course of
c. A com
habitat destructio
on, human-caaused extincctions of orgaanisms, and resource deppletion.
d. Human populatio
on and econoomic growthh will eventuually be contrrolled by staarvation, warr, and
diseaase.
2 Which sttatement describes or folllows from thhe concept of
2.
o sustainabiility?
a. Sustaainability meeans that we regenerate degraded
d
ecoosystems.
b. An exxample of su
ustainable usse is that thee forests that we have todday will be preserved
p
and not used
for huuman consum
mption.
c. Human populatio
on must declline for the foreseeable
fo
fu
future
to maiintain Earth'ss natural resoources.
ustainable usse is that watter extractedd from underrground resoources must be
b equal to
d. An exxample of su
or lesss than the water
w
that reccharges the underground
u
d resources.
3 A solutioon that satisffies the triplee bottom linee promotes ___________
3.
_
_.
a. sociaal equality at all cost
b. strong sustainabillity
c. capitaal gains bein
ng made at all
a cost
d. weakk sustainabiliity
4 Arrange these types of
4.
o radiation in order of increasing ennergy per phhoton: gamm
ma rays, infraared
radiationn, radio wavees, and visiblle light.

5 Figure ouut the % atom

5.
m economy for the synthhesis of aspirin.

6 Can a reaaction have a low % yielld but a highh atom econoomy? Explaiin.
6.

7 List the two

7.
t species that
t make upp reactive hyydrogen, HO
Ox.

8 The folloowing reactio

8.
ons are respoonsible for thhe productioon of stratosppheric ozonee:

a. In whhat region off the stratospphere does thhe first reaction occur annd why is it
speciific to that reegion?

b. In whhat region off the stratospphere does thhe second reaction occurr and why is it
speciific to that reegion?

c. Whatt is the role of

o M in the second reaaction?

9 The C-Cll and C-F bo

9.
ond dissociattion energiess in are 339 kJ/mol and 482 kJ/mol,, respectivelyy. The
maximum
m wavelengtths of electroomagnetic raadiation requuired to ruptuure these bonds are ___________ andd
___________, respecttively.

1 As one gains
10.
g
altitudee in the atmoosphere, baseed on the ionnization enerrgies shown below, whicch sequence
of mole fractions
f
is th
he correct onne?

ProocessIonizattion Energy (kJ/mol)

(
+
N 2 + h N 2 + e
14955

O 2 + h O 2 + e

A) N 2 > N > NO > O 2

B) N 2 > O > O 2 > NO
O
C) N 2 > O 2 > O > NO
O

12055

13133
O + h O + e
+

NO
O + h NO
N + e 890

D) NO > O 2 > O > N 2

E) All will be equal.
11. The following is a representation of what occurs in the stratosphere in the absence of
anthropogenic radical species:
O2 + hv -> O + O : creation of oxygen atoms
O + O2 -> O3 : formation of ozone
O3 + hv -> O2 + O : absorption of UV by ozone
O + O3 -> 2 O2 : recombination .

The constant O3 concentration that has developed as a consequence of these processes is

an example of what kind dynamic situation?

Using the mechanism above, determine an expression for [O3].

12. What are the two main reservoir species of atomic chlorine in the stratosphere?

13. How do the PSCs affect the concentration of the two reservoir species of Cl?

14. What is the chemical rationale behind replacement of CFCs as a measure to halt stratospheric O3 loss?
What compounds were chosen as a replacement and why?

15. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in stratospheric ozone depletion.
a. Why do PSCs form more often in Antarctica than in the Arctic?

b. Reactions occur more quickly on the surface of PSCs than in the atmosphere. One such reaction is
the reaction of hydrogen chloride and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), two species that do not deplete
ozone, to produce a chlorine molecule and nitric acid (HNO3). Write the chemical equation.

16. What are the reactions and the net effect of the Brx-Ox catalytic reaction cycle?

17. Find the moles per cm2 and molecules per cm2 in one Dobson Unit of an ideal gas:

18. The decomposition of nitrous oxide is a 1st-order reaction and proceeds according
to:
N2O N2 + O
where the Arrhenius factor (A) = 7.94 x 1011 s-1 and Ea = 2.5 x105 J mol-1. Calculate the rate constant of
N2O assuming a tropospheric concentration of 310 ppb. Pay attention to the units.