BAM 570

E-Commerce Management

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers

on the enclosed answer sheet)

1)

The 2008 Olympics in Beijing was the

most digital Olympics to date for each of
the following

reasons except:

Text:

Author(s):
Publisher:

Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective

a. many of
the tickets were purchased online by people worldwide, using Beijing Gehue
Ticketmaster, in what is called business-toSixth Edition, 2010
business (B2B) e-commerce.
ISBN-1 0: 0-13-610036-8
b. the International Olympic Committee
Efraim Turban, David King, Jae Lee, Ting-Peng Liang, Deborrah Turban

launched a YouTube channel to broadcast clips

that were accessible in many developing countries.
Pearson Prentice Hall
c. millions watched the Olympics through online
videos and Internet-enabled cell phones
and other mobile devices.
d. global Positioning Systems (GPS) were used to track the position of sailing and rowing
boats.

2)

EC can take several forms depending on the degree of digitization of the following
three
dimensions:

--.--~

3)

5)
6)

the product or service sold, the

process, and the delivery method.
4)
the business process, the
collaboration, and the transaction.
the payment method, the delivery method, and the production method.
the marketing channel, the agent, and the collaboration method.

7)

Boeing designing a product together with one of its business partners is an example of
this
type of interaction.

8)
9)
10)

Collaborative commerce
Nonbusiness EC

B2B3C

d.B2B2
C

11)

Many companies employ a(n)

which is a gateway for customers, employees and
partners to reach corporate information and to communicate with the company.

12)
13)
14)
15)
16)

corporate portal
intra net
extra net
social network

The digital enterprise shifts the focus from managing individual information resources
such as
devices, applications, and data to
that define the business and ultimately deliver
value to customers and end users.

17)
18)
19)
20)
35

developing models
orchestrating the services and workflows
organizing supply chains
transforming revenue models

21)

22)

According to the Business Environment and Performance Impact Model,

provide
support to organizations' activities and to actual performance, countering business pressures.

23)
24)
25)
26)

EC and IT
missions and strategies
core competencies and critical response activities
markets and government

7) All of the following are benefits of EC to society except:

27)
28)
29)
30)

more public services.

closing the digital divide.
fewer permits and less tax.
improve homeland security.

8) Which of the following is a technological limitation of EC?

31)

Security and privacy concerns that deter customers from

32)
33)
34)

Difficulty obtaining venture capital

Order fulfillment requirements of large-scale B2C
Unresolved taxation, public policy, and legal issues

buying

9) All of the following are non-technological limitations of EC except:

35)
36)
37)

software development tools are still evolving.

lack of trust in EC and in unknown sellers hinders buying.
people do not yet sufficiently trust paperless, faceless
transactions.
38)
online fraud is increasing.
, 0) Which of the following is not one of the EC trends?

39)
40)

EC topics have been integrated into all functional fields.

EC is penetrating more and more business areas, services and
governments.
41)
EC applications frequently cross departmental and organizational
boundaries.
42)
National and international government regulations of EC have been
resolved.

, t) The success of the entrepreneurial company JetPens was due to keeping costs low by each of

the following methods except:

43)
44)
45)
46)

36

using open source free software.

advertising via e-rnall.
giving away free samples via social networks.
using smart key words to rank high with search engines.

47)

48)

Eastern Mountain Sports introduced

tools in order to increase collaboration,
information sharing, and communication among stores and their employees, suppliers, and
customers.
a. business intelligence
b.B2B

49)
50)

B2C
Web 2.0

51)

Online markets that are owned and operated by a single company and that are either sellside
or buy-side are known as ____________

52)
53)
54)
55)

private e-marketplaces
commercial portals
e-malls
B2B marketplaces

56)

Employees may waste time trying to find relevant and accurate information if they have
to
access multiple information systems. The best solution to this problem is the use of __________

57)
58)
59)
60)

Web portals
intermediaries
browsers
intra nets

15) A type of broker that helps consumers compare different stores is a __________

61)
62)
63)
64)

remediator
search engine
comparison agent
virtual mall

65)

E-catalogs have several common characteristics. Which of the following is not a

characteristic
of e-catalogs?

66)

Easy to create without advanced information

technology
67)
Easy to update product information
68)
Easy to customize
69)
Good search and comparison capabilities

37

70)

71)

The most common and traditional form of auctions in which one seller entertains bids
from
many buyers is referred to as ____________

72)
73)
74)
75)

forward auctions
reverse auctions
bidding auction system
tendering system

18) What is a benefit of e-auctions to the sellers?

76)
77)
78)
79)

anonymity
optimal price determined by the market
lack of differentiation
convenience of bidding anywhere and
any time

19)
provides customers with exactly what they want, when and where they want it.
Effective communication between the supply chain and the factory floor is needed to make it
happen.

80)
81)
82)
83)

Build-to-order manufacturing
Demand-driven manufacturing
Real-time manufacturing
Virtual manufacturing

20) Which of the following is a characteristic of e-tailing?

84)
85)

Competition is local.

Customer relations are less stable due to anonymous

contacts.
86)
Price changes are expensive, but can be done at
anytime.
87)
Fewer resources are needed to increase customer
loyalty.

21) A marketer that uses e-mail to advertise to potential customers is called a _____________

88)
89)
90)
91)

38

market maker
transaction broker
content disseminator
viral marketer

92)

22) In an e-market, Federal Express and PayPal are examples of ______________

93)
94)
95)

intermediaries
service providers
content
disseminators
96)
viral marketers

23) Compared to the traditional job market, the online job market _________________

97)
98)

has a shorter life cycle

is usually specialized and local in

99)
100)

tends to be less reliable

tends to be much less expensive

scope

24) Gateways to storefronts and e-malls are referred to as _______________

101)
102)
103)
104)

shopping portals
shopbots
shopping browsers
intelligent search

engines

25) Software tools that scout the Web for stores that sell similar items at low prices are called

105)
106)
107)
108)

engines

39

shopping portals
shopbots
shopping browsers
intelligent search

109)

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

110)

Paws 'n Tails is an online pet shop that wants to influence what customers buy and build
effective customer relationships and loyalty. What is the key to influencing behavior and building
these relationships?
a. Understanding consumer online behavior and then influencing it through advertising and
promotions
111)
Understanding competitors' pricing strategy and then undercutting it
112)
Identifying the wants and needs of major customer segments
113)
Suggesting as many products as possible to online shoppers as soon as they visit
the EC
site

114)

A(n)
is someone whose advice or view carries some weight in making a final
purchasing decision.

115)
116)
117)
118)

initiator
influencer
decider
buyer

3) The use of cookies _____________

119)
120)
121)
122)

is one of the most controversial issues in EC

has not helped Internet marketers target their ads
is a widely used method for mass marketing
is being replaced by adware and spyware programs

123)

Once a company knows a consumer's preferences, the company can predict, without
asking the
consumer directly, what other products or services that consumer might enjoy through

124)
125)
126)
127)

active web bugs

spyware
collaborative filtering
personalization

5) Which of the following is not a specific method for collecting online data?

128)

Phone surveys to learn if there are too many products for the customer to look

through

129)
130)
131)

76

E-mail communication with individual customers

Moderated focus groups conducted in chat rooms
Tracking customers' movements on the Web

132)

133)

Two key factors limiting the use of personalization to more precisely target marketing
efforts to
individual customers are ______________

134)
135)
136)
137)

matching profiles with product offerings and delivering those offerings

communication costs and filtering costs
privacy and trust issues
lack of customer loyalty and service customization costs

7) Which of the following statements about Web mining is false?

138)

Web mining refers to the use of data mining techniques for discovering and
extracting
information from Web documents.
139)
Web mining explores both Web content and Web usage.
140)
Web mining uses customer data to infer or predict customer interest in other
products or
services.
141)
Usage analysis is derived from clickstream data.

8)

is an advertising network that a B2B company can use as part of its advertising
strategy to reach new customers.

142)
143)
144)
145)
146)

Amazon.com
BBB Online
DoubleClick
WebMonkey

The popularity of Apple's iPhone and Application Store has made

important to
advertisers, who see social networking widgets, restaurant locators, mobile games, and other
applications as prime targets,

147)
148)
149)

stickiness
direct marketing
mobile

advertising
d,bannerads

150)

Banner advertising on Websites helps trigger a realization that there is a gap between
reality and a desired state, which occurs in the
stage of the EC purchase
decision-making process.

151)
152)
153)
154)

77

need identification or recognition

information search
evaluation
product or merchant brokering

155)

156)

As the volume of customers, products, vendors, and information increases, it becomes

uneconomical or impossible for customers to consider all relevant information and available
products/services. The practical solution to handling such information overload is

157)
158)
159)
160)

to use permission marketing

to use software or intelligent agents
to increase the use of ad agencies
to design Websites with minimal content

161)

Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, which provided health-care services for almost 1
million
people in the United Kingdom, cut back-office purchasing costs by _______________
a. using online reverse auctions to purchase from suppliers at the the lowest mutually
acceptable purchase price
162)
implementing online catalogs
163)
buying via its intranet
164)
using collaborative commerce

165)

B2B transactions that involve communication, design, planning, information sharing,

and
activities beyond financial transactions among business partners is referred to as

166)
167)
168)
169)
170)

exchanges
collaborative commerce
trading communities
public marketplaces

The
consists of a number of interrelated subprocesses that extend from the
acquisition of materials from suppliers to packaging it and moving it to distributors and
retailers.

171)
172)
173)
174)

horizontal marketplace
vertical market
supply chain
production chain

15) Which of the following is not one of the major benefits of B2B for both buyers and sellers?

175)
176)
177)

Expedites processing and reduces cycle time

Reduces procurement costs
Enables customized online catalogs with different prices for different
customers
178)
Increases opportunities for collaboration

78

179)

16) All are benefits of B2B except:

180)
181)
182)
183)

creates new sales or purchase opportunities.

eliminates paper and reduces administrative costs.
increases channel conflict.
lowers search costs and time for buyers to find products and vendors.

184)

EC companies will usually separate their B2C orders from their B2B orders because
B2C and
B2B orders have different _____________

185)
186)
187)
188)

buying and delivery processes.

accounting and financial processes.
marketing processes.
order-fulfillment processes and pricing.

189)

A company's acquisition Website that uses e-procurement methods such as reverse

auctions,
negotiations, or group purchasing to overcome the manual searching of e-stores is referred to
as _____________

190)
191)
192)
193)

desktop procurement method

buy-side e-marketplace
an intermediary
aggregated catalog

194)

Denver Boards, a B2B manufacturer of snowboard equipment, can reach and target new
retail
customers in order to grow its online business by _______________

195)
196)
197)
198)

hiring an affiliation service to drive traffic to its Website.

reviewing pas data.
mining data.
advertising in traditional media.

199)

A company's internal operations and its relationships with suppliers and other business
partners are frequently ______________

200)
201)

as complex as customer-facing applications such as taking an order online.

much more complex than customer-facing applications such as taking an order

online.

202)

much less complex than customer-facing applications such as taking an order

203)

replaced by customer-facing applications.

online.

79

204)

205)

The last fifteen orders from a manufacturer to its suppliers range from $'00,000 to
$8,750,000. This is an example of ______________

206)
207)
208)
209)

the bullwhip effect

demand manipulation
supply inadequacy
order instability

22) A major block in the widespread implementation of collaborative commerce is ________________

a. the theory of collaborative commerce hasn't been proven effective in real-world
applications.
210)
the technology needed isn't available.
211)
collaborative commerce is extremely expensive.
212)
the lack of universally accepted standards.
23) All of the following are true about product life cycle management (PLM) except:
a. PLM can have significant beneficial impacts in cycle time, design reuse, and
engineering.
b. The demand for PLM is limited because it does not apply to products that have short
life cycles or are complex.
c. PLM is a big step for an organization because it requires integrating different processes
and systems.
d. PLM tools are offered by major IT companies such as SAP and IBM.

24) The Lotus Notes/Domino suite includes all of the following except:

213)
214)
215)
216)

instant video.
document management.
database.
communication support.

25) Infrastructure needed for groupware include all of the following except:

217)
218)
219)
220)

80

VoIP.
intranets.
extra nets.
the Internet.

221)

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1) All of the following are examples of e-government except:

222)
223)

an eBay-selier sells surplus army supplies.

a contractor submits an application for a building permit using a city hall Web

site.

224)

an unemployed worker consults a Website operated by the state

employment
department to learn about job openings in his city.
d. a citizen takes an online drivers' education course.

2) An example of G2C is _____________

a. an employee at the Chamber of Commerce gets local demographic data from a u.s.
census site.
225)
a driver applies for and pays for the renewal of his auto tag online.
226)
a road contractor uses the Internet to submit a closed bid on a paving contract.
227)
a regional hospital conducts an online reverse auction for cleaning supplies.

228)

Sharing information more quickly and conveniently between the federal and state, local, and
tribal governments is a performance objective of which category of e-government?

229)
230)
231)

G2C
G2B

G2G
d.IEE

232)

Chaplin reports quarterly sales revenue from his business to city hall over the Internet. He pays
his local business tax with a credit card. This is an example of _________________

233)
234)
235)
236)

e-government
G2C e-commerce
G2B e-commerce
e-procurement

237)

A government agency uses a reverse e-auction to comply with the tendering system
requirements specified by law. This is an example of _________________

238)
239)
240)
241)

117

e-government
G2C e-commerce
G2B e-commerce
e-procurement

242)

6) What motivated the implementation of government e-procurement?

243)
244)

Governments must interact with other types of governments on a daily basis.

Governments buy large amounts of MROs and other materials directly from
suppliers.
245)
The government needs to offer training and education to thousands of
employees.
246)
Technology made it possible to quickly implement government-wide systems.

7) All of the following describe Second Life (SL) and SL Educators (SLED) except:
a. SLED sponsors meet-and-greet events in SL, helping real-life educators to connect with
each other.
b. Educators have been slow to embrace SL because of the complexity of its media-rich
features.
c. Students and educators can work together in SL from anywhere in the world as part of a
globally networked virtual classroom environment.
d. Using SL as a supplement to traditional classroom environments provides new
opportunities for enriching existing curricula.

8) More and more people are willing to pay for digital music, as shown by the success of

a.
Napster
b.Kazaa
c. iTunes

d.P2P

9)

E-books can be delivered in all of the following ways except:

247)
248)
249)
250)

via Web access.

via Web download.
via RFID.
via dedicated reader.

10) The primary advantage that e-books offer publishers is ______________

251)
252)
253)
254)

118

the ability to reach many readers

lower production, marketing, and delivery costs
the ease of customizing textbooks and trade books
the ease of updating books in real-time

255)

11) A major purpose of an organizational knowledge base is to support and allow ________________
a. knowledge sharing
b.e-Iearning
256)
responsible blogging
257)
organizational capital
12) M-commerce transactions and activities require _______________and _____________

258)
259)
260)

wired networks; access points

cell phones; portable computers
hardware and software infrastructures; infrastructure

support

261)
, 3) Characteristics

smartphones; switches

of mobile devices that need to be considered when designing mobile

computing systems include all of the following except:

262)
263)
264)
265)

small screens.
reduced memory.
restricted input capabilities.
broad bandwidth.

'4) A
is suitable for mobile users who need to make very short-range device-to-device
wireless connections within a small space, such as a single room, and most commonly with
Bluetooth.

266)
267)
268)
269)

personal area network

local area network
wireless area network
Wi-Fi area network

'5) A(n)

is a computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing,

sharing, and displaying spatial information.

270)
271)
272)
273)

119

GIS
GPS
L-commerce system
OnStar system

274)

275)

You are walking near a coffee shop and suddenly your cell phone beeps with a
message:
"Come inside and get a free biscotti with any purchase.This is an example of ________________

276)
277)
278)
279)

permission marketing
location-based advertising
customer relationship management
m-commerce

17) Health risks of cell phone use include all of the following except:

280)
281)
282)
283)

cell phone addiction.

damage from cell radio frequency emissions.
spinal injury.
repetitive stress injury.

18) Ethical issues raised by m-commerce include all of the following except:

284)
285)
286)
287)

limited access to data and documents.

privacy invasion.
infringing on workers'personal time.
isolation.

19) In order to protect the privacy of individuals, privacy protection defenses must be _____________

288)
289)
290)
291)

designed into RFID tags, nodes, and networks

addressed in a post hoc fashion

addressed in an ad hoc fashion

the responsibility of government agencies

292)

The banking industry was a good candidate for disruption by person-to-person

(P2P)
technology and disintermediation by ZOPA because _______________

293)
294)
295)

the industry offers a widely-needed service

of fierce competition and low barriers to entry
the industry was making huge profit margins off
customers
296)
the industry had small profit margins

21)
are companies that introduce a significant change in their industries, thus
causing a disruption in normal business operations.

297)
298)
299)
n clouds
d.Web 3.0
120

Disruptors
Mashups
Informatio

300)

301)

The real estate brokerage industry has been disrupted by companies such as Zillow and

HomeGain for each of the following reasons except:

a. Homeowners can enter zillow.com and go to zestimate to get an approximation of their
home's market value with a map of the neighborhood.
302)
The Zillow and Homegain sites provide more services and information than Web 1.0.
303)
The Web 2.0 real estate sites have driven down commissions from 6 percent to
almost 1
percent.
d. Homeowners can get comparisons of the estimated price of their home with neighbors'
homes.

23) Companies can interface with social networks in all of the following ways except:

304)
305)

use search engine optimization (SEO) to increase search engine ranking.

use existing public social networks, such as Facebook or MySpace, or virtual

worlds,
such as Second Life to create pages and microcommunities.
c. create an in-house private social network and then use it for communication and
collaboration among employees and retirees or with outsiders.
d. conduct business activities in a business-oriented social network, such as Linkedln, or
sponsor such a site.

306)

Craigslist and MySpace provide ______________to search based on friends and contacts or by
geographic proximity.

307)
308)
309)
310)
25)

virtual malls

advertising campaigns

has/have the potential to enable faster connectivity, richer ways of interacting, and
more powerful search engines.

311)
312)
313)
314)

12
1

entrepreneurial networks
classifieds and job listings

Enterprise applications
Application program interface (API) services
Web 3.0
RSS and Web services

315)

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

316)

Capabilities of the Internet that have made it more difficult for companies to capture
profits
include all of the following except:

317)
318)
319)

the Internet makes information widely available.

the Internet reduces the difficulty of purchasing, marketing, and distribution.
the Internet allows buyers and sellers to find and transact business with one

another
more easily.
d. the Internet makes it easier to make secure payments.

2) All of the following are situations when a business plan should be done except:

320)
321)
322)
323)

when an existing business is deploying a CRM system.

when a new business is seeking start-up funds and other resources.
when an existing company is planning to create a separate division.
when an existing company is planning to launch the company in a new
direction.

3) The most efficient way to expand an organization's scope is ______________

a. to introduce new products or services into new or existing markets without increasing
production facilities or staff.
324)
by increasing the size or scale of the business.
325)
by expanding the firm's appeal to a new set of customers.
326)
to buy a company with complementary products or services.
4) _________________are

327)
328)
329)
330)

the hottest applications in today's business environment.

Virtual worlds
Rich media
Social networking technologies
Online brands

331)

All of the following determine the degree of collaboration between offline and online
activities
in a business except:

332)
333)
334)
335)

170

corporate culture.
the ability of top management to introduce change properly.
the pricing strategy.
the use of innovative processes that support collaboration.

336)

337)

The
pricing strategy means adding up all the costs involved, such as material,
labor, rent, overhead, and so forth and adding a percentage mark-up as profit.

338)
339)
340)
341)

cost-plus
competitor model
revenue markup
price percentage

342)

Implementing EC often requires significant investments in infrastructure. Therefore, a good

way
to start is to undertake ____________

343)

a large, non-trivial EC

344)

one or a few small EC pilot

345)

a multi-divisional EC

project
projects
project

346)
347)

a single division EC project

is a form of business alliance composed of several business partners that share the
costs and resources for the development or production of a product or service.

348)
349)
350)
351)

temporary corporation
supply chain
virtual corporation
co-opetition

352)

With the balanced scorecard approach, the term balance arises because the combined
set of
measures is supposed to encompass indicators that are all of the following except:

353)
354)
355)
356)

core and non-core.

financial and nonfinancial.
leading and lagging.
quantitative and
qualitative.

10) The relationship between EC investment and organizational performance is _______________

357)
358)
359)

direct
indirect
shared with other
investments
360)
not measurable

171

361)

362)

The New York Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) did not need to open another airport
for
almost two decades, even though air traffic had tripled because of productivity gains derived
from improved IT systems. IT systems added by the MTA played critical roles in ticket
reservations, passenger and luggage check-in, crew assignment and scheduling, runway
maintenance and management, and gate assignments. This case illustrates that _____________

363)
364)
365)
366)

intangible benefits can be complex, yet substantial

tangible benefits can be complex, yet substantial
tangible costs can be high, yet payoffs can be achieved quickly
intangible costs can be high, yet payoffs can be achieved quickly

12) Justifying information security projects _______________

a. is not needed because it is well-known that preventing network security problems is less
labor intensive than cleaning up virus infections.
367)
is not done because ROI calculators are not available.
368)
should focus on defending against external threats such as hackers and malware.
369)
should be done because employee security training is usually poorly done.

13) The average-cost curves (AVC) of physical products and digital products are ____________
a. different because the AVC of digital products declines as quantity increases forming
l-shape, while the AVC of physical products is U-shaped.
370)
both U-shaped.
371)
both L-shaped.
372)
different because the AVC of physical products declines as quantity
increases
forming an l-shape, while the AVC of digital products is U-shaped.

14) All of the following apply to EC in developing economies except:

a. developing economies often face power blackouts and unreliable infrastructure and
delivery mechanisms creating limitations that make it difficult for firms to predict
whether EC investments will payoff and when.
b. developing economies, such as China and India, represent a significant opportunity for
EC to connect businesses to customers, as well as other businesses.
c. developing economies struggle with various issues that create too many business and
technology risks to justify investment in those economies at this time.
d. the potential volume of transactions in developed countries can make EC investments
more attractive for established firms than new firms because established firms have
already recovered the costs of their IT infrastructures.

172

373)

374)

As a company moves to incorporate an online presence with its traditional brick-andmortar

operation, it adds the costs related to training for all personnel in the capabilities of the EC
system and a new advertising campaign to announce its new site to the costs directly
associated with building the new Web presence. In this case, training and advertising are
examples of ___________

375)
376)

transaction costs
complementary
investments
e. direct costs
d. indirect costs

16) The greatest difficulty in dealing with venture capital is _______________

377)
378)

the loss of control a venture capitalist demands.

finding a willing venture capitalist.
e. finding the money a venture capitalist will require.
d. relocating the business to an incubator.

17) The concept of consistency in Website design includes making sure that _______________

379)

using.

webpages look the same no matter which browser a customer is

380)
all visitors consistently find what they are looking for.
e. the messages sent to customers who contact the company are consistent.
d. customers are treated consistently when they contact customer service.
18) One of the first decisions to be made in building a Website is ______________

381)
382)

the domain name.

whether to provide personalized

content.
e. how to protect the Website from hackers.
d. who will host it.

19) Banks are more selective about who gets an account for accepting credit cards online because

383)

dot com failures have made banks less willing to work with online
companies
384)
CNP transactions are less secure
and riskier
e. fees are higher for online processing
d. online transactions do not produce much revenue for banks

20) Before choosing the appropriate Website development option, you need to consider all of the
following issues in order to generate a list of requirements and capabilities except:

385)
386)

Who are the target customers?

What kinds of products or services will the business sell

online?
e. Can customers place orders online?
d. What might be the reaction of competitors?
173

387)

388)

Having control over the collection, storage, and dissemination of personal information
is
included in the category of ______________

389)
390)
391)
392)
393)

property
rights
duties
privacy

A music company can file a

against YouTube and MySpace for any interference
with the ability to profit from its IP or for profiting from the recording industry's property
without authorization and compensation.

394)
395)
396)
397)

criminal charge
negligence charge
nuisance charge
lawsuit or civil charge

23) Section 5 of the FTC Act does each of the following except:

398)
399)

prohibits unfair or deceptive EC practices.

gives the FTC authority to take action against companies whose lax security

practices
could expose customers/financial information to theft or loss.
400)
protects privacy.
401)
requires monitoring of employees' e-mall.

402)

Companies can improve their responsibility as custodians of customers' personal

data by
implementing ______________
a. opt-in and opt-out information practices
b.AUP
403)
e-mail monitoring
404)
firewalls

405)

The _________________gives law enforcement agencies broader range in their efforts to protect the
public.

406)
407)
408)
409)

174

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Electronic Freedom Foundation (EFF)
U.s. Department of Justice (DOJ)
USA PATRIOT Act