REFERENCES
74
Bhat, N.; Minderman, P.; McAvoy, T.; and Wang, N., [1990] Modeling Chemical
Process Systems via Neural Network Computation, IEEE Control Syst. Mag.,
Vol. 10, No.3.
Bilalovic, F.; Music, O. and Sabanovic, A, [1983], Buck converter regulator
operating in the sliding mode, in Proceedings, Seventh International
Conference on Power Conversion (PCI), pp. 331340.
Blaabjerg, F.; Consoli, A.; Ferreira, J.A.; and Wyk J.D.[2005], The future of
electronic power processing and conversion, IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, volume 20, Issue 3, pp.715-720.
Bose, B.K. [1994], Expert System, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Network Applications
in Power Electronics and Motion Control, Proceedings of the IEEE. Volume
82, No. 8, pp: 1303-1323.
Bose, B.K. [2001], Artificial Neural network applications in power electronics,
IECON01: The 27th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics
society.
Carbonell, P.; Garcera, G.; and Hilario, A. [1999], Fuzzy gain scheduling control of
switch-mode dc/dc converters, IEEE, pp: 403-409.
Cardoso, B.J. and Lipo, T.A. [2001], Application of MTO thyristors in current stiff
converters with resonant snubers, IEEE Transaction on Industry
Applications, Volume 37, No.2, pp: 566-573.
Cheng, K.H.; Hsu, C.F.; Lin, C.M; Lee, T.T; and Li, C.[2007], Fuzzy-neural slidingmode control for DCDC converters using asymmetric Gaussian membership
functions, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electron, Volume 54, No.
3,pp:15281536.
Chen, J.; Ioinovici, A. [1995], Switched-capacitor-based quasi-resonant converter
operating at constant switching frequency, Proceedings of the International
Telecommunications Energy Conference. INTELEC 95, 29 Oct.-1 Nov. 1995
pp: 315 321.
Chen, J.; Erickson, R.; Maksimovic, D. [2001] Averaged switch modelling of
boundary Conduction Mode DC-to-DC converters, The 27th Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2001.
Chen, S.; Billings, S.; and Grant, P.[1990], Nonlinear system identification using
neural networks, International Journal of Control, Volume 51, pp:1191-1214.
Cho, G.B.; and Kim, P.H. [2005], A precise control of AC servo motor using neural
network PID controller, Current Science, Volume 89, No. 1.
75
Choi, B.; Lim, W.; Bang, S.; and Choi, S.[2006], Small-Signal Analysis and Control
Current-Mode Control Schemes Adapted to Asymmetrically Driven BridgeType Pulsewidth Modulated DC-to-DC Converters, IEEE Transaction on
Industrial Electronics, Volume 55, No. 5, pp: 2033-2042.
Chun, F.H. [2009], Dsign of intelligent power controller for DCDC converters
using CMAC neural network, Neural Computation & Application, Volume
18, pp. 93103, United Kingdom.
Dash, P.K.; Mishra, S.; and Panda, G.[2000], A radial basis function neural network
controller for UPFC, IEEE Transactions on power systems, volume, 15, No.
4.pp:1293-1299.
Demetriades, G.D. [2001], Evaluation of different topologies for high-power dc-dc
converters, Technical Licentiate Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden.
Demetriades, G.D.; Nee, H.P. [2003] On soft-switching topologies for high-power
applications, MEDPOWER 2003, Athens, Greece.
Demetriades, G.D.; Nee H.P. [2005], Characterization of the soft-switched singleactive bridge topology employing a novel control scheme for high-power dcdc applications, IEEE, 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp.
1947-1951.
Demetriades, G.D. [2005], Characterization Analysis and Control of the Single and
Dual Active Bridge Topologies, PhD Thesis, TRITA-ETS-2005, Royal
Institute of Technology, Sweden.
Demetriades, G.D.; Nee, H.P. [2008], Small signal analysis of the half bridge soft
switching uni directional converter employing extended state space
averaging, IEEE Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 385391.
Diaz, N. L.; Soriano, J J. [2007], Study of Two Control Strategies Based in Fuzzy
Logic and Artificial Neural Network Compared with an Optimal Control
Strategy Applied to a Buck Converter, IEEE 2007, pp. 313-318 United states.
Echauz, J.; and Vachtsevanos, G., [1994], Neural Network Detection of Antiepileptic
Drugs from a Single EEG trace, Proc. of the IEEE Electro/94 Int. Conf.,
Boston.
76
Elasser, A.; Kheraluwala, M.H.; Ghezzo, M.; Steigerwald, R.L; Evers, N.A;
Kretchmer, J.; and Chow, T.P. [2003], A comparative evaluation of new
silicon carbide diodes and state-of-the-art silicon diodes for power electronic
applications, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Application., Volume 39, No.
4, pp: 915921.
Elbuluk, M.E.; Chan, H.W.; and Husain, I. [1998], Neural Network Controllers for
Power Factor Correction of AC/DC Switching Converters, in Proc. Of the
IEEE Industry Application Society Meeting, St. Louis.
Fang L, ; Luo, Hong; Muhammad Rashid. [2005], Digital Power Electronics and
Applications Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, London WC1X 8RR, UK
Femia, N.; Spagnuolo, G.; and Vitelli, M. [2003], Steady-State Analysis of Hard
and Soft Switching DC to DC Regulators, IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, Volume 18, No.1, pp: 51-64.
Gupta, M.; and Sinha, N. [1996]. Intelligent Control Systems: Theory and
Applications, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ.
Guyon, I., [1991] Application of Neural Networks to Character Recognition ,Int. J.
Pattern Recog. Artif. Intell., Vol. 5, Nos. 1 and 2.
Handelman, D.; Lane, S.; and Gelfand, J., [1990] Integrating Neural Networks and
Knowledge-Based Systems for Intelligent Robotic Control, IEEE Control
Syst. Mag., Vol. 10, No. 3, 77.
Hashimoto, H.; Kubota, T.; Kudou, M.; and Harashima, F., [1992] SelfOrganization Visual Servo System Based on Neural Networks, IEEE Control
Syst. Mag., Vol. 12, No.2.
Haykin S [1999], Neural Networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edition,
Pearson Education, Inc., Singapore.
He, Y. and Luo, F.L. [2006], Design and analysis of adaptive sliding-mode-like
controller for DCDC converters, IEE Proceedings on-Electr. Power Appl.,
Volume 153, No. 3, pp: 401-410.
Hsu, C.F.; Lin, C.M and Chen, T.Y. [2005]. Neural-network-identification based
adaptive control of wing rock motion, IEE Proc Control Theory Application,
Volume 152, No.1, pp: 6571.
Hsu, C.F.; Lin, C.M.; and Cheng, K.H. [2006], Supervisory intelligent control
system design for forward DCDC converters, IEE Proc Electric Power
Applications, Volume 153, No.5, pp: 691701
77
Hua, G.; Lee, F.C. [2005] Soft-switching PWM converter technologies, Journal of
Circuits, Systems and Computers,2005, vol.5, No..4, p.p. 531-558.
Imbertson, P.; and Mohan, N., [1993], Asymmetrical duty cycle permits zero
switching loss in PWM circuits with no conduction loss penalty, IEEE
Transaction on Industrial Applications, Volume 29, No. 1, pp:121125.
Kadwane, S. G.; Kumar, A.; Karan B.M.; and Ghose, T. [2006],Online trained
simulation and DSP implementation of dynamic back propagation neural
network for buck boost converter, ACSE Journal, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 2734.
Kadwane, S. G.; Kumar, A.; and Karan B.M.; [2007], Dynamic Back Propagation
based MRAC with Fuzzy Emulator for DC-DC Converter, Electronics and
Electrical Engineering, Volume 73, No.1 PP 49-53.
Khalid, M.; and Omatu S. [1992] A Neural Network Controller for a Temperature
Control System, IEEE Control System Mag.
Kim, E.S.; Joe, E.Y.; and Park, S.G. [2000], An Improved ZVZCS PWM FB DC/DC
Converter Using the Modified Energy Recovery Snubber, IEEE APEC2000,
pp. ll9-124
Kodner, N.; Adar, D.; and Yaakov, S.B. [1995], Neural Network Controllers for
Switch Mode Systems Off Line Training by an Ideal Controller Data Set,
ICPE 95, pp. 56-61.
Korotkov, S.; Meleshin, V.; Miftakhutdinov, R.; and Fraidlin, S., [1997], Soft
witched asymmetrical half-bridge DC/DC converter: steady-state analysis: an
analysis of switching processes. Proc. IEEE Int. Telecommunications Energy
Special Conference (TELESCON), pp: 177184.
Kumar, N.S.; Sadasivam, V.; and Sukriya, H.M. [2008], A Comparative Study of
PI, Fuzzy, and ANN Controllers for Chopper-fed DC Drive with Embedded
Systems Approach , Electric Power Components and Systems, Volume 36,
No. 7, pp. 680 695.
Law, Y.Y.; Kong, J.H.; Liu, J.C.P.; Poon, N.K.; and Pong, M.H. [2002], Comparison
of three topologies for VRM fast transient application, Proc. Applied Power
Electronics Conf. Exp., 2002. APEC 2002, Volume 1, pp: 210215.
Leyva, R.; Salamero, L.M.; Jammes, B.; Marpinard, J.C. and Guinjoan, F. [1997],
Identification and Control of Power Converters by Means of Neural Networks
, IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-I: fundamental theory and
applications, volume. 44, No. 8.
78
Li, G. and Tsang, K.M., [2007], Concurrent Relay-PID Control for Motor Position
Servo Systems, International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems,
Volume 5, No. 3, pp: 234-242.
Lin, B.R., [1997], Analysis of neural and fuzzy-power electronic control, IEE Proc.Sci. Meus. Technol., Volume 144, No. 1 , pp: 25-33.
Lu, Y.; Cheng, K.W.E.; and Ho, S.L. [2008], Quasi Current Mode Control for the
Phase-Shifted Series Resonant Converter, IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, Volume 23, No. 1, pp:353-358
Mahdavi, J.; Mohammad, R.; Agah, N.A.; and Emadi, A. [2005], Application of
Neural Networks and State-Space Averaging to DC/DC
PWM Converters
in Sliding-Mode Operation, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics,
Volume. 10, No. 1.
Marsala, G.; Pucci, M.; Vitale, G.; Cirrincione, M.; and Miraoui, A. [2009], A
prototype of a fuel cell PEM emulator based on a buck converter, Science
Direct journal of Applied Energy, Volume 86, pp. 21922203.
Mattavelli, P.; Rossetto, L.; and Spiazzi, G. [1997], Small-Signal Analysis of DC
DC Converters with Sliding Mode Control, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, Volume 12, No. 1, pp: 96-102.
Max, L.; and Lundberg, S. [2006] System efficiency of a dc dc converter based wind
turbine gird system , NORDIC wind power conference, Espoo Finland.
Max, L.; and Thiringer, T. [2007], Control method and snubber selection for a 5MW
wind turbine single active bridge dc dc converter, European Conference on
Power Electronics and Applications.
Mazumder S.K.; Nayfeh A.H; and Boroyevieh, D. [2002], A nonlinear control
scheme for independent stabilizing of a parallel multi phase boost converter by
blocking pure zero sequence current, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, pp. 1401-1406.
Mirzaei, M.; and Afzalian, A.A. [2009], Hybrid modelling and control of a
synchronous DC-DC converter, International Journal of Power Electronics,
Volume 1, No. 4, pp. 414-433.
Mohammad, A.; M. Kuisma. ; K. Tolsa. ; P. Silventoinen.[2003], Implementing
Sliding Mode Control for Buck Converter. Proceedings of the Power
Electronic Specialist Conference, PESC2003, Acapulco, Mexico, June 2003.
Provisionally accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics.
79
80
Rahmn, M.A.; and Hoque, M.A. [1998], On-line adaptive artificial neural network
based vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motors, IEEE
Transcation on Energy Conversion, volume 13, No. 4.
Rashid. M. [2001], Power Electronics Handbook, Academic press, USA..
Rashid. M. [2004], Power Electronics circuits, devices and applications, 3rd editin,
Pearson Education, Inc. Singapore.
Rauch, H. E.; and Winarske, T., [1988], Neural Networks for Routing
Communication Traffic, IEEE Control Syst. Mag., Vol. 8, No. 2.
Raviraj V.S.C. and Sen P.C. [1997], Comparative Study of Proportional-Integral,
Sliding mode,and fuzzy logic controllers for power converters, IEEE
Transcation on Industry Application, Volume 33, No. 2, pp. 518-524, United
States.
Rohrs,C.E. ; Melsa, J.L.; Schultz, D.G. [1993], Linear Control Systems,McGrawHill, Inc. 1993, ISBN 970-7219-41-4
Rojas, R. [1996], Neural Networks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp:152-155.
Rong, W. [2001], sliding-mode controller for PM synchronous servo motor drive
using recurrent fuzzy neural network. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, , Oct. 2001 ,Vol. 48, Issue: 5.pp. 926 944.
Rubaai, A.; Ofoli, A.R.; Burge, L.; and Garuba, M. [1999], Hardware
Implementation of an Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Controller for DCDC
Converters, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Volume 41, No. 6,
pp:1557-1565.
Rubaai, A.; Kotaru, R.; and Kankam, M.D. [2000], A Continually Online-Trained
Neural Network Controller for Brushless DC Motor Drives, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Application, Volume 36, No. 2.
Sanner, R.; and Akin, D., [1990] Neuromorphic Pitch Attitude Regulation of an
Underwater Tele robot, IEEE Control Syst. Mag., Vol. 10, No. 3.
Schalkoff, R.J., [1997]. Artificial Neural Networks. McGraw-Hill, New York
Schleicher, M; and Blasinger, F. [2003], Control Engineering: a guide for
beginners, 3rd edition, JUMO GmbH & Co. KG, Fulda, Germany.
Severns, R ; G. E. Bloom, G.E. [1985], Modern Dc-to-Dc Switch mode Power
Converter Circuits, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.
81
Sheng, K.; Finney, S.J.; and Williams, B.W., [1999], A new analytical IGBT model
with improved electrical characteristics, IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, Volume 14, No.1, pp:98-107.
Sheng, K.; Williams, B.W.; and Finney, S.J., [2000], A review of IGBT models,
IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, Volume 15, No.6, pp:1250-1266.
Soumitro, B.; George, C.; Verghese. [2001], Nonlinear phenomena in power
electronics, ISBN 0-7803-5383-8. TK 7881.15B36 2001.
Steck, J. E.; Rokhsaz, M.; and Shue S., [1996] Linear and Neural Network Feedback
for Flight Control Decoupling, IEEE Control Syst., Vol. 16, No. 4.
Steigerwald, R.L. ; DeDoncker, R.W. [1994], A comparison of high-power dc-to dc
soft-switched converter topologies, IEEE industry applications society annual
meeting, 1994, vol.2, p.p. 1090-1096.
Sun, X.; Chow, M.H.L.; Leung, F.H.F.; Xu, D.; Wang, Y.; and Lee, Y.S.[2002],
Analogue Implementation of a Neural Network Controller for UPS Inverter
Applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 17, No. 3,
pp. 305-13.
Tan, S.C.; Lai, Y.M.; Tse, C.K; and Martin K. H. [2004], An Adaptive Sliding Mode
Controller for Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode, IEEE, pp:
1395-1400.
Temurtas, F.; Gunturkun, R.; Yumusaka, N. and Temurtas, H.[2004], Harmonic
detection using feedforward and recurrent neural networks for active filters,
Electric Power Syst. Res., Volume 72, pp. 3340.
Thomas G. H.; and Ronald G. H. [2001], Power electronic converter and system
control, Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 89, No. 6, pp. 913-925.
Tsang, K. M.; and Chan, W. L. [2008], Non-linear Cascade Control of DC/DC Buck
Converter, Electric Power Components and Systems, Volume 3, NO.6, pp.
977 989, UK.
Unar, M.A. [1999] Ship Steering Control Using Feed forward Neural Networks,
PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
Uran, S.; Milanovic, M. [2003], State controller for buck converter, Proc. IEEE
Region 8 Conf. on Computer as a Tool, EUROCON, 2003, Volume 1, pp.
381385.
82
83
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Mahar, M.A.; Abro, M.R. and Larik, A.S. [2009], Artificial Neural Network Control
of Single Active Bridge DC/DC Converter Mehran University Research
Journal Volume 28, No.4, pp.591-598.
Mahar, M.A.; Abro, M.R. and Larik, A.S. [2009], Simulation Analysis of Cascaded
Controller for Buck dc dc Converter Mehran University Research Journal,
Volume 28, No.3, pp.349-356.
Mahar, M.A.; Abro, M.R.; Uqaili, M.A.; Larik, A.S.; Unar, M.A; and Shaikh, A.R.,
[2009], Artificial Neural Network based controller for DC/DC converter to
improve performance of DC wind power, 1st international conference on
Energy, Environment and sustainable development for growing economics
(EESD2009), May 4-6, 2009 Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Abro, M.R.; Mahar, M.A.; and Larik, A.S. [2009], Design a non-linear controller to
assess the performance of dc dc buck converter under steady state and
dynamic operation Mehran University Research Journal. Volume 28, No.4,
pp.549-554, 2009.
Larik, A.S.; Abro, M.R. and Mahar, M.A., [2008], SM Control of High Frequency
DAB Converter Topology Mehran University Research Journal, Volume 28,
No.4, pp.477-484, 2009.
Larik, A.S.; Abro, M.R. and Mahar, M.A., [2008], A novel approach for the control
of dual active bridge dc- dc converter CCIS Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Germany Vol 20, pages: 343-349.
Shaikh, A.R., Larik, A.S.; Mahar, M.A., Yahya, A.; and Husain, N.,[2009]
Improving Transmission System Performance Using Power Electronics
Based FACTS Controllers IEEE, international Multi-Topic Conference
Karachi. 7-8 April,2009.
84
Appendix-A
Comparison of Power Transistors and Power Thyristors
Table: A.1 Comparison of Power Transistors[Rashid, 2001]
Switch
Type
BJT
Control
Base/gate
Control Characteristic
s
Variable
Current
Continuous
Switching
frequency
Medium
Advantages
Limitations
Max.
Voltage Max.
drop
Voltage current
rating
rating
Low
1.5kV
1kA Simple switch
Current controlled device
Low on state drop
and requires higher base
current to turn on and
sustain on state current
High switching loss
Unipolar voltage device
MOSFET
Voltage
Continuous
Very High
High
1kV
150A
COOLMOS
Voltage
Continuous
Very High
Low
1kV
100A
IGBT
Voltage
Continuous
Very High
High
3.5kV
2kA
SIT
Voltage
Continuous
Very High
High
1.2kV
300A
Higher switching
speed
Low switching
loss
Low gate derive
requirement and
low on state
power drop
Low on state
voltage
Little gate power
High
voltage
rating
85
SCRs
Gate Control
Variable
Control
Characteristics
Switching
frequency
Voltage
drop
Max.
Voltage
rating
Max.
current
rating
Advantages
Limitations
Low
50Hz
Low
1.5kV
1kA
Simple turn on
Latching device
Turn on gain is very
high
Low cost
Same as SCRs,
except the gate is
isolated and can be
remotely operated
4kV
1.5kA
Low
50Hz
Low
Low
50Hz
Low
Medium
5kHz
Low
86
GTOs
Low
MTOs
Medium
5kHz
Low
Medium
5kHz
Medium
ETOs
Turn on with
a
positive
pulse current
to the turn on
gate
Turn off with
a
positive
voltage to the
turn off
MOS
gate
that unlatches
the device
Two gates; both Turn on with
turn on and turn a
positive
off control
pulse current
to the turn on
gate and a
positive pulse
5kV
3kA
medium to high
power applications
Similar to the fast
turn off thyristors,
except it can be
turned off with a
negative gate signal
87
voltage to the
turn off MOS
gate
Turn off with
a
negative
pulse voltage
to the turn off
MOS gate
IGCTs
MCTs
Medium
5kHz
Low
5kV@
400A
5.5kA
Medium
5kHz
Medium
3kV
300 A
Integrates
the
advantages of the
GTOs
and
MOSFET gate into
a single device
The power/energy
88
anode
and
turned
off
with positive
voltage
SITHs
1200V
300A
applications in high
power converters.
A
field
controlled
device and requires a
continuous gate voltage
It is extremely process
sensitive, and small
perturbations in the
manufacturing process
would produce major
changes in device
characteristics
89
Appendix-B
State-space averaging and small-signal analysis
When the solid state switch of power converter is turned on, it acts as time-invariant
system. Similarly, when switch is turned off the converter acts as another timeinvariant system. During operation of converter, when discontinuous time interval is
introduced in which inductor current reaches zero, the converter acts as yet another
time-invariant system. If the duty cycle of switch is controlled, the converter can be
described as switching between different time-invariant systems during the switching
period. Consequently, the converter can be modeled as a time-variant system [Rashid,
2004]. To approximate this time-variant system with a linear continuous-time timeinvariant system such method is called state space averaging. This method uses the
state space description of each time-invariant system as a starting point. These statespace descriptions are then averaged with respect to their duration in the switching
period. The averaged model is nonlinear and time-invariant. This model is finally
linearized at the operating point to obtain a small-signal model.
The state equation can be written in a matrix form as given by
x Ax Bu
(B.1)
The continuous approximation of the two switched linear systems can be described,
by the continuous-time state-space-averaged equation,
(B.2)
90
A [dA1 ( 1 d)A2 ]
(B.3)
B [dB1 ( 1 d)B2 ]
(B.4)
0
x1
1
x
2 Co
(B.5)
x 1 2d 1
Lind L
ind
VS
1 0
RCo x
2
1
(B.6)
~
Vs Vs 0 Vs
(B.7)
~
d Dd
(B.8)
~ ~
~
The x0, Vs0 and D are the dc components and x , Vs and d are signal frequency ac
components. Substitute Eqs. (B.6), (B.7) and (B.8) in equation (B. 2).
91
~
~
~
~
(x x ) [(D d )A1 [ 1 (D d )]A2 ](x0 x )
~
~
~
[(D d )B1 [ 1 (D d )]B2(Vs 0 Vs )
(B.9)
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
Assume that the small signal ac products x Vs x d d Vs 0 , the equation can be
simplified. Subdividing the equation in to dc and ac component yield
(B.10)
~
~
~
x [A1D A2( 1 D)] x ] [B1D B2( 1 D)] Vs
~
[(A1 A2 )x0 (B1 B2 )Vs 0 ] d
(B.11)
In order to define the small-signal model for the SAB topology the matrices A0 , B0 ,
and E ,must be defined as:
A0 A1 D A2( 1 D)
( B.12)
B0 B1D B2( 1 D)
(B.13)
(B.14)
(B.15)
92
~
~
~
~
x A0 x B0 Vs E d
(B.16)
The duty ratio of the controllable switch is strongly dependent on the duty ratio of the
diode [Demetriades and Nee, 2008]. Thus, the duty ratio can be expressed as
d 1 dDA
(B.17)
The duty ratio is calculated by the insertion the duty ratio of the diode dDA as
described in [Demtriades, 2005] and is given by
d 1
Lind x 1 f s
m
(Vs x 2 )
(B.18)
By insertion of the Eqs. (B.6), (B.7), and (B.8) into Eq. (B.18), the linearized
expression of the duty ratio is given by
f
L
x
f
~
~ Lind x 1
~
`~
L
f
m0 s 0 x ind s 0 x ind 1m0 s 0 V
d
s
2 (V x ) 1
s0
(Vs 0 x 20 ) 2
(Vs 0 x 20 ) 2
20
Lind x 1
~
m0 f
(Vs 0 x 20 ) s
(B.19)
From Eq. (B.19) the state, source and control-coefficient matrices are given by
Lind x 1
f
m0 0
(Vs 0 x 20 ) 2
L
ind f s 0
P T
(Vs 0 x )
20
Lind x
f
1m0 s 0
T
Q
(V x ) 2
20
s0
(B.20)
(B.21)
93
Lind x1
m0
R T
(Vs 0 x 20 )
(B.22)
Combining Eqs. (B.12), (B.13), (B.14) and (B.16) the linear state-space-averaged
model for the SAB can be written as
1 ~ 2 D 1
2Vs 0
~ 0
x
L
Lind 1 L
x1
ind ~
ind ~
d
(B.23)
V s
0
1
0
~
~
RC o x
x C o
2
2
The ac and the dc-equations of the system can be derived and by substituting Eqs.
~
1 ~ 2 D 1 ~ 2Vs 0 ~
x1
x2
Vs
d
Lind
Lind
Lind
(B.24)
and
~
1 ~
1 ~
x2
x1
x
Co
RC o 2
(B.25)
Similarly, and knowing that the derivative of a dc quantity is zero, i.e. x10 x 20 0 ,
1
Lind
x 20
2D 1
Vs 0
Lind
1
1
x 10
x
Co
RCo 20
(B.26)
(B.27)
94
(B.28)
Similarly, the dc term of x10can be expressed in terms of x20 . Solving Eq. (B.27)
yields
x
x 10 20
R
(B.29)
From Eqs. (B.28) and (B.29), x10 is expressed in terms of the input voltage as given by
Eq.(B.30).
x 10
(2 D 1)
Vs 0
R
(B.30)
95
Appendix-C
Steady-state analysis
The results from the steady-state analysis of the converter are used in order to derive
the small-signal model of the topology [Demetriades, 2005]. Key expressions relating
the average inductor current and the duty ratio for both the controllable switches and
the diodes are derived. Since the average current is expressed in terms of the duty
ratios, which are inversely proportional to the switching period.
When the SAB topology operates in the continuous-conduction mode two operating
modes are of interest due to symmetry conditions as shown in Figure C1.
96
Mode 1 : 0 t t1
i
V Vo
(t ) s
(t1 ) i
( 0)
Lind
Lind
Lind
(C.1)
Mode 2 : t1 t t 2
i
Lind
V Vo
(t ) s
(t 2 t1 ) i
( 0)
Lind
Lind
(C.2)
Due to symmetry conditions, at the end of the half cycle, Figure C.1 ,
i
Lind
( 0 ) i
Lind
(t 2 )
(C.3)
Hence, the complete current waveform can be obtained by solving Eqs.(C.1), (C.2)
and (C.3).
i
Lind
( 0)
Vs
[(1 M ) t 2 (1 M ) t1 ]
2Lind
(C.4)
Where,
V
M o is the conversion ratio
Vs
(C.5)
During Mode 1, the diode DA is in the on state and during Mode 2 the inductor current
will commutate to SA. Therefore, Eq. (C.1) and (C.2) can be expressed as
V Vo
(t ) s
(t D A ) i
(0)
Lind
Lind
Lind
(C.6)
V Vo
(t ) s
(t S A ) i
(t D A )
Lind
Lind
Lind
(C.7)
Where tDA and tSA are the conduction times for the diode and the controllable switch
respectively.
As a result, the Eq. (C.4) can be expressed in terms of the duty ratios of the two
devices.
97
Thus,
V T
(0) s s [(1 M ) d S A (1 M ) d D A ]
ind
2 Lind
iL
(C.8)
The value of iLind (0) can also be found from Eq. (C.6). Since iLind = 0 for t=tDA Eq.
(C.6) yields
i
Lind
V Vo
( 0) s
(t D A )
Lind
(C.9)
By equating the right hand sides of the Eq. (C.8) and (C.9) the duty ratio of the diode
can be expressed in terms of the duty ratio of the transistor as stated in Eq. (C.10).
d DA
(1 M )
dS
(1 M ) A
(C.10)
Equation (C.10) clarifies the volt-seconds balance of the inductor and is a limiting
factor for the duty ratio. Thus, the inductors volt-seconds balance is fulfilled in a half
period.