Stress Transformation

MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu

Slide 1

Transformation of Stress

Slide 2

Recall the general state of stress at a point can be written in terms of

6 components: x, y, z, xy= yx, xz= zx, yz= zy
Thi generall stress
This
t
state
t t is
i iindependent
d
d t off th
the coordinate
di t system
t
used.
The components of the stress state in the different directions do
d
depend
d on th
the coordinate
di t system.
t

Transformation of Stress contd

Consider a state of p
plane stress: z=xz=yz=0
Where does this occur?

Thin plate
Outer surface

Slide 3

Transformation of Stress

contd

What do we want to calculate?

Principle stresses ( maximum and minimum)
Principle planes of stresses (orientation at which they occur)

Slice cube at an angle to the x axis (new coordinates x, y).

stresses.
Define forces in terms of angle and stresses

Slide 4

Transformation of Stress

contd

Sum forces in x direction.

x ' A = x (A cos ) cos + y (A sin )sin

+ xy (A sin ) cos + xy (A cos )sin

x ' = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos

Sum forces in y direction.

xy ' A = x (A cos )sin + y (A sin ) cos xy (A sin )sin + xy (A cos ) cos

xy ' = ( y x )cos sin + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

Slide 5

Transformation of Stress

contd

x ' = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos

x'=

x + y

x y
2

cos(2 ) + xy sin (2 )

T gett y,
To
evaluate
l t x att + 90o.

y '=

x + y
2

x y
2

cos(2 ) xy sin (2 )

xy ' = ( y x )cos sin + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

xy ' =

Slide 6

x y
2

sin (2 ) + xy cos(2 )

Trig
g identities
de
es
1 + cos(2 )
2 sin cos = sin (2 ) cos 2 =
2
1 cos(2 )
cos 2 sin 2 = cos(2 ) sin 2 =
2

Transformation of Stress
x'=

x + y
2

x y
2

cos(2 ) + xy sin (2 )

y '=

x + y
2

x y
2

contd

cos(2 ) xy sin (2 )

xy ' =

x y
2

sin (2 ) + xy cos(2 )

Now, lets perform some algebra:

2

+ y

y
y
x ' x
+ xy2 ' = x
cos 2 (2 ) + xy2 sin 2 (2 ) + 2 x
cos(2 )sin (2 ) +
2

2
2
2

x y
x y
2
2
2

sin (2 ) + xy cos (2 ) 2
cos(2 )sin (2 )
2
2

Constants (we can

find these stresses).

Variables

Slide 7

+ y

y
x ' x
+ xy2 ' = x
+ xy2
2

Principle and Max Shearing Stress

Define
ave

1
= ( x + y )
2

x y
2
+ xy2
R =
2

Plug into previous equation

2

x + y

x y
2
x '
+ xy ' =
+ xy2
2

( x1 ave )2 + xy2 1 = R 2

Slide 8

Which is the equation of a circle with center at (ave,0) and radius R.

Principle and Max Shearing Stress

We learned before that the principle stresses (maximum and

minimum ) occur when xy = 0.
max = ave + R
x y
xy ' =
sin (2 P ) + xy cos(2 P ) = 0
min = ave R
2
max = R
x y
xy cos(2 P ) =
sin (2 P )
min = R
2
tan (2 P ) =

max,min =

2 xy

x y

x + y
2

x y
+ xy2

2
2

max,min

Slide 9

x y
+ xy2
=
2

Example Problem 1

For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after the element shown has been rotated (a) 25o clockwise
and (b) 10o counterclockwise.

Slide 10

Slide 11

Constructing Mohrs Circle

1
( x + y )
2

Given: x, y, xyy at a particular orientation

ave =

Draw axes
Plot Point C,
C center,
center at (ave,0)
0)
Plot Point A (x,xy),
this corresponds to = 0
Plot Point B (y,-xy),
)
this corresponds to = 90
Draw a line through AB
(passes through C):
This is the diameter of the circle
Draw circle

x y
2
+ xy2
R =
2

Slide 12

xy

Uses of Mohrs Circle

Find stresses on any inclined plane, = 1.

Rotate by 21 to point D
D.
This points gives the stress state (x1, xy1).
The point D gives (y1, -xy1).

Find principle stresses.

stresses

xy
P1 is the point with the highest
normal stress.
P2 is the point with the smallest
P2
normal stress.
(min, 0)
S1 is the highest shear
stress = R.
S2 is the lowest shear
(y1, -xy1) D
stress = -R.

2 P 2 = 2 P1 + 180D

2 S 2 = 2 P1 + 90D
S1 ((aver, max)

D (x1, xy1)
2P2

2P1

A
S2
(aver, min)

Slide 13

P1

21

(max, 0)

Sign Convention

Slide 14

Example Problem 2

Sample problem 7.2 in Beers book

Slide 15

Special Cases of Mohrs Circle

Uniaxial tension

max = x
min = -x
max = x

x
2

R=0

max = x
min = x
max = 0

Pure torsion

Slide 16

max = x
min = 0
max = x / 2

Hydrostatic pressure

R=

R=

x
2

3D Stress States

Mohrs circle can be drawn for rotation about any of the three principle axes.
These axes are in the direction of the three principle stresses.
The maximum shear stress is found from the largest diameter circle.
circle
x-c plane

y-c plane

x-y plane

max =
Slide 17

1
max min
2

Applied to Plane Stress

Recall z = 0 (z-axis is one of the principle axes)

The third value is always at the origin.
z = 0: It will not be the maximum or minimum magnitude of stress,
so we did not consider it earlier when finding the principle stresses.
Where does max occur?
2 possibilities
max is in the x-y plane

Slide 18

max is out of the x-y plane

Example Problem 3
For the state of stress shown, determine two values of y for
which the maximum shearing stress is 75 MPa.

Slide 19

Slide 20

Example Problem 4
For the state of stress shown, determine the maximum shearing stress
when (a) y = 20 MPa, (b) y = 140 MPa. (Hint: consider both inplane and out-of-plane
out of plane shearing stresses).
stresses)

80 MPa
140 MPa

Slide 21

Slide 22