Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,

2nd & 3rd April 2014.

STUDY OF PERFORMANCE, EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORANGE OIL

BASED BIO-FUEL OPERATING ON IC ENGINES AND EMISSION CONTROL USING
NANO ADDITIVE
S.Harish kumar, M.Sudhakaran, M.Maria jebin
PG Scholars
First year, Engineering Design,
Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Cell No- 8148958823 e-mail id: harish_achiever@yahoo.com
optimized blend of biodiesel and diesel can help reduce
some significant percentage of the worlds dependence on
fossil fuels without modification of CI Engine, and it also
has important environmental benefits. For example using
optimized blend of biodiesel and diesel instead of the
conventional diesel fuel significantly reduces the exhaust
emissions particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO),
Nitrous oxides (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).
Moreover Additives are an essential part of todays fuels.
Together with carefully formulated base fuel composition,
they contribute to efficiency reliability and long life of an
engine. They can have surprisingly large effects even when
used in parts per million (PPM) range. With use of fuel
additives in the blend of biodiesel and diesel fuelled in CI
Engine which furthers more improve performance,
combustion, and diminish emission characteristics and also
improved fuel properties which enhance the combustion
characteristics [2].
Fuel formulations and additive packs are now being
designed to improve fuel consumption and reduce harmful
emissions. In particular, soot emissions, caused by
incomplete combustion, contribute significantly to the
greenhouse effect. These can be reduced much more easily
than carbon dioxide emissions, by using additives which
help to promote more complete combustion. Cleaner
combustion also produces less carbon monoxide and
NOx emissions, which have a detrimental effect on air
quality in areas with large amounts of road traffic [3]
In the present work, experiments were conducted to
study the performance and emissions characteristics of
orange oil diesel Fuel blend with Nano Additive in a diesel
engine.

AbstractDeveloping trends had lead to the demand of petroleum

fuels hence the experiments were conducted using biomass oil in
combination with diesel fuel to produce the best alternative diesel
fuel. The fuel properties, the performance characteristics and the
emissions were investigated for the Alternative diesel fuel. In this
study, 10 %, 20%, 30 %, 40% and 50 % by volume of orange oil were
blended with diesel fuel used in Direct injection diesel engine. From
the experimental results, 30% Orange oil-Diesel fuel blend has
produced higher brake thermal efficiency than all other blends and
the diesel fuel. So 30% blend is taken as optimum and experiments
were conducted to control emission using Nano additive. Specific
Energy consumption and Specific fuel consumption is higher for
Diesel fuel when compared to the orange oil-DF blend. CO, HC and
Smoke emissions were lower than the diesel fuel operation. NO x
increased with increase in the orange oil blends than the diesel fuel
operation.
Keywords Diesel Engine, Orange Oil Blend, Performance,
Emission, Nano additive

1.

INTRODUCTION
Owing to high economic feasibility, diesel engines have
been used for many commercial vehicles as the major power
source of transportation systems. However, in the recent years,
there have been major social problems relating to air pollution
caused by hazardous materials, such as NOx and Particulate
matter contained in emissions from diesel engines. Therefore,
there is a need for the urgent task of reducing these materials by
using alternative fuel in diesel engines.
India is an agricultural based country and the
availability of the biomass like orange skin is in large
quantity. Hence the disposal of solid waste becomes a
problem. Oranges are available in large quantities around
the world. Orange skin is a biomass and oil extracted from
orange skin is presently used in the manufacture of
perfumes, chemicals etc. [1].
Biodiesel is a renewable and eco- friendly alternative
diesel fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel has higher viscosity,
density, pour point, flash point and cetane number than
diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated Fuel which contains
1015% oxygen by weight. Also it can be said a Sulfur free
fuel. These facts lead biodiesel to total combustion and less
exhaust emissions than diesel fuel. Furthermore also the
energy content or net calorific value of biodiesel is about
12% less than that of diesel fuel on a mass basis. Using

2.

FUEL PREPARATION
In the market three grades of orange oils are available:(i)
Natural Orange oil with 40 % propylene glycol, (ii) Two
fold orange oil, (iii) Five fold orange oil. The first type of
Orange oil was taken for the study as it has a low viscosity
and also less expensive.

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

Table 1: Orange oil Analysis

For this study, a stationary diesel powered Kirloskar

Five samples of Fuel are made by blending of Orange oil

and Diesel fuel.
Fuel Samples
10 (10% Orange oil + 90% Diesel fuel)
20 (20% Orange oil + 80% Diesel fuel)
30 (30% Orange oil + 70% Diesel fuel)
40 (40% Orange oil + 60% Diesel fuel)
50 (50% Orange oil + 50% Diesel fuel)
The properties of orange oil are compared with that of
diesel fuel and are given in Table 2. The ultimate analysis of
orange oil is also shown in Table 1.

Properties

Orange oil
34650
0.8169

Viscosity@40oC, cSt
Flash Point, oC By
PMCC Method
Fire Point, oC By PMCC
Method
Cetane Number

2.7
52

3.52
74

65

82

50

47

Copper

Average particle size

50-80nm

Colour

Grey to Black

Density

8.908 g/cm

Morphology

Spherical

Appearance (Form)

Nano powder

D- Limonene is the major component of the Orange oil,

extracted from the citrus peels. The chemical name is 1
methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-cyclohexene, and the chemical
formula is C10H16
(d-limonene). This is used in the
production of cosmetics, essence and confectionary
3.

Diesel
43,000
0.8284

engine was employed. The engine characteristics are cited

in Table 3. Fuel flow rate was obtained on the gravimetric
basis. A non-dispersive infrared analyzer was used to
measure HC and CO levels in the exhaust gas. NOx
emission was obtained using an analyzer working on the
chemiluminescences principle. Smoke levels were
measured using AVL Smoke meter.
Measurement of combustion chamber pressure was made
by installing a KISTLER, water cooled piezo electric
pressure transducer that has a sensitivity of 14.80 pC / bar,
into the cylinder head which was connected to the charge
amplifier and a TDC encoder was fixed on the flywheel of
the engine. These analogue signals were converted to digital
signals and fed to a computer. A printer was used to get the
signal output of computer by using AVL Mobile Indicom
Combustion analysis software. The schematic layout of the
experimental set up is indicated in Figure 1.

Table 2: Variation in properties of diesel fuel with orange

Oil

Nano material

Properties
Calorific Value, kJ/kg
Density@30oC kg/lit

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

1. Engine 2. Eddy current Dynamometer 3. Panel Board 4.

Orifice Flow meter 5.Combustion analysis device 6. Fuel
burette 7. Fuel switching valve 8. Fuel Tank 9. Exhaust gas
thermocouple 10. Five gas analyzer 11. Crank angle encoder
12.Piezoelectric transducer 13.Pressure amplifier 14.Computer
15. Printer.
Fig. 1 Experimental Setup

4.

NANO ADDITIVE
The experiments to control emission in the
optimum Orange oil-DF blend are done with the addition of
Nano additive to the Bio-fuel. Nano copper is the Nano additive
used.
Nano additives have high surface to volume ratio and
have more reactive surfaces. This allows them to act as

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

more efficient Chemical catalyst, thus increasing fuel

combustion. It also increases the Fuel-air mixing in the fuel
and leads to more complete burning. Nanoparticle also
helps to improve combustion and performance with fewer
emissions [4].
Table 3: Properties of Nano additive
In the current work based on the performance and emission
characteristics and also considering cost as the criteria 30 %
orange oil-DF blend is chosen to be the optimum and Emission
control experiments are made to this blend.
Firstly the 30% orange oil-DF blend is weighed and
based on the weight the Nano additive is added to the Bio-fuel
in percentage by weight. Mixing of the Bio-fuel and Nano
additive is made in the mechanical stirrer with the Span 80
which is used as the surfactant. After mixing the tests are again
conducted and the variations in the readings are compared.

5.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Performance Analysis
5.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of 30% orange oil-diesel
fuel blend and orange oil-diesel fuel blend with Nano
additive is compared with diesel fuel in Fig.2. The brake
thermal efficiency for diesel fuel at full load is 28.66%. For
30% orange oil-DF blend and 30 % orange oil-DF blend
with Nano additive the thermal efficiency is 35.71 % and
31.38 % respectively. It can be observed that 30 % orange
oil-DF blend shows higher thermal efficiency by about 7.05
% than that of diesel fuel at full load. It can also be noticed
that the brake thermal efficiency of 30 % orange oil-diesel
fuel blend with Nano additive is higher by about 2.72 %
compared to that of diesel fuel. It can also be seen from the
figure that there is an improvement in brake thermal
efficiency for 30 % orange oil blend and 30% orange oil
blend with Nano additive throughout the load spectrum.
40
Brake Thermal efficiency (% )
D
B30

20
0

Nano
012345678

Brake power (kW)

Fig. 2 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Brake power

5.1.2

Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC)

Fig. 3 shows the variation of brake specific energy

consumption with brake power. It is seen that the BSEC is
lower for 30 % orange oil-diesel fuel blend and its blend
with Nano additive because of better atomization of the fuel
which is due to impingement of the spray on the combustion
chamber wall obviously affects the orange oil evaporation
and mixing processes as compared to that of diesel fuel,
which has compensated the required amount of energy for
Components
Percentage of
components
Moisture
Nil
Mineral matter

Nil

Carbon

84.28

Hydrogen

12.47

Nitrogen

0.19

Sulphur

0.007

Oxygen

21

the same output. The trend shows that there is no significant

difference except marginal changes in orange oil blends
when compared with diesel fuel.
20
15
10
Brake Speific Energy Consumption (MJ/kW-Hr)
5
D
B30
Nano 0
10
0
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 3 Brake specific energy consumption Vs Brake power

At low load the BSEC is 18.23 MJ/kW h for diesel
fuel, for 30% orange oil-DF blend it is 16.78 MJ/kW h and
for 30 % orange oil blend with Nano additive it is 18.13
MJ/kW h. At full load the BSEC is 12.56 MJ / kW h for
diesel fuel, for 30 % orange oil-DF blend it is 10.08 MJ/kW
h and for 30% orange oil blend with Nano additive it is
11.47 MJ/kW h.
5.2
5.2.1

Emission Analysis
Nitrous Oxide
Fig. 4 shows the concentration of oxides of
nitrogen from the exhaust gas for 30% orange oil-DF blend,
30%orange oil-DF Nano additive blend and diesel fuel
operation. The formation of oxides of nitrogen in an engine
cylinder depends on intake air temperature, mixture strength
and combustion rate. The concentration of NO x emission for

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

diesel fuel varies from 201 ppm at low load to 1850 ppm at full
load, for 30% orange oil-DF blend it varies from 260 ppm to
1890 ppm and for 30% orange oil-DF Nano additive blend it
varies from 262 ppm to 1897 ppm. The probable reason for the
increase in NOx may be due to the higher intensity heat release
during the premixed combustion phase in 30 % orange oil-DF
blend than that of orange oil-DF blend and diesel fuel.
Differences in the fraction of injected fuel burnt during the
premixed combustion phase may also be the reason for the
increased NOx emission with 100 % orange oil [5].

40
30
20
Hydrocarbons (ppm)
10B30
D
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brake power (kW)

2500

Fig. 5 HydrocarbonVs Brake Power

2000
1500
Nitrousoxide (ppm) 1000
D
B30
500

Nano

0
012345678
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 4NOxVs Brake Power

5.2.2

Nano

Hydrocarbon
The variation of HC emission with brake power
for 30 % orange oil-DF blend, 30% orange oil-DF Nano
additive blend and diesel fuel is depicted in Fig.5. The HC level
increases with increase in load for all the fuels. For 30 %
orange oil-DF blend, HC emissions are higher than those of
30% orange oil-DF Nano additive blend and diesel fuel. This
may be due to the fact that orange oil contains more oxygen
and this leads to proper combustion. There are normally some
regions within the combustion chamber of a diesel engine
where the mixture is either too lean or too rich to ignite the
partially decomposed and oxidized fuel in the exhaust. The HC
emissions for diesel fuel varies from 24 ppm at low load to 29
ppm at full load, for 30 % orange oil-DF blend it is 32 ppm at
both low load full load conditions and for 30% orange oil-DF
Nano additive blend it is 14 ppm at low load to 27 ppm at full
load. As the ignition delay period increases, a proportion of the
mixture may become over-mixed with airand become leaner
than the lean combustion limit. Often this may occur at the
periphery of the fuel spray, where vaporized fuel may be
stripped off and carried away by the swirling air. This may be
the reason for the reduction in HC emission for 30 % orange
oil-DF Nano additive blend than for diesel fuel [6].

5.2.3
Carbon Monoxide
The variation of CO emission for diesel fuel, 30% orange oilDF blend and 30% orange oil-DF Nano additive blend with
brake power is shown in Fig 6. The carbon monoxide emission
varies from 0.04 %Vol at low load to 0.7 %Vol at full load for
diesel fuel, for 30% orange oil-DF blend it ranges from 0.09
%Vol to 0.14 %Vol and for 30% orange oil-DF Nano additive
blend the CO emission parameter remains constant as 0.06
%Vol. It can be seen that for 30% orange oil-DF blend and 30
% orange oil-DF Nano additive blend the CO emissions are
lower than those of diesel fuel. This is due to the fact that
orange oil contains 3.05 % oxygen by mass and it may lead to
more complete combustion thereby lowering CO emissions.
The improved spray pattern and combustion behavior
of orange oil may also be the reason for reduced CO emission
[7]. This may also be due to homogeneous mixing of orange oil
in diesel fuel, which causes complete combustion.
1.00
0.50
Carbon monoxide (% Vol)
D
B30 0.00

Nano
0 2 4 6 8

Brake power (kW)

Fig.6 Carbon monoxide Vs Brake power

5.2.4

Smoke
The variation of smoke emission with brake
power is shown in Fig. 7. With 30 % orange oil-DF blend and
30% orange oil-DF Nano additive blend the smoke emission is
reduced at all load conditions. The smoke level for diesel fuel is
23.20 at low load and 95.10 at full load. For 30% orange oil-DF
blend the smoke is 12.7 at low load and 77.5 at full load,
whereas the smoke level for 30% orange oil-DF Nano additive
blend is 16.9 at low load and 79.1 at full load. It can be
observed that smoke in the case of 30% orange oil-DF blend is
lower than that of 30%orange oil-DF Nano additive blend and
diesel fuel. This is due to the fact that the rate of heat release is

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

more with shorter combustion duration for 100 % orange oil,

which leads to a reduction in smoke [8].
100
Smoke
D

50
0

B30
Nano
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brake power (kW)

Fig.7SmokeVs Brake power

6. CONCLUSIONS
A single cylinder compression ignition engine was
operated successfully using orange oil-DF blend with Nano
additive as an alternative fuel and the performance was
compared with diesel fuel. The following conclusions are made
based on the experimental results:
The brake thermal efficiency was higher about 7.5%
for 30 % orange oil-DF blend and 2.72% for 30 % Nano
additive blend than the diesel.
Increasing the orange oil blend reduces HC and CO
level than diesel fuel and it is further decreased when compared
to other blends by addition of Nano additives (Nano Copper).

Smoke level was lower for 30 % orange oil-DF blend

and 30 % Nano additive blend and higher for diesel. It is 95.10
for diesel and drops down to 77.5 for 30 % orange oil-DF blend
and 79.1 for 30 % Nano additive blend at full load condition.
NOx level increased with increase in the orange oilDF blend and Nano additive blend compared to diesel fuel
operation.
Thus with the use of orange oil-DF Nano additive
blend the brake thermal efficiency is higher, at the same
time smoke, HC and CO are lower as compared to diesel
fuel operation, however, with an increase in NOx
emissions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the management of St. Peters
College of Engineering and Technology, Avadi, Chennai for
allowing them to carry out the experiments.

REFERENCES
M.Shahabuddin et al. Effect of Additive on
Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Bio Diesel.
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Energy
Procedia 14 (2012) pp.: 1624-1629.
Pecci GC, Clerici MG, Giavazzi F, Marchionna M,
Patrini R. (1991), Oxygenated diesel fuel Part I structure and
properties

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