SteelProject 2014 Report (12-05-2014)

Contents
1. - CONCEPTUAL DESIGN.................................................4
1.1. Identify the location of the building...................................4
1.2. Plan View and Elevation....................................................4
2. LOAD ANALYSIS FOR A TYPICAL FRAME......................7

2.1. - Dead Load Analysis...........................................................7
2.2. - Live Load Analysis.............................................................8
2.3. - Wind Load Analysis............................................................9
2.4. - Seismic load....................................................................13
3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL FRAME..........19

3.1. Structural Analysis for Dead Load...................................19
3.2. Structural Analysis for Live Load.....................................24
3.3. Structural Analysis for Wind Load....................................27
3.4. Structural Analysis for Seismic Load...............................31
4. LOAD COMBINATION.................................................34
4.1. Girder Moment................................................................35
4.2. Girder Shear Due To Moment Only..................................35
4.3. Column Moment..............................................................36
4.4. Column Axial Force..........................................................36
4.5. Load Combination Girder Moment...................................39
4.6. Load Combination Column Moment.................................40
4.7. Load Combination Column Axial Force............................41
5. - DESIGN OF MEMBERS...............................................42
5.1. Critical Load Acting in Members......................................42
5.1.1 - Calculus of the critical moment and axial force for the case of exterior
and interior columns from R-7 to 5-4...........................................................45
5.1.2 - Calculus of the critical moment and axial force for the case of exterior
and interior columns from 4-3 to 2-1...........................................................47
5.2. Girder Design..................................................................51

5.3. Column (Beam-Column) Design......................................54
5.4. Beam Design...................................................................70
6. STRUCTURAL DETAILS..............................................76
6.1. Connections....................................................................76
6.2. Column Splice.................................................................78
6.3. Column Base Plate..........................................................79
6.4. Interior Shear Walls.........................................................81
6.5. Composite Slab...............................................................82
7. Self Weight of the Steel Structure............................83

7.1. Weight of the Typical Frame............................................83
7.2. Weight of the Beams.......................................................84
7.3. Total Weight of the Steel Structure..................................84
8. ANSYS ANALYSIS......................................................85
8.1 Static analysis..................................................................... 85
8.1.1. Materials.................................................................................................. 85
8.1.2. Mesh......................................................................................................... 85
8.1.3. Loads........................................................................................................ 86
8.1.4. Results..................................................................................................... 86
8.2. Modal Analysis...................................................................94
Bibliography...................................................................95
1. Conceptual Design
1.1 Introduction
Design of 8 story building is required of office building located in Tucson,
Arizona. The dimensions of the building are as shown 90x120. In this report
will find in details the calculations for the design of the 8 floors and roof with
all the moments details and the choice of the member after the trial and
error based on the (live, dead, wind, seismic load).
1.2 Plan view and Elevation:

The office building be a steel structure frames of 90X120 with height of
107 which is 8 stories and a roof as shown below in the figure.
2. LOAD ANALYSIS FOR A TYPICAL FRAME

2.1. - Dead Load Analysis
The considered weights in dead load calculation are summarized in Table 2.1.
The weights are calculated based on the size of a typical frame (30 width) as
shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Typical frame
Table 2.1 Dead load
Type of weight
Self-weight of the
slab (4 thick slab
density=144
[p/qft])
Self-weight of the
frame
Floor finish(hard
wood)
Ceiling(Fiber Board)
Mechanical
equipment
Water proofing
Misc. weights
Floor 2-8
weight
weight [kip/ft]
[p/sqft]
48
1.44
weight
[p/sqft]
48
Roof
weight [kip/ft]
1.44
16
0.48
16
0.48
0.12
1
4
0.03
0.12
0.15
7
80
0.21
2.4
1
5
75
0.03
0.15
2.25
In Figure 2.2 is shown how the dead load is acting in the frame.
2.2. - Live Load Analysis

The minimum roof live load L R=20R1R2 based on the handout (page 10.
-Section 4.9)
1, A t 200 ft 2
R1= 1.2 0.003 A t ,200 ft 2< A t <600 ft 2
0.6, A t 600 ft 2
1, F 4 inch/ ft
R2= 1.2 0.05 F , 4 inch/ft < F< 12inch/ft
0.6, F 12 inch/ft
Where At is the roof area, in our case 90x120=1080 ft2. R1=0.6.
F is the # of inches of rise/ft. This building has a flat roof so R2=1.0.
Table 2.2 Live load
Type of weight
20 R1 R2=200.61
Minimum
distributed load
Partition wall
Floor 2-8
weight
weight [kip/ft]
[p/sqft]
50
1.5
8
58
0.24
1.74
weight
[p/sqft]
12
12
In Figure 2.3 is shown how the dead load is acting in the frame.
2.3. - Wind Load Analysis

Windward side
p=q z G C p qi GC pi =q z G C p
Roof
weight [kip/ft]
0.36
0.36
The internal pressure is neglected thus the second term is zero.

G the gust factor
Cp the pressure coefficient.
qz is the velocity pressure:
q z=0.00256 K z K zt K d v 2 I .
Kz
velocity pressure coefficient
K zt
topography coefficient
Kd
directional factor of the wind
wind speed
importance factor
The following table contains the values of the above constants according
to the handout (pg. 20.):
Table 2.3 Wind load constants (windward side)
Kz
Consta
nt
Value
z
K z =2.01
zg
see
belo
w
z=15, z< 15
z=z , z 15
K zt
Kd
0.8
5
v
[mp
h]
90
1.1
5
Cp
0.8
5
(L/B=0.
75)
0.8
( ){
According to the handout the exposure category of our building is B. In this

case =7 and zg =1200.
Using the above equations the load acting on every floor can be calculated.
AW floor # represents the calculated area under the pressure curve (see Fig 2.4).
Table 2.4 Windward side wind loads on the floors
Floor
#
AW floor #
[p/sqft]
R
8
7
123.62
159.83
153.6
Load acting
on a typical
frame
(width 30 ft)
[kip]
3.71
4.79
4.61
6
5
4
3
2
146.67
138.8
129.61
118.42
103.63
4.4
4.16
3.89
3.55
3.11
Roof
According to the handout (pg. 20.):
Since h/L1 Cp=-1.3 (0h/2). The reduction factor is 0.8 since the roof
area is larger than 1000 sqft.
Since h/L1 Cp=-0.7 (h/2L).
G=0.85 (Rigid Structure)
p=q z (h)G C p
(0h/2) the uplift is -0.542 kip/ft
(h/2L) the uplift is -0.365 Kip/ft
It is important to note that these forces acting in the roof due to wind, are
not considered in the design due that they are acting in the vertical direction
and the weight of the structure is acting in the opposite direction and it is
much bigger, thus this loads practically dont have a significant contribution
for the response.
Leeward side
According to the handout (pg. 20.):
Since L /B0.75 Cp=-0.5
G=0.85 (Rigid Structure)
p=q z (h)G C p
Table 2.5 Wind load leeward side
Floor
R
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
AL floor #
[p/sqft]
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
-8.68
Load
[kip]
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
-0.26
Figure 4 shows the wind loads acting on the building.
2.4 Seismic Load

The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for
short periods, SMS is calculated using the equation below.
S MS =F a S S
Ss : Short period spectral response acceleration ( S s = 0.35g in Tucson area)
According to page 35 of the handout (and the exception), the building is in
Site Class D.
Table 2.2.2.1 shown below represent values for F a. Using straight-line
interpolation, the value of Fa required for this building can be calculated.
Table 2.2.2.1
From this table, Fa is calculated using straight-line interpolation to be 1.52.

Therefore,
S MS =F a S S=1.52 0.35 g=0.532 g
Then, the design earthquake spectral response acceleration at short period,

SDS, is found using the following equation:
2
2
S DS = S MS= 0.532 g=0.355 g
3
3
According to pages 43 to 47 of the handout, the response modification factor,
R, is found to be equal to 4 since an ordinary steel moment frame is sufficient
for a 8 story building.
According to page 33, the building is in Seismic Use Group II and thus has an
Importance Factor, I, of 1.25.
Hence the nominal value for the seismic response coefficient, Cs, is:
S
0.355 g
C s= DS =
=0.111 g
R / I 4 /1.25
S1, the 1-second period spectral response acceleration, is found to be 0.1g in
the Tucson area.
The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1second period, SM1, is determined using the following equation:
S M 1=F v S 1
Table 2.2.2.2 shown below represents values for Fv. Using straight-line
interpolation, the value of Fv for this building can be calculated.
Table 2.2.2.2
From this table, Fv is calculated to be 2.4 .

Therefore,
S M 1=F v S 1=2.4 0.1 g=0.24 g
Then,
2
2
S D 1= S M1 = 0.24 g=0.16 g
3
3
The fundamental period of the structure, T, according to page 50 of the

handout can be determined using the following equations:
Ta < T < Cu*Ta

Ta = CT*(hn)3/4
hn (total height of the structure) = 107 ft.
CT = 0.035 for steel frame structure.
Then, Ta = 0.035*(107)3/4 = 1.16 seconds.
According to page 50 of the handout, C u = 1.48

Then, Cu*Ta = 1.723 seconds.
In order to move towards the conservative direction we consider the average

between the upper limit and the approximate value as the fundamental
period of the structure:
T=
1.16+ 1.723
=1.44 sec
2
Therefore, the upper limit value for Cs is found using the following equation:
C s=
SD1
0.16 g
=
=0.0347
R
4
T ( ) 1.44(
)
I
1.25
Finally, the lower limit value for C s is found using the following equation:
C s=0.1 S D 1 I =0.1 0.16 g 1.25=0.02 g

Therefore, the value of Cs that will be taken is Cs = 0.0347g.
To distribute the seismic forces vertically on the building, page 51 of the
handout shows the following equations:
F x =C vx V
W x hkx
C vx =
wi hik
i=1
Where
C vx : Vertical distribution factor

V : Total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
wi,
W x:
the portion of the total gravity load of the structure W, located
or assigned to level l or x.
hi
And
hx
the height from the base to level i or x
k : The exponent is related to the structure period.
k=
1 if T 0.5 s
2if T 2.5 s
1 2 if 0.5 s <T <2.5 s
Since T = 1.44 s, k = 1.47.

Table 2.2.2.3 shown below represents the Seismic Load calculations.
Figure 2.2.2.1 shows how the lateral seismic loads act on a typical interior
frame.
wx
hx
w x hx
C vx
Fx
Pi
[ ]
[kip]
[ft ]
[kipft]
[kip]
[kip]
894.24
104
825074.4
0.247767 62.228
904.32
92
696771.3
0.209238 52.55124 10.51025
904.32
80
567367.5
0.170378 42.79147 8.558293
904.32
68
446797
0.134171 33.69791 6.739583
904.32
56
335860.2
0.100857 25.33094 5.066188
904.32
44
235612.1
0.070753 17.77012 3.554024
904.32
32
147534.2
0.044304 11.12719 2.225437
917.76
20
75031.43
0.022532 5.658952 1.13179
7237.92
Floor
3330048
12.4456
Table 2.2.2.6 Seismic load
V = Cs*W = 0.0347*7237.92 = 251.1558 kip.
In Figure 2.7 we can see how these forces are acting per level in our typical
frame.
3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL FRAME

3.1. Structural Analysis for Dead Load
The moments due to gravity loads are calculated based on John T. DeWolf
method [1]. This is an approximate method used when the beam, girders and
column sections are not known and a structural analysis, it is quite important
to say that is just and approximate method and no exact values are obtained
although these values are very close to the real values which can be
computed using a computer program once the W section are obtained for the
different members of the typical frame.
We can see in Figure 3.1 how this method works and the general
assumptions in the John T. DeWolf method are mentioned next:
-
For gravity loads only we can use the Jonh T. DeWolf method.
The method is valid unless the ratio of adjacent spans approaches 2.
Points of contraflexure of beams are assumed to be at locations shown
in Figure 3.1 and the maximum moment will be at the end of beam.
Select beam sizes and determine I/L for each beam.
Figure 3.1 DeWolf method
Thus, following the method above mentioned we get the location of the
points of contraflexure for our typical frame as is show in Figure 3.2.
For this typical frame we have that L1= 30, L2= 30 and L3=30. Then doing
all the calculations showed in Figure 3.1, we got the Figure 3.2 where you can
see the points of contraflexure of the typical frame under analysis.
Figure 3.2 Location of Points Contraflexure in The Typical Frame
As we know the locations of the flexural points and the load acting in each
level we can compute the moments acting through each beam, as follows:
-
Span A-B (See Figure 3.2 to locate each span)
( 2.12 )+( 24.3) (2.1 )=55.99 kft

6.3
MB=( 2.25 )( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 24.3 ) ( 6.3 )=197.74 k ft
2 )
MA=( 2.25 ) ( 2.1 )
Span B-C
( 6.32 )+( 19.58) ( 6.3)=168.01 kft

6.3
MC=( 2.25 ) ( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 19.58 ) ( 6.3 )=168.01 k ft
2 )
MB=( 2.25 )( 6.3 )
Span C-D
( 6.32 )+( 24.3) ( 6.3)=197.74 kft

2.1
MD= ( 2.25 )( 2.1 ) (
+ ( 24.3 ) ( 2.1 )=55.99 k ft
2 )
MC=( 2.25 ) ( 6.3 )
Span E-F
( 32 )+( 24.84 )( 3 )=85.32 kft

6.3
MF=( 2.4 )( 6.3 )(
+ ( 24.84 ) ( 6.3 )=204.12 k ft
2 )
ME=( 2.4 ) ( 3 )
Span F-G
( 6.32 )+ ( 20.88) (6.3 )=179.17 k ft

6.3
MG= (2.4 ) ( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 20.88 ) ( 6.3 )=179.17 k ft
2 )
MF=( 2.4 )( 6.3 )
Span G-H
( 6.32 )+( 24.84 )( 6.3) =204.12k ft

3
MH= ( 2.4 ) ( 3 ) ( )+ ( 24.84 )( 3 ) =85.32 kft
2
MG= (2.4 ) ( 6.3 )
As our frame is a symmetric one and because the dead load acting from
level 7 to level 2 is the same, the analysis for all other spans of the typical
frame are the same as for the level 7, we can see more clearly this in Figure
3.3, on the next page.
3.2. Structural Analysis for Live Load

The structural analysis of Live Load is performed following the same
procedure as for the case of Dead Load analysis, i.e. based on DeWolf
method. Thus we proceed in the same manner making the analysis of each
span separately.
-
Span A-B (See Figure 3.2 to locate each span)
( 2.12 )+( 3.89) ( 2.1)=8.96 k ft

6.3
MB=( 0.36 ) ( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 3.89 ) ( 6.3 )=31.65 k ft
2 )
MA=( 0.36 )( 2.1 )
Span B-C
( 6.32 )+( 3.13) ( 6.3)=26.86 kft

6.3
MC=( 0.36 )( 6.3 ) (
+ (3.13 )( 6.3 ) =26.86 kft
2 )
MB=( 0.36 ) ( 6.3 )
Span C-D
( 6.32 )+ (3.89 )( 6.3) =31.65 kft

2.1
MD= ( 0.36 ) ( 2.1 )(
+ (3.89 )( 2.1 )=8.96 kft
2 )
MC=( 0.36 )( 6.3 )
Span E-F
( 32 )+( 18.01 ) ( 3)=61.86 k ft

6.3
MF=( 1.74 )( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 18.01 )( 6.3 ) =147.99 kft
2 )
ME=( 1.74 ) ( 3 )
Span F-G
( 6.32 )+( 15.14 ) ( 6.3)=129.91 k ft

6.3
MF=( 1.74 )( 6.3 ) (
+ ( 15.14 ) ( 6.3 )=129.91 kft
2 )
MG= (1.74 ) ( 6.3 )
Span G-H
MG= (1.74 ) ( 6.3 )
( 6.32 )+( 18.01)( 6.3 )=147.99 kft
MH= (1.74 ) ( 3 )
( 32 )+( 18.01)( 3 )=61.86 k ft
Thus, from level 7 to 2 we have the same live load acting and the same
dimensions for the spans, so the calculation should be the same and are
more clearly showed in Figure 3.4.
3.3. Structural Analysis for Wind Load

The moments due to lateral, loads in the typical frame, are calculated based on the
approximate technique Portal Method. This method has three principal
assumptions:
1
2
3
Points of contra-flexure are at the mid-span of all Girders.

Points of contra-flexure are at the mid-height of all columns.
Shear taken by interior columns will be twice of that of exterior columns.
Figure 3.5 shows us more clearly the above discussed.
Figure 3.5 Portal Method
The above assumptions convert the indeterminate multi-story frame to a

determinate structure. The steps involved in the analysis of the frame are detailed
below:
1
2
3
The horizontal shears on each level are distributed between the columns of
that floor according to assumption (3).
The moment in each column is equal to the column shear multiplied by half
the column height according to assumption (2).
The girder moments are determined by applying moment equilibrium
equation to the joints: by noting that the sum of the girder moments at any
4
5
joint equals the sum of the column moments at that joint. These calculations
are easily made by starting at the upper left joint and working joint by joint
across to the right end.
The shear in each girder is equal to its moment divided by half the girder
length. This is according to assumption (1).
Finally, the column axial forces are determined by summing up the beam
shears and other axial forces at each joint. These calculations again are easily
made by working from left to right and from the top floor down.
Thus, the analysis is limited just to obtain the horizontal shear acting in each floor
and then perform the corresponding static analysis to obtain the shears and
moments acting in the girders and columns, just making equilibrium in each point. A
spreadsheet in Excel 2010 program was developed to compute all this variables
(Attached in a CD at the end of the project). Next the shear by level is obtained and
we show some images about how does it works.
Next the Wind Load Analysis is developed, we should not forget that we start the
analysis from top to bottom and that as we are advancing from level to level the
corresponding horizontal shear H will be bigger, i.e. the level 2 will have the
biggest value of H with respect to the others floors, we can see more in detail this
in Figure 3.9 which show us the moment diagrams for the case of Wind Load.
-
Roof Level
For the roof level we have a lateral force acting PR=3.97k, thus we have that:
PR=H+2H+2H+H
PR=6H
H=PR/6=3.97/6=0.66k
In Figure 3.6 we can see more in detail the corresponding structural analysis for this
level.
-
8th Level
For the 8th level we have a lateral force acting of P8=9.02, thus we have that:
P8=H+2H+2H+H
P8=6H
H=P8/6=9.02/6=1.5k
From level 7th to 3rd the same calculations were performed due that these levels are
completely symmetric and thus a same procedure is followed. Thus we just show
the corresponding horizontal shear for each one of these levels.
-
Level 7th
P7=H+2H+2H+H
H=P7/6=13.89/6=2.315k
P6=6H
H=P6/6=18.55/6=3.09k
Level 6th
P6=H+2H+2H+H
-
P7=6H
Level 5th
P5=H+2H+2H+H
-
P4=6H
H=P4/6=27.12/6=4.52k
P3=6H
H=P3/6=30.93/6=5.155k
P2=6H
H=P2/6=34.3/6=5.72k
Level 3rd
P3=H+2H+2H+H
-
H=P5/6=22.97/6=3.83k
Level 4th
P4=H+2H+2H+H
-
P5=6H
Level 2nd
P2=H+2H+2H+H
Then the moments are calculated by finding the shear force in the column and
beam. The results are shown in the table below:
In Figure 3.8 we can see the structural analysis for this level.
Figure 3.8 Structural Analysis for 2nd Level Wind Load Case
Until this point we have computed the moments in girders and columns for the Wind
Load case, now we show this values schematically in Figure 3.9 in a more
compressively manner.
Structural Analysis for Seismic Load
For the case of seismic load the same procedure that for wind load is used (Portal
Method), thus the shear and moments are computed for each level following the
same steps and the analysis is performed from top to bottom of the typical frame.
-
Roof Level
For the roof level we have a lateral force acting PR=12.45k (Check Table 2.10), thus
we have that:
PR=H+2H+2H+H
-
PR=6H
H=PR/6=12.45/6=2.07k
8th Level
We have that for the 8th level a lateral load P8=22.95k is acting, thus the
corresponding horizontal shear H can be computed as follows:
P8=H+2H+2H+H
P8=6H
H=P8/6=22.95/6=3.83k
The same procedure is developed for levels 7 th to 3rd due to the size of girders and
columns are identical, i.e. our typical frame is completely symmetric.
-
Level 7th
P7=H+2H+2H+H
-
P5=6H
H=P5/6=43.32/6=7.22k
P4=6H
H=P4/6=46.87/6=7.81k
P3=6H
H=P3/6=49.1/6=8.18k
P2=6H
H=P2/6=50.23/6=8.37k
Level 3rd
P3=H+2H+2H+H
-
H=P6/6=38.25/6=6.38k
Level 4th
P4=H+2H+2H+H
-
P6=6H
Level 5th
P5=H+2H+2H+H
-
H=P7/6=31.51/6=5.25k
Level 6th
P6=H+2H+2H+H
-
P7=6H
Level 2nd
P2=H+2H+2H+H
Then the moments are calculated by finding the shear force in the column and
beam. The results are shown in the table below:
Figure 3.12 clearly explain such an analysis.
Figure 3.12 Structural Analysis for 2nd Level Seismic Load Case
Up to this point of the calculation we have all the moments acting in columns and
girders, thus for a better understanding we show it schematically in Figure 3.13.
4. LOAD COMBINATION
Based on AISC Specification sections B3.3 and B3.4 [2], the required strength (P u,
Mu, Vu, etc. for LRFD) is determined for the appropriate load magnitudes, load
factors and load combinations given in the applicable building code. These are
usually based on ASCE/SEI 7 [3], which may be used when there is no applicable
building code. The common loads found in the building structures are:
1
2
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load due to Occupancy
3
4
5
6
7
Lr = Roof Live Load

S = Snow
R = Nominal Load due to initial Rainwater or ice exclusive of the ponding of
contribution
W = Wind Load
E = Earthquake Load
For Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), structures, components and
foundations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the
effects of the factored loads in the following combinations:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.4D
1.2D
1.2D
1.2D
1.2D
0.9D
0.9D
+
+
+
+
+
+
1.6L +0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.0E + L + 0.2S
1.0W
1.0E
There is an exception which can be taken into account: the load factor on L in
combinations 3, 4, and 5 is permitted to equal 0.5 for all occupancies in which L is
less than or equal to 100 psf, with exception of garages or areas occupied as places
of public assembly. For this project this exception will be taken into account due that
this is an office building and the maximum Live Load L is equal to 58 psf, thus the
factor L shall be changed by 0.5L in load combinations 3, 4, and 5.
Due that load combination 6 and 7 never will control in this design can be omitted
and just take into account the effects of load combinations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Also,
due that Tucson, AZ is not a zone very affected by the snow S and the rain R, these
two factors will be omitted for effects of the design. Thus, the load combinations for
the design of this Office Building will be:
1
2
3
4
5
1.4D
1.2D
1.2D
1.2D
1.2D
+
+
+
+
1.6L +0.5Lr
1.6Lr + (0.5L or 0.5W)
1.0W + 0.5L + 0.5Lr
1.0E + 0.5L
4.1. Girder Moment

From the moment diagrams showed in the section 3 of this project, the maximum
moment (k-ft) due to Dead Load D, Live Load L, Live Load on Roof L r, Wind
Load W and Earthquake Load E, are taken and showed more in detail in Table
4.1, for exterior and interior girders respectively.
Table 4.1. Girder Moment (k-ft)
Floo
r
EXTERIOR GIRDERS
D
LR
197.7
4
31.6
5
204.1
2
INTERIOR GIRDERS
LR
3.97
12.45
168.0
1
26.8
6
3.97
12.45
147.9
9
12.9
9
35.4
179.1
7
129.9
1
12.9
9
35.4
204.1
2
147.9
9
22.9
1
54.47
179.1
7
129.9
1
22.9
1
54.47
204.1
2
147.9
9
32.4
4
69.77
179.1
7
129.9
1
32.4
4
69.77
204.1
2
147.9
9
41.5
2
81.57
179.1
7
129.9
1
41.5
2
81.57
204.1
2
147.9
9
50.0
9
90.19
179.1
7
129.9
1
50.0
9
90.19
204.1
2
147.9
9
58.0
5
95.97
179.1
7
129.9
1
58.0
5
95.97
204.1
2
147.9
9
88.1
132.8 179.1
2 7
129.9
1
88.1
132.8
2
4.2. Girder Shear Due To Moment Only

When the frame is subjected to gravity load and lateral loads there is a shear force
generated due to the moment caused by these two types of actions in the structure
and which contribute a lot in the design of the structure, thus it force should not be
ignored by the designer (In a lot of structural projects these loads are completely
ignored). As we can see in the Table 4.2, this shear is not acting in any interior
girder subjected to gravity load (D, Lr and L). Also, In Figure 4.1 we can
schematically clarify how this force acts in the member.
Figure 4.1 Girder Shear Due to Moment Only: a). Gravity load Case, b). Lateral Load Case
Table 4.2. Girder Shear due to Moment Only (k)

EXTERIOR GIRDERS
Floor
LR
INTERIOR GIRDERS
LR
4.725
0.76
0.265
0.830
0.265
0.830
3.96
2.87
0.866
2.360
0.866
2.360
3.96
2.87
1.527
3.631
1.527
3.631
3.96
2.87
2.163
4.651
2.163
4.651
3.96
2.87
2.768
5.438
2.768
5.438
3.96
2.87
3.339
6.013
3.339
6.013
3.96
2.87
3.870
6.398
3.870
6.398
3.96
2.87
5.873
8.855
5.873
8.855
4.3. Column Moment

Based on the moment diagrams showed in section 3 of this project, the maximum
moments acting were taken for the exterior and interior columns respectively, the
values are showed in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3. Column Moments (k-ft)
Floo
r
EXTERIOR COLUMNS
D
LR
INTERIOR COLUMNS
E
LR
R-8
55.99
8.96
3.97
12.45
29.73
4.79
7.94 24.89
8-7
42.66
30.93
9.02
22.96
24.95
9.04
18.04 45.91
7-6
42.66
30.93
13.89
31.51
24.95
9.04
27.78 63.03
6-5
42.66
30.93
18.55
38.25
24.95
9.04
37.1 76.51
5-4
42.66
30.93
22.97
43.32
24.95
9.04
45.94 86.64
4-3
42.66
30.93
27.12
46.87
24.95
9.04
54.24 93.75
3-2
42.66
30.93
30.93
49.1
24.95
9.04
61.86 98.20
30.93
57.17
83.72
9.04
114.3 167.4
3
4
2-1
42.66
24.95
4.4. Column Axial Force

The axial force acting in each column, exterior and interior respectively, for each
floor is showed in Table 4.4, these values are obtained taking into account the axial
load caused by the gravity and lateral load respectively. Is logical to think that as we
are descending in floor level the axial force will be increasing, it is also showed in
Table 4.4. And Figure 4.2 show us the tributary area for interior and exterior girders
respectively.
Figure 4.2 Tributary area for interior and exterior column cases.
In Table 4.4 WT represents the weight supported for each column and is
calculated as follows:
Weight due to Dead Load (D) in Exterior Columns Roof Case (R-8)
(30ft)(15ft)(75psf) + (30ft)(3ft)(10psf)= 34.65 Kip
Weight due to Dead Load (D) in Exterior Columns 8th to 2nd floor case (8-7 to 2-1)
(30ft)(15ft)(80psf) + (30ft)(12ft)(10psf)= 39.6 kip

Weight due to Dead Load (D) in Interior Columns Roof Case (R-8)
(30ft)(30ft)(75psf)= 67.5 Kip
Weight due to Dead Load (D) in Interior Columns 8th to 2nd floor case (8-7 to 2-1)
(30ft)(30ft)(80psf)= 72 kip
Weight due to Live Load (L) in Exterior Columns Roof Case (R-8)
(30ft)(15ft)(12psf)= 5.4 Kip
Weight due to Live Load (L) in Exterior Columns 8th to 2nd floor case (8-7 to 2-1)
(30ft)(15ft)(58psf)= 26.1 kip
Weight due to Live Load (L) in Interior Columns Roof Case (R-8)
(30ft)(30ft)(12psf)= 10.8 Kip
Weight due to Live Load (L) in Interior Columns 8th to 2nd floor case (8-7 to 2-1)
(30ft)(30ft)(58psf)= 52.2 kip
Table 4.4. Column Axial Force (k)
EXTERIOR COLUMNS
D
LR
Fl
oo
r
WT
GS
TOTA
L
W
T
G
S
TOT
AL
W
T
G
S
TOT
AL
W
T
GS
TOT
AL
W
T
GS
R8
34.
65
4.7
25
39.3
75
5.
4
0.
76
6.1
6
0.2
65
0.26
5
0.8
30
0.83
87
39.
6
3.9
6
82.9
35
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
28.9
7
0.8
66
1.13
1
2.3
60
3.19
76
39.
6
3.9
6
126.
495
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
28.9
7
1.5
27
2.65
8
3.6
31
6.82
1
65
39.
6
3.9
6
170.
055
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
57.9
4
2.1
63
4.82
1
4.6
51
11.4
72
54
39.
6
3.9
6
213.
615
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
86.9
1
2.7
68
7.58
9
5.4
38
16.9
1
43
39.
6
3.9
6
257.
175
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
115.
88
3.3
39
10.9
28
6.0
13
22.9
23
32
39.
6
3.9
6
300.
735
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
144.
85
3.8
70
14.7
98
6.3
98
29.3
21
TOT
AL
21
39.
6
3.9
6
344.
295
6.1
6
26
.1
2.
87
173.
82
5.8
73
20.6
71
8.8
55
38.1
76
INTERIOR COLUMNS
D
Fl
oo
r
WT
GS
R8
67.
5
87
72
76
72
65
LR
TOTA
L
W
T
G
S
TOT
AL
W
T
G
S
TOT
AL
67.5
10
.8
10.
8
139.
5
10.
8
52
.2
52.
2
211.
5
10.
8
52
.2
104
.4
72
283.
5
10.
8
52
.2
54
72
355.
5
10.
8
52
.2
43
72
427.
5
10.
8
52
.2
32
72
499.
5
10.
8
52
.2
21
72
571.
5
10.
8
52
.2
W
T
GS
TOT
AL
W
T
GS
0.2
65
0.26
5
0.8
30
0.83
0.8
66
1.13
1
2.3
60
3.19
1.5
27
2.65
8
3.6
31
6.82
1
156
.6
2.1
63
4.82
1
4.6
51
11.4
72
208
.8
2.7
68
7.58
9
5.4
38
16.9
1
3.3
39
10.9
28
6.0
13
22.9
23
313
.2
3.8
70
14.7
98
6.3
98
29.3
21
365
.4
5.8
73
20.6
71
8.8
55
38.1
76
261
TOT
AL
4.5. Load Combination Girder Moment

For this section and sections 4.6 and 4.7, as was mentioned in the beginning of
section 4, just the load combinations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are taken into account for the
design. The results for load combination girder moment are clearly shown in Table
4.5, for exterior and interior girders respectively. These moments are obtained
making the load combination of those moments obtained in Table 4.1.
Table 4.5. Load Combination Girder Moment (k-ft)

EXTERIOR GIRDERS
Flo
or
1.4D
276.8
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
253.113
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
289.913
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
257.083
1.2D+1.0E
+0.5L
249.738
36
8
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
331.929
354.339
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
341.849
373.409
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
351.379
388.709
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
360.459
400.509
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
369.029
409.129
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
376.989
414.909
285.7
68
481.728
318.939
407.039
451.759
INTERIOR GIRDERS
Flo
or
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
1.2D+1.0E
+0.5L
215.0
42
246.573
219.012
214.062
235.214
422.8
6
279.959
292.949
315.359
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
302.869
334.429
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
312.399
349.729
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
321.479
361.529
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
330.049
370.149
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
338.009
375.929
250.838
422.8
6
279.959
368.059
412.779
250.838
4.6. Load Combination Column Moment

The results for load combinations column moment are shown in Table 4.6. These
results were obtained doing the combination of the moments in Table 4.3, for each
load combination case.
Table 4.6. Load Combination Column Moment (k-ft)
EXTERIOR COLUMNS
Flo
or
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
R-8
78.38
6
78.02
8-7
59.72
4
7-6
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
1.2D+1.0E+
0.5L
81.524
75.638
79.638
100.68
66.657
75.677
89.617
59.72
4
100.68
66.657
80.547
98.167
6-5
59.72
4
100.68
66.657
85.207
104.907
5-4
59.72
4
100.68
66.657
89.627
109.977
4-3
59.72
4
100.68
66.657
93.777
113.527
3-2
59.72
4
100.68
66.657
97.587
115.757
2-1
59.72
4
100.68
79.777
123.827
150.377
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
1.2D+1.0E+
0.5L
INTERIOR COLUMNS
Flo
or
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
R-8
41.62
2
38.071
47.31
46.011
60.566
8-7
34.93
44.404
38.96
52.5
80.37
7-6
34.93
44.404
43.83
62.24
97.49
6-5
34.93
44.404
48.49
71.56
110.97
5-4
34.93
44.404
52.91
80.4
121.1
4-3
34.93
44.404
57.06
88.7
128.21
3-2
34.93
44.404
60.87
96.32
132.66
2-1
34.93
44.404
87.105
148.79
201.9
4.7. Load Combination Column Axial Force

The axial force for each column placed in each floor was shown in Table 4.4, thus
these values were taken into account to perform the load combination column axial
force for each column exterior and interior, respectively and each level, this is
shown in Table 4.7 which is showed next.
Table 4.7. Load Combination Column Axial Force (k)
EXTERIOR COLUMNS
Flo
or
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
1.2D+1.0E
+0.5L
R-8
55.12
5
50.33
57.2385
50.648
48.08
8-7
116.1
09
148.954
123.863
118.4442
117.197
7-6
177.0
93
201.226
176.135
172.5486
173.1
6-5
238.0
77
299.85
242.892
241.9012
244.508
5-4
299.0
61
398.474
309.649
311.9798
316.703
4-3
360.0
45
497.098
376.406
382.7436
389.473
3-2
421.0
29
595.722
443.163
454.1446
462.628
2-1
482.0
13
694.346
509.92
527.9492
538.24
INTERIOR COLUMNS
Flo
or
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+
0.5LR
1.2D+1.6LR+(0.5L
or 0.5W)
1.2D+1.0W+0.5L
+0.5LR
1.2D+1.0E
+0.5L
R-8
94.5
86.4
98.4125
86.718
81.83
8-7
195.3
256.32
210.78
200.2572
196.69
7-6
296.1
426.24
323.28
314.5896
312.821
6-5
396.9
596.16
435.78
429.6852
429.972
5-4
497.7
766.08
548.28
545.5068
547.91
4-3
598.5
936
660.78
662.0136
666.423
3-2
699.3
1105.92
773.28
779.1576
785.321
2-1
800.1
1275.84
885.78
898.7052
906.676
5. - DESIGN OF MEMBERS
The design of this building is composed basically for three kind of structural (W
shapes) members: Girders, Columns and Beams. Girders are designed taking into
account the critical bending moment acting on them, for the case of Columns
design we must consider the critical axial load and bending moment, and when the
Beam design is performed the maximum moment acting along the beam due to
gravity load will control the design. Also it is important to point out that for Girders
and Beams the Shear and Deflection must be checked. All the above mentioned is
clearly explained in the next sections.
5.1. Critical Load Acting in Members

Analyzing very carefully the load combination tables presented in Section 4 we can
obtain the maximum (critical) loads acting in each member of the Typical Frame.
Also we can see that for some cases we have different values of critical bending
moment and axial force depending on the load combination, i.e. we have a lot of
changes in W shapes. But the more changes of section are needed, the more money
is required to perform such as changes, thus in this structural design of members
just two changes in column and girder sections are considered one for interior
members and the other for exterior members for columns and girders respectively,
i.e. the typical frame will be designed for 4 columns and 4 girders sections,
depending in the critical load controlling the design. This is explained next.
For the ease of these calculations Tables 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 are placed in this section
again and also to avoid that the reader has to be back in sections to check what is
being explained.
First, from Table 4.5 Load Combination Girder Moment, we can obtain the critical
bending moment for interior and exterior girders in each level. For Exterior Girders,
in the Roof Level case the critical bending moment is 306.214 k-ft corresponding to
the third load combination and for the 7th to 2nd level cases the critical bending
moment is 512.388 k-ft corresponding to the second load combination. For Interior
Girders, in the Roof Level case we can see a critical bending moment of 260.45 k-ft,
for the 7th to 3nd Level cases the critical bending moment is 449.74 k-ft and for the
2nd Level case the critical bending moment is 453.199 k-ft. Thus, for exterior girders,
we will have the same W section for the 7 th to 2nd Level cases and for the Roof Level
case a different section will be obtained, i.e. we have two girders sections. The
same thing happens for the case of interior girders. This can be checked next in
Table 4.5.
5.5. Controlling Load Combinations

The excel sheet presented with the report contains the entire LRFD Load
Combination calculations for Girder Moments, Column Moments and Column Axial
Loads.
Only the controlling moments and loads will be summarized in the tables below.
(To view the complete calculations of LRFD Load Combinations, refer to the excel
sheet.)
Floor
R
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Floor
R
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Floor
R
8
7
6
Exterior Column Axial

Force
57.2385
148.954
201.226
299.85
398.474
497.098
595.722
694.346
Interior Column Axial
Force
98.4125
256.32
426.24
596.16
766.08
936
1105.92
1275.84
Exterior Column
Moment
81.524
100.68
100.68
104.907
5
4
3
2
Floor
R
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Floor
R
109.977
113.527
115.757
150.377
Interior Column
Moment
60.566
80.37
97.49
110.97
121.1
128.21
132.66
201.9
Exterior Girder
Moment
289.913
481.728
481.728
481.728
481.728
481.728
481.728
481.728
Floor
Interior Girder
Moment
8
7
6
5
4
3
R
8
7
6
5
4
246.573
422.86
422.86
422.86
422.86
422.86
3
2
422.86
422.86
5.2. Girder Design

As we can see in Figure 5.1 we have four different critical bending moments acting
in all the Girders, thus, we just need to design four members. The design of Girders
will be restricted to W21 or W24 shapes depending on the bending moment acting
and the availability of W sections to resist such a moment.
For the case of Girders we can appreciate from the plan and elevation views
(Figures 1.2 and 1.3) that all these members are laterally supported along the span
by the concrete composite slab, thus for these cases Lb=0 , consequently
Lb
L p , for this case Cb=1.0 and we are using for the W sections Steel Grade 50, thus
we can easily get the ideal W section for the girder under consideration using Table
3-10 (Page 3-99) Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length, of the Steel Construction
Manual (SCM) [2]. We just need to look for a section which
b M n Mr
entering
with Lb=0 .
Once the adequate W section is chosen, the section must be checked against Shear,
this is performed satisfying the next equation:
v0.6F yA wC v Vr
Where v = Shear Resistance Factor = 1.00; Fy = Ultimate Strength of the Member;
Aw = Area of the web; Cv = Web Shear Coefficient = 1 (for rolled I-shaped members
with h/tw 2.24
E/ Fy=53.95
), thus the above equation is reduced to the next
form, and must be satisfied for all the section beams chosen.
0.6F yA w Vr
The last parameter that must be checked before to consider a W section completely
appropriate for the design is Deflection. The deflection of the girder should be less
than or equal to the allowable deflection, the deflection must be checked out for a
simply supported beam and for a double fixed beam cases, i.e. the both of the
following equations must be satisfied.
4
For a simply supported beam upper bound ( max )=
5W L L
Span
a=
384 EI
360
W L L4
Span
For a doubly beam lower bound ( max ) =
a=
384 EI
360
Where
( max ) = Maximum deflection under live load (not from load combination);
W L = Distributed live load; L= Longitude of the span; E= Yungs Modulus; I=

Moment of inertia of the member. It is quite logical that if the equation for the
deflection of a simply supported beam is satisfied then the respective one for the
double fixed beam also must be satisfied, but always is good to check both
equations just to know what are our boundaries and where is the deflection for the
member.
Selection of the appropriate W section for the 2 nd to 8th Level Exterior Girder Cases:
We have acting a bending moment
the SCM with a value of
122). For this section
Lb=0
M r=481.73 kft
thus entering to Table 3-10 of
we found that the W24x55 is adequate (Page 3-
b M n =503 kft
thus
b M n Mr
is correctly satisfied.
Now checking Shear for the W24x55 section, we have that nominal shear strength
is:
23.6
0.395
v V n=0.60F yA w = ( 0.60 ) 50
kip
And the required shear is:
W T =W D +W L =
(80 psf )(30 ft) (58 psf )( 30 ft )

k
+
=4.14
1000
1000
ft
k
(4.14 )( 30 ft )
W L
ft
V r= T =
=62.1kip
2
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
Now checking Deflection for the W24x55 section, we have that the distributed live
load acting in the beam is
W L=
(58 psf )(30 ft )

k
=1.74
1000
ft
and the allowable deflection
is
a=
Span 30 ft
=
=0.083 ft=1 , thus checking simply supported beam deflection,
360 360
we have:
5 W L L4 5(1.74 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.82
384 EI
384290001330
( max ) a is satisfied,
Then
checking for a doubly fixed beam as follows:
( max )=
W L L4 (1.74 12)(3012) 4
=
=0.16
384 EI 384290001330
Then
( max ) a
USE W24x55 GRADE 50 STEEL

Selection of the appropriate W section for the Roof Level Exterior Girder Case:
Lb=0
M r=289.91 k ft
b M n =358 kft
thus
b M n Mr
is:
20.7
0.35
v V n=0.60F yA w = ( 0.60 ) 50
kip
W T =W D +W L =
W L
V r= T =
2
(75 psf )(30 ft) (12 psf )(30 ft )

k
+
=2.61
1000
1000
ft
( 2.61
k
)(30 ft )
ft
=39.15 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
W L=
(12 psf )(30 ft )

k
=0.36
1000
ft
is
a=
Span 30 ft
=
360 360
we have:
5 W L L4 5(0.36 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.26
384 EI
38429000843
Then
( max )=
W L L4 (0.36 12)(3012) 4
=
=0.05 Then
384 EI
38429000843
( max ) a

Selection of the appropriate W section for the 2 nd to 8th Level Interior Girder Cases:
satisfy
Lb=0
M r=422.86 kft
b M n =473 k ft (here we can see that this W section also
M r=453.199 kft ) thus
b M n Mr
is:
20.8
0.375
v V n=0.60F yA w = ( 0.60 ) 50
kip
W T =W D +W L =
(80 psf )(30 ft) (58 psf )( 30 ft )

k
+
=4.14
1000
1000
ft
k
(4.14 )( 30 ft )
W L
ft
V r= T =
=62.1kip
2
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
W L=
(58 psf )(30 ft )

k
=1.74
1000
ft
is
a=
Span 30 ft
=
360 360
we have:
5 W L L4 5(1.74 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.96
384 EI
384290001140
Then
( max )=
W L L4 (1.74 12)(3012) 4
=
=0.19 Then
384 EI 384290001140
( max ) a

Selection of the appropriate W section for the Roof Level Interior Girder Case:
Lb=0
M r=246.57 kft
b M n =358 kft
thus
b M n Mr
is:
20.7
0.35
v V n=0.60F yA w = ( 0.60 ) 50
kip
W T =W D +W L =
W L
V r= T =
2
(75 psf )(30 ft) (12 psf )(30 ft )

k
+
=2.61
1000
1000
ft
( 2.61
k
)(30 ft )
ft
=39.15 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
W L=
(12 psf )(30 ft )

k
=0.36
1000
ft
a=
is
Span 30 ft
=
360 360
we have:
5 W L L4 5(0.36 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.26
384 EI
38429000843
Then
( max )=
W L L4 (0.36 12)(3012) 4
=
=0.05 Then
384 EI
38429000843
( max ) a
5.3. Column (Beam-Column) Design

As was stated in section 5.1 for the typical frame being designed we just need to
design 4 columns sections, the change of columns section had been found to be
optimal in floor level 4 for exterior and interior columns respectively. The size of the
column sections will be restrained to W14. The design is then divided in four kinds
of columns: Exterior columns from 2-1 to 4-3, Interior columns from 2-1 to 43, Exterior columns from 5-4 to R-8, Interior columns from 5-4 to R-8, all
the calculations to obtain the optimum W14 section for each case are shown next.
Exterior Columns from 2-1 to 4-3
There is side sway in x direction but no side sway in Y direction
Step 1 Identification of Principal Parameters
K x =1.2(assumed)
K x Lx =1.220=24 ft
K y =0.8 ;
;
;
Lx =20 ft ;
L y =20 ft
Lb=20 ft
K y L y =0.820=16 ft
Step 2 Load Combination

From section 5.1 the critical values for axial force and bending moment in the
column are the following.
M rx=150.377 kft
and
Pr=694.346 k
Step 3 Column Effect
M r=B1 M ntx+ B 2 M ltx

so
M ltx
B 1=1.0
and
but for this case as we dont have side sway in the y direction
B 2 are equal to zero, and thus we have
M r=B1 M ntx , supposing
M r=( 1.0 )( 150.377 ) =150.377 kft
and
Pr=694.346 k
As we know that the design of columns is restrained to W14 sections and for this
Lb=20 ft , using the table of average values of p , b x and b y
case
obtain a value
we
bav =0.98 x 103 .
Now using the interaction equations for columns subjected to axial and flexure
forces, we have that:
p P r +b x M r 1.0
When pPr 0.2 ,
It is important to note that for all the design of members of the typical frame always
the condition
pPr 0.2
was satisfied, thus to save space in the calculation this
condition is not remarked.
p ( 694.346 )+(0.98 x 103)(150.377) 1.0

preq
1.0( 0.98 x 103) ( 150.3778 )

=1.23 x 103
694.346
Thus entering to Table 6-1 of the Steel Construction Manual (SCM) with a value of
K y L y =0.820=16 ft
Check W14x90 -;
for preq , we got a trial section:
K y L y =16 ft ;
Lb=20 ft
Before start the checking of W sections we have to update the
Kx
value every
time the W section is changed. In the SCM is stated that for moment resisting
frames we can obtain the K value using the alignment chart, but before use it we
also need the value of the parameter G for each union in the column, thus the value
of G can be computed as follows:
Ic
G=
joint,
Lc
Lg
Lg
Lc=
Where
Ic=
Moment of inertia of all columns which intercept at the
Longitude of all columns which intercept at the joint,
of inertia of all girders which intercept at the joint and
Lg=
Ig=
Moment
Longitude of all
girders which intercept at the joint, in Figure 5.5 we can see this more clearly.
Figure 5.5 GA and GB values.
Thus this can be done in a general manner since we know that
Lc 1=1 2 ft=1 44 ,
Lc 2=20 ft=240 ,
Ic 1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,
Ig 1=W 21 x 55=843 4 . Thus we have for GA

Ic 1 Ic2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic (
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 240
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 4.74 x 103 ) Ic
Ig 1
Ig 1
843
Lg 1
Lg1
360
Where
Ic
is the moment of inertia of the W section being under consideration, for
this case, and as we have a fixed constraint in B then
GB =1.0 . Now we are ready
to check the first column section.

Check W14x90
4
Ic=1240
G A =( 4.74 x 103 ) (1240 )=5.88 ;
alignment chart of the SCM we got that
K x Lx =1. 7520=35 ft ;
K y L y =16 ft ;
critical since rx/ry=1.66.
K x Lx
=21.08
rx /ry
p=1. 18 x 103
(w.r.t.
interaction equation:
K x Lx ),
GB =1.0 thus entering to the
K x =1.75
Lb=20 ft , KxLx/KyLy=2.19 therfore x is
b x =1.65 x 103
(w.r.t.
Lb ), checking with
( 1. 18 x 103 ) ( 694.346 )+ ( 1.65 x 103 ) ( 150.377 )=1. 07>1.0
Not good try W14x99
Check W14x99
Ic=1110 4
G A =( 4.74 x 103 ) (1110 ) =5.26 ;
K x Lx =1.720=34 ft ;
K y L y =16 ft ;
p=1.06 x 103 (w.r.t.
K x =1.7
Lb=20 ft , KxLx/KyLy=2.19 therfore x is
K x Lx
=20.48
rx /ry
K x Lx ),
b x =1.49 x 103
Lb ), checking with
(w.r.t.
( 1.06 x 103 ) ( 694.346 ) +( 1.49 x 103 ) ( 150.377 ) =0.96<1.0
good use W14x99
Step 4 Beam Effect (W14x99)
but we already know that
proceed to compute the value of
B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
As there is not load between the span
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)
M 2 , and we know that the
moments acting in the end of this column are equal thus

also know that
for this case, thus we
Pr=694.346 k , and to compute
Pex
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we
we use Table 4.1 of the SCM
in the next manner
Pex=
B1
318 00 x 10 4
=3833.91k , then putting all this values in the equation to obtain
(1. 72 012)2
B 1=
C mx
0.2
=
=0.2 4
Pr
694.346
1
1
3833.91
P ex
factor, thus for this case
But
B 1 1.0
due that is an amplification
B 1=1.0 , and computing
M r=B1 M ntx+ B 2 M ltx =( 1.0 ) ( 150.377 )=150.377 kft

Step 5 Beam-Column Effect (W14x99)
Checking again interaction equation with the amplified moment
( 1.06 x 103 ) ( 694.346 ) +( 1.49 x 103 ) ( 150.377 ) =0.96<1.0
OK

Interior Columns from 2-1 to 4-3
K x =1.2(assumed)
K y =0.8 ;
K x Lx =1.220=24 ft
Lx =20 ft ;
L y =20 ft
Lb=20 ft
K y L y =0.820=16 ft

M rx=201.9 kft
and
Pr=1275.84 k

M ltx
and
but for this case as we dont have side sway in the y axis so
B 1=1.0
M r=( 1.0 )( 201.9 )=201.9 kft
and
Pr=1275.84 k
case
obtain a value
bav =0.98 x 103 .
we
p (1275.84 ) +(0.98 x 103)(201.9)1.0
1.0( 0.98 x 103) ( 201.9 )

preq
=0.63 x 103
1275.84
K y L y =0.820=16 ft
for preq , we got a trial section W14x145.
Kx
value every
Ic
G=
joint,
Lc
Lg
Lg
Lc=
Where
Ic=
Lg=
Ig=
Moment
Longitude of all
Lc 1=12 ft =144 ,
Lc 2=20 ft=240 ,
Ic 1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,
Ic 1 Ic 2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic (
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 240
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 1.75 x 103) Ic
Ig 1 Ig 2
Ig 1 Ig 2
1140 1140
+
+
+
Lg1 Lg2
Lg 1 Lg 2
360 360
Where
Ic
this case, and as we have a fixed constraint in B then
GB =1.0 . Now we are ready
to check the first column section.

Check W14x145
Ic=1710 4
G A =( 1.75 x 103 ) ( 1710 )=2.99 ;
K x Lx =1.5420=30.8 ft ;
K y L y =16 ft ;
K x =1.54
Lb=20 ft , KxLx/KyLy=1.925 therefore x is
K x Lx
=19.37
rx /ry
p=0.6 68 x 103 (w.r.t. ( KL ) y ),
b x =0.956 x 10
(w.r.t.
Lb ), checking with
( 0.6 68 x 103 ) ( 1275.84 )+ ( 0.956 x 103 ) ( 201.9 )=1.05>1.0
not good!
Check W14x159
Ic=1900 4
G A =( 1.75 x 103 ) ( 1900 )=3.325 ;
K x Lx =1.5 620=31.2 ft ;
p=0.611 x 103
K y L y =16 ft ;
K x =1.56
K x Lx
=19.5
rx /ry
(w.r.t. ( KL ) y ),
b x =0.956 x 10
(w.r.t.
Lb ), checking with
( 0. 611 x 103 ) ( 1275.84 ) + ( 0.863 x 103 ) ( 201.9 )=0.95<1.0

good! Use W14x159
B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we

also know that
Pex
we use Table 4.1 of the SCM
in the next manner
Pex=
544 00 x 104
=3880.85 k , then putting all this values in the equation to
2
(1.562012)
obtain
B 1=
B1
C mx
0.2
=
=0.2 9
Pr
1275.84
1
1
3880.85
P ex
thus for this case
But
B 1 1.0
due that is an amplification factor,
M r=B1 M ntx+ B 2 M ltx =( 1.0 ) ( 201.9 )=201.9 k ft

( 0.611 x 103) ( 1275.84 )+ ( 0.863 x 103 ) ( 201.9 )=0.95< 1.0
good!
Exterior Columns from 7-6 to 5-4

K x =2.0 (assumed);
K x Lx =2 .012=24 ft
K y =1.0 ;
;
Lx =12 ft ;
K y L y =1.012=12 ft
L y =12 ft
Lb=12 ft
M rx=109.977 kft
and
Pr=398.474 k

then
M ltx
but for this case as we dont have side sway in the column,
and
B 1=1.0
M r=( 1.0 )( 109.977 ) =109.977 kft
and
Pr=398.474 k
case
obtain a value
we
bav =1.47 x 103 .
p (398.474 ) +(1.47 x 103)(109.977) 1.0

1.0( 1.47 x 103 ) ( 109.977 )
preq
=2.1 x 103
398.474
Check W14x61 -
K y L y =12 ft ;
Lb=12 ft
Kx
value every
Ic
G=
joint,
Lc
Lg
Lg
Lc=
Where
Ic=
Lg=
Ig=
Moment
Longitude of all
Lc 1=12 ft =144 ,
Lc 2=12 ft=144 ,
Ic 1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,

Ic 1 Ic2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic (
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 144
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 4.39 x 103 ) Ic
Ig 1
Ig 1
1140
Lg 1
Lg1
360
Where
Ic
this case, and as we have a pinned constraint in B then
GB =10.0 . Now we are
ready to check the first column section.

Check W14x61
Ic=640
G A =( 4.39 x 103 ) ( 640 ) =2.81 ;
K x Lx =2 .2512=27 ft ;
K y L y =12 ft ;
GB =10.0
thus entering to the
K x =2.2
Lb=12 ft , KxLx/KyLy=2.25 therefore y is

3
p=1.60 x 10
(w.r.t.
K y L y ),
b x =2.49 x 103
(w.r.t.
Lb ), checking with
( 1.60 x 103 ) ( 398.474 ) +( 2.49 x 103 ) ( 109.977 )=0.911<1.0
good!
Thus continue the analysis with W14x61

B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)
Pr=366.2k , and to compute
also know that
Pex
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we
we use Table 4.1 of the SCM in
the next manner

4
Pex=
18300 x 10
=10502.75 k , then putting all this values in the equation to obtain
2
(1.01112)
B1
B 1=
C mx
0.2
=
=0.21
Pr
398.474
1
1
10502.75 k
P ex
But
B 1 1.0

( 1.60 x 103 ) ( 398.474 ) +( 2.49 x 103 ) ( 109.977 )=0.911<1.0
good!
Interior Columns from 7-6 to 5-4

K x =1.0 ;
K y =1.0 ;
K x Lx =1.012=12 ft
Lx =12 ft ;
L y =12 ft
K y L y =1.012=12 ft
Lb=12 ft

M rx=121.1 k ft
and
Pr=766.08 k

then
M ltx
and
B 1=1.0
M r=( 1.0 )( 121.1 )=121.1 k ft
and
Pr=766.08 k
case
obtain a value
we
bav =1.47 x 103 .
1.0( 1.47 x 103 ) ( 121.17 )

preq
=1.07 x 103
766.08
p (766.08 )+(1.47 x 103 )(121.1) 1.0
K y L y =K x Lx =1.012=12 ft
Check W14x90 -
for
K y L y =12 ft ;
preq , we got a trial section:

Lb=12 ft
Kx
value every
Ic
G=
joint,
Lc
Lg
Lg
Lc=
Where
Ic=
Ig=
Moment
Lg=
Longitude of all
Lc 1=12 ft =144 ,
Lc 2=12 ft=144 ,
Ic1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,

Ic 1 Ic 2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic (
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 144
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 2.19 x 103 ) Ic
Ig 1 Ig 2
Ig 1 Ig 2
1140 1140
+
+
+
Lg1 Lg2
Lg 1 Lg 2
360 360
Where
Ic

Check W14x90
Ic=999 4
G A =( 2.19 x 103 ) ( 999 )=2.19 ;
K x Lx =2 .1812=2 6.16 ft ;
K y L y =12 ft ;
K x Lx
=15.76
rx /ry
GB =10.0
K x =2.18
p=1.01 x 103
(w.r.t.
K y L y ),
b x =1.55 x 10
(w.r.t.
Lb ), checking with
( 1.01 x 103 ) ( 766.08 )+ ( 1.55 x 103 ) ( 121.1 )=0.96<1.0
good!

B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)

also know that
Pex
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we
the next manner
Pex =
18300 x 104
(2.181212)2
obtain
B 1=
B1
C mx
0.2
=
=0.21
Pr
766.08
1
1
10502.75 k
P ex
But
B 1 1.0

( 1.01 x 103 ) ( 766.08 )+ ( 1.55 x 103 ) ( 121.1 )=0.96<1.0
good!
Exterior Columns from R-8 to 8-7

K x =1.0 ;
K y =1.0 ;
K x Lx =1.012=12 ft
Lx =12 ft ;
L y =12 ft
Lb=12 ft
K y L y =1.012=12 ft

M rx=100.68 k ft
and
Pr=201.226 k

then
M ltx
and
B 1=1.0
M r=( 1.0 )( 100.68 k )=100.68 k kft
and
Pr=201.226 k
case
obtain a value
bav =1.47 x 10
we
p (201.226 )+(1.47 x 103 )(100.68 k ) 1.0

1.0( 1.47 x 103 ) ( 100.68 k )
preq
=4.23 x 103
201.226
K y L y =K x Lx =1.012=12 ft
Check W14x38 -
for
K y L y =12 ft ;

Lb=12 ft
Kx
value every
Ic
G=
Lc
Lg
Lg
joint,
Lc=
Ic=
Where
Lg=
Ig=
Moment
Longitude of all
Lc 1=12 ft =144 ,
Lc 2=12 ft=144 ,
4
Ig 1=W 21 x 44=843
Ic1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,
. Thus we have for GA
Ic 1 Ic 2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic (
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 144
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 5.93 x 103 ) Ic
Ig 1
Ig 1
843
Lg 1
Lg1
360
Where
Ic

Check W14x38
Ic=385 4
G A =( 5.93 x 103 ) ( 385 )=2.28 ;
K x =2.18
K x Lx =2.1812=26.16 ft ;
GB =10.0
K y L y =12 ft ;
p=3.73 x 10
(w.r.t.
K y L y ),
b x =5.0 x 103
Lb ), checking with
(w.r.t.
( 3.73 x 103 ) ( 201.226 ) +( 5.0 x 103 ) ( 100.68 k ) =1.25>1.0

Check W14x43 -
Ic=428
K y L y =12 ft ;
Lb=12 ft
G A =( 5.93 x 103 ) ( 428 ) =2.54 ;
GB =10.0
K x =2.2
K x Lx =2. 212=26.4 ft ;
Not good!
K y L y =12 ft ;
p=2.7 x 103 (w.r.t.
K y L y ),
Lb ), checking with
b x =4.0 x 103 (w.r.t.
( 2.7 x 103 ) ( 201.226 ) +( 4.0 x 103 ) ( 100.68 k )=0.8<1.0
good!

B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)

also know that
the next manner
Pr=366.2k , and to compute
Pex
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we
Pex=
12300 x 10
=5931.71k , then putting all this values in the equation to obtain
2
(2.21212)
B1
B 1=
C mx
0.2
=
=0.21
Pr
201.226
1
1
5931.71k
P ex
But
B 1 1.0
M r=B1 M ntx+ B 2 M ltx =( 1.0 ) ( 100.68 k )=100.68 k ft

( 2.7 x 103 ) ( 201.226 ) +( 4.0 x 103 ) ( 100.68 k )=0.8<1.0
good!

Interior Columns from R-8 to 8-7
K x =2.0 assumed ;
K y =1.0 ;
K x Lx =2 .012=24 ft
Lx =12 ft ;
L y =12 ft
Lb=12 ft
K y L y =1.012=12 ft

M rx=97.49 kft
and
Pr=426.24 k

then
M ltx
and
B 1=1.0
M r=( 1.0 )( 97.49 ) =97.49 kft
and
Pr=426.24 k
case
obtain a value
we
bav =1.47 x 103 .
p ( 426.24 ) +(1.47 x 103 )(97.49) 1.0
preq
1.0( 1.47 x 103 ) ( 97.49 )

=2.01 x 103
426.24
K y L y =K x Lx =1.012=12 ft
Check W14x61-
for
K y L y =12 ft ;

Lb=12 ft
Kx
value every
Ic
G=
joint,
Lc
Lg
Lg
Lc=
Where
Ic=
Lg=
Ig=
Moment
Longitude of all
Lc 1=12 ft =144 ,
Lc 2=12 ft=144 ,
Ic 1=Ic 2=Ic ,
Lg 1=Lg 2=30 ft=360 ,

Ic 1 Ic 2
1
1
1
1
+
Ic(
+
)
(
+
)
Lc 1 Lc 2
Lc 1 Lc 2
144 144
3
G A=
=
=Ic
=( 2.97 x 10 ) Ic
Ig 1 Ig 2
Ig 1 Ig 2
843 843
+
+
+
Lg1 Lg2
Lg 1 Lg 2
360 360
Where
Ic

Check W14x61
Ic=640 4
G A =( 2.97 x 103 ) ( 640 )=1.901 ;
K x =2.1
K x Lx =2.112=25.2 ft ;
GB =10.0
K y L y =12 ft ;
p=1.6 x 103 (w.r.t.
K y L y ),
b x =2.49 x 10
Lb ), checking with
(w.r.t.
( 1.6 x 103 ) ( 426.24 ) + ( 2.49 x 103 ) ( 97.49 ) =0.92<1.0
good!

B 2 M ltx=0
B 1 as follows:
Cmx =0.60.4 (
M1
)
Cmx =0.60.4 ( 1 )=0.2 , we
also know that
Pex
the next manner
Pex=
18300 x 10 4
(2.11212)2
obtain
B 1=
B1
C mx
0.2
=
=0.21
Pr
426.24
1
1
10502.75 k
P ex
But
B 1 1.0

( 1.6 x 103 ) ( 426.24 ) + ( 2.49 x 103 ) ( 97.49 ) =0.92<1.0
good!
5.4. Beam Design

The design of beams is developed considering them as simply supported beams
then the maximum bending moment acting is controlling the design and this is
calculated as is shown next, in Figure 5.10.
Figure 5.10 Maximum Moment Acting in a Simply Supported Beam.
For the building under consideration we have two cases of beams, the first one
when the member is considered an exterior beam and the second one when the
member is considered an interior beam, this is shown in Figure 5.11. Also in this
Figure we can see the tributary area for each beam in which the load will be acting,
these areas are equal to (10ft) (30ft) = 300 ft2 and (5ft) (30ft) = 150 ft2 for the
exterior and interior beams respectively.
It is important to note that the beams are designed just for Dead and Live Load and
no load combinations are required for this design. Also, since we have same Dead
and Live load for the 2nd to 7th Levels but different for the Roof Level, and each level
present two kinds of beams (exterior and interior), the total number of beam
designs is four for all the building.
Figure 5.11 Interior and Exterior Beams and Tributary Area.
The selection of the adequate W section will be restrained to W16 or W18 sizes
depending on the availability of the section to resist the moment required, also this
restriction is made because the beams must be connected with the girders and thus
Beams size should be smaller than the Girders size.
Once the adequate W section is chosen, the section must be checked against Shear
and Deflection in the same way that for girders.
Selection of the appropriate W section for the Exterior Beam Roof Level Case:
The distributed load acting in this beam is
W T =W D +W L =
(75 psf )(5 ft) (12 psf )(5 ft )

k
+
=0.435
1000
1000
ft
W T L2 (0.435)(302 )
M max=
=
=48.94 kft
8
8
The maximum moment acting is
M max=M r =48.94 kft
Thus we have acting a bending moment
Lb=0
Table 3-10 of the SCM with a value of
we found that the W16x26 is
b M n =165.75 kft
adequate (Page 3-130). For this section
then entering to
thus
b M n Mr
is
correctly satisfied.
is:
For this W section h/tw=56.8 then the realtion h/tw 2.24
satisfied and we need another procedure to compute
Cv
E/ Fy=53.95
is not
value, for this case we
are in the next case

h/tw 1.10 k v E /F y
1.10
because we have that h/tw=56.8
k v =5
and then
( 5 ) ( 29000 )
=59.24 then we have a value for C v =1.0 and
50
v =0.9
thus
15.7
0.250
v V n=0.90.6F y A w1.0=( 0.54 ) 50
kip
V r=
WT L
=
2
satisfied.
(0.435
k
)(30 ft )
ft
=6.525 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
is
a=
W L=
(12 psf )(5 ft )

k
=0.06
1000
ft
Span 30 ft
=
360 360
we have:
4
5 W L L 5(0.06 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.13
384 EI
38429000301
Then
( max )=
W L L4 (0.06 12)(3012) 4
=
=0.03 Then
384 EI
38429000301
( max ) a is completely
satisfied
Selection of the appropriate W section for the Interior Beam Roof Level Case:
W T =W D +W L =
(75 psf )(10 ft) (12 psf )(10 ft )

k
+
=0.87
1000
1000
ft
M max=
W T L2 (0.87)(30 2)
=
=97.88 k ft
8
8
M max=M r =97.88 k ft
Lb=0
b M n =165.75 kft
thus entering to
thus
b M n Mr
is
is:
15.7
0.250
v V n=0.90.6F y A w1.0=( 0.54 ) 50

kip
V r=
WT L
=
2
( 0.87
k
)(30 ft )
ft
=13.05 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
is
a=
W L=
(12 psf )(10 ft )

k
=0.12
1000
ft
Span 30 ft
=
360 360
we have:
4
( max )=
5 W L L 5(0.12 12)(3012)4
=
=0.25 Then
384 EI
38429000301
W L L4 (0.12 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.05
384 EI
38429000301
Then
satisfied
Selection of the appropriate W section for the Exterior Beam 2 nd to 8th Level Case:
W T =W D +W L =
(80 psf )(5 ft) (58 psf )(5 ft )

k
+
=0.69
1000
1000
ft
W T L2 (0.69)(302 )
M max=
=
=77.625 kft
8
8

Lb=0
thus entering to
b M n =165.75 kft
thus
b M n Mr
is
is:
15.7
0.250
v V n=0.90.6F y A w1.0=( 0.54 ) 50
kip
W L
V r= T =
2
k
(0.69 )(30 ft )
ft
=10.35 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
Span
W L=
(58 psf )(5 ft )

k
=0.29
1000
ft
30 ft
is a= 360 = 360 =0.083 ft=1 , thus checking simply supported beam deflection,
we have:
5 W L L4 5(0.29 12)(3012) 4
( max )=
=
=0.61
384 EI
38429000301
Then
( max )=
W L L4 (0.29 12)(3012)4
=
=0.12
384 EI
38429000301
Then
satisfied.
Selection of the appropriate W section for the Interior Beam 2 nd to 8th Level Case:
W T =W D +W L =
(80 psf )(10 ft) (58 psf )(10 ft)

k
+
=1.38
1000
1000
ft
M max=

W T L2 (1.38)(302 )
=
=155.25 kft
8
8
Lb=0
thus entering to
b M n =165.75 kft
thus
b M n Mr
is
is:
15.7
0.250
v V n=0.90.6F y A w1.0=( 0.54 ) 50
kip
W L
V r= T =
2
k
(0.69 )(30 ft )
ft
=10.35 kip
2
Thus we have that
v V n V r
is clearly
satisfied.
Span
W L=
(58 psf )(5 ft )

k
=0.29
1000
ft
30 ft
is a= 360 = 360 =0.083 ft=1 , thus checking simply supported beam deflection,
we have:
5 W L L4 5(0.29 12)(3012) 4
( max )=
=
=0.61
384 EI
38429000301
Then
W L L4 (0.29 12)(3012)4
( max )=
=
=0.12
384 EI
38429000301
Then
satisfied.
For the ease of the above calculation needed to obtain the beam W sections, are
introduced Figures 5.12 and 5.23. In Figure 5.12 we can appreciate the beam
member W sections for the case of the Roof level and Figure 5.13 shows the beam
members W sections for the 8th to 2nd level cases.
Figure 5.12 Interior and Exterior Beam W16 sections for the Roof Level Case
Figure 5.13 Interior and Exterior Beam W16 sections for the 2nd to 8th Cases
7. Self Weight of the Steel Structure

Up to this point we have all the members of the building and all the structural
detail, thus we are ready to compute the weight of steel required for the building.
7.1. Weight of the Typical Frame

The exterior columns from the foundation till the fourth floor are W14x99
sections and the interior columns from the foundation till the fourth floor
are W14x159 sections.
The length of these columns is 20+12+12+3 (column splice is 3 feet
above the slab) = 47 ft.
The total weight of the columns from the foundation till the 4 th floor is:
(2 columns)*(47 ft/column)*(99lb/ft) + (2 columns)*(47
ft/column)*(159lb/ft) = 15139 lb.
The exterior columns from 3 feet above the fourth floor till 3 feet above
the 7th floor are W14x61 sections and the interior columns from 3 feet
above the fourth floor till 3 feet above the 7th floor are W14x90 sections.
The length of these columns is (12-3)+12+12+3 = 36 ft.
The total weight of the columns from the fourth floor till the roof is:
(2)(36)(61) + (2)(36)(90) = 10872 lb.
The exterior columns from 3 feet above the 7th floor till 3 feet above the
roof are W14x43 sections and the interior columns from 3 feet above the
7th floor till 3 feet above the roof are W14x61 sections.
The length of these columns is (12-3) +12+3 = 24 ft.
The total weight of the columns from the fourth floor till the roof is:
(2)(24)(43) + (2)(24)(61) = 4992 lb.
The exterior girders from the 2nd floor till the roof are W24x55 sections
and the interior girders from the 2nd floor till the roof are W24x55 sections.
The exterior girders on the roof are W21x44 sections and the interior
girder on the roof is a W21x44 sections.
The length of all exterior girders is 30 ft and the length of all interior
girders is 30 ft.
The total weight of all the girders in the typical interior frame is:
{(2 girders/floor)*(30 ft/girder)*(55 lb/ft) +(1girder/floor)*(30ft/girder)*(55lb/ft)}*7
+ (2girders/floor)*(30 ft/girder)*(44 lb/ft) + (1 girder/floor)*(30ft/girder)*(44lb/ft)
= 38610 lb
The total weight of the frame is: 4992 + 38610+

15139+10872 = 69613 lb.
7.2. Weight of the Beams
For the case of beams, we have the same size of beams for the Roof level, this size
of this beam is: W16x26 and in total there are 40 beams every floor, thus the total
weight for beams in the roof level case can be computed as follows:
( 40 beam ) 30
ft
lb
26 =31200lb
beam
ft
)( )
For the cases from 8th floor to 2nd floor we W16x26:
( 40 beam ) 30
ft
lb
26 =31200lb
beam
ft
)( )
Finally the total weight of all the beams in the building can be computed as follows:
Total Weight of Beams=( 31200 lb ) +7 ( 31200 )=249600 lb
7.3. Total Weight of the Steel Structure

The total weight of all the steel structure is the weight of all the frames and all the
beams, thus as we have for this building five frames and we already compute the
total weight of beams, the total weight of all the structure can be computed as
follows:
Total Weight=5 ( Total weight of the Frame )+ (Totale Weight of beams )

Total Weight=5 ( 69613 lb )+ ( 249600 )=597665 lb
6. STRUCTURAL DETAILS
In this section the structural details are shown with the help of figures, the
calculation of such details is beyond the scope of this final project but in general
these are the minimal details required in the structural engineering professional
field. These details are: Connections, Column Splice, Column base plate, Interior
shear wall and Composite slab.
6.1. Connections
For the case of connection, there are three types for this building: Girder-Column
Connection (Moment Connection), Beam-Girder Connection (Shear Connection) and
Beam-Column Connection (Shear Connection).
In Figure 5.14 we can appreciate how the girders must be connected to the columns
to form a moment connection, this is necessary because our typical frame is a Steel
Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF), thus the basic condition is that the connections for
such a frame must be moment connections.
Moment connections are designed to transfer bending moments, shear forces and
sometimes normal forces. The design strength and stiffness of a moment
connection are defined in relation to the strength and stiffness of the connected
members. The design strength of a moment connection may be full- strength or
partial-strength. Similarly the stiffness of a moment connection can be rigid or semirigid compared to the stiffness of the connected member. For this project the
connections are considered designed with full strength requirement and with rigid
stiffness. As is shown in Figure 5.14 five bolts are used to connect the flanges of the
girders with the plates fixed to the flanges of columns, six bolts for the web plate
and four bolts in each connection of the angles with columns.
Figure 5.14 Girder-Column Moment Connections
In Figure 5.15 is shown the beam-girder connection, these elements must be

connected to resist shear forces. A plate shear connection is a single rectangular
plate of steel bolted to a girder web on one end and bolted to a supported beam on
the other. For this case we need six bolts for each angle connected to the webs of
beams and girders respectively, also as we can see in Figure 5.15 for this case
always the size of the beam section must be smaller than the girder section.
Figure 5.15 Laterals and Isometric Views of Girder-Beam Shear Connections
For the case of beam-column connections the same procedure that for the beamgirder connection is followed, there are just two differences: The first one is that for
beam-column connection the shear plates must be reinforced with six bolts instead
of three and the second difference is that beams are connected to the flange of the
column instead to the web. We can clearly see this in Figure 5.16.
Figure 5.16 Beam-Column Shear Connections

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Contents

2. LOAD ANALYSIS FOR A TYPICAL FRAME......................7

3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL FRAME..........19

5.2. Girder Design..................................................................51

7. Self Weight of the Steel Structure............................83

8.2. Modal Analysis...................................................................94

1.2 Plan view and Elevation:

2. LOAD ANALYSIS FOR A TYPICAL FRAME

Figure 2.1 Typical frame

Table 2.1 Dead load

2.2. - Live Load Analysis

Table 2.2 Live load

2.3. - Wind Load Analysis

The internal pressure is neglected thus the second term is zero.

velocity pressure coefficient

directional factor of the wind

According to the handout the exposure category of our building is B. In this

Table 2.5 Wind load leeward side

Figure 4 shows the wind loads acting on the building.

2.4 Seismic Load

From this table, Fa is calculated using straight-line interpolation to be 1.52.

S MS =F a S S=1.52 0.35 g=0.532 g

Then, the design earthquake spectral response acceleration at short period,

From this table, Fv is calculated to be 2.4 .

S M 1=F v S 1=2.4 0.1 g=0.24 g

The fundamental period of the structure, T, according to page 50 of the

Ta < T < Cu*Ta

Then, Ta = 0.035*(107)3/4 = 1.16 seconds.

According to page 50 of the handout, C u = 1.48

In order to move towards the conservative direction we consider the average

C s=0.1 S D 1 I =0.1 0.16 g 1.25=0.02 g

C vx : Vertical distribution factor

the portion of the total gravity load of the structure W, located

the height from the base to level i or x

k : The exponent is related to the structure period.

Since T = 1.44 s, k = 1.47.

0.209238 52.55124 10.51025

0.170378 42.79147 8.558293

0.134171 33.69791 6.739583

0.100857 25.33094 5.066188

0.070753 17.77012 3.554024

0.044304 11.12719 2.225437

0.022532 5.658952 1.13179

Table 2.2.2.6 Seismic load

V = Cs*W = 0.0347*7237.92 = 251.1558 kip.

3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL FRAME

Figure 3.1 DeWolf method

Figure 3.2 Location of Points Contraflexure in The Typical Frame

Span A-B (See Figure 3.2 to locate each span)

( 2.12 )+( 24.3) (2.1 )=55.99 kft

( 6.32 )+( 19.58) ( 6.3)=168.01 kft

( 6.32 )+( 24.3) ( 6.3)=197.74 kft

MC=( 2.25 ) ( 6.3 )

( 32 )+( 24.84 )( 3 )=85.32 kft

( 6.32 )+ ( 20.88) (6.3 )=179.17 k ft

( 6.32 )+( 24.84 )( 6.3) =204.12k ft

MG= (2.4 ) ( 6.3 )

3.2. Structural Analysis for Live Load

Span A-B (See Figure 3.2 to locate each span)

( 2.12 )+( 3.89) ( 2.1)=8.96 k ft

( 6.32 )+( 3.13) ( 6.3)=26.86 kft

( 6.32 )+ (3.89 )( 6.3) =31.65 kft

V = CsW = 0.03477237.92 = 251.1558 kip.