International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

Synchro Measurement Based Intelligent

Fault Identification
And Location of Parallel Transmission Line
*D. Miruthula and **R. Rajeswari

system. The performance of the power system, as well as

the individual components, can be evaluated by analyzing
data captured by monitoring devices such as fault recorders.
Fault recorders can be configured to capture specified
portions of normal, abnormal, and post abnormal data
during the operation of the power system. The major
abnormality in a power system is a fault condition. In most
instances, fault analysis requires that the fault type be
classified. Therefore, it is important that fault recorders be
equipped with accurate fault classification techniques.

Abstract--This paper presents a novel method of classifying

transmission line shunt faults. Most algorithms employed for
analyzing fault data require that the fault type be classified. The
older fault-type classification algorithms are inefficient because
they are not effective under certain operating conditions of the
power system and may not be able to accurately select the
faulted transmission line if the same fault recorder monitors
multiple lines. An intelligent based techniques described in this
paper have been proven to accurately identify all ten types of
shunt faults that may occur in an electric power transmission
system (double-circuit transmission lines) with the help of data
obtained from phasor measurement unit. This paper also
includes the analysis of fault identification technique using
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS) based protection schemes. The
performances of the techniques are examined for different faults
on the parallel transmission line and compared with the
conventional relay scheme. The results obtained shows that
ANFIS based fault identification gives better performance than
other techniques.

Electrical power systems have a dynamic and complex

behaviour. Different types of faults can interrupt the healthy
operation of the power system. Some of the major Electrical
faults are phase faults include phase to phase faults and
phase to ground faults and three phase faults. Faults are
classified according to the fault type and fault location.
The fault cases are classified as one of ten different types of
faults viz. three Single line to ground faults(SLG), three
Line to Line faults(LL), three Line to Line to ground
faults(LLG) and three phase to ground fault(LLLG). The
fault location is an important parameter especially in high
voltage power systems. The knowledge of fault location
leads to high speed fault clearance as well as improved
transient stability.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network - ANN, Adaptive Neuro

Fuzzy Inference System - ANFIS, Phasor Measurement Unit PMU, Global Positioning Satellite - GPS, Discrete Fourier
Transform - DFT.

I. INTRODUCTION

Several algorithms have been reported in the past for

classifying faults [1] [7]. Most of these algorithms are
based on the following:
Under-impedance
Torque
Over-current techniques.

To provide more reliable operations and higher power

transfer capability, double circuit transmission lines are
becoming more widely utilized in the power transmission
systems. An important objective of all the power systems is
to maintain a very high level of continuity of service, and
when abnormal conditions occur, to minimize the outage
times. It is practically impossible to avoid consequences of
natural events, physical accidents, equipment failure or
misoperation which results in the loss of power, voltage
dips on the power system. Monitoring and data recording
are vital to the reliable operation of an electric power

An under impedance technique, Most distance relays are

equipped with six measuring units. The inputs to these units
are voltage and current phasors derived from the power
system. The over-current technique utilizes the change in
current magnitude of each phase from the prefault stage to
the fault stage to identify the faulted phase(s). With the
over-current technique, either the instantaneous values or
the fundamental frequency phasors could be used. For most
fault conditions, these algorithms work as expected;
however, under certain fault conditions, they exhibit

*PG Scholar/ EEE Dept., Government College of Technology,

Coimbatore-641013.
**Assistant Professor/ EEE Dept., Government College of Technology,
Coimbatore-641013.

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undesired results. The effective operating torque for an

amplitude comparator could be used in a torque based fault
identification algorithm to determine the phases of a
transmission line that are faulted. Generally, the faulted
phase element gives the maximum positive torque.

transmission.
It consists of making synchronized
measurements of phasor quantities of voltages and currents
at several points spaced hundreds or thousands of
kilometers apart. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are the
most accurate and advanced time-synchronized technology
available.

The under impedance and torque techniques discussed in

[6] are dependent on the positive and zero sequence
impedances of the monitored transmission line (sometimes
the zero sequence impedance of the line cannot be
determined accurately). They are, therefore, suitable for
distance relays where the reach of the relays is defined. A
fault recorder, however, should be able to monitor all
transmission lines emanating from a station and possibly
most of the adjoining lines. Furthermore, the underimpedance and torque algorithms are sensitive to close-in
faults with strong sources behind them. It is possible that for
such fault conditions more than one measuring unit would
estimate either the positive sequence fault impedance or the
effective operating torque to be close to the desired value.
These techniques, therefore, cannot be reliably depended
upon to determine the faulted phases under all fault
conditions.

One of the most important measurement devices in Power

systems is PMU. The PMU is capable of measuring the
synchronized voltage and current phasor in a power
systems. PMU is considered to be one of the most important
measuring devices in the future of power systems. The
distinction comes from its unique ability to provide
synchronized phasor measurements of voltages and currents
from widely dispersed locations in an electric power grid.
The commercialization of the GPS with accuracy of timing
pulses in the order of 1 microsecond made possible the
commercial production of phasor measurement units.
Phasors of the three phases are combined to produce the
positive sequence measurement. The basic Phasor
measurement process is that of estimating a positivesequence (also negative and zero are available),
fundamental frequency phasor representation from voltage
or current waveforms. The analog power signal is converted
into digital data by the analog to digital converter. For
example, if the voltage is needed to be measured, the
samples are taken for each cycle of the waveform and then
the fundamental frequency component is calculated using
DFT. PMU Simulink model is shown in Fig.1.

Both versions of the over current techniques described in

[6] are susceptible to high fault impedance. In such
situations, the fault may never be classified. The first
version that uses the instantaneous values of the current
demands that the prefault waveforms be pure sinusoids and
following the fault the unfaulted phases must not increase in
magnitude. Version two uses a preselected threshold value
to determine the change in current from the prefault to the
fault condition. Since the power system conditions can
change over a short period of time, it becomes difficult to
select one specific value for all operating conditions.
This work focuses on intelligent based fault identification in
a parallel transmission line. The input vector X can be
written as
X= {Vs (t), s (t), Vr (t), r (t)}
(1)
Where Vs (t) and Vr (t) are the transmission line sending
end and receiving end positive sequence voltages at the time
t. s (t) and r (t) are the voltage angles at the same time
instants. The output of the intelligent networks classifies the
transmission line faults effectively.
In this paper, PMU based fault identification using ANN
and ANFIS are introduced and their performances are
compared. The proposed scheme with ANFIS gives better
performance than other techniques.

Fig. 1 PMU Simulink block diagram

II.

SYNCHROPHASOR MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY

A three phase voltage signal is applied to the input of
phasor measurement unit through triggered subsystem. It
will be triggered by using GPS-Clock pulse signal. So the
time tagged voltage phasors can be measured by using this

Synchronized measurement technology is an important

element and enabler of WAMPAC. Synchronized Wide
Area Measurements is a relatively recent practice
worldwide in the operation and control of electric power
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PMU with GPS enabled subsystem.PMU with GPS enabled

subsystem is shown in Fig.2.

The steps involved in the training process are,

Assemble the training data.
Create the network object.
Train the network.
Simulate the network response to new inputs.
Generating the simulated block.

IV. ADAPTIVE NEURO FUZZY BASED INFERENCE

SYSTEMS
A neuro-fuzzy system is a fuzzy system that uses a learning
algorithm derived from neural network theory to determine
its parameters (fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules) by processing
data samples. In recent years, hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF)
approach has considerable attention for their useful
applications in the fields like control, pattern recognition,
image processing, etc. In all these applications there are
different neuro-fuzzy applications proposed for different
purposes and fields. Hybrid neuro-fuzzy results are obtained
from fusion of neural network and fuzzy logic. ANFIS are a
class of adaptive networks that are functionally equivalent
to fuzzy inference systems. It represents Sugeno e
Tsukamoto fuzzy models and uses a hybrid learning
algorithm. In modeling of ANFIS,

Fig. 2 PMU with GPS enabled subsystem

III. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Neural networks are usually trained to perform complex
functions in various fields, including pattern recognition,
identification, classification, speech, vision, and control
system. In this paper feed forward back propagation
learning technique is used to train the ANN neurons to
identify the fault type and its location. Back propagation
was created by generalizing the Widrow-Hoff learning rule
to multi layer network and non linear differentiable transfer
function. Input and corresponding target vectors are used to
train a network until it can approximate a function. The
weights are initialized to small random numbers in the
beginning and then, the inputs are propagated forward by
activating the transfer functions in the neurons and
calculating the outputs of each layer in turn. Then the error
between the actual network output and desired response is
propagated backwards to update the weights in order to
minimize the network prediction error. Back-propagation
iteratively processes the training samples through the
forward propagation of input and backward propagation of
error until specified accuracy or other terminating
conditions are satisfied. The architecture of the network is
the multilayer feed-forward back propagation network.
Feed-forward network used for this work has two hidden
layer of sigmoid neurons followed by an output layer of
linear neuron. The feed-forward network is trained by using
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The proposed artificial
neural network is shown in Fig.3.

The inputs are sending end and receiving end

voltage phasors and the data are obtained by
simulating the model with Fuzzy Logic Controller
for various faults.
The data collected is trained using hybrid
algorithm.
The membership function used is gbell and
generate the .fis file.
Train the collected data for 100 Epochs.

The structure of ANFIS considered is shown in Fig.4.

Fig. 4 ANFIS Structure

Fig. 3 Proposed artificial neural networks

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International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

V. SAMPLE POWER SYSTEM SIMULINK MODEL

A Sample power system developed in Matlab Simulink
comprising of one synchronous machine with two buses has
been taken for the study. The system parameters are listed in
the Table 1. Sample power system Simulink Model with
ANN and ANFIS based intelligent systems developed
through MATLAB is shown in Fig.5-6.
Table 1 Sample System Components and Ratings
S.NO

COMPONENT

RATING

NO.OF
QUANTITIES
USED

Generator

210 MVA,13.8KV

Transformer

210
MVA,13.8KV/230KV
delta/star

Transmission
line(PI section)

100 km

Buses

13.8 KV

230 KV

Three phase
fault

---

Phasor
measurement
unit

---

Artificial neural
network

6:2:1

ANFIS

6:11, 21:1

7
8

Fig. 6 Sample Power system Simulink Model with ANFIS

2

The sample power system simulink model consists of one

synchronous machine, two buses, two PMUs, Two artificial
neural networks and two ANFIS subsystems. PMU sensor is
used for the measurement of voltage phasor at both the ends
of transmission line in the sample system. The measured
voltage phasors are given as the input to the intelligent
based subsystems which indicates the fault type and its
location.

VI.

SIMULATION RESULTS

The sample system has been simulated under fault condition

like L-G(Single line to Ground), L-L-G (Double line to
Ground), L-L-L-G (Three phase fault) on various location
of the transmission line for validating the approach. The
performance of proposed fault identifiers compared with
existing one [7] is shown in Table 2 and Table 3. A
performance evalution of various fault identifiers under
different fault conditions is shown in Fig.7-9. The
percentage error of the ANFIS based fault detector and
classifier should be mininum compare to other identifiers.
Fig. 5 Sample Power system Simulink Model with ANN

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Table 2 Performance Analysis of Various Fault Detectors

AFL (km)

EFL (km)

ERROR (%)

AFL (km)

EFL (km)

ERROR(%)

ANFIS BASED FI

90

88.6

1.56

90

90.38

0.42

90

90.2

0.22

95

93.4

1.68

95

95.49

0.51

95

95.41

0.43

98

96.2

1.84

98

97.08

0.93

98

98.86

0.87

90

89.2

0.89

90

89.34

0.73

90

89.78

0.24

95

94.1

0.95

95

94.69

0.33

95

94.8

0.21

98

97

1.02

98

98.31

0.31

98

98.37

0.37

90

89.2

0.89

90

90.01

0.01

90

90.18

0.20

95

94.1

0.95

95

94.51

0.51

95

95.04

0.04

98

97

1.02

98

97.47

0.54

98

97.81

0.19

L-L-LG

ANN BASED FI

ERROR (%)

L-L-G

RELAY

EFL (km)

L-G

DISTANCE
BASED FI

AFL (km)

TYPES OF FAULT

S.
No

Fig.7 Performance of Various Fault Identifiers under L-G

Fault

Fig. 8 Performance of Various Fault Identifiers under L-LG Fault

FI - Fault Identification
AFL - Actual Fault Location (km)
EFL - Estimated Fault Location (km)
Table 3 Performance Analysis of Various Fault Classifiers
UNDER

ANN
BASED

FAULT

IMPEDENCE
TECHNIQUE

OVER
CURRENT
TECHNIQUE

A-G

A-G

A-G

A-G

A-G

B-G

B-G

B-G

B-G

B-G

C-G

NOT
DETECTED

NOT
DETECTED

C-G

C-G

A-B-G

MISIDENTIFI
ED THE
FAULT ON
ANOTHER
LINE

A-B-G

A-B-G

A-B-G

B-C-G

B-C-G

B-C-G

B-C-G

B-C-G

C-A-G

NOT
DETECTED

NOT
DETECTED

C-A-G

C-A-G

Fig. 9 Performance of Various Fault Identifiers under L-LL-G Fault

INCORRECTLY

INCORRECTLY

A-B-CG

IDENTIFIED
ON
ANOTHER
LINE

IDENTIFIED
ON
ANOTHER
LINE

A-B-CG

A-B-C-G

VII. CONCLUSIONS

S.NO

ACTUAL

TECHN
-IQUE

ANFIS BASED
TECHNIQUE

The proposed approach describes the fault type and its

location using intelligent systems. These parameters are
very important for clearing the fault quickly and resume
normal operating conditions. The percentage of error for
classifying the type of fault is minimal and is much lesser
than the traditional approaches. The training and testing
patterns for the intelligent systems are obtained from the
transmission line sending end and receiving end voltage
phasor measurements. The output of both the intelligent
networks indicates the fault type and its location from the
sending end using synchrophasor measurements. Complete
system has been simulated and results have been tabulated
through the powerful Matlab/Simulink package.

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12) Karthikeyan kasinathan, Power system fault detection

and classification by wavelet transforms and adaptive
resonance theory neural networks, University of
kentucty Masters thesis, 2007.

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13) Guobing song; Jile Suonan, Qingqiang Xu, Parallel

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9) Fahd Hashiesh, Hussam E. Mustafa, Abdel-Rahman
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