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CHAPTER 1
HYDROSTATIC FORCE
1.1
Introduction
This chapter focuses on how to determine hydrostatic forces exerted on a plane or
curved surface submerged in a static fluid. It covers the force produced by the pressure
in a fluid that acts on the wall and the location of the resultant force, called the centre of
pressure.
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
a) Define the terms of Pressure and Hydrostatic Force.
b) Understand the terms centroid and center of pressure.
c) Understand the basic knowledge of hydrostatic forces acting on plane surface.
d) Understand the basic knowledge of hydrostatic forces action on curve surface.
e) Understand the basic knowledge of hydrostatic forces action on inclined
surface.
1.2
Hydrostatic Force
Hydrostatic is the branch of fluid mechanics that related to the fluids at rest. In
other word, it's deal with pressures and forces resulting from the weight of fluids at
rest. By referring Figure 1.1, the fluid exerts force and pressure against the walls of its
container, whether it is stored in a tank or flowing in a pipe. But there is a difference
between force and pressure, although they are closely related.
Hydrostatic Forces
Figure 1.1: Hydrostatic Forces in Tank
In summarize, the formula of hydrostatic forces (F) is:
F=P*A
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[2]
b)
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Absolute pressure (abs) is the pressure with its zero point set at the
vacuum pressure.
c)
Relative pressure (r) is the terms of pressure with its zero set at the
atmospheric pressure. This pressure is more widely use in engineering
than absolute pressure.
There is the relationship between them is:
r
= abs - a
= gh
OIL
(s.g = 0.9)
2.4 m
WATER
(s.g = 1.0)
1.5 m
3.0 m
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Solution:
The pressure for cylindrical tank:
P
= gh(oil) + gh(water)
= (0.9 x 1000 x 9.81 x 2.4) + (1.0 x 1000 x 9.81 x 1.5)
= 21189.6 + 14715
= 35904.6 Pa
= 359.046 kPa
=PxA
= 359.046 x ( x 32 / 4)
= 253.795 kN
of
the
centroid
are
evaluated
mathematically as:
Figure 1.2: Centroid Location
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So;
It is sometimes called the moment of inertia of the area. The second moment of
inertia is always positive since y2 > 0. The second moment of area about the y -axis is:
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One writes down second moment through centroid, then determines distance of
centroid to axis of rotation and finally applies the parallel axis theorem.
1.3
b)
c)
d)
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= h
(Perpendicular to plane)
Then, the magnitude of total resulting force, FR acting on the entire surface:
Where, h = y sin
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Then,
Equation 1.1
Where, hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of area.
Now, we must find the location of the center of pressure where the resultant force acts
as The moment
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Equation 1.2
where,
hp = center of pressure height from fluid surface
Ixc= second moment of area
b)
c)
d)
Find force F = Pc A.
e)
The location will not be at the centroid, but at a distance below the
centroid.
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1.3.3 Geometric Properties for locating Centroid Coordinates, Areas & Moment of
Inertia
Shape
Area, A
Centroid
Location, C
x
y
Moment of 2nd
Inertia, Ixc
ba
b
2
a
2
ba3
12
ba
2
2b
3
a
3
ba3
36
R2
4
R2
2
4R
3
0.1098R4
R2
4
4R
3
4R
3
0.05488R4
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ii.
iii.
Case 1:
1.1m
1.1m
hc
hc
60cm
90cm
Solution:
Height of rectangular is 0.6m. Centroid of the rectangular,
C = 0.6/2
= 0.3m
Locate centroid of the object from the surface, hc is:
hc = 1.1 + 0.3
= 1.4m
Case 2:
1.1m
hc
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d = 1.0m
Solution:
Diameter of circle is 1.0m. Centroid of the circle,
C = 1.0/2
= 0.5m
Locate centroid of the object from the surface, hc is:
hc = 1.1 + 0.5
= 1.6m
Case 3
0.5m
hc
1.5m
1.3m
1.5m
Solution:
First, define :
1.3m
sin = 1.0/1.3
1.0m
= 0.769
= sin-1 0.769
= 50.3
Then; define centroid of triangle, C:
h
2/3h
C = 2/3 (1.3)
1/3h
= 0.8666m
0.5m
1.168m
So;
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hc = 0.5 + 0.668
= 1.168m
Problem 1.3
By referring the Figure below, determine the hydrostatic force on the plate and location
of the center pressure.
Solution:
The Hydrostatic Force, F = gAhc
= 1000 (9.81) [(1.2 x 1.0)/2] [3 + (1.0/3)]
= 9810 (0.6) (3.333)
Where;
= 19618.038 N
= 19.62 kN
The Center of Pressure, hp = [Ixc*sin2 / Ahc] + hc
= [0.0333(1) / (0.6 x 3.333)] + 3.333
Sin 900= 1
Sin2900= 1
= 3.35 m
Problem 1.4
A pool has a water gate AB with 60diagonal to the water surface and has been fixed to
pool wall. The water gate has a rectangular shape and 2m width shown in Figure below.
Calculate the hydrostatic force and determine the center of the pressure gate.
A
60
3m
B
Pool Base
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Solution:
Find Hydrostatic Force, F = gAhc
Where, hc = distance from water surface to the gravity center
hc = 3/2 = 1.5m
60
Where;
3m
= 3.464m
A = 2 x 3.464
= 6.928m2
Ixc = bh3 /12
= 2 x 3.4643
12
= 6.928mm4
Sin 60=
2
Sin260= 0.75m
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5m
B
12m
Solution:
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FV
= 891611N = 891.6 kN
17 m
R
= (FV2 + FH2)
= [(1294)2 + (891.6)2]
= 2469386.56 = 1571.4 kN
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1 m long
12 m
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Problem 1.6
Determine the resultant force on the curved part of the base by referring Figure below.
4m
V1
3m
j = 2m
V2
FV
FH
Solution:
Area, A = 2 4 = 8 m 2
Centroid height, hc= 3 +
2
= 4m
2
Total volume, V = v 1 + v 2
v 1 = 4 3 2 = 24m 3
3.142(2 2 )
4 = 12.57 m 3
v 2 =
4
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FV
Resultant Force, R
R
= (FV2 + FH2)
= tan 1
1.5
FV
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FH
FH
358.75
= 48.8 0
313.92
with the water experiences a hydrostatic force. This hydrostatic forces acting perpendicular to
the dam wall surface area that contact with water, either square-shaped dam or trapeziumshaped. Dam to withstand the force of gravity, weight or mass of the dam structure and act on
the center of gravity (centroid).
7m
4.5m
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Solution:
i.
g = 9.81 m/s2
= 1000(9.81)(4.5/2)(4.5*5)
A= 4.5 * 5 = 22.5 m2
= 496631.25 N = 496.63 kN
ii.
= 1000 kg/m3
where;
bd3
= 5(4.53)
12
hcA
12
= 37.96875 m
= 37.96875(1) + 2.25
= 900
2.25(22.5)
sin2 = 1
= 3 meter
Problem 1.8
A concrete dam with trapezium-shaped are 10 m high and 350 m long has been hold
water depth of 8m. Determine hydrostatic force over an inclined dam surfaced and
center of pressure.
5m
10m
8m
2m
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7m
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Solution :
FH
Center of Pressure
FV
How to define
10/2 = tan
@ tan = 5
10m
= tan-1 5
= 78.690
= 78.690
2m
8m
Sin = 8/x
x = 8/sin 78.690
x = 8.16 m
Area, A
= Ldam. * x
= 350 * 8.16
= 2856 m2
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How to define hc
= 8/2
hc
= 4m
centroid
8m
hc = d/2
L @ b = 350m
Ixc = bd3
x @ d = 8.16 m
12
= 350(8.163)
12
= 196244.7448
12
= 15847.37 m4
i.Hydrostatic Force, F = ghcA
= 1000(9.81)(8/2)(8.16*350)
= 112069 kN
where;
= 1000 kg/m3
g
hcA
= 15847.37(0.96) + 4
4(2856)
= 15213.48 + 4
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= 9.81 m/s2
A = 2886.1 m2
hc = 4 m
Ixc = 16353.73
m4
= 78.690
sin2 = 0.96
11424
= 5.33 m
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