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Utopian Visions
MYSTERIES OF THE
UNKNOWN
^Utopian Visions
CONTENTS
Essay
CHAPTER
Essay
CHAPTER
Essay
Dream
City
by the Sea
87
CHAPTER
Perfecting (he
Human
Spirit
98
Essay
An
Obligation "to
Redo Everything"
120
CHAPTER
Acknowledgments
154
Bibliography
154
Picture Credits
156
Index
156
JSaU^
cence or perpetual
visions.
bliss,
i?m>&
the concept of
cU*u*ii>-
is
own
its
"enclosure."
It
was on
garden with
much
In the
ment. Nature,
personifies
was
eternity.
sumed
Confucian thought,
virtue. In
is
Zen
as-
and ac-
Amida
The
in
wisdom and
for philosophical
embodied
of the fruits
designed as
some
Symit
art
its
flowers,
was
*&^- #$&&*
h&<-x'.i rZXtec. hc&&&
paradise
$^"2s:
>
spiritual
,w.
**&%*:-
<'**^&^j
wt ^s
^jji
In this
1646 painting
titled
a
verdant wild stretches before a
,*<..
(left),
The
retreat to nature. In
harmony
ingparadise on earth.
Seeking such harmony, a
Japanese official enjoys a meditative moment beneath plum
and cherry blossoms in the
fourteenth-century scroll above.
*"** x*>
Rendered small and unobtruAdam and Eve recall humankind's original carefree and
sive,
12
'M
^k
<*-
i
,.
\
-
<
|
**
\.
Zm^
<
>
'
/
^
-s^
ft
i
93^fe><''.<
13
14
titled
The Plains
ofparadise as
it is described in
the New Testament's book
of Revelation: a lush and ethereal other world, spirited with
angels, where souls await
the Last Judgment.
15
CHAPTER
thing; for
poor,
among them
none
rich; for
free
man
is
there
in necessity;
is
full,
no
no unequal
private
all
man
know
that
distribution, so that
no man
if
and cheerful
is
all
life,
from anxieties?"
So did Thomas More, the sixteenth-century English statesman, describe his version of the ideal society
who would
VIII
that
later
would forever
become
and a martyr
for the
Utopia,
lord
title is
is
sense" who
is
described as having
made
first
half of the
New World
book consists of
lodaye's
visit to
the land
known
Some-
where, whose "way of life provides not only the happiest basis for a civilized
just
in all
human
one of a long
line of visionaries
who dreamed
Throughout
history,
in nearly
every civilization, from ancient Sumerian ruler-priests to Renaissance philosophers to twentieth-century social revisionists, have offered their
own
Some envisioned a paradise like the Garhumans could live in eternal splendor, free from earthly
Utopian
own
among
on paper
humankind's
the best-known
Many have
society
in their
own would-be
Utopian
many who
mation; for
was
twentieth-century Americans,
racial injustice.
ing.
spir-
own magical ideas to guide them in establishing their own paradises on earth.
Two thousand years after Pythagoras's time, countless
groups saw the discovery of America as a new beginning,
and
to their
an opportunity
to return to
an Eden-like existence.
Reli-
Those
The quest
The
Others
and perfection
harmony within
has produced
ing those
who
its
dimension of
human
tend, people
can
By developing the
of heaven
live
strife
in
fall
it was signs
coming Refor-
More,
of the
intento-
some mutually
be as varied as the
to
in this
how
religion,
and
it.
seems
sense
is
is
usually defined as
authority.
How
Some
others
want
aries
may
to
be
their
Utopian vision-
or they
life,
may em-
Some advocate
communities.
per-
communal
access to
times of
is,
together harmoni-
been strongest
spiritual
property,
The urge
hold
ly,
sign of abat-
ideals.
such issues as
spiritual perfection.
shows no
for Utopia
definition of Utopia
perfection,
it
some
for
agreed goals or
New World
homelands;
communities that
tional
in the
it
sought to forge
status
all
between
all
people.
9t
it
sion
is
always with
us.
"A map of
that
the world
Utopia
the
is
one country
at, for
which Humanity
at
lands there,
sail.
it
it
leaves out
always landing.
is
Progress
is
the realiza-
tion of Utopias."
in the
context of an
concept of a place
free
had
is
as old as humankind
its
the minds of
itself.
modern humankind,
call
Every cul-
them, and
one on another
in
Many
enne
fields of plenty.
The
is
myths, paradise
It is
is
mun
if
moment, destined
in the
ness of Western
civilization,
it
is
may be
the
best-known exam-
by no means the
earliest
who
BC
"fertile plain")
developments
It
The wolf
kills
/ The sick-eyed
The old
woman
says
and
fruitful,
that suffers
whose
fields are
The
idyllic
Dilmun
is
peopled by
who
immune
immune
toil
and
to temptation. According
among Dilmun's
god
It
/ In Dil-
to the
old."
in agri-
sick-eyed," /
In-
word
One
am
am
eternally green
for their
is
pure
cry,
myth of
2000 BC.
no
Unknown
"I
is
is
occupied the
to
is
says not,
not, "I
recorded
man
eden (meaning
known
/ The
it
to re-
Genesis,
tablet began:
a clean place,
rival."
to eat.
fertile fields,
He
is
told
18
pi a, created
by** 8
'
More
man Thomas
depicted in
left)
th^^J
W??
and
oolcUto .
still
debate
whether More-*WV
conun u-
^.n
principles^
eran
rehgious to
utopifl
nal
thet>o
or whether
author too
^.^
S^roJmgaexamr^
able ' m
e and an
rnhabet
Utopian dP h
(be low)f
v;
V
with puns,
^dre. The
St
P le f lTfSr<
Tt
tex
healed the
:
yet
isGreek/or
ote
der
V x y
Tc^chonvcmacuUV
^
l
pea
Boccas
JU
oa
19
Jl
_ r rj (*i
i
boiarwlomm
l<3QLG6
'
E2xc die-
sion
on, eternal
life is still
From
that point
and a new
order.
Mesopotamia,
is
it
and good
sight
Dilmun, one
heavy with
tree,
den's inhabitants,
like
Adam and
who promised
serpent,
God
if
fruit,
was tempted by a
she and Adam would become
that
it
woman saw
was
was good
to
ate;
fruit
and
husband and he
ate.
that
made themselves
for
was
Then
was
evil."
and
that
forbidden plants of
like the
food,
And
for food."
pleasant to the
is
to her
sewed
fig
aprons."
Adam and
Eve
of
toil
He
then drove them from the garden, exiling them from what
had been a state of innocent happiness, of harmony with all
scratching a living from the land and to eventual death.
God's creatures.
Humankind's
fall
from grace
how human
is
transgressions forced
the heavens. In Angola, for example, the "one great, invisible god,
known
who made
all
things
and controls
all
things,"
humans "have
is
of-
In
people began to
drift
away from
the Great
tell
Spirit,
how
the
"to divide
20
to
By ascending such
ziggurats,
21
Having
^d
lost
their
thdr^nce-
immorton^
cover themse
and Eve
of Eden
in
den
mc^
dng
hu
.
sixteenth-century P
, almost
evW'ssions are
m ^ZaZTs"
of grace,
a io
blamed for
ri
ser-
further
still
away from one another and their pristine wisdom. They became suspicious of one another and accused one another
wrongfully until they became fierce and warlike and began
to fight
one another."
of these traditions, humankind's
In all
fall
from grace
The
declined.
humans
legends,
In virtually all
a state of perfection.
One
of the best
life
known
is
found
of these
on earth
in
of these lost
ages was the golden age of classical Greek myth, described by the eighth-century-BC Greek poet Hesiod in
his epic
who have
their
immortal gods
homes on Olympus
created a golden
who
when he was
king
in
come
toil
like
gods,
and
sor-
to them, but,
ever strong in legs and arms, they enjoyed themselves with feasts, separated from
all
good
all evils.
its
They had
own
fruit,
and they
in cattle
accord
many
by the gods."
this
primeval
generation
they had
far,
in stature
of heroes,
^
Many
them were
or
demigods gained
to
immortality.
of
said
Blest, also
the
"honey-sweet
do
giving fields
teus
tells
blossoming
fruit
sian Plain,
"where
easiest for
life is
men."
fresh
is
that date,
is
to re-
all
was he merely recording an ancient tradiNo one can know for sure. However, the tale
golden age and its passing was accepted as
by most Greeks and Romans. Indeed,
Roman
gclden-age mythology.
In Plato's
after Hesiod's
works.
which
"We must do
is
three centuries
we can
the poet's
to imitate the
life
Plato wrote,
"and
so
in
far
and public
who
life."
based work on
poems
of Greek and
Roman
handbook
in the
men
of their
own
sweet repose.
The idea
held out to
Spring
that a golden
humankind
the
was
in safety
enjoyed
eternal."
hope
^^f^^^ding
Satan srna
Revela
en and
booK^e
From
fore-
es.
don,
hich
^^^
eradicated^*
fn^al
JSs
the
Previ
the vision
human drama
new
cycle of ages
Kali
began
would commence.
"who
is
protected by
But per-
or
historical fact
Kali.
illness.
tion?
of a
always
man
that
and
7,
a great buffalo
no snow,
rain, but
when
In the
men; there
gusts of shrill-blowing
on February
yield." In
Dvapara and
S^fheSuaJ center of
eaTthT^TdieNew)erusa-
is
when
engulfed
was
the Spaniard
who banked
Aztec Indians,
pire
on it and
who
dwelled
lost.
their
moon
Quetzalcoatl
vowed
that
When
Spanish explorer
in
Many
was
god, to
Mexico
were convinced
in
that
Montezuma
II
returning
fierce
Aztec
refused to resist
Tula and
warrior
was
According to leg-
leave the
em-
the long-expected
manifest
itself
as a
000-year reign of
New
Testament
20, in
be
re-
strained
will
for
God
the devil
and chaos
and
redeemed
earth," with a
go to
live in
dead
"New Jerusalem."
Pythagoras
was born on
Samos
in
then
rise,
48th Olympic
in the
Games
and the
"a
men
directly,
will
tant
to the world.
then intervene
will
and
sell
bring misery
who
Miletus, the
first
man
The
for
whose
life,
hope and
rebirth, for
made
of jasper
(a
colored quartz),
in his twenties,
would
casual manner, in
Humankind
who
Like Pandora,
its
to Egypt to learn
went
all
initiated,
not in a superficial or
own
deficiencies.
and
idle curiosity
lates,
sic
and other
came
tain spiritual
mai
mans and
man
are
all
undone."
is
no
evi-
ythagoras returned to
Samos
and Western
at the
its
age of fifty-six.
blend of Eastern
spiritualism
low
me
Humans
They could
Utopia,
even
if
try to create
new
fallen
fol^
where thou
selves as wise
call
is
of music
and astronomy.
British
literally
first
to
a "lover of learning." In
and Pythagorean
were interchangeable.
paradise on earth
much
One
some time
himself a philosopher,
fact, for
logic, set
None of Pythagoras's
written about him by
mentioned only
fifth
five
result,
most of what
to later writers,
there
he
known about
is
their
is
owed
impressions
tale
25
superhuman
feats
in
abound. An often-told
two
cities at the
same
Looming above
the city of
time. "Nearly
all
historians of his
Metapontum
and discoursed
es."
The
cities
in
in
and Tauromenium
Pythagoras
is
confidently assert,"
in Italy,
common
life
in
in Sicily,
both plac-
travel apart.
was he
to
ras petted
it,
animal kingdom.
it
an oath no longer
to touch
it
"by
living thing."
Samos, Iamblichus
tells us,
Samians
what
in
relates to education."
He went
men well
to Italy,
which
in
in the
known
town
became
was
in
a Utopian brotherhood
new
It
to usher
and
living disciplined,
flocked to the
midable
elite
many
followers that
political force.
It
it
eventually
formed a model
became a
city ruled
for-
by an
Greek settlements
Greece
itself.
in Italy
all
the
western
in
it
brought
way
of
life
their
ties to
other
life
26
27
made
human
mortal body.
society's mission
was
lence,
and
rigid
was imwas a
was impris-
man
taking
it
who
to purify
its
members' souls
Like
through self-examination,
lives.
ing,
indispensable for
until
Aspirants for
thing,
from
fully
was deemed
all in-
spiritual progress.
how
had
If
mode
this test,
the initiate
filled
end has
brought
in
Initiates
abilities
if
animal or hu-
man had
field.
their
known
was developing
logic
the bonds of
friendship. In friendship,
.._..,
and cos-
always remain
TO
for instruc-
loyal.
Iamblichus
tells
the Story of
and
Euryphamus.
he
had
After
J r
the Pythagoreans Lysis
jUSt
28
ex-
into
in
by an en-
jn this Tibetan
sacrifice.) Or:
in
(Answer: to
it
plaining that
strict
body
was
to another,
the
tion. Typical
were
Pythagoras placed
ied ethics
harm
rig-
he were dead."
were divided
one body
him as
raised to
was
routines of
emy, once fought to the death when they could have easily
strict
If
with
re-
Once accepted as a candidate, the initiate had to obvow of silence and was stripped of all his
was permitted
to converse
was
serve a five-year
If
in
resided, Pythagoreans
possessions.
the
manand
he was
all
own
how
it
aris-
an aspirant passed
in order.
on
slept
initi-
philosopher noted
is
to
in
rigidly structured
cloth.
and
not
is
is
si-
tellectual
it
pare for the coming golden age. However, since the study of
study of mathematics
in laying
soul
it
assist a
sacred thing."
in a
The
Only by
"Do not
life
soul, or essence,
oned
of
all
painting from
22S22*SEL.
holds that through a ritualized
process ofyoga, meditation,
offerings' and sexual intercourse-which represents ultimate bliss and the creation of a
harmonious unit-humans can
transcend purely carnal sensations and experience an exalted
state of knowledge. The Buddhas surrounding the pair symbolize the center of the cos-
mos and
A^ect watch
from
As^saintedJ^s dentsof
.
City
either
0/^^
^
seven a
one of the
* is
or commit
insin
exercise
ee
Augustme,
?dm/t"
'the
sion to
ngraV -
Church'
at the
friend
Euryphamus,
who was
about
Euryphamus
for
him. Lysis
Euryphamus
and
Lysis
left
without quitting his seat," wrote Iamblichus, "the remainder of that day and the
another,
seems
it
to duty
and one
own
the
success. Yet
some
thirty
years after
at Crotona,
as Plato asserts,
its
cians and
power of
some
of
many
of the
the society.
its
Its
common
folk
came
the
In
was
swift
at the Pythagoreans,
and
tragic.
and
their
fall
from power
come
in the
tions that
thusiasm
"I
he explained.
Pythagoras's accomplishments
fitting
epitaph to his
chaos
life
live on.
There
is
ended by
came
its
had reason
per-
to
be troubled. What
in retrospect is
finally
come
to
viewed as
an end with
divine part.
He
general
to realize that
its
of en-
with the gods. ... He purified and restored the soul. He revived and evoked
to ques-
full
"Now when
about 387 BC, more than 100 years after the death of
him, he had
five centuries.
haps no more
through
ten
we apprehend
one Truth."
Italy to
... for
it,
were leveled
to resent the
members possibly
is
and the
30
in the
was
In Plato's
politically
calm
wake
in the
zens: Guardians,
of this storm?
ries,
nityseems
to
and examining
have changed
his
be the
society,
acquisition" of
The Republic.
The Republic
is
in disarray,
when Greek
political
li
Plato's vehicle to v
ety
is
on
justice.
also a
But to some
metaphor
and
if
and happiness.
all
of the several
city-state
is
would share
always cor-
the city-state
it,
was bound
to suffer. There-
own
was
to
If
its
Utopian
rest; Auxilia-
in the
citi-
this per-
literary description of a
ruled
on
in part
of
example of a
finest
first
who
Intellectually revital-
ized,
Academy,
who had
who
Workers,
commu-
their Utopian
life.
munal Utopia
men
the
all
agree
same
sH
in
thing,"
wrote
lato painted
Plato.
an
and
presume
spirif
of his paradise,
idyllic portrait
life's
simple pleasures.
"I
houses.
What
is
They
will live
their children,
justice?,
what they considered to be the ideal sociIf they could understand what a state needed in order to
one another's
and not
they formulated
ety.
be
just,
"We
fear of poverty
To
itself.
to
and war."
outlawed marriage
happy,
their
wives
in
To guarantee
must contain
common and
this
the
same
it is
justice.
soul wis-
who
is
that
he
who
is
ill,
whether he be
are
who
was
to
be chosen
for mating.
en away from
rich or poor,
know
shall
be
in
be overseen by the
To establish a
for the
picking out
society,
man who
their
can rule."
duties of bringing
31
Newborn
children
women
them
up.
were
in a
to
be tak-
community
If
the
women happened
to
be of
^iltw-'-li
in
calls to
styles, architect
Hnfiffi
Etienne-Louis Boullee
were expected
to help the
men
rule
the city-state.
down
strict
most deeply
Plato,
ness
in its train,
tured, but
if
ond century BC
elites,
to the
was understandable,
creator.
its
is
Many see
by
whom
he be nur-
state,
if
In-
deed,
same Utopian
goal of perfection.
was
landmark study
liv
The History of
Utopian Thought, Joyce Oramel Hertzler wrote that Plato
entitled
ly for
forces of the
piety,
The
'Republic'
and
inspiration."
To
its
is
full
remained a
it
be realized
since
it
He wrote
is
alyptic
Just as Plato
liefs
earth, at least as
is
a model of
gil's
Samos.
Plutarch,
whose
first-century-BC
work
Life
of one of these
victorious. Next,
all
life
an apoc-
will
spread
enjoy "ever-
in everlasting light."
themselves
final battle.
Virtheir
possessions
when
of Ly-
ment from
ing."
33
all
after-
was
and
Every
battle, the
living strictly
And
emerge
To prepare themselves
will
raiment of majesty
it."
member
evil.
Sons of Light
imagine. But in
many
to the angels, is a
Evil will
man
nowhere on
will
day, the
vi-
strive for.
Sons of
being, from
of hope
them
life
They viewed
celibate,
women were
pirants
had
A Scientist
plicant
was judged
spiritually
Once admitted,
fit
when
the ap-
would he be admitted, a
five years.
initiates
found
life
his
life
covery
to the pursuit of
knowledge. That quest led the respected eighteenthcentury Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian into
many
none were as
rituals.
to
In April 1744,
jobs.
"I
first
shall not
And
speak
further,
in the
and
... a
man
shall not
is
asked
shall
speak
in
is
strictly
in
not
observed;
forbidden to excrete
An Essene who
failed to correctly
ideal.
for
in
were dispensed
him as
founded
man
his turn;
for a purify-
all
is
midday
recount
an
at
eventually established
and duties
texts.
served.
and
to their
have seen. write you down a plain statement of journeys and conversations in the spiritual
world. I have proceeded by observation and induction
as strict as that of any man of science among you."
Although Swedenborg gained few
the spirit's perfectibility
totally self-sufficient,
went
massive vol-
tion or destruction.
the things
Discipline
dawn and
umes
Manual of
earth, residing in
his findings in
Swedenborg relayed
in Israel in
parchment
dis-
to enforce disci-
787,
rations
ticipation in the
34
reducing food
ramental
ty
rituals. Falling
thir-
Looking Back
Members apparently
feared excommunication
to a Better World
who were
down in the
and
own
not
died.
According to
to
Philo, a first-century
merely
laws of
Nature."
It
is
Although there
New Testament,
ably
is
no reference
lieve that
the Essenes at
Essenes
to the
in the
view
followers.
may have
spent
false
chosen troops on
earth,
and purifying
hoped
usher
to help
in a
it,
to
name.
It
is
be an
forts
movements
and adversar
who condemned
museum
working-class education.
founded to pursue
Ruskin's ideals, and a
long
their elit-
similar fates;
were not in vain. He inspired many likeminded individuals, including those who
organized the arts and crafts movement and the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood of painters (overleaf), and he contributed to
ies
would buy land and factories and operthem along socialist lines. He also established an
arts and science museum at Sheffield.
it
ate
destiny. Both
give
industry that
the Essenes
same
we
the
in 1853.
man
broken into small fragments
and crumbs of life; so that all the little piece of intelligence that is left in a man is not enough to make a
pin, or a nail, but exhausts itself in making the point
of a pin or the head of a nail."
much
their distance
earthly Utopia
themselves as the
in
studied and
college in his
was
name
established at
Oxford University.
for-
35
Heartbreak
inCamelof
Few followers of John Ruskin were as devoted to Utopian visions of medieval
times as author and
Morris,
(left).
artist
William Morris
for his
He founded the
arts
crafts
gram
medieval
fascinated by
literature, particularly
Thomas
He shared
his devotion to
who
girl
for a
an artist's mode!.
and Jane were deeply in love.
Rossetti
much
And he adored
her,
spending
much
and
Rossetti
how
closely his
life
was
to parallel
was born
gotten.
as vibrant today as
when
they were
first
and
intellectuals
are, of course,
minds of
their creators
Thomas More's
dents.
such
Utopia,
had recent-
ly
in
lived
enlightening. There
seemed
to
be no
to
be even more
humankind's
learning.
men
would
ans
live in caves,
still
who traced
dreams come
all
progress,
ten
between
AD
fall
is
Man and
Utopi-
Out of generous
was
is
the principle of
Roman Empire on
To
the
the City of
who
weakening
Au-
later
up
The
state.
whereas the
with the
Church
frailties
of
Man was
City of
human
it
In
City of
ing,
it
was
the separation
little
state
its
conception of
at
is
who engage
all,
greatly
empha-
in premarital
monoga-
extreme circumstancsex
to slavery.
Each
and
their
each home. Houses are identical and each one has a garden. Doors have
day
no
in Utopia, three
locks.
Everyone works
just six
lived in
in
Thomas More
is
for
God "played an
a democracy, head-
Education
allowed only
More's Utopia.
is
tine's City
life.
Those
marry
the
original think-
is
mostly remem-
The family
Augustine reasoned,
is
Although the
in
life
his
City of God,
brilliant student,
in-
God thus
Thomas
and Saint Augustine, and he trained as a lawyer.
of separation
It
of the
fluence of Christianity.
City of
first city.
itself or at least
and
all
hours a
after. All
in
Thomas
money is
forbidden.
Since
remarkable times. He
silver
39
is
common
Utopians
for slaves.
in
who hath no
many wise and
because he
ments of almost
more
all
in
is
is
nothing
hunting
exploration of an
philosopher,
panella,
was
monk,
work of
Italian
poet,
part of a practical
campaign
rule.
to unite the
world
summed up Campanula's
that
would lead
ideas for a
new world
order,
one
people,
all
first
them
to
radical ideas
etic,
tion.
Campanella wrote
sentence
City
life
in prison.
circles
and science.
named
title,
reflects the
"It is
divided into
after the
seven planets,"
were painted
and
their
city
itself
illustrations
was
like
an
observe
L^
41
know
on human
affairs
and
Plato's,
was
"rich be-
"and
to
about
all
their effects
Campanula's
ing." Strict
codes dictated
dren,
residents
were
Austrinopolis
priest
and
this
powers."
their
and
scientist,
to
Its
who
More's and
were
citizens
how
and
chil-
made by them,
stuffs
as papers, linen,
back-
scientific
silks, tissues,
the Utopia's
was an
be divided, and
to
autocratic
his assistants,
who
monarchy
controlled
all
mastered the
art of flying
major facets of
mention the
and
loyalty
to
perpetual motion.
In spite of his
in
ruled by a chief
lantis
New At-
is little
it
became an important factor in literary Utopias. Christianopolis, a Utopian work by German social reformer and Lutheran minister Johann
Valentin Andreae, was published in 1619. Written in
the form of a letter, Christianopolis was designed
around the concept "To be wise and to work are not incom-
quickly dispensed with, and their spiritual needs are not ad-
ncreasingly, science
patible,
opolis
if
there
seems
is
just
moderation."
On
first
new
was worship,
implies,
sized. "Unless
learning
social
if
on science
people could be
ness
in the society.
first
was
Since the
work
aim, as
highly
first telling
pen
Plato took
to
its
empha-
own
thinkers. This
tarily lose
model
New
city,
science
was
Science,
more so than
Atlantis,
an unfinished Utopian
was
themselves
and imagine
in
city-state,
name
his
Bacon had
and
glance, Christian-
dressed.
political
living
in the tantalizing
lished order
treatise published in
momen-
world of "what
if?"
Blest or in
many,
and chase the elusive dream of perfection
lit-
ries of these
who had
into practice.
most impor-
works
was
neers,
simply the
virtually a state
called
42
it
by
all
others beckoned.
Some
called
it
plex of cement temples and fortress walls vividly aglow with mystical motifs,
moon, and
stars
seen above.
shimmered
in
individuals with
pressible inner
little
need
or
no
artistic
own
world
to
mystical philosophy of
life.
junk.
ical
ideals.
his
embody
"all the
be his tomb, a
in 1879,
stone that he
tiful
was
inspired to turn
From
man
bits
that
moment
on, Cheval
was
his garden.
(below).
stair-
daily
ridi-
was
ied in
it,
Cheval gloried
in his
handiwork
a national
is
now
monument.
and with
on his
imagination and memories of
places fictional and real to create the Ideal Palace. The structure, which includes Hindustyle temples and a mosque, is
embellished with reliefs, mosaics, and sculptures depicting
exotic plants and animals, biblical scenes, and Egyptian-style
Ferdinand Cheval
(left
mummies (inset,
below).
sunken continent
some scholars have
v.->
K
&
\ w
yourself
St.
EOM,"
St.
as "a
until
MP*.
-W
Buena
Vista
to
built
Pasaquan
the primitive
all
world." Indeed,
The
its
style
colorful
tal.
ly
monument
in the
in
thenceforth
he
him
he named Pasaquan.
EOM, as Martin
peoples
ed,
But not
left
he World
mother had
his
spirit world
informed him that he was to be the
start of something new. "You'll call
felt
for
got these
can be in my
world
and wherever I look,
see something beautiful."
death in 1986. "Here
own
t' V\-
"
means
to
spread
this
message.
Sacred Ait in a
"God sent me here
man
Homemade Paradise
self-taught artist
gious sculptures.
to
be a
of
and
Howard Finster once
dise
my
began transforming the two acres behind his house in Pennville, Georgia,
into a surreal scene of makeshift mon-
hand-lettered sign
in
try to
mend
After
on
this
some
fifteen
years of working
vision instructing
him
to create a
num-
art.
was
and
Its
to reveal
mankind
present,
and the
dubbed him
le
pique-assiette French
erand his
creation
w
m
&c
'* ~
;
>M
$&
&?>
Maison
it
>n
La
Picassiette.
?A
:*
II
II
s-fc'&jp
***..?
p;;^
4 v.
>.
IT
,v-
A Glittering Mosaic
[I
iW
*>':;
of Broken Glass
"We
discard so
many
Pm7E3
stir*
be used to create
Raymond
Isidore
to this observation.
death
in 1964, the
From 1938
<?
9*'
until his
ifc
French cemetery
>&
Ss
.wT-r
embedded both
in his
town,
the interior
home
*>*&&:--
and
with scenes
V*j
"^s^~~
Sat*-"
monument
that
own tastes, so
his own element.
?sr~?
to suit his
he could
live in
&
'J&zz_*^*^:<
true.
A
^C
us
Mi
lift
teas
HI
#1 *
LV.!
*>
4^
in
*
^Kk
teSSs
^3
fe3
Bfc*
*&#
i>^2
<l
'*?*%
Hii
Eft !
1
Vw
Obsessed with light and reflections, Clarence Schmidt illuminated his home with
strings of bulbs and
tinsel-wrapped wires
(above). In the gardens,
he built shrines
to his
heroes.
including George
Washington (lower
inset); others
featured photos
-*.*.
,-
of Schmidt
himself.
*-
/.
fVj
**
JiT^*
r'
*n
-*
rLrr'i
*tf^
Jk
j*
SL^raSs^r
An Incredible Edifice
Made from Junk
Visionary artist Clarence Schmidt once
home-
maze
of passage-
ways and rooms encrusted with mirrors and a dazzling collection of castoff items including women's shoes,
coffeepots, and artificial flowers. The
gardens around the house echoed its
contents: Sculptures fashioned from
other people's rubbish were placed
among
origi-
what he
where he
building a
new world
"all tenderly
wrapped up with mountainous harmony and everlasting peace." Unfortunately perhaps inevitably Schmidt's
highly combustible dreamland caught
fire and burned to the ground in 1968;
he died ten years later.
Robert Tatin and his wife, Liseron, show off a grinning sculpture he called The Beast Tamer
(right). Most of his images
which have been compared to
Aztec, Assyrian,
Mayan, and
come
to attain redemption.
gap
-?.
s#<
<*.-"
'
> '*!
U,
'/y
well-traveled
Robert Tatin, a
grandiose archi-
tion into a
tectural statetin's
ment of Ta-
\.
personal
to the so-called
many
tures he
creativity. Accordingly,
and Liseron
built
a national
Jg
<
<**&>
*"- >1
3^
all
o c
]
<
-^-
rfe-s^a
by hand on
his
in-
and
for
female qualities of
stinct
Mr!
CHAPTER
looked more
itualists
like
whose every
leaf
New
The
light.
months before
saw
tree told
a large tree,
Mother Ann
to
A few days
watched
horrified as his
if
same ritual occurred. The angry capto make good his threat when suddenly a violent storm blew up. Very soon the vessel was sorely beset.
Springing a plank in her hull, she began to take on more water than all
hands at the pumps could control. The captain, so the story goes, "turned
Yet on the following Sunday the
tain
summoned
his
pale as a corpse"
and declared
and
all
to the captain
and reassured
him. "There shall not a hair of our heads perish," she prophesied.
all
just
whom
bright angels of
"We
God
shall
stand-
wave
raculous aim, knocking the plank back into place and stopping the leak.
Soon the storm abated. Mother Lee sailed on to America and her appointment with destiny. Within two years, Lee and her small band had founded
the United Society of Believers in Christ's
Second Appearing,
known
just as the
became
March
and long-lived
tation
when
was heightened
a large comet
cessful
ed in the
New
showed
World.
Scores of Utopian
groups blossomed
itself in
the Feb-
passed uneventfully, so
in
Miller decided to
move
1844.
some
came
flourished
and
Harmony
Society,
it,
ment,
terized
own
in
spawned
And
human
Rome
lived in
communes
of the world.
still
All
eventually
hills
in treetops to
came known by
earth practicality
faithful gath-
on rooftops and
and be-
talists.
The
anticlerical
who
prejudice.
Many
of
them were
fervent millennialists
damned and
would bask
would be forever
in Christ's
heavenly
the societies
were committed
women
of them, honest
One more
strikingly
when an
demonstrated
in the
named
to chastity,
strict
guided
William Miller
who
in its
all
mid-nineteenth centu-
with
was
er
was
at
21,
1843,
and
57
depended on
movement can
be captured
and
in the chronicles
The answer
pias?
its
of
its
leaders.
all
to
America
what
lies in
and strength
found
to
men
their Uto-
New World
in the
decades
Atlantic pictured
after a long
west where
New World
and where
Sir
Thomas More
in
1516
age of America
when he
He
mu-
Eve.
the
air
of the
sic of nightingales
America
ist in
at the time).
peans.
Weary of wars,
for civilization's
far
New World
ills.
as a
Bay Colony
Win-
in the ear-
Matthew
(5:14) to
fellow Puritans:
a City
Upon a
vision of a radiant
New World
all
consider that
we
shall
be
society
seemed
a potent au-
bank of the Mississippi. Smith dubbed the place Nauvoo, saying it meant rest and beauty.
They laid out Nauvoo in two zones
for
New Jerusalem
of Revelation the
Mormons made
their
Next they
tried Missouri,
but locals
at last
on the
Illinois
two huge
buildings: the
temple built
God
and the prophet's residence. The secular zone (Eden) was divided into large
blocks, each with four houses and vast
gardens. "Let the division fences be
lined with
trees,"
city,
it
"the great
it
never devel-
Mormons
Illinois.
flowers,
and
their
porches covered
we shall soon
have some idea of how Eden looked."
with grapevines, and
many ways,
Mormon
split
Utopia.
be-
gury of man's
and unfettered by
anything
was
America boundlessly
perfectibility. In
possible,
even Paradise
in the
his
fruitful
distinction
on June
of Independence
waves
in the
when
site
the
first
Woman
of Christ's deliverance.
a poignant chapter of
to identify
in
and
set
up a printing
the
first
book of music
and studied
languages to compile
their
him
utopianism began
Ameri-
in astrology. His
its
New World
America
wooden
in
was by no means
devout believer
way
earlier,
their
ca as the
and made
740s, a
in the
teenth century
superstition.
19, 1694,
swept the
730s and
.forests,
also inherent
cities
was
It
German
cient
in the
own knowledge
millennium
finally
was
at
members
mann sought
the answer
From what he read
in the
book of Revelation.
ca.
clear to
Zimmermann
fly
It
was Ameri-
women
New
to
rata
monks would
rated.
purify themselves
corri-
in the
to face.
Zimmermann assembled
in
Another German pietistic community, the grim Ephcommune, did better. Founded in Pennsylvania in 1732
by a vigorous mystic named Johann Conrad Beissel, Ephrata
(another name for Bethlehem) accepted women, who were
known as Spiritual Virgins, but the sexes were rigidly sepa-
was
church
Church
little
tu-
now
eth unto
led by a
young member, Johannes Kelpius, who shared Zimmermann's fundamentalism and belief in astrology and added
the
way
that lead-
life."
Members
is
were roused
and again
at
at five a.m.
mid-
Food
And over
all,
done by
to the brothers.
in
was branded
in the
a sinner and
Rappites, also
it
was
tably better.
Though
and
ate robustly,
at first,
The
61
mil-
own
as the Harmony
more accommodat-
dissolved. But
his
known
Society, adopted a
ended with
commune
ta's
in
Wurttemberg
in his
home
in
at the
757,
age of
le '
New
m * ,s ."
and
suits
non,
*' s
YorK, u
rate doors
tflken
wa s Shak-
bonds dissolved.
who
followers,
called
all
He never doubted
would end while he was alive and that
would present all of his disciples to Christ
that the
thorities as hypocrites.
Rapp and
his followers
were repeatedly
Many
own
he, personally,
earth.
were regard-
Twenty years
later,
and
In 1814, the
in
fit
state,
where he used
his
if
them, but as
Indiana's
among
me
establish them-
selves elsewhere.
Rapp
in his diary
money
and
an observer described
not forbidden
is
In 1803,
serenity in
jailed as heretics.
Germany and
was seeking
ascen-
Nonconformists lacked.
his
world
civil authorities,
change because
church au-
for their
show
small band of
fertile fields
streets, lined
faithful fol-
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
number of small
industries, including a
to eat, putting
visitors
found the
away
whiskey
distillery.
portly,
communities.
exterior,
wave
their
was
become
community
was
the
their
community
many
thought they
an outpost of Utopia.
book
common.
strongly fa-
clined to recruit
In 1818,
of
its
origi-
disin-
all
62
at least
property be held in
frontier
congenial group
Christ
was soon
to reappear, as they
fervently believed,
why
move
again.
They sold
fire,
their land
ens;
and
their chief
None was
aim
is
to
be ready
some rumblings
guage and a
selfish
and
and
same
was even
time. There
Johannes married
ther
death.
that
Gertrude,
it
who
his
son
a daughter,
ligious charlatan
styled himself
by the
name
of
Rapp
to divide the
hesive
common
cahad
self as a
dinary
medium between
life
of the
New
spirit.
To
start
years,
Maine
in
visions,
they
on she
that the
seemed uninterested
in
coming
in
in
Toad
unusually
by religious
mar-
died in birth or infancy, a trauma that unquestionably affected her future convictions about celibacy.
Abraham
gave birth
vigorous, though
A visitor in
that has
to Indiana to Florida.
Born
Economy remained
ried
more
her-
lasted
saw
commanded
movement
For thirty
Ameri-
to
child. Early
lan-
one
somber
of
spirit.
the
last
his
ing Father
is
In 1831, a rival
into the
when
hannes died
way
in
day
that
-.-SSJ3S
of
Visitors fro^^ -the back
VIOT-
Quaker
the
faith.
direct spiritual
its
form of
would
later
Quakers, or Shakers.
Life
grew perilous
for the
deemed
their reputation
ers frequently
Ann
Shakers as
Lee,
their services
and
jailed.
influential within
forceful personality
In 1770,
and Shak-
jail
on a charge of
Eve engaging
in sex.
their copulation
that this
was
to
understand that
all
was
for
propagation
who
forswore
all
the
power of this
insight,
members
male incarnation of
Ann
Mother Ann and Ann
expanded
Christ's spirit.
New
while
York
some
in the
summer
of the others
husband soon
dis-
her
city,
escaping her
fiery
piety
al
and
vow
sex.
to
to look
hmmhhmhm|h|
(.
unilater-
eschew
She rejoined
her cohorts in
Giving
Waning Song
64
band
little
had come
to the
New World
to accomplish.
many
commitment
fell
to a
on receptive
felt
ears.
To
Calvinists ren-
hand
in their
own
reach of anyone.
salvation
All
seemed
along the
New
on taking a personal
to put
England
heaven within
frontier
Amer-
But there were problems. Shaker worship was undeniably odd, and celibacy, temperance, and renunciation of
women. Nor
come
easily to frontier
Ann
God as
men and
a dual male-
as Christ's female
spirit, sit
with England
war
or, later, to
new
swear allegiance
dance movement,
called the square order shuffle,
was introduced in 1 785 by the
puritanical Shaker leader Father Joseph Meacham, who was
inspired by a vision of angels
dancing before God. More
steps, such as the ones shown
by this Shaker sister, were later
first distinct
to the
United States.
known
in
clubs.
year
later, at
the age
Receiving Love
Quick March
Humility
um pan
evaporator to proc-
LADY'S-SLIPPER
Considered a "nerve root, " Lady's-Slipper
was gathered in August or September
and used to treat headaches and other
mild nervous disorders.
life
in
flat
built a thriving
the supernatural
as far
remedies.
away as
gift
was considered
common
Australia.
One
of the
ed form
paper packets.
cine.
home
for
bottle,
other maladies.
means of relief.
Some knowledge
all
came
with
MAIDENHAIR
some unfortunate
attributable to the
many
of their herbs
effects.
But in
wrong
doses,
sician's advice.
66
A beautiful fern
stalk,
SHEPHERD'S-PURSE
BAYBERRY
COLTSFOOT
fields, pastures,
UtilV t'utWuU^t.
r ~. ,
~s
'
:
-^ tlr~~ -S~.i C
jSLUvL^UlOm;^
FALSE HELLEBORE
SNAKEHEAO
fever,
PITCHER PLANT
Found in bogs and wet meadows
throughout Canada and the United States,
Pitcher Plant (also called Eve's Cup
and Fly Trap) was used
in preparing
67
stomach
tonics.
weakened by
the abuse,
Ann Lee
saw
died in Niskeyuna.
a single Shaker
Joseph
number
some young Shaker women said that on a
the "spirit land," they saw white slaveowners
visit to
God was
Unlike
just.
many Americans
from their
markable black to enjoy this equality was a charismatic Philadelphia woman, Rebecca Jackson.
Jackson was an illiterate thirty-five-year-old seamstress who knew nothing of Shakers when, she said, a
spirit taught her to read and write. Thus she could tell
her story in a misspelled, unpunctuated but fiercely
compelling autobiography. God called her to preach in
1830 during a storm that "was athundering and Lighting as
if
Ware a coming to
a spirit woman showed
gather."
how
From
to behave,
In 1836,
wrote.
"I
vivid
visions
who
their
'
in
Philadel-
whose
services
were marked
(right).
was
Rebecca
as 100
members
carefully planned
to a
to
women
although the
only
to relieve
both sexes.
In all things,
the
came
first,
and
thrift, skill,
their
communities carried
their
made
ing
affairs,
they
a point of giv-
good
value.
As
Perot
1871,
English socialist
many
several "families"
her
with as
community comprised
on a brisk trade as
backing to found
sisters
Typically, a
er
world. In the
York
Despite
New
otherworldliness, Shak-
often
set her at
ers,
Jackson's
The
reality.
of the
who
communi-
George Holyoake,
put
it,
"They are
'
hfc
The Shakers^*
graving are
of the
wood
en-
* one
P^^gina^
Wceary
eiT faith.
hexag
a sacred
been
^S
s]abs
slabs
scribed
pro^^^dnonte
whichW
roveland
marble,
carvedin
Iieversaway.Tn^
ft)
<le&.
cSeW .
7o^tain Stone
43byB;/fcoctnalcerat
l
America who
how to
make honesty pay."
The Shakers'
in
have known
reverence
ton Votings,
*"
the
rk, is
stone
for fine
craftsmanship was
embodied
in
two of
orisms.
years to
would
must
live,
if
die
and as you
hands
"Put your
to
hearts to God."
work was
ness.
the Shakers'
first
order of busi-
a "dancing day"
path to
and
life
principle
reaction
is
life
was
full
feet apart
and
women
beween
the
two
lines
and
"Go
of vision and
forth, old
with
all
their
might
At that, the
women
convic-
four
in a
in the
men
dance."
men and
four
room
singing.
Soon
women
the
remained
men were
room and
the
rituals.
in the
When
meet-
A meeting on
orgiastic in
they appeared to
theirs.
The dance
tire,
dancing vigorously on
women on
five
other.
was
over the
spirit
Lee's child
who
sex.
two
women began
to whirl silently
across the center of the floor, spinning like tops. The others
women
and a
women were
One
to
of the two
women
who
women
Ann has
head
present an elaborate
ples,
has been round here two days and want the brothers and
sisters to take
them
in.
was
utterly
wine, and
confused
possessed of the
The celebrants
sat
spiritual
feasters
behaved
When
visitor
in a
down on
some
that
ing
It
was
communicants
Such
blissful
still
indulgences
was
missing.
invisible
made up
for the
sober tenor
in
hugs and
was decreed
it
a holy feast
commitment
gown.
a fierce reviv-
An
wore her
re-
on one oc-
said that
outfit
a year each
of the
al
real
the brethren became Indians. Then ensued a regular powwow, with whooping and yelling and strange antics, such
in the 1840s,
pies,
were spread on a
benches
spirits
manna
was present on
a subsequent evening when the Indians were welcomed in
by the Shakers: "Whereupon eight or nine sisters became
meeting ended. The same
pomegranates, oranges,
until
there,
spiritual feast
berries, whortleberries,
the visitor
After
eldress,
to the
have a communication
said, "I
The
"gifts" of
on
celi-
worship services
kisses, but
that twice
on a nearby
or her entire
sex.
Women
life
had
morn-
community trooped
mount in a joy-
great day,
ing the
and
in the
to the holy
ous parade.
touching.
description of
how
Some
Believers
the
tells
like
70
gy^k A
-*N%
^B^S&1
'
'
'
'
.'.
.-.
''
"
'
'J
Hannah Cohoon,
members
with God,
much
the
same as
their
inspired preaching.
writings
terms of nature or in elaborate, abstract symbols, are particularly puzzling in light of specific
Shaker pro-
The
individual
brief unfettering of
human
thing
to
artist.
There
is
some
evidence, however, of
is
certain:
Shaker
talent,
one
greatly
more than
of any
ed
One
sort.
that Shakers
saw
the
gift
is
drawings not
not
all
for.
The
rest
ally discarded.
saw it very
The words
in this
1845 gift
"
of Hancock,
An Emblem
Mother Ann
Lee, the
Shakers'
their enforced
and uninhibited
it.
Some belonged
ered the
orphanages
first
communal
in
for
The
movement. Others
briefly as bright as
all
among
Ann
to
and claimed
What
new members
in
life
today
is
where
suspended
was
furniture, design,
manifested
itself in
among
the
fect.
buildings
ings
carefully
deep
colors,
ceilings inside
of pegs so the
("There
is
ture itself
in
was always
no
is
white,
on rows
old,
and
all
at Canterbury,
new animating
The
warn
heaven,
Spirit of Life
hand.
at
ef-
flowing robes a
tall,
beautiful
woman
to the best-educated
and wealthi-
electric.
when
his wealth
waver even
chastity.
was
actually
to
to
after
move
a fever-induced coma. In
on
was
plaster
at
exclusive use
in
dirt in
now
to
Shakers hung
over America.
creams or yel-
were of blue-white
all
Work-
reds, or tans.
lighter, in
trimmed
in
effi-
were
it
necticut,
built.
most
ing in hay,
craftsmanship
to
become. Jemima
spirits.
Ann's prescription
emerge
to
New
adults in the
owes
real
on the
better
was
Lee's
the
outer world.
in the
between the
spir-
hundreds of youngsters.
in
some
During their
New
brought
mill,
74
in
first
was
to a large
New
York.
community of Jerusalem.
built
living
mile
from
gifts
in
the.
voice that
and
grew
at a
own
to
gape
at her.
When
Jemima Wilkinson's
find
it
to follow.
where Metz
settled
if its
hard
Utopia
in 1819, the
almost as
Some may
him
money,
devices. She
she died
rapidly,
told
were ready
Eventually
coats.
to recover his
God had
his neighbors
sick
who came
ists
sued
left
months
for three
Neuwied, Prussia.
viable farming
and
a less orderly
sprang up
Two
in the
communal
in a
origins.
ual appearance
Utopias,
exist,
still
Amana
the
its
The
other,
founded
many
German
ued
others,
that of a manufactur-
Oneida,
New
York,
it,
too,
makers of stainless
steel
among
was a
ties
who
ments whose
spiritual lineage
in the
was
the largest
Amana grew
to
its
and
richest
inner spir-
resemble other
communi-
Amana
religious
and
into
its
the country's
the
God provided
human
1870s
In 1932, the
silverplated tableware.
believed that
and
industrial activities.
in 1867.
is
and
to flourish
Metz died
in order to
pietism. But
largest
Christian
to dis-
One, the
women
on the part of
could trace
though
have been
to achieve.
community decades
instru-
tinctly
in
American experiment
Oneida
in
in
It
was
a former carpenter
feet
tall,
named
that thoroughly
to soar half a
75
shocked con-
ists,
knee-length skirts,
ual symbols of
vis-
their freedom
^^mm
nity,
under
L.
M^
,.-
and
equality
in the
com-
76
until,
eased
it
American mainstream.
the
itself into
Vermont and a
was
the son
Mr.
distant relation of
was a well-educated
One day in 1833, while
was suddenly
struck by a statement
man also
made
Jesus
he tarry
that
till
come, what
is
naturally a fruit
will
century reformer
was
is
"Man
and vegetable-eating
who was
convinced
an individual could
that,
through
attain a kind of
words
started a
to say
disciples that
words
Jesus'
would
in
new
Christ
light.
that John
live
would be much sooner than anyone envisioned. Indeed, declared Noyes, Christ
fixed
on
cifixion,
that year
is
clear),
in
AD
one generation
been
still
70 (why he
alive.
was
was one
heaven on earth
and
women
could
A young,
was
sex.
Grahamism caught hold among a number of Utopitoo. Shakers were attracted to the claim
an groups,
clearly
one
to im-
activity in order to
tionists
In the end,
depended
Graham's own
health did not help his case. After a nervous breakdown, he died at fifty-seven but not before he invented a simple whole-wheat biscuit that he viewed
as a near-perfect food and that became his most
mostly on the gastrointestinal
he decreed that
among
affection."
Drawing on the
sexual self-restraint
and chaste
made
in his day.
flesh.
of those pleasures
saw
which men
doubt that
com-
Most audiences responded with enthusiasm, and soon Grahamite hotels and boardinghouses sprang up to feed eager customers according
mon
He took
al-
the Per-
77
graham
tract.
cracker.
life
fectionists,
call
them-
first
Harriet,
whom
to avoid
was
tortuous.
settled
which required a
man
was
requirement
in
It
was
also an essential
such suffering
inflicting
by preventing
to a solution
He
In
stillborn.
way
women
on
had given
were
to find a
saw
whomever
women were
in
have sex
free to
caused by a high
birthrate.
was
matic con
to
a charis-
be the princi-
accusation does not negate the success of his social experiment. Amazingly, his prescription for birth control
to
in
first
seems
to 1868, only
their activities. At
all
communes
in
in
New York
State, as
many
as
and the
that constitut-
latest technological
made
life
comfortable,
Sexual Mysticism in
Wags have
it
that
God
occasionally
tilts
the nuts
roll
down
it,
making
to California.
ety uniting
all
It is
spiritual experimenters.
first in
that tradition
Among
was
Life,
the
the Brother-
founded by
of
the
was
to
The
man."
The commune had
games with
be-
one
New
York when
made
Harris's
to a
generally forbidden.
was
union. Instead,
members were
and
to
cially
said he
ly
sometimes decided
his
heaven-
to five different
women
in
a single day.
fresh accusations in
89 1 The com.
Fountain Grove
be immortal died
in 1906,
role
although
some
spawn a
assumed a new
re-
was
Mean-
brotherhood
Lily
in heaven. But
charged that not all the sex
at Fountain Grove was celestial, espe-
Harris
said
was Queen
Scandal
true bride
to Fountain Grove.
wed
own
his critics
was
so."
more
commune
ried partners,
too,
woman
grapes,
pivotal
in
Sun
California
as
flie
said he simply
celestial form.
its lily
79
One
were
rare,
avail-
was about
thrived.
community welcomed Sewell Newhouse, a trapper whose fame in the north country was equivalent to that
with young
1848, the
Davy Crockett
of
West.
in the
them
all
him
to
community
from
300,000 New-
started the
to initiate
ists
slipping out
one night
in
They followed
manufac-
tility
his
away, and
condition
banded.
in scientific
It
in 1881,
Oneida as a formal
had spun
off its
When Noyes
were allowed
to
have
dis-
holders today.
of
commune was
mat-
man. So he with-
exile,
some
and
practical
Perfectionists,
their physical
sex
to
been so
in
of the community.
tre-
breeding. Perhaps not since Plato's Republic had such a revolutionary, Utopian idea
which he engaged
human
an unorthodox experiment
all
rites, in
and
girls
By the
the traps.
sell
ters,
camping
were producing up
selling
Later the
ture of silverware
for
trap's spring.
mendous
For
to
so-called first-husband
to the
Onei-
identical in size
years.
No conclusive
culture
is
scientific results
program (from
stirps,
came
Latin for
out of his
stem or
stock), but
ial
it
From
in the
relationships
basic themes
and
stirpi-
outside world.
were decidedly
was
eccentric, at least
one of his
human
tion
was where
come
from.
Henry David Thoreau's dispassionate gaze from the daguerreotype at far left reflects little of
the fierce enthusiasm for observation and inquiry that marked
the transcendentalist philoso-
owed herformidable
knowledge and intensity to
tutoring by her congressman
father, who insisted she comleft),
plete the
80
For
many Americans,
the
to
be found
ries
in
had come
sects
to the
New World
for the
Some
on
effect
who proposed
day, based
express purpose of
on
drill,
children.
and
rote,
When
discipline,
Why
couldn't
was
A group
began
to gather
and engaged
impulses of America.
women
new
philosophy
came
to
a rudiment and
God through
strict
felt
Amos
Bron-
sensed
could be at one
embodied God.
and
would contribute
labor
In ar-
who had
turned
community where
to the
expansion of thought."
later
intelli-
Mother Ann
When
the
growing reputation as a
their theo-
farm
in its first
endentalist,
with photographs of
elf. He once described the
reotype as "the true
lean style ofpainting
le artist stands aside and lets
paint yourself " Elizabeth
1w
'
al-
and
communities was
vard,
gencecame
"man
Peabody's bookstore.
be called transcen-
man
in
their Utopian
that
men and
in the
later:
embryo of God."
The transcendentalists
with
resonate
still
in the
was awkward
that
this ideal.
this
democratic
had a dampening
Peabody was a
produced
teacher
'
81
v -"fMii
SdPl
Ji
was
that
cornfield,
Group
to drive
hardships not
ar-
Hawthorne recorded
er lives to
hands, which he
to understand
Farley being
menced a
Two
is
armed with
gallant attack
days
later,
similar
weapons, we
"I
com-
is
"1
President.
month, Hawthorne's
worst. ...
It
is
my
all
putting
him
an
."
.
pantheistic beliefs
field, just
in
religion
fian-
mind of
is
left
he loyally returned
later
bitter,
in
its first
The
shift
may
certainly the
alism
season, although
was
was wearing
in
Farm with new energy, the principles of Fouseemed to exhaust the members altogether. They
..
at him,
unfair to
make
wrong to
take milk from a COW or WOOl
from a Sheep. Some Of them
them shouted
was
they considered
it
helter-skelter,
es-
decided
infusing Brook
base
demands
of farming evi-
very thin.
At Fruitlands, a farm
tablished by
J Bronson Alcott
confusion.
intellectual
transcendentalists
rules
economy
rierism
to reforming the
a furrow of
interest in
cast a pall
the
who proposed
their divine
society.
French socialist
disappointed man.
and secular
Hawthorne
mood had
left
his
George Ripley
the
have read no
three
all
And
its
fire.
to
cee.
up.
Hawthorne informed
unknown
called a pitchfork,
air
out."
But
four-pronged instrument
my
me
them
gave
look-
weather, a destructive
into
am
with her.
live
and
fi-
it
only
even proposed
planting
r r
r
J
that
grew
one
upward
toward
r
that
grew
Bronson
strikes
of
"^f^JT*'
f^'
A
gentle, courteous
An
abolitionist
and
all
May,
publishing pay
hit
Women. She
Little
also wrote
things
many wise
dirt
foolish ones."
all
of
communal
them
in his
"come
to a hard
and
call reality
Only then, he
ment as
pia
is
said,
were
if it
is just
where
say, This
is,
can a person
and
eternity
where one
in place,
which we can
and no mistake."
live
each mo-
lives, that
"here or no-
our heaven."
as a man of enormous
warmth and sympathy, Elbert
Hubbard (above) suffered
Known
teenth centuries
is
not in
how
how
in
and nine-
they themselves
was
truly at
will
as
hand. By
was
it
faithfully serving
God's
were giving
their
was
still
fettered
by earthly
flesh.
The
them what
an ethereal
for others
vision.
left
behind:
"I
They
still
leave the
trail
may die
in mystical
in their birth,
salesman
who made
a fortune ped-
How
it
for countryfolk, to
sent to
Queen
for
was
thy
workers.
Elbert
able to
for a
sell his
share of the
handsome
Visiting
artist
company
$75,000.
England
he met
swooned
in 1894,
western
500s.
How Cheap
fine
secret.
an
new
inn, stone
and
work
halls with
workers and
bering
beamed
artists,
more than
ceilings. Crafts
eventually
500, created
numnew
One
spokesman
called
for
corporate capital."
an article he wrote
Upton Sinclair's expose of
their industry, The Jungle. And reprints
of "A Message to Garcia," a famous
essay Hubbard penned in praise of
those who unquestioningly obey the
million copies of
ridiculing
boss's orders,
was
distributed in the
Hubbard,
who
decades
The Fra
(far left),
more
'V
/;
It-
'
i thought as a
child that
could
"and bring the people of all countries together and have the youth
taught how to live, and how to become true and strong and noble,
and forceful warriors for humanity."
From 1897 to 1942, Tingley and her followers strove to realize
this dream. On a bluff overlooking San Diego Bay, they launched
the Point Loma Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society,
perhaps the modern age's most ambitious Utopian community. At
its peak, around 1910, Point Loma housed some 500 members,
ranging from infants and children to leaders of industry.
Those who lived at Point Loma were believers in Theosophy
meaning "divine wisdom" an ancient system of thought that relies on mystical insight to obtain knowledge of God and the universe. The modern Theosophical movement originated in the
United States in 1875 under the leadership of a Ukrainian-born
Spiritualist, Madame Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. After Madame
Blavatsky's death, Tingley broke away to form her own society,
headquartered in "the golden land" of California. Under her firm
hand, the cherished principles of Theosophy were tested daily.
In time, the community would splinter apart, surviving only
thirteen years after Tingley's death following an automobile accident in 1929. For more than four decades, however, Tingley's idyllic inspiration saw glorious life as Point Loma endeavored to lead
the world toward a "Universal Brotherhood of Humanity."
A warrior mounts the path
to spiritual
awareness in
87
Jk
Point Ionia's
Mystical Beginnings
Point
Loma was,
divine inspiration,
com-
munity while on a worldwide Theosophical crusade in 1896. After a spirited convention in Dublin, Ireland, she
traveled to Killarney to find a
Loma groundbreaking.
ley
crude
She sketched a
map on the back
of an envelope;
when
uncov-
ered a large
stone of a peculiar
greenish
cast, exactly as
Tingley had
predicted.
Later, Tingley picked
up
additional
cornerstones in
The stout, vigorous Tingley was sometimes called Point Loma's Purple Mother
because of herfondness for that color.
"
Point
oil,
and wine
^ii^f^
rf
AX
at the
Loma groundbreaking on
><
tw
members
under the California sun; at night, illuminated from within, they could be
seen for miles at sea.
Daily life at Point Loma was busy
and full of ritual. Mornings began with
a sunrise ceremony and readings from
ancient religious and philosophical
texts.
as well. After a
communal
own
breakfast,
lied primarily
fruit or-
variety of
on dues and
One
of these
was
built a
who
an
art of batik.
industrial center,
win-
and graphic
Many
arts in 1914.)
craft items,
from decorated
made
were sold
of silkworm cocoons,
to tourists. Profits
from
To
Point
Loma complete
dome and an
90
to
at
New
York
E.
re-
mansion
with a glass
Point
their
Albert G. Spalding,
glass
fees paid by
all;
announced a plan
to build
Theosophi-
where
and
where, supposedly, they would be
Despite Tingley's obvious commit-
eristic flourish.
to rest,"
Point
Loma
campaign
Tingley's major
cause began
for the
when she
pacifist
convened an international peace conference in Sweden. A year later, undaunted by the outbreak of war in
Europe and the growing signs of
America's own war preparedness,
capital-punishment crusade, accompanying him on a speaking tour of Arizona's principal cities and towns.
death penalty
result, the
in Arizona,
though only
was
for
As a
abolished
was never
in
commute
1913
Woodrow
a few
in
and
state to
Wilson, asking him to deSeptember 28, 1914, as the "Sacred Peace Day for the Nations." Although Wilson gently turned her down,
the mayor of San Diego acquiesced, and on the appointed
clare
J
^j
of that city
"""^^^T
were treated
Tingley-organized
paign for world peace. Universal brotherhood was a central tenet of Tingley's
spectacular pa-
the greatest
Representing characters from a Scandinavian peace legend, Point Loma residents march through the streets of San
Diego in 1914 as part of a peace celebration organized by Katherine Tingley.
peace
to a
festival
that included a
marines and
their marching band.
93
ml
NH
-r *i
i-4
,'
\m
most
significant
undertaking at Point
raja-yoga school.
a Sanskrit term
meaning
ulties, physical,
balance of
all
the fac-
in
1900 with
five
later.
At
more than a dozen nationalities were represented; some students came from such distant lands as
one
point,
full
to Point
Loma
When
not
classroom, raja-
in the
after Tingley's
natures.
When
they were
children
shown
And
al-
a child's face
Plato's Republic.
who
were impressed
by the students' academic abilities. "We have
come, we have
seen, and
are
95
lence
was Katherine
Tingley's inven-
death
rule,
although
it
relief
in 1929.
inso-
their faces in
return.
lived at Point
we
spiritual,
became
word
in
shared living
overturned
each day
who
whose parents
full
cal instruments
lent,
those
raja-yoga
scholarships.
some
in 1906;
visit
"royal
ages four
Loma
tradition of the
order,
the
beautiful."
Musical notables
matic work
activity" at
now
most important
Point Loma, an enthusiastic
is
the
its
means
/K^
.
\
I
visited Point
by raja-yoga students,
became
dramatic productions.
never
Brotherhood."
In 1901, an open-air
Greek theater was built at
Point Loma, the first in the
the an-
who
the
Katherine Tingley.
Greek cultural
and
Wearing a
'white robe and garlands offlowers, a raja-yoga
student beguiles an audience
with harp music before a
Theosophical lecture by
cient
my
felt this
life,
heard
the
first
and
way but^once
that
Parsifal for
time."
1916 concert
Dame Melba
"I
have
before in
of torchbearers march
to-
HA
fc
'.-
_.^
CHAPTER
Perfecting
Human Spirff
nglish physician
Ivanovitch Gurdjieff
flie
On
when he journeyed
to the teachings of
to Paris in 1948 to
Georgei
seek instruction
who had
named
Peter Ouspensky,
earlier.
his followers
were flocking
Walker arrived
in
dead and at
ways with
his
many years
the master
to Gurdjieff's side.
He was
parted
also,
he admitted, a
little
finally
seeing Gur-
apprehensive, because
the Gurdjieff legends he had heard over the years had painted a rather be-
fuddling picture.
bit
On
him pegged
seemed every
Walker
who had
to Gurdjieff's
aspects of
life
in the
would be asked
preceded him
flat,
in
coming
some
of the
more
eccentric
to declare
what
sort of idiot
he was.
Gurdjieff,
it
seemed,
subscribed to an obscure Babylonian system for classifying people according to types twenty-three types in
all.
world.
found
He taught
it
useful to have
themselves
in
terms of
this
un-
flattering characterization.
of inebriation caused
less, that
was
all
drunkenness
obtrusive that
blot out
or
moment
for
room.
Tales to His
to discover,
no
ry revolving
comrades
fallen angel
man's
planets.
wonderland of chaos.
that
in the
was
flat
wanted
the
hot as an ov-
later
intrigued
race.
artificial
looking
man
to
must be
that
man
be so
99
recitation, a mirthful-
would conclude
became
Gurdjieff
Gurdjieff
the grandson
Walker
place had
When
was so
fa-
quarters, he entered a
zoomed around
When he was
light
called Beelzebub's
sit-
room.
to read
en,
room
effects of al-
ting,
sitting
pacity.
his
was no time
that
amount of
there
was soon jammed to caAnd with the master nowhere to be seen, a member of the
any thoughts of
their intoxication
would
it
but mandatory
Gurdjieff.
He watched with
at
once that
it
first
and
tice.
1924 for a
theatrical tour,
later
manding
de-
is
Now
When
Gurdjieff's
had wedged
your
room,
pilaf,
ons, avocados,
in the
in
cucumbers, onions,
many
ing
final dish. In
pep^
room
lost his
in Gurdjieff's
man seemed
around him
unwilling to
was
disturb.
a teacher of im-
the
Somehow,
Gurdjieff's assault
ings
on the
follies
of the
in
modern
an
Walker
listeners that
for
Gurdjieff's function,
most
anyone
let
comfortable or complacent
feel
filled
Gurdjieff's
never
He was struck by
were held
into
lunch at two
in the evenings,
old
his^
to time, Gurdjieff
draw him
fell
midday and
at
on
life
first
an
Walker
and
From time
little,
rest for a
right."
study, a
a large bo^
down and
lie
and vege-
said, "will
were readings
the riches
one
fruits
side
In the
this
Among
advise you to
grape leaves,
left
"The reading," he
ner.
inter-
was kept busy throughout the meal. Even more perplexing was Gurdjieff's habit of shifting moods as he spoke
like
Kenneth
preter
to different
of those around
He seemed
an
like
another energetic
them
any
that
by formal
Walker
to
toasts.
fears, the
There were
lost count,
that
was
all
last
to
do with the
man
in prescribing
he could do
larger society.
peared at
little
how societies
it
had
dentalists. Neither
and he found
personal foibles.
for their
critic
at the
critical
next, only to
actor, create
new dimension
that
101
if
traditions
spiritual
Both
men were
two more
one place
rarely staying in
Steiner's
for
to
is difficult
wandered
imagine
incessantly,
life,
though he
it
left
mark
his
in
and
the libraries
lecture halls of
and
its
relation to everyday
anthropos for
viction that
life.
man and sophia for wisdom, reflected his conhumans had spiritual connections to long-
spirituality
made
be rediscovered and
a part of everyday
spiritual
somnambulism. They
esoteric Christianity
ence they
fully
Gurdjieff's
From
sci-
in-
spirit;
fol-
when
that
gan
it
be-
own
to
life
all
be an age
and teaching as
welcomes
all
with
light.
Gurdjieff
integral to a gradual
sorts of
tha,
nuclear physicists to
communards
forg
102
103
a forme!
"
S5S -*
*
*
nt
a
as
.tended
f
Sc.utal
:
cfs
(,
study, ts
apP~ a
***?
*ewn
Sf
of
; grow out
East
faVtesin
archil ect
American a
the
icai of
W*
wmop bu.W-
hometo*u
wife,
of
sconstn, WrigM
ow*35S
Gurdpe"
"
WrigW
^ston
the Fellow
bed
dub
*
hands
ted.
"det her
danced^
w*
^g, ana
^^^
M *Vse-""'"8 *
?hey even
awakening and
The seekers of
self-realization,
who
peculiar things,
spir-
carry forward
lore.
public
at raising fog
who knew
most
likely to
witnessed
Gurdjieff longest
novelist Jean
G.
Toomer
never
and
on a
record Gurdjieff's
life
before 1913,
in
subject's
seemed
Biographers
to take delight in
on
so
djieff's
and
in
fifty
dialects are
spoken
in
likely to
have been
Amid
this
in a
terrified that
magic
circle,
he collapsed
which was
on the ground.
a line scratched
him
came up-
to safety, the
boy was
in a cataleptic trance.
his incomplete
reli-
was
priest.
he approached
Caucasia
to find their
way to
in frequent
fired his
their
and Kurds.
more than
Yezidje.
in
when
that
boyhood he was
proposition, since he
1870s probably 1874 to a Greek father and an Armenian mother. His childhood home, in the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian seas, was and still is
an extraordinary place for the intermingling of races and
today,
known as the
he was trapped
the
actually nothing
Yet
their
terrified
vinced that
in
religious sect
will."
visiting
dence
around the
who seemed
fully
a poor
local folk-
the future. Nor could Ivan account for the seance Gurdjieff
later
life
He was a master
known
was
borrowed
workings. Later in
life,
he would be sharply
critical
of
many
105
machines.
106
An enneagram, as
Gurdjieff
called this figure (ennea is
Greek for nine), ornaments a
symbol-laden program
(left) for
of work in
real-life situations.
In his late
same time
hit
He began
interests.
becoming
a priest Gurdjieff
way
ijpon a
town
to
town
visiting
men
of various religions.
Assessing the
to
traveling from
As he pursued
fully
all
differ-
possibilities that
dom
in
living
in scale."
He
felt
as
if
was
fly
eas-
off in
a generalized abuse of
floor,
human
his wits.
If
he
failed to find
employment as
is
petty thievery
and
at least
One biographer
was seeking
and Great
of the capacities
kingdom. Gurdjieff
civil
later
of countering the
into a sort of
human
mass hypnosis
in
was
it
was
to discover
rate,
one of
lay
the
it-
was
a true
Beyond self-consciousness
state of
awareness
that Gur-
need
of those
to rise
become aware of
state. And most
who do
difficult
time
guidance of a teacher
wound-
in the
was
identity.
Few
his chief
awareness
is
it
to as self-consciousness. This
It
little
third stories.
understanding of one's
dom-
slumber since
which he referred
human
some way
self a sort of
moun-
this
and
Lama
tain
In Gurdjieff's
instinct,
in
spy.
the Dalai
im-
an explosive pe-
when
the ground
for three
There
On
movement,
sex.
by
potential.
lived
lie
He
the
made
"The
as a dervish,
at his disposal.
God had
urdjieff first
was thunderstruck
same
only
man
fix-it
lo-
fruits
end
to
spiritual
Cauca-
who
is
further along
on the path of
development.
107
ways
such a
Gurdjieff's teaching in
own
tional
to follow
Hindu
fakir
denied his
The
fled
lowers,
will.
the
But he
first
was
isolated
on
story of Gurdjieff's
first to
fol-
Essentuki in
lis,
lin.
djieff
tion
and
faith.
treat
and
his
band
ing of writers
his outlook
was
and
Gurdjieff
It
began
Harmonious Develop-
intellectuals.
creasingly focused
than to analyze.
in-
on encouraging students
One
of his favorite
man can
highest that a
make them
carefully tai-
In theory, the
108
attain is to
dances served
to
in-
to act rather
lored to
At a chateau in
movement and
centers of
patterns.
The
accustomed
somewhat
Every
moment
was
of the day
ential people.
students, as
first
some
were
J.
B.
and American
Priestley
As a
may
is all
the
more remarkable,
number
more than
his dismay,
and more on
most
the
social climate.
his
own
he was an unusual
be known.
this hostility,
he relied more
inner resources.
child.
By
his
thousands. In the
how-
short-lived,
call the
may
earliest
realm of
spirit.
As an
adult,
later
he described a number
there-
following today
in the tens of
to
years old.
as second-class citizens.
When
To
architect
lyric
ever.
his
the family
were
as stationmaster in the
influ-
homeland before
particularly the
his
company moved
the son was two
back to
painful
British
woman
appeared
much
part
bearing the
writing.
fruits
The
volumes of
his thoughts
at every turn
and remem-
real to
new
physical perceptions.
sensed
He
his
realized,
More
bit
Gurdjieff
swore
Gurdjieff's
to secrecy.
contemporary, anthro-
He buried himself
Steiner
was born
ljevec, Yugoslavia.
in
on the
1861 in Kra-
reations
in solitary rec-
him.
109
He was
A man
of many
dolf Steiner
interests,
Ru-
applied his
anthroposophical insights
to fields as diverse as metallurgy, beekeeping, and farming.
Among several odd but appar(left)
and took
follow,
It
did not
In fact,
he
life,
neering.
boy's
on education.
les triangles
at the school
numbers were
not.
to reading philosophy.
first
manuel Kant's
Critique of Pure
again through
its
to take hold,
engi-
empha-
became
was
grist for
civil
The teachers
abilities
Later in
realities.
hours of
for
him but
ultimately disappointed.
In the
work which
is
Kant's
no way
human
that
there
and
circles that
exercises
were
he manipulated
in his
and useful
just as real
either material
He regarded
this as
was
he took
at least
it
life.
confirma-
With vast
for
phenomena
many
matter
intellectual
or spiritual
correct.
beings to
ideas.
one area of
is
it
was
for
patently in-
No
philosophical treatise, no
how
by a rainbow, Steiner's
emblem of the
creative force.
111
losophy.
and
to
master
bart,
found was
in the
enna
Steiner
scientific
knew
that
if
Moving on
orthodoxy of the
late
fall
breakthrough
at least
who acknowledged
the spir-
for the
week
named
800s.
first
uncover
to
reality.
to the Vi-
if
He was hoping
young Steiner
arrived
to Vienna,
On
he happened to
man
earned his
living gathering
world as a
The
the
Institute of Technology,
who
itual
frustration.
minds of Nie-
He devoured the writings of Fichte, Schelling, HerHaeckel, and many other thinkers. Yet most of what he
miliarity
latest
spirits,
fa-
had
tried
with
little
success to find
in
books
Colored Portals
to foe Spirif
In
most
cultures, colors
significance.
World
have a special
Many Westerners
associ-
meaning
magenta
him "the
in
called
represented
life
humans,
its
without
for
oppo-
spirit.
laryhetto
i*
aos
fh lennacr a
CI
l&rqheuo affctt
$ foljt far
>
LisCCfes-rt**
out of shapes. Hard lines were unnecessary. Layers of color could be used
$&thU
lar
112
woodsman
Having at
last
concerns, Steiner
for himself."
made
his next
advance through
for his
his stud-
tic:
spirit.
felt
certain that he
lowed
to personally
in
them speak
have an ear
optics.
and he
man who
let
synthesized the
While
still
same
time, he
began supplementing
came
He
At about the
ities.
felt
on
his in-
instructor.
---
113
deep
On
five
for him.
artists, writers,
scholarly achievements
home
city,
book
after
topics
that
in
toward throwing
Weimar, he took
found
more
in 1893,
published
er,
they had
clairvoyance.
Knowledge of the
tered worldwide,
In
German
spirit
it
and had
world had
lost their
all
but dis-
philoso-
wisdom
it
As people ac-
spiritual realm.
Nietzsche and Goethe written over the next four years, conflicted
highly
phy that
focus in Christianity.
Steiner
Activity,
its
through an era
tative steps
him most,
in
interest in his
and published
throughout his
both-
had come
cementing
It
ones
financial
difficult
He was plagued by
that they
114
aware
domed Goetheanum
(left)
structure,
wooden
in
Steiner's
mesh very
phists.
rapidly in
Germany.
just
one of a long
line
who had become men for the purhuman race. Nevertheless, the
of avatars gods
German
movement. He undertook
the task
branch of
their
and, for
his out-
found purpose
spiritual
later,
in life
was
to establish
this
"methods of
A few
speech as the
years
birth
of anthroposophy.
would
last
among
knowledge and
love. Steiner
up
this
freedom and
universities
he had
life,
work
was
a changed man. He
now on
ligions
and attempted
the
wisdom of the
surprise, he
Christian gospels.
Somewhat
was due
to the influence of
to his
for his
new
Madame
turning back.
cosmology and
itself its
society
re-
own
their spiritual
do
wide-
so.
historical
1913,
115
who
struggled to reclaim
it
terribly difficult to
to reverse the
spiritual
Steiner parted
Blavatsky had
human-
consciousnesses found
make
first
once-direct connec-
trend and
receptive-
was no
ness
He
tices of
his
felt in-
little
was
tral
intellectual circles
and
it fell
German
when Madame
in
Antonio Gaudi
(right) devised
the play/ul lizard waterfountain below as part of his design
for Guell Park in Barcelona.
Named for Gaudi's patron Eusebio Guell, this residential development involved houses built
on triangular tracts of land on
Mount Pelada, with views of the
city and ocean. Guell Park's
0%
-m
<"
Y\
P\\
v. ^i
N
i
)
'
Klsf
Natural Impulses of an
Architectural Genius
Nature, according to Spanish architect
Antonio Gaudi, is God's architecture.
Man-made structures, he said, should
imitate natural forms. That logic led
Gaudi to develop an undulating, organic style of building that brought the
look of a rural Utopia to urban streets.
It
for
shown below.
One commission dominated his last
to the smaller structures
came
choosing to live in poverty. This decision may have hastened his death.
Struck by a streetcar in 1926, the poorly clad architect was mistaken for a
vagrant and received minimal care for
several hours before he was recognized. He died three days later.
His unique architectural legacy was
ignored outside Barcelona until the
960s.
Today
his
ranked
among
earliest
and most
work
is
/^
the
successful at-
tempts to restore
human
the
7^r^c\.
scale to
modem
city.
^;v
1/
hical
Rowing
woman named
that Christ
enthusiasts
own
Many
his
suit,
and
band of disciples.
Ever the
prolific writer,
newed an
he began to as-
and
interest in painting
sculpture,
move
might
those arts
he developed his
djieff,
own form
movements performed
and music. Beginning
to the
of establishing a permanent
a system of flowing
to
life
with
his ideas
spirit
introduced a series of
elaborate, Steiner
would be
called the
ed
it
many
saw
most
upon himself
Goetheanum. The
facility that
structure,
he
and
itual nature.
land,
During
War
move-
some
yield
of his
lasting contributions.
was
Moving from
this
own
its
by robbing
it
of
its spirit,
Many
up
resi-
had no wish
to
be the head of a
and
practice for
organic farmers.
homes
The educational
grew out of
the
in
spir-
dome below
dence
time
this
I,
of a garden or farm
provided such a
visible
On
came
interaction
in
twin
to
he took
ment
In the
plays, brought
beings.
Dornach. But he
wide anthroposophy.
at
in 1910, Steiner
community
of spiritually attuned
was
live.
championed
mind was
of the
tant.
118
A striking feature
of Steiner's
bit
as impor-
philosophy was
that chil-
rnystexy
ig ""day
/e
"T
lances dep.c^g^^^cter^.
o/Key
development
voyance. Anthroposophy,
was never
therefore,
insisted, could
only
ful
spir-
advancement, he
if it
be
was
fruit-
freely
Steiner's ideas
on education were
initially
put in prac-
tice at the
request
seeking better
schools for the
emwas formed
children of their
ployees.
The
dorf, or Steiner,
when
grew
in.
He believed
lier
that operate
on the
by
for the
from instruction
in
history, art,
felt,
and
dimensions of a single
human
fell
er's view,
it
was not
until
was
people of
all
from
Gurdjieff,
who
On
these matters he
ways
to
change
their
mode
of
for inspiration
finally
it
opti-
differed
endeavor.
reality of evil
be called have
yond
knowledge, and
to
was
institution
cal
first
men
In Stein-
It
human
spirit.
rf
v
H\l
no/*
l^P^SSdimberWP-
"
to
do with
reai
*r
toMm-*"*
ob)ecuv
.of *eir
B etweenl9l0
ravaged by
-
A ic
l930>
and^9
-ar^ any
actuate,
I
i
artists
For
turmoil-
was
Europe
by
ap
mental
J me"
a"d
compete
heir pleas
breaK
cenlury
Pnrooean inters
he Russian
Many
d technology
T
s&z%ssz*-
1
^*evereem^
dea that
needed
iu
fnSv^^ns
l.
va .
onAy
each ne*
oreparethewayir
effort-
concentrated
found
^tofm^o^chfngfactones
wnter *
members
of
eu
^Vwere veteran^
"eCeSS1wmdould
be
humanV-ma w
,.
pursue
freed to
-<ft52rf.*z*
rmg
had w
hope d 5S
rion they
m;
forms that
;W art
madness
counter the
^e contlagrauom
fw
^rl^
nonary
So
adcau
.
slsU^<
rVolu
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visions for;
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strong
chain.
ns and
international
art
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luetodr
**
b
:fev
of urgency
rega*8^"
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on sense
eedf0t
^mnngtbeco
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aside **
Casting
sought _fresn
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m the
techn0 ,
futurists
oaz^^rolmdostnaUttiesTW
bsessionswi*
~ ""'
mhVb tted.
ecUousana^
ebumenlMan:
wasmf
nthusiasm i
a
more beautiful
;=
5110^ d
sensation
c
tne
in ,s capture
o/
d.
veTchockandsounawuv^.
shocK
induced
hu
trsu^ng>V>eP; cat5 to
em eng^en^
we?e often
bridge 5
.
*esub-
fatunsts
suspension
XemaKerstogtonV*
o ph oto
''^Se'uer capturing
selves as
free
of
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in
times
his cause
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c
also
*ed
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thinking-
sensa
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demon
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tote**
search /or
in his
Tetn a-
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art
the Russian
\-
,,920
1914 and 192^
V een
by a re
was shaken
Ad
the
poUtical
l91?
upheaval
!) contrasting
An'
nalpara
V1S1 "*
and
ism poet
,
KaZi
tpoterf>'nsP'"
pw
re present
e a notentially
*e
Past
^^
elevates
spiritual
Wfj*l
rising
Roving wss'an P
onlyb
above the
metaphysics H
deepest
tions
^Leonstntcuv^^e
)f
t;;
shattered
Russ,
archi-
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ct
matter
'tivist's
iono/design-
1914 Gennon
that
^r
r
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struc
was
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.Tautfound
tureda
,,ndtec<
silver
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8i
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of *e
eC _
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a u
TaUtto
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duce d Taui
ml
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novels
^ per
mystical
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of Cr/
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splendors
po^
one
the
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daily sets
'To dauy
~>n vvno
7*esp
he
eyes on
^ written,
rssgssssft:exchange
hin
*^
ana PubUs
pseudonyms
Utenc joiivna^s
'
^ i-Mjelrv DOXe
IftheCtysw*
soon as
"wuc
consciousness.
*-"**
'sttzssze
uf Future,
<*
thedralo/the
structure
academy'"' n'declar
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me moral
ana
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(or his
tf
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jvlding
yrl
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,bacVcinto
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fcs
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all
artists.
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e creative
accu
g
ha
Oddly
en
01 art
Aire
cuw-
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art
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expressionist
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that talent
^bud a better
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hisstu
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Eastern
ar
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\
fts
reflected
describe
^"-
his
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v^^
en0
Though conv &
..kino. Kiec
from
whicn
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._ riri0
as
inter
and
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hnng
flnd lig
mechanistic
value-
lost to
fall from
.tuoiity
*/*?
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to
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mulat0 5
Mondnan.
pe M
wa sson|>y
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wfl
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>
OV
CHAPTER
The 30-caliber
alive.
bullets
war
He asked: 'Why
6, his
did
fast.
He
his chest
stared up at
you shoot?
wanted
and
me a
saw
still
his heart.
mournful,
to surrender.'
little
"
in 1945, as the
German
village without
in
Europe neared
its
resistance,
filled
answer
their
demand
for surrender.
hell.
And
article
at
it.
Then,
Institute,
absurd," he wrote.
We
ran.
We
"We touched
through exercises
drama in which
initial
in
made
disdain, Litwak
slain
We
jumped.
one another."
trip,
instructed to
lie
my own
in slime,
that
he was a "tiny
German soldier.
At that moment, Litwak
self entering
and imagine
faces at
his eyes,
workshop, which
fat
down, close
potential.
while
at first failed to
spiritual
in 1967,
To research
for
in his
felt
it
who had
up
my
what
numbness.
I'd
"I
missed.
heaved
and discovered
felt
to
meet
Leo Litwak
logical
testify to
psycho-
enchantment.
In the
waters of the
cliff
still
Pacific. Rustic
Beach
at Harvard.
him
later recalled.
"We
didn't
San
gradually emerged.
to
which Richard
district, to
is
ued
Institute
owned in Big Sur. And alEsalen became a 1960s bazaar for the
most overnight,
community
tent,
To
training,
both
Price,
thirty
in
India, to
community called
Aurobindo Ashram,
a religious
where he meditated
hours a day.
later,
for eight
A year and
Murphy returned
a half
to the
days a
week
at
offered fo-
known each
the Sri
It
Big Yurt.
such jobs as
shamanism.
In so-called
encounter groups,
men
to
It
was
sorts of
In Esalen's
women
wrestled
all
men and
we were
"We
thought
astronauts of inner
to
later,
new realms
of consciousness.
came
who saw
it
as a tower
of psychobabble and a
136
gymnasium
for
a falling boulder,
main
its
Some
Price
institute.
He does, however,
political
counterpart to
its
re-
communal
rather in deliberate
goals. Since
its
striving
terpersonal communications
way
television link
989
it
up a
set
between American
it
al
visit to
maverick Boris
Yeltsin;
and
it
is
been offered
to
to
make
many
skills,
has trained
it
in in-
was
an
that of
where
institute,
^^v
organization's leaders
^M
according to
^HBf
nities,
some
still
see
authorities
including Robert
S.
it
on Utopian commu-
under Es-
way
^B_
live,
for
workshop
skills
and
been regard-
initiat-
the
toward Utopian
marrying
residents of intentional
As a concrete and
fill
its
own
tailor-made
young
a respectable international
children.
numbers of Soviets
came
sure, Esalen
still
practices
its
al
communities.
In the
many
spiritual disciplines of
no longer
failure of the
to live in intention-
member.
To be
of
moved people
to practice the
government
some
newly discovered
on, the
of the 10,000
the institute's
to try constructing
or so guests
Luther King,
grams
for
developing
human
Many were
War
Some
was
al
ful-
137
communities
simply
life.
potential, the
Jr.,
came
to
of the
many
other
He suspects
that their
number
and
re-
mains
more
fairly
communities
in
its
and
their goals,
on which they
their lifestyles
in intentional
live
known
faith that
as the
equinox appears
New
New
said to
more or
less coincide
..
for
is
in short, is
The
New
seen as a Utopian
era.
was
life
and
in the
the
famed
characterized
Age,
War
stretcher-
He became con-
spirit.
made
Age.
some students
by a quest
in the constellation of
to technology to eliminate
cal
Unicity," that
membrane which
is
stretched like a
And over
"this sentient
protoplas-
mic
layer," Teilhard
lope, taking
on
its
own
individuality
ultimate enve-
named
the
"ul-
and
it
was always
there that
found concentrated,
To
all
Teilhard, the
mans. And
gized thought
lies at the
base of
New Age
philosophy.
lects
tions.
who was an
antiquity, historian
intel-
different direc-
Arnold Toynbee,
much because
of
hardening of intellectual
ity,"
he
said, gives
life
arteries.
The
"elite creative
to a civilization but
is
minor-
gradually re-
New Age communities believe that they are the people who can best provide creative solutions to the problems
confronting humankind, and that they can best shape a new
ants of
on
spiritual transformation
human condition.
While Toynbee was considering the
and advancement
in the
"ideo-
in California
making a A
examination of Eastern
mysticism.
Though a skep-
early visitor
to Esalen,
woman
attend-
exercises, designed to
foster openness among
participants, are seen
by some as a micro-
J
nS holdha"
ds
hur's
reigning e
rust***"
*"*.
twee -year
\
".dozen*.
term
mrou nrty
* '
cc
^l e settlement near
,.,
e,al
name uspiial-shapeedmetaldev.ce.
I
if
is
^aoV-V^etOenega-
Jsmess.
,_
msm
re-
f"
o*ets mdud
weaving
United Stat
aw
or
ngand
che mical-
wrai-medicme
tic
was founded
fore Esalen
hope
human
for the
al Philosophy,
it
the human-potential
movement.
To many New Age communities, the humanpotential movement has become an article of faith. They
believe that by elevating their consciousness to levels pre-
down
the walls
and
between the
action,
Intentional
California
to
work out
its
show
"that
we may have
faith
that
such
humankind
we
northeast coast
of Scotland. The Findhorn group's
are not
we
are to survive
founding
on oneness
as a planet,
ir-
can trans-
community writes
meant
and
and Consciousness."
is
and so-
individual
if
an impact on the
150-bed Cluny
entire universe."
lies
bound together
made up
is
all
living things
and
all
evidently
and
librium with
life,
terms, holism
society,
means
and
spiritual
and nature.
ward
mat-
entirety of nature
Nowhere
oped than
at a
is
society,
community
and trebled
receipts.
its
won
a four-
was
Now,
Eileen's
trailer
horn garbage dump. Eileen was further told that the family
should plant a garden and elevate their "vibrational level"
by gorging themselves on
and the
its
be understood.
the holistic oneness
to operate the
more sweeping
were hired
In
in
Under
To Peter and
within."
star rating
holism
Hill Hotel,
God
in a unifying vision.
in
the con-
came about
more
highly devel-
on the
142
itual
coworker,"
hotel
same
%m
**Z**Z
auy
begin the
believe
Find-
Gotland's
Gardeners
flt
em ent-
^ ^
way,
*:'
By her
later account,
Maclean was
gasoline-powered
in
who
Beings
Known
plant growth."
devas from
as
for shining
spirits
and
overlight
in
wo
V*
is
"seemed
to
ble gardens
were
a garden
circle
grow on the
were welcome
stayed on the grass banks and ate the clover and wildflower
God and
in
We
there.
because
tether your
them
and sea-
As
parted.
clubroot can't
by the
They began
number
field.
named
"I
found myself
for
example,
to
it
if
it
was thanking
Sometimes
was
just
it
that
it
was
still
belief
is
"on
all
still
tourist attraction.
minuscule. By 1970,
af-
residents. In that
at
who had
studied biochemis-
drop
would seem
in
and genetics
philosophy
in
in
San
on Findhorn
later
con-
New Age
had intended
to
he stayed three
were the
literal
a return of energy."
realized
try
a plant
was
twenty-five-year-old American
and
woman
would seem
rabbits stayed
in the habit of
In truth,
of
to regard
soil
The
did sug-
grow
to go."
we
gardening
for instance,
they
were flabbergasted,
if
ideal
garden
their
spirit-
in the
attunement, the
specialized in
After standing in a
in silent
little
and
make
As word of the
and relaxed."
satisfied
sight of
had said
a proverb: "Trust
conditions. Visitors
were
by each
it.
was
life-fo
they
gized and assured the trees that she had no such intention,
Hinduis
ones those
was
were, and
direct
the Sanskrit
tiller,
"worried because
bodied
is
143
in a
unity."
holy. Everything
is
crucial.
God
that
the earth
is
ritual, sacrifice,
and
modern
is
is
announced, thanks
to
God
rely
on com-
'sing the
are
do not
its facilities
toi-
is
is
and
There also
letries.
one with
sell
way
shops that
new
has expanded
its
In this
Hill
which had
Hotel,
fallen
arises
and
perfect
is
made known,
manner, often
in a
leen
it
houses. There
by
that
left,
its
es.
message
to
Yet for
own
to
who moved
was
to California's
officer, Peter
holistic
fective.
As a Findhornian once
know where
Caddy had
to live
and
new
work
White,
is
with a
at
one point
to
been
in
down
tlement
to
to
around 200
its
de-
believers,
is
and experiit
seems
ef-
we can
what makes
it
all
moving
in the
same
work."
at Findhorn," said
to link
we
call the
'network of
about
in
Light.' "
at
Among
Findhorn
is
is
the
a set-
reckoned by the
passing of ages.
in the
their eyes,
To
300
together.
group setting
love
high,
in a
And
of our
in California
re-
wife
amounting
direction.
first in
child.
left
coming
spirits
with a brisk authority that sometimes grated on Findhornian sensitivities. In 1980, Peter
Bay Area
on and manage
part of a
live
all
group of Findhornians
members
purposes of contemplation.
treat for
final spirit-inspired
for cultural
of Findhorn
And a handful
and guest-
is
who
144
dawn
of
new day
for
Dawn
above
what
must
live,
what
must be."
Later, the
this is
presence took
faith,
able to
a sketch of him.
tional, Social,
was read
to
languages.
in fifteen
nobody
site
it
Human
actual
in
ter.
visitors de-
own
set to
lands. But
work
drilling
was
in 1878, to
ish
a Turk-
Egyptian wife.
From her earliest
was
moved by strange
years, Mirra
forces. At the
age of
was
counted, "There
me on
which
used to
my
medi-
would
feel a
engrossed
tation.
sit still,
in
with
t^ traditional
^f^dhornians
A& c ' candle for a
Se
the
Blending
gather around *
^Jua.
Ch%tmasEv^ang^
with
h ave had
\^lda
vvfe
resident,
Jd choose? o overlighting
*% coming
for
50,000
was born
home
transform a vision
woman
of Sri
Aurobindo
phy
later
in
between a tough-minded
name
were required
who would
and
when
artistic
to a Parisian
both
first
in their
and
twice,
ended: "Auroville
most of the
own dreams
painter
was married
Unity."
draw
willing ser-
embodiment of an
When
And
Consciousness."
be a
belongs to humanity as a
was even
in particular. Auroville
will
It
girl
one of
whom
she
tells
From
that
later,
Aurobindo
moment
no doubt about
Sri
on, Mirra
had
"An immense
have
as to pay tribute to
Sri
bowed
my
which
seem
have long
valleys," he
The yogi
into
whose
in Calcutta in 1872.
now moved
who
into
was
tive
who
lonial
and
attention,
in
said. "I
was born
her di-
in
to
heart.
his na-
managed
in solitary
"and
later,
of
my
felt
me
for
Now
it
um
by involving himself
in the
relief
Mohandas
Africa,
K.
Gandhi was
most Indian
still
from the
tedi-
off practicing
when young
law
in
Yoga generally
In that
gotiation.
he
left
trusting;
lutionary violence.
men
It
in the
would
"All
life.
was distinctly
karma-yoga the "yoga of action." As
called
man who
life
finds
its
most po-
Mirra Alfassa
later,
work," she
South
became
For
a couch," he wrote
life.
in the
on the
the
different.
British
him. Auro-
jail
confinement, and
began having
to
It
was
communion."
harmony with his yoga that Aurobindo,
from jail, resumed his political activities
thus in
an adesha divine
came
a letter to a
to
From
seek sanctu-
there, in 1910,
A predawn
name
in
con-
nounced
he wrote, he hoped
by
case,
it
was
the
ciplines of
contented
began
is
soon
thought.
setting things
the
books neatly
bliss.
Sri
is
He
illusion, to
human
is
in pursuit of
realization." But
en garden, organ-
'
life
izing collective
^
even assigning
Aurobin-
do the task of
cooking
world
to Sri
be spurned
cupboards, plant-
meditations, and
festation of the
in
knowledge was
world
straight, stacking
its
spiritual
yoga while
attracted a handful of
disarray. Mirra
whose
Aurobindo had
Aurobindo an-
Sri
"predominatingly practical in
lived in
was
worldly turmoil.
hold, Sri
that Mirra
fish for
her cats. At
first,
to
be
sure, there
left,
creation as an international
community. At the founding
ceremony, children from 124
147
live
money and
religious
by the time
er
Aurobindo died
Sri
would remain
thoughts
in the
at the
in
ashram
tomorrow."
would be
It
golden sphere
her
that
who aspire
named Au-
120
new consciousness, a
away from all national rival-
ought
In
those
who
world
is
monished her
followers.
And so she
set to
its
was
Au-
feet
by
pillars repre-
(Strength),
were
ror
would
tal
globe,
an enormous, clear
at a distance of
work, drawing
was
a huge
to be."
not as
feet,
Mahalaksmi
The
named
hakali (Perfection).
it
of the City of
ries, social
would
roville."
come
life,
was
,200 residents
roville.
A model
It
acquire land.
until the
fruit
crys-
about
forests, or-
and nut
trees,
and
president to raise
Auroville
148
circle.
all,
Of
that,
Peace, Certitude,
and
Much
Utility.
names as
Aspira-
of the remaining
with a people
still
be
living
cheek by jowl
Hard
The day
after the
1968 cere-
what he saw.
at
"It
was empty," he
a tree.
sun bore
down on
stunning
body
at
erless
then,
loss:
on November
The Mother,
in the
left
the
community
natives,
later recalled,
whom
"The
first
friends
depended
largely
for its
on donations from
Aurovilians
these
We
came
to the
away."
difficulties,
was born
re-
Yet despite
million-
village in jeeps.
her
lead-
one Tamil
left
Hindu phrase,
ings
And
Matrimandir was
laid
on Feb-
In
embrace
unorthodox teaching methods,
such as using all of Auroville as
a classroom and consulting
the children on subject matter
as well as teaching methods.
Auroville's teachers
light
base but
for
in 1895,
when horses
was
World War
Bom
one settlement,
him penniless.
In 1927, suicidal
over
lifted
left
example, Aurovilians
of products
woven by
ditional Tamil
tra-
In
way
to Utopia.
home
methods;
central
communiGermans and
and delivered by air for one-fifth the cost of the average home. It never reached mass production, but
another Fuller invention did: the geodesic dome.
crocomputers. Of Au-
ty
of skilled
725 residents,
roville's
Fuller created
acceptance,
were
Indians,
and
but he
to
"My
Aurovilians
ideas,"
he said, "have
undergone a
who had
was
not dismayed.
in-
process of
emergence by
emergency.
ty's
When
various businesses or
joining in
its
they are
needed badly
enough, they're
accepted."
educational
Auroville
al citizen
forty-five
its.
own
internation-
young
adults, fifteen
each from
India, the
two weeks
And
the
150
U^PI
mto
conception,
the
edgCOd
?helter
U
P,flS. 5ilionedto ,tretches
CeIlff
the island
r,t* S7
three^^ i Buildingcontain
.,"
EmP^f^d
w
fl
the
dome
J.
this size
Ma ry-
STsaid**
'.*SS***,
^
fujler
save nol
'
V?v<
% KM
1**
tig
Ninesn ^d Cloud
1
^Ijrisdc Ug"
^"^ an earth
^ascape^^ aplastic
Fuller
sssSsSJsr
w
wh
c
.
sun
en the
couI d
taOon/o r
chor above
Pictured
*S?
riding^J pother of
^thin a ten
housing
^e
^^jhoutdeplet-
^dter/
^'s resources.
the ear*
mg
151
one of southern
ning water.
On
India's
the poor,
in
and three
single
women.
Still
to take in
other intentional
chose to dwell
four families
Gesundheit
"Dream
big,"
a motto of the
is
forts
prior-
ities,
build-
to
the attainment of
"We have
roville
to get
In the
to
individuals
reflect a
left
behind
we have
Virginia.
the 1960s
yes,
West
to
members turned
Aurovilian:
it
some
whose 100
Mile
House
in
British
Columbia
tional,
is
"We
"
tentional
Some
new
offi
Whereas
'centers of
more
Some
in existing ci
amid the
frantic
come
urban hurly-burly.
"We
live
many
tranquility
"
New Age
light.'
'alternative society,'
on IP
is
Ontario,
members
New Moon
whose 200
or so
have existed
non-smoking."
more than
the
ten years,
and from
for
member-
enough room
treat,
to
sit
around and
outdoors as well as
talk, play,
who "saw
travel
Members who
work or partici-
visitor policies.
in
In Mil-
1967 by a group of
and used
main-
many communities
is
bills.
and
in."
Catholics
tax-status documents,
la-
furniture to
152
Commune
at
authorities."
Morro Bay,
California, provides
work therapy
it
and churches.
officials
Winkelman, Arizona,
in
who
persons
to troubled
But
and
it is
ophies, disciplines,
offers
and mysteries
communities aspire
to
expand
consciousness and
bearing such
forcement officers."
Jyodi, Prabhushri
New Age groups have come a long way from the days
when communes were incubators of the drug culture. It
become common for intentional communities to ban ille
ture,
Communities of homosexuals,
meet scorn from the
Still,
by
Vedic
their very
someti
And
community
call
if
not hun-
them^B
in Monticello,
hold their ground but sometimes take the offensive on Dehalf of their causes.
conventional neighb
for instance,
texts,
Ken- ^
valleys of Oregon.
and
heterosexism
in
Canadian towns
cific.
to
A publication
communing with
you had
to
sum up what
New
for
rock
that
tilled
Commune
make
to
and
old
as-
we're trying to do
we want
to
in
nondenominational
Christianity.
human
practices,
tri-
to
life.
many it
Others have
is
degree of sophisti-
tional
their size or
is
Whatever
the
live in simple,
in rural
solar-
is
is
personal, for
some
it
is local,
but for
more formal ties: The Holy City Community, which is situated on sixty acres of swampy Louisiana woodland, is subject
members
an "egalitarian Jewish
mobile synagogue
nities
in
spiritual
of a
members
community
ties.
writing a
is
the
find in
command-
mainstream society."
ativity,"
whose occupants
in
In this
you seldom
subject,
visited
book on the
human
individuals,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The editors wish to thank the following: Stefania Auroli,
Rome; Lydia Bonora, Relations Publiques, Musee des
Beaux Arts, Chartres, France; Kathryn Booth, Terre Nou-
velle,
berg, Itzehoe,
rie,
Laragne, France; Caroline Bourbonnais, La FabuloseDicy, France; the Center for Communal Studies, Univer-
sity
Rome;
Dr. Bodo von Dewitz, Agfa Foto-Historama, CoWest Germany; Professor Robert Fogarty, Antioch
College, Yellow Springs, Ohio; Jerry Grant, Shaker Museum; Sabine Hartmann, Bauhaus-Archiv, West Berlin; Kan-
logne,
Sammlung
Stingo, Milan,
Italy;
le-Vivien, France;
Use
Tatin,
Musee Robert
Tatin, Cosse-
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Stone,
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New
Uoyd
lain
Boyd:
PICTURE CREDITS
The sources for the
from
Credits
left to
illustrations in this
book are
listed
below
from
Cover
art
Inc. 6:
ington,
DC.
8:
ssischer Kulturbesitz,
West
9:
Bildarchiv Preu-
The Metropolitan
Museum of Art, the Sackler Fund (1969 69.242.10); Bofutenmangu, Bofu, Yamaguchi Prefecture, courtesy Tokyo
National
Musuem,
Bridgeman Art
17:
Library,
Art by
18, 19:
Kim
Courte-
London. 36, 37: The William Morris Gallery, London; Victoria and Albert Museum, London; the E. T.
Archive/Tate Gallery, London, background the William
Gallery,
From Facing
the
by Smithsonian Institution Press, Washing(3); Library of Congress. 82: Painting by Josiah Woolcott, courtesy Massachusetts Historical Society.
83: Copied by Mark Sexton, courtesy the Orchard House,
Concord, Mass. 84: From Art and Glory: The Story of Elbert
Hubbard by Freeman Champney, Crown, New York, 1968.
85: Copied by Larry Sherer, courtesy Roycroft Associates;
Roycroft Associates. 86-97: Archives, the Theosophical Society, Pasadena, Calif. 99; Art by Kim Barnes of Stansbury,
Ronsaville, Wood, Inc. 100: Bettmann Archive/UPI Newsphotos; from The Harmonious Circle: The Lives and Work of
C. I. Gurdjieff, P. D. Ouspensky, and Their Followers by
James Webb, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1980. 102,
Portrait Gallery
ton, D.C.,
1978
New York, 1980- from Journey through This World: The Second Journal of a Pupil by S. C. Nott, Routledge & Kegan
Paul, London, 1969. 109: From Gurdjieff and Mansfield by
James Moore, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980. 10:
Siiddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst, Munich. Ill: From Art
1
1987.
land
116, 117:
Museo Comarcal de
Badenweiler
Museum, Bloomington,
Ind
VG
Berlin; c
sitz,
West
141
1990 Theater Nachlass Oskar Schlemmer, Sammlung UJS Badenweiler; Fotografische Sammlung Museum Museum Folkwang, Essen Musee National
D'Art Modeme, Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges
Pompidou, Paris. 132, 133: Municipal Museum the Hague;
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (2) Produktie Grafische
Afdeling, Capi-Lux Vak; Bauhaus-Archiv, West Berlin. 135:
Artwork by Kim Barnes of Stansbury, Ronsaville, Wood,
Inc. 136: c Joyce Lyke/Esalen Media Center- Michael Alexander for LIFE. 138, 139: Paul Fusco/Magnum Photos. 140,
:
hom,
Auroville, Arcosanti
From Linking
Project, Cambridge, Mass., 1979. 145: From Faces of Findhorn: Images of a Planetary Family by the Findhom Community, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1980. 146, 147: Do-
minique Darr,
(2);
Guy
stitute,
Books,
Paris.
148,
149:
Dominique
Darr, Paris
Inc.
INDEX
Numerals
in italics indicate
an
illustration
Abraham
(biblical figure),
of
Adam
and Eden, 7,
and paradise myths, 20
Ann,
gift
Adams, Hester
drawing by, 72
Adams, John, 72
Adventist movement, 57
Aeneid (Virgil), 23, 33
(biblical figure), 22,
12-13;
24
Ahriman, 113
transcendentalists, 81
May, 82, 84
Alcott, Louisa
Alchemy, 60
156
Alcott,
and Au-
death
of, 149;
Amana
Amida
Society, 75
Buddhists,
6.
Anaximander, 25
Angel meditation, 145
Ann the Word. See Lee, Ann
Anthroposophy, and Rudolf Steiner, 102,
(play),
96-97
Thomas More, 39
and Mirra Alfassa, 145, 148; and
karma-yoga, 149; and Sri Aurobindo,
145, 147; and UNESCO, 145
152;
Bande Mataram
Baptists,
(journal),
146
65
99
Beissel, Johann Conrad, and Ephrata
Shakers
Besant, Annie, 115-118
Biodynamic farming, 118. See also Agri-
Blacks,
Steiner,
God
(a.k.a.
32
New
79
Brueghel, Jan, painting by, 12-13
Life,
and Robert
135-
S.
Fogarty, 137;
and
and
E-temen-an-ki (ziggurat), 21
Eumenides (Aeschylus), 96
Eurhythmy, 1
Euripides, 96
Euryphamus, 28-30
Eve (biblical figure), 22, and Eden,
12-13, and paradise myths, 20
1
Cosmic Dance, 9
Cosmic Tree, 6
by,
22
1 1
Feininger, Lyonel,
woodcut
by,
128
Fellowship, 104
Damanhur, 140-141
Dances: and Georgei Ivanovitch Gurdjieff,
105, 108-109; and Point Loma Universal
Brotherhood and Theosophical Society,
94-95; and Shakers, 64-65, 69-70
Howard,
Finster,
Death penalty, 92
Fogarty, Robert
First-husband
157
48-49
80
137-138
art by,
rites,
S.,
background
and
of,
G
of
Life,
141
Goetheanum, 114-115
Golden Age: and Aztecs, 23-24; and
Greeks, 22-23; and Hindus, 25; and
Indians, 23; and Manicheans, 25; and
millennialists, 24-25; and Pythagorean
Society, 28; and Romans, 23
Gopi, 8
Graham, Sylvester, 77
Great Awakening, 60
Great Disappointment, 57
Greeks, 22-23
Gropius, Walter, 129
Groveland Fountain Stone, 69
Guardian of the Threshold (Steiner), 119
Guell, Eusebio, 116
Guell Park, 116-117
Guild of Saint George, 35
Gurdjieff, Georgei Ivanovitch, 100; and
Cappadocia, 102; characteristics of,
and enneagram,
and
human-potential movement, 107-108;
and hypnotism, 107; and idiots, 98, 99;
and Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, 107, 108, 109; and
Katherine Mansfield, 109; and New Age
movement, 102-105; and Peter Ouspensky, 98; and J. B. Priestley, 109; quoted,
101, 107, 108; and Jean Toomer, 105;
and Kenneth Walker, 98-101; wanderings of, 107, 108; and Work, 102, 108;
and Frank Lloyd Wright, 109; and Olgivanna Hinzenberg Wright, 104, 705, and
108-109; death
7,
(god), 22,
and
122;
Exorcism, 140-141
Expressionists, 129
(Doesburg), 133
Fuller,
of, 35;
Cortes, Hernan, 24
Reason (Kant),
23
Owens
Confucians, 6
Cronus
commune, 60-61
102, 114-115
Krishna), 9
Book of Mormon, 59
Botticelli,
137;
Margaret, 80
Fuller,
and
intentional communities, 137, 138; and
Leo Litwak, 134-135; and Michael Murphy, 135, 137; and Richard Price, 135;
and Soviet-American exchange program, 137; and Arnold Toynbee, 139;
workshop at, 138-139; and Boris
Yeltsin, 137; and yoga, 136-137
Esoteric Christianity: and Georgei Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, 102; and Rudolf Steiner,
Christianopolis (Andreae), 42
Esalen
Indians, 18
Critique of Pure
and Rudolf
St.
Cheyenne
and Shakers, 68
EOM,
Ephrata
Countercomposition
(Col-
Enneagram, 106
El Lissitzky, 125;
Fruitlands, 82-84
Game
culture
Birth control, 78
9.
and
and George Rapp,
60, 61
73
lins),
and
8- 1
technology, 124
Believers. See
1 1
Elysian Fields, 23
Society, 75;
Constructivists:
djieff),
Bisi,
113,
and Amana
The (magazine), 85
France, Anatole, 39
7,
school
City
commune,
122
15
Aztecs, 23-24
Fra,
65
Campanella, Tommaso, 40
Capital punishment, 92
Cappadocia, 102-103
62;
Fourier, Charles, 82
Calvinists,
Celibacy;
Dilmun, 18-20
netti),
Ford, Henry, 85
Fundamentalists, 60
Ann
142-143, 144
Avatars,
Buchanan, James, 58
Buddhas, 29, 104
Buddhists,
See also Amida Buddhists;
Zen Buddhists
Burden, Jane, 37, 38; and William Morris,
36; and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 36
1
Demigods, 22-23
Devas, and Dorothy Maclean, 143, 144
107;
of,
and esoteric
Yezidje,
109;
Christianity, 102;
105
H
Hablik, Wenzel: architecture by, 127;
Harmony
61, 62;
growth
of,
62;
and
millennialists,
63
Harris,
Thomas
78-79
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 81-82
Hayes, Rutherford B., 77
Herbal remedies, 66-67
94-95
Hindus: and Golden Age, 25; and paradise
myths, 6
History of Utopian Thought, The (Hertzler),
Martin, Eddie
6, 12-13,
The
18,20
129;
and
Hollister,
Kant, Immanuel,
movement,
and crafts
85; and
arts
84,
and Roycroft
114
and
Koguski,
Krishna
Newton, Isaac, 32
Ninhursag (goddess), 18-20
and William
6,
and Golden
Harmony
Society, 63;
in
the Wilderness, 60
Millennium, defined, 57
Miller, William: and Adventist movement,
Blue God), 9
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 115-118
57;
(a.k.a.
millennialists, 57,
ment, 142
Mondrian,
57;
and
132
24
84
Montezuma
Labyrinth, 61
Hypnotism, 107
Laws
Moore, Alice,
More, Thomas, 18; and Augustine, 39;
background of, 39; and Plato, 39; and
Reformation, 17; and Utopia, 58
Mormons, trek of, 58-59
I
lamblichus: and Pythagoras, 25, 26, 30;
Harmonious Development
program
for,
106
56, 63-64;
Life
63
ofLycurgus (Plutarch), 33
Lissitzky, El, art by, 125
Little Women (Alcott), 84
Litwak, Leo, 134-135
Lotus Urn, 147
Muhammad, 24
137-138; purposes
of,
137,
139;
and
Raymond
(a.k.a.
Lucifer,
50-51
(a.k.a.
Bernhard
113
Miiller,
28-30
and holism,
39
Manicheans, 25
Jackson, Rebecca, 68
Man
113
158
and
silverstirpi-
Ouspensky,
Peter, 100;
and Georgei
An
(Steiner),
Adam,
20; and
and Angola, 20;
and Cheyenne Indiand Buddhists,
ans, 18; and China, 1; and Confucians,
6; and Eden, 18, 20; and Eve, 20; and
gardens, 6-15, and Hindus, 6; and Hopi
Indians, 20-22; and Japan, //, and
Amida Buddhists,
1
6;
Judeo-Christian tradition,
6,
12-13,
of,
40-41
Noyes,
Pericles,
76,
77;
and
and John Humphrey
77-78
96
Phalanxes, defined, 82
of Aquari-
115
Grahamism,
(Illinois), 59
Neo-Pythagoreans, 33
Neresheimer, E. August, 90
and
Nauvoo
Manifestation, 144
15,
Picassiette, 50-51
Man,
Maximillian de
Magi, 25
124;
(a.k.a.
Maison
Bernhard
36;
Leon), 63
Luther, Martin, 57
144;
Le Pique-
by, 37;
Miiller),
of,
81;
77-78;
II,
and
Lysis,
and transcendentalists,
Leon, Maximillian de
142, 153;
number
Ann
Indians:
djieff,
23
(a.k.a.
Ann), 73; and Baptists, 65; and Calvinists, 65; and celibacy, 64, 65, 70; death
of,
44-45
(Plato),
Odyssey (Homer), 23
Oneida community, 76, and Sewell Newhouse, 80; and John Humphrey Noyes,
Walker, 98
Piet,
L
Ann
60
Lee,
Noosphere, 139
Noyes, John Humphrey, and birth control,
78; exile of, 80; and millennialists, 77;
and Oneida community, 77-78; and
and John
Humphrey Noyes, 77; and George Rapp,
61, 62; and Jemima Wilkinson, 74; and
Woman
(Shakespeare), 96, 97
112-113
Felix,
art
46-47
John Ruskin, 85
Human-potential movement: and Georgei
EOM),
(a.k.a. St
(Bacon), 42
Newhouse, Sewell, 80
Owens
Mazdaznan, 130
Meacham, Joseph, and Shakers,
Melba, Nellie, 96
Menelaus (king of Sparta), 23
and expressionists,
din, 138-139;
New Atlantis
by, 43,
85
23
Kali,
64
(ship), 56,
Europe), 122
KaliYuga, 102
129, 131;
14-15,
(Sinclair),
34
Findhom Foun-
dation, 142;
Discipline,
33,39
Holism: defined, 142; and
Manual of
Mariah
myths,
Fling,
Jungle,
Highland
Philistine,
Philo,
The (magazine), 85
35
Photodynamism ofBoccioni
Pietists,
123
(Bisi),
Raymond
Plains of Heaven,
of,
23,31,33
Loma
Theosophical Society, 88-89; characteristics of, 90; and dances, 94-95; and
drama, 96-97; magazine by, 86; and
May Day, 90-91; and Nellie Melba, 96;
and music, 95, 96; and E. August
Neresheimer, 90; and peace celebration,
92-93; and Francis Pierce, 90; and Albert G. Spalding, 90;
and Katherine
Spalding, 90;
90;
135
Priestley,
J.
B.,
109
(Botticelli),
12
Proteus (god), 23
Pythagoras: characteristics
of,
25-26; and
and Pythagorean
Society, 17,
26
and Essenes,
33,
Queen Guinevere
Queen
35;
of, 101,
Stijl,
death
25
Russolo, Luigi: and Noise Intoners,
painting by, 122
(Morris),
37
123,
s
Sabbath, 34
Sacred art, 49
Sagrada Familia Church, 117
Salt Lake City (Utah), 59
Sarsaparilla syrup, 66
Satan, 23, 24-25
102
and
John Humphrey Noyes, 77-78, 80; and
Oneida community, 75, 78, 80
Shakers: background of, 56-57; and
blacks, 68; and celibacy, 70-74; and
craftsmanship, 69, 74; and dances,
64-65, 69-70; and feasts, 69. 70; and gift
drawings, 71-73, and Grahamism, 77;
growth of, 68; and herbal remedies,
66-67, and George Holyoake, 68-69;
and Indians, 66, 70; and Rebecca Jackson, 68; and Ann Lee, 56, 63-64; and
Joseph Meacham, 65, 68; and meetings,
63, 69-70; and Rebecca Perot, 68; persecution of, 65; and speaking in
tongues. 69; and spiritualists, 69-70;
and Leila S. Taylor, 69; and visions, 71;
and whirling gift, 70, and Anna White,
69; and Lucy Wright, 68
Shambhala, 26
Sheet,
Harris, 79;
De
and
El Lissitzky, 125;
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 34
55
Harmony
Society
Thomas More,
57;
and
Republic,
and
Sri
Aurobindo,
145, 146
Rietveld, Gerrit: architecture by, 132, chair
Ripley, George,
New Age
15;
and Hele-
81
death
69-70
Aurobindo (a.k.a. Aurobindo Ghose):
and Mirra Alfassa, 145-146, 147; and
Auroville (India), 145, 147; background
of, 146; death of, 148; and karma-yoga,
146; and Michael Murphy, 135, 145;
quoted, 146-147, 147-148; and Paul
Peace Congress,
Sri
93, as philanthropist,
159
Ann
68;
and
88
w
Gurdjieff, 98-101
98
Waring, Jane Lee, 78
Washington, George, 53
Whirling gift, 70
White, Anna, 69
in the Wilderness, 60
Work, and Georgei Ivanovitch
Gurdjieff,
102, 108
Spiritualists,
33
Visions:
Woman
69
17
Virgil,
S.,
Winthrop, John, 58
Rappites. See
54-55
Socrates, 31
Soul's Awakening,
Utopia, defined, 17
Slavery,
61, 62;
in Christ's
Friend):
Sioux, 23
and millennialists,
and Bernhard Muller, 63
Wilkinson,
1
29
T'ao Ch'ien,
and Mor-
Tantrists,
35
Bliss,
(Adams), 72
Tree of
and Kazimir
Malevich, 124
Temple of Peace,
mons,
80
Stirpiculture,
of, 59;
Walden (Thoreau), 82
(journal), 132
spirit,
of, 115;
113, 118-119;
Russell, Bertrand,
Science of
Sex:
Primavera
Raphaelite Brotherhood, 35
Plutarch, 33
Point
Abraham, 63
Steiner, Rudolf, 110, and agriculture, 110,
118; and anthroposophy, 102, 1 10, 115,
1 18, 1 19; background of, 109-1
1; and
Annie Besant, 115-118; and Helena
Standerin,
Brotherhood, 36
Roycroft Printing Shop, 85
movement,
131
75
(Hesiod), 22-23
Wright, Lucy, 68
Wright, Olgivanna Hinzenberg, and Georgei Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, 104, 105
Y
Yezidje, 105
Yoga, 136-137. See also Karma-yoga
Young, Brigham, 59; and James Buchanan, 58; and Mormons, 58
Yugas, 23
Zen Buddhists: and intentional communities, 137; and paradise myths, 6. See
also Buddhists
Zimmermann, Johann
Jacob, 60
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