Terrestrial Animal Health Cod1gn

Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2007)
1.1.
PART 1... SECTION
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Contents - Index
SECTION 1.1.
GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND NOTIFICATION OF ANIMAL
DISEASES
CHAPTER 1.1.1.
CHAPTER 1.1.2.
General definitions
Notification of diseases and epidemiological information
CHAPTER 1.1.1.
GENERAL DEFINITIONS
Article 1.1.1.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code:
Acceptable risk
means a risk level judged by each Member Country to be compatible with the protection
of animal and public health within its territory.
Animal
means a mammal, bird or bee.
Animal for breeding or rearing
means a domesticated or confined animal which is not intended for slaughter within a
short time.
Animal for slaughter
means an animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under the control of the
relevant Veterinary Authority.
Animal handler
means a person with a knowledge of the behaviour and needs of animals who, with
appropriate experience and a professional and positive response to an animals needs, can
achieve effective management and good welfare. Competence should be gained through
formal training and/or practical experience.
Animal health status
means the status of a country or a zone with respect to an animal disease, according to the
criteria listed in the relevant chapter of the Terrestrial Code dealing with the disease.
Animal identification
means the combination of the identification and registration of an animal individually,
with a unique identifier, or collectively by its epidemiological unit or group, with a
unique group identifier.
Animal identification system
Dr.Veterinary Gh.Gobenco
means the inclusion and linking of components such as identification of

establishments/owners, the person(s) responsible for the animal(s), movements and other
records with animal identification.
Animal traceability
means the ability to follow an animal or group of animals during all stages of its life.
Antimicrobial agent
means a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic substance that exhibits
antimicrobial activity (kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms). Anthelmintics and
substances classed as disinfectants or antiseptics are excluded from this definition.
Apiary
means a hive or group of hives whose management allows them to be considered as a
single epidemiological unit.
Appropriate level of protection
means the level of protection deemed appropriate by the country establishing a sanitary
measure to protect human or animal life or health within its territory.
Approved
means officially approved, accredited or registered by the Veterinary Authority.
Approved abattoir
means premises used for the slaughter of animals for human consumption or animal
feeding and approved by the Veterinary Authority for export purposes.
Area of direct transit
means a special area established in a transit country, approved by the relevant Veterinary
Authority and placed under its immediate control, where animals stay for a short time
pending further transport to their final destination.
Artificial insemination centre
means a facility approved by the Veterinary Authority and which meets the conditions set
out in the Terrestrial Code for the collection, processing and/or storage of semen.
Beehive
means a structure for the keeping of honey bee colonies that is being used for that
purpose, including frameless hives, fixed frame hives and all designs of moveable frame
hives (including nucleus hives), but not including packages or cages used to confine bees
for the purpose of transport or isolation.
Biosecurity plan
means a plan that identifies potential pathways for the introduction and spread of disease
in a zone or compartment, and describes the measures which are being or will be applied
to mitigate the disease risks, if applicable, in accordance with the recommendations in the
Terrestrial Code.
Border post
means any airport, or any port, railway station or road check-point open to international
trade of commodities, where import veterinary inspections can be performed.
Breeding birds
means birds kept for the purpose of producing hatching eggs.
Buffer zone
means a zone established to protect the health status of animals in a free country or free
zone, from those in a country or zone of a different animal health status, using measures
based on the epidemiology of the disease under consideration to prevent spread of the
causative pathogenic agent into a free country or free zone. These measures may include,
but are not limited to, vaccination, movement control and an intensified degree of disease
surveillance.
Case
means an individual animal infected by a pathogenic agent, with or without clinical signs.
Central Bureau
means the Permanent Secretariat of the World Organisation for Animal Health which
headquarters are:
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, FRANCE
Telephone: 33-(0)1 44 15 18 88
Fax: 33-(0)1 42 67 09 87
Electronic mail: oie@oie.int
WWW: http://www.oie.int
Collecting centre
means a premise or a place where animals for breeding or rearing or animals for
slaughter from different establishments or markets are collected together.
Collection centre
means a facility approved by the Veterinary Authority for the collection of embryos/ova
and used exclusively for donor animals which meet the conditions of the Terrestrial
Code.
Commodity
means animals, products of animal origin intended for human consumption, for animal
feeding, for pharmaceutical or surgical use or for agricultural or industrial use, semen,
embryos/ova, biological products and pathological material.
Compartment
means one or more establishments under a common biosecurity management system
containing an animal subpopulation with a distinct health status with respect to a specific
disease or specific diseases for which required surveillance, control and biosecurity
measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade.
Competent Authority
means the Veterinary Authority or other Governmental Authority of a Member Country
having the responsibility and competence for ensuring or supervising the implementation
of animal health and welfare measures, international veterinary certification and other
standards and guidelines in the Terrestrial Code in the whole country.
Container
means a non-self-propelled receptacle or other rigid structure for holding animals during
a journey by one or several means of transport.
Containment zone
means a defined zone around and including suspected or infected establishments, taking
into account the epidemiological factors and results of investigations, where control
measures to prevent the spread of the infection are applied.
Day-old birds
means birds aged not more than 72 hours after hatching.
Death
means the irreversible loss of brain activity demonstrable by the loss of brain stem
reflexes.
Disease
means the clinical and/or pathological manifestation of infection.
Disinfection
means the application, after thorough cleansing, of procedures intended to destroy the
infectious or parasitic agents of animal diseases, including zoonoses; this applies to
premises, vehicles and different objects which may have been directly or indirectly
contaminated.
Disinfestation
means the application of procedures intended to eliminate arthropods which may cause
diseases or are potential vectors of infectious agents of animal diseases, including
zoonoses.
Early detection system
means a system under the control of the Veterinary Services for the timely detection and
identification of animal diseases. Characteristics of the system must include:
a. representative coverage of target animal populations by field services;
b. ability to undertake effective disease investigation and reporting;
c. access to laboratories capable of diagnosing and differentiating relevant diseases;
d. a training programme for veterinarians and para-veterinarians for detecting and
reporting unusual disease occurrence.
Emerging disease
means a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic
agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a
previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time and
which has a significant impact on animal or public health.
Epidemiological unit
means a group of animals with a defined epidemiological relationship that share
approximately the same likelihood of exposure to a pathogen. This may be because they
share a common environment (e.g. animals in a pen), or because of common management
practices. Usually, this is a herd or a flock. However, an epidemiological unit may also
refer to groups such as animals belonging to residents of a village, or animals sharing a
communal animal handling facitity. The epidemiological relationship may differ from
disease to disease, or even strain to strain of the pathogen.
Equivalence of sanitary measures
means the state wherein the sanitary measure(s) proposed by the exporting country as an
alternative to those of the importing country, achieve(s) the same level of protection.
Eradication
means the elimination of a pathogenic agent from a country or zone.
Establishment
means the premises in which animals are kept.
Exporting country
means a country from which commodities are sent to another country.
Flock of birds
means any group of birds continuously housed in one building or part of a building
separated from other parts of that building by a solid partition and having its own
ventilation system, or, in the case of free range birds, any group of birds having common
access to one or more buildings or houses. More than one flock of birds may exist in one
establishment.
Free compartment
means a compartment in which the absence of the animal pathogen causing the disease
under consideration has been demonstrated by all requirements specified in the
Terrestrial Code for free status being met.
Free zone
means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been
demonstrated by the requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code for free status being
met. Within the zone and at its borders, appropriate official veterinary control is
effectively applied for animals and animal products, and their transportation.
Fresh meat
means meat that has not been subjected to any treatment irreversibly modifying its
organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. This includes frozen meat, chilled
meat, minced meat and mechanically recovered meat.
Greaves
means the protein-containing residue obtained after the partial separation of fat and water
during the process of rendering.
Hatching eggs
means fertilised bird eggs, suitable for incubation and hatching.
Hazard
means a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or a condition of, an animal or animal
product with the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
Hazard identification
means the process of identifying the pathogenic agents which could potentially be
introduced in the commodity considered for importation.
Importing country
means a country that is the final destination to which commodities are sent.
Incidence
means the number of new cases or outbreaks of a disease that occur in a population at
risk in a particular geographical area within a defined time interval.
Incubation period
means the longest period which elapses between the introduction of the pathogen into the
animal and the occurrence of the first clinical signs of the disease.
Infected zone
means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has not been
demonstrated by the requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code being met.
Infection
means the presence of the pathogenic agent in the host.
Infective period
means the longest period during which an affected animal can be a source of infection.
International trade
means importation, exportation and transit of commodities.
International veterinary certificate
means a certificate, issued in conformity with the provisions of Chapter 1.2.2., describing
the animal health and/or public health requirements which are fulfilled by the exported
commodities.
Journey
An animal transport journey commences when the first animal is loaded onto a
vehicle/vessel or into a container and ends when the last animal is unloaded, and includes
any stationary resting/holding periods. The same animals do not commence a new
journey until after a suitable period for rest and recuperation, with adequate feed and
water.
Killing
means any procedure which causes the death of an animal.
Laboratory
means a properly equipped institution staffed by technically competent personnel under
the control of a specialist in veterinary diagnostic methods, who is responsible for the
validity of the results. The Veterinary Authority approves and monitors such laboratories
with regard to the diagnostic tests required for international trade.
Lairage
means pens, yards and other holding areas used for accommodating animals in order to
give them necessary attention (such as water, feed, rest) before they are moved on or used
for specific purposes including slaughter.
Laying birds
means birds kept for the purpose of producing eggs not intended for hatching.
Listed diseases
means the list of transmissible disease agreed by the OIE International Committee and set
out in Chapter 2.1.1. of the Terrestrial Code.
Loading/unloading
Loading means the procedure of moving animals onto a vehicle/vessel or into a container
for transport purposes, while unloading means the procedure of moving animals off a
vehicle/vessel or out of a container.
Market
means a place where animals are assembled for the purpose of trade or sale
Meat
means all edible parts of an animal.
Meat-and-bone meal
means the solid protein products obtained when animal tissues are rendered, and includes
any intermediate protein product other than peptides of a molecular weight less than
10,000 daltons and amino-acids.
Meat products
means meat that has been subjected to a treatment irreversibly modifying its organoleptic
and physicochemical characteristics.
Milk
means the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more
milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it.
Milk product
means the product obtained by any processing of milk.
Modified stamping-out policy
see stamping-out policy.
Monitoring
means the continuous investigation of a given population or subpopulation, and its
environment, to detect changes in the prevalence of a disease or characteristics of a
pathogenic agent.
Notifiable disease
means a disease listed by the Veterinary Authority, and that, as soon as detected or
suspected, must be brought to the attention of this Authority, in accordance with national
regulations.
Notification
means the procedure by which:
a. the Veterinary Authority informs the Central Bureau,
b. the Central Bureau informs Veterinary Authority,
of the occurrence of an outbreak of disease or infection, according to the provisions of
Chapter 1.1.2. of the Terrestrial Code.
Official control programme
means a programme which is approved, and managed or supervised by the Veterinary
Authority of a country for the purpose of controlling a vector, pathogen or disease by
specific measures applied throughout that country, or within a zone or compartment of
that country.
Official Veterinarian
means a veterinarian authorised by the Veterinary Authority of the country to perform
certain designated official tasks associated with animal health and/or public health and
inspections of commodities and, when appropriate, to certify in conformity with the
provisions of Section 1.2. of the Terrestrial Code.
Official veterinary control
means that the Veterinary Services knows the location of the animals and the identity of
their owner or responsible keeper and is able to apply appropriate animal health
measures, as required.
Outbreak of disease or infection
means the occurrence of one or more cases of a disease or an infection in an
epidemiological unit.
Pathological material
means samples obtained from live or dead animals, containing or suspected of containing
infectious or parasitic agents, to be sent to a laboratory.
Place of shipment
means the place where the commodities are loaded into the vehicle or handed to the
agency that will transport them to another country.
Population
means a group of units sharing a common defined characteristic.
Post-journey period
means the period between unloading and either recovery from the effects of the journey
or slaughter (if this occurs before recovery).
Pre-journey period
means the period during which animals are identified, and often assembled for the
purpose of loading them.
Prevalence
means the total number of cases or outbreaks of a disease that are present in a population
at risk, in a particular geographical area, at one specified time or during a given period.
Qualitative risk assessment
means an assessment where the outputs on the likelihood of the outcome or the
magnitude of the consequences are expressed in qualitative terms such as high,
medium, low or negligible.
Quality
is defined by International Standard ISO 8402 as the totality of characteristics of an
entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs.
Quantitative risk assessment
means an assessment where the outputs of the risk assessment are expressed numerically.
Quarantine station
means a facility under the control of the Veterinary Services where animals are
maintained in isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other animals, to prevent
the transmission of specified pathogen(s) while the animals are undergoing observation
for a specified length of time and, if appropriate, testing and treatment.
Registration
is the action by which information on animals (such as identification, animal health,
movement, certification, epidemiology, establishments) is collected, recorded, securely
stored and made appropriately accessible and able to be utilised by the Competent
Authority.
Resting point
means a place where the journey is interrupted to rest, feed or water the animals; the
animals may remain in the vehicle/vessel or container, or be unloaded for these purposes.
Restraint
means the application to an animal of any procedure designed to restrict its movements.
Risk
means the likelihood of the occurrence and the likely magnitude of the consequences of
an adverse event to animal or human health in the importing country during a specified
time period, as a result of a hazard.
Risk analysis
means the process composed of hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management
and risk communication.
Risk assessment
means the evaluation of the likelihood and the biological and economic consequences of
entry, establishment, or spread of a pathogenic agent within the territory of an importing
country.
Risk communication
is the interactive exchange of information on risk among risk assessors, risk managers
and other interested parties.
Risk management
means the process of identifying, selecting and implementing measures that can be
applied to reduce the level of risk.
Sanitary measure
means any measure applied to protect animal or human health or life within the territory
of the Member Country from risks arising from the entry, establishment or spread of a
hazard. [Note: A detailed definition of sanitary measure may be found in the Agreement
on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade
Organization.]
Slaughter
means any procedure which causes the death of an animal by bleeding.
Slaughterhouse/abattoir
means premises, including facilities for moving or lairaging animals, used for the
slaughter of animals to produce animal products and approved by the Veterinary Services
or other Competent Authority.
Space allowance
means the measure of the floor area and height allocated per individual or body weight of
animals.
Specific surveillance
means the surveillance targeted to a specific disease or infection.
Stamping-out policy
means carrying out under the authority of the Veterinary Authority, on confirmation of a
disease, the killing of the animals which are affected and those suspected of being
affected in the herd and, where appropriate, those in other herds which have been
exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind
likely to cause the transmission of the causal pathogen. All susceptible animals,
vaccinated or unvaccinated, on an infected premises should be killed and their carcasses
destroyed by burning or burial, or by any other method which will eliminate the spread of
infection through the carcasses or products of the animals killed.
This policy should be accompanied by the cleansing and disinfection procedures defined
in the Terrestrial Code.
The term modified stamping-out policy should be used in communications to the OIE
whenever the above animal health measures are not implemented in full and details of the
modifications should be given.
Stocking density
means the number or body weight of animals per unit area on a vehicle/vessel or
container.
Stunning
means any mechanical, electrical, chemical or other procedure which causes immediate
loss of consciousness; when used before slaughter, the loss of consciousness lasts until
death from the slaughter process; in the absence of slaughter, the procedure would allow
the animal to recover consciousness.
Subpopulation
means a distinct part of a population identifiable according to specific common animal

health characteristics.
Surveillance
means the investigation of a given population or subpopulation to detect the presence of
a pathogenic agent or disease; the frequency and type of surveillance will be determined
by the epidemiology of the pathogenic agent or disease, and the desired outputs.
Surveillance zone
means a zone established within, and along the border of, a free zone separating the free
zone from an infected zone.
The surveillance zone should have an intensified degree of surveillance.
Terrestrial Code
means the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
Terrestrial Manual
means the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.
Transit country
means a country through which commodities destined for an importing country are
transported or in which a stopover is made at a border post.
Transparency
means the comprehensive documentation of all data, information, assumptions, methods,
results, discussion and conclusions used in the risk analysis. Conclusions should be
supported by an objective and logical discussion and the document should be fully
referenced.
Transport
means the procedures associated with the carrying of animals for commercial purposes
from one location to another by any means.
Transporter
means the person licensed by the Competent Authority to transport animals.
Travel
means the movement of a vehicle/vessel or container carrying animals from one location
to another.
Uncertainty
means the lack of precise knowledge of the input values which is due to measurement
error or to lack of knowledge of the steps required, and the pathways from hazard to risk,
when building the scenario being assessed.
Unit
means an individually identifiable element used to describe, for example, the members of
a population or the elements selected when sampling; examples of units include
individual animals, herds, flocks and apiaries.
Vaccination
means the successful immunisation of susceptible animals through the administration of a
vaccine comprising antigens appropriate to the disease to be controlled.
Variability
means a real-world complexity in which the value of an input is not the same for each
case due to natural diversity in a given population.
Vehicle/vessel
means any means of conveyance including train, truck, aircraft or ship that is used for
carrying animal(s).
Veterinarian
means a person registered or licensed by the relevant veterinary statutory body of a
country to practice veterinary medicine/science in that country.
Veterinary Authority
means the Governmental Authority of a Member Country, comprising veterinarians,

other professionals and para-professionals, having the responsibility and competence for
ensuring or supervising the implementation of animal health and welfare measures,
international veterinary certification and other standards and guidelines in the Terrestrial
Code in the whole country.
Veterinary para-professional
means a person who, for the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, is authorised by the
veterinary statutory body to carry out certain designated tasks (dependent upon the
category of veterinary para-professional) in a country, and delegated to them under the
responsibility and direction of a veterinarian. The tasks authorized for each category of
veterinary para-professional should be defined by the veterinary statutory body
depending on qualifications and training, and according to need.
Veterinary Services
means the governmental and non-governmental organisations that implement animal
health and welfare measures and other standards and guidelines in the Terrestrial Code in
the country. The Veterinary Services are under the overall control and direction of the
Veterinary Authority. Private sector organisations are normally accredited or approved to
deliver functions by the Veterinary Authority.
Veterinary statutory body
means an autonomous authority regulating veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals.
Zone/region
means a clearly defined part of a country containing an animal subpopulation with a
distinct health status with respect to a specific disease for which required surveillance,
control and biosecurity measures have been applied for the purpose of international
trade.
Zoonosis
means any disease or infection which is naturally transmissible from animals to humans.
CHAPTER 1.1.2.
NOTIFICATION OF DISEASES AND
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Article 1.1.2.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code and in terms of Articles 5, 9 and 10 of the OIE Organic
Statutes, every Member Country of the organisation shall recognise the right of the Central
Bureau to communicate directly with the Veterinary Authority of its territory or territories.
All notifications and all information sent by the OIE to theVeterinary Authority shall be regarded
as having been sent to the country concerned and all notifications and all information sent to the
OIE by the Veterinary Authority shall be regarded as having been sent by the country concerned.
Article 1.1.2.2.
1. Countries shall make available to other countries, through the OIE, whatever
information is necessary to minimise the spread of important animal diseases and
to assist in achieving better worldwide control of these diseases.
2. To achieve this, countries shall comply with the notification requirements
specified in Article 1.1.2.3.
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3. To assist in the clear and concise exchange of information, reports shall conform
as closely as possible to the official OIE disease reporting format.
4. Recognising that scientific knowledge concerning the relationship between
disease agents and diseases is constantly developing and that the presence of an
infectious agent does not necessarily imply the presence of a disease, countries
shall ensure through their reports that they comply with the spirit and intention of
paragraph 1 above.
5. In addition to notifying new findings in accordance with Article 1.1.2.3., countries
shall also provide information on the measures taken to prevent the spread of
diseases; including quarantine measures and restrictions on the movement of
animals, animal products and biological products and other miscellaneous objects
which could by their nature be responsible for transmission of disease. In the case
of diseases transmitted by vectors, the measures taken against such vectors shall
also be specified.
Article 1.1.2.3.
Veterinary Authorities shall send to the Central Bureau:
1. notification from the Delegate of the country by telegram, fax or e-mail, within 24
hours, of any of the following events:
a. first occurrence of a listed disease and/or infection in a country, a zone or a
compartment;
b. re-occurrence of a listed disease and/or infection in a country, a zone or a
compartment following a report declared the outbreak ended;
c. first occurrence of a new strain of a pathogen of an OIE listed disease in a
country, a zone or a compartment;
d. a sudden and unexpected increase in the distribution, incidence, morbidity
or mortality of a listed disease prevalent within a country, a zone or a
compartment;
e. an emerging disease with significant morbidity or mortality, or zoonotic
potential;
f. evidence of change in the epidemiology of a listed disease (including host
range, pathogenicity, strain) in particular if there is a zoonotic impact;
2. weekly reports by telegram, fax or e-mail subsequent to a notification under
point 1 above, to provide further information on the evolution of an incident
which justified urgent notification; these reports should continue until the
situation has been resolved through either the disease being eradicated or it
becoming endemic so that six-monthly reporting under point 3 will satisfy the
obligation of the country to the OIE; in any case, a final report on the incident
should be submitted;
3. a six-monthly report on the absence or presence, and evolution of diseases listed
by the OIE and information of epidemiological significance to other countries;
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4. an annual report concerning any other information of significance to other

countries.
Article 1.1.2.4.
1. The Veterinary Authority of a territory in which an infected zone was located shall
inform the Central Bureau when this zone is free from the disease.
2. An infected zone for a particular disease shall be considered as such until a period
exceeding the infective period specified in the Terrestrial Code has elapsed after
the last reported case, and when full prophylactic and appropriate animal health
measures have been applied to prevent possible reappearance or spread of the
disease. These measures will be found in detail in the various chapters of Section
2.2. of the Terrestrial Code.
3. A country may be considered to regain freedom from a specific disease when all
conditions given in the relevant chapters of the Terrestrial Code have been
fulfilled.
4. The Veterinary Authority of a country which sets up one or several free zones
shall inform the OIE giving necessary details, including the criteria on which the
free status is based, the requirements for maintaining the status and indicating
clearly the location of the zones on a map of the country.
Article 1.1.2.5.
1. The Central Bureau shall send by telegram, fax, e-mail or Disease Information to
the Veterinary Authorities concerned, all notifications received as provided in
Articles 1.1.2.2. to 1.1.2.4.
2. The Central Bureau shall dispatch to the Delegates information on new outbreaks
of listed diseases.
3. The Central Bureau, on the basis of information received and of any official
communication, shall prepare an annual report concerning the application of the
Terrestrial Code and its effects on international trade.
Article 1.1.2.6.
All telegrams or faxes sent by Veterinary Authorities in pursuance of Articles 1.1.2.3. and
1.1.2.5. shall receive priority in accordance with the circumstances. Communications by
telephone, telegram or fax, sent in the case of exceptional urgency when there is danger of spread
of a notifiable epizootic disease, shall be given the highest priority accorded to these
communications by the International Arrangements of Telecommunications.
PART 1...
SECTION 1.2....
Contents?
- Index
SECTION 1.2.
OBLIGATIONS AND ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
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CHAPTER 1.2.1.
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
Article 1.2.1.1.
International trade in animals and animal products depends on a combination of factors which
should be taken into account to ensure unimpeded trade, without incurring unacceptable risks to
human and animal health.
Because of the likely variations in animal health situations, various options are offered by the
Terrestrial Code. The animal health situation in the exporting country, in the transit country or
countries and in the importing country should be considered before determining the requirements
which have to be met for trade. To maximise harmonisation of the sanitary aspects of
international trade, Veterinary Authorities of Member Countries should base their import
requirements on the OIE standards, guidelines and recommendations.
These requirements should be included in the model certificates approved by the OIE which
form Part 4 of the Terrestrial Code.
Certification requirements should be exact and concise, and should clearly convey the wishes of
the importing country. For this purpose, prior consultation between Veterinary Authorities of
importing and exporting countries is useful and may be necessary. It enables the setting out of
the exact requirements so that the signing veterinarian can, if necessary, be given a note of
guidance explaining the understanding between the Veterinary Authorities involved.
When Members of a Veterinary Authority wish to visit another country for matters of
professional interest to the Veterinary Authority of the other country, the latter should be
informed.
Article 1.2.1.2.
Responsibilities of the importing country
1. The import requirements included in the international veterinary certificate
should assure that commodities introduced into the importing country comply
with the national level of protection that it has chosen for animal and human
health. Importing countries should restrict their requirements to those justified for
such level of protection.
2. The international veterinary certificate should not include requirements for the
exclusion of pathogens or animal diseases which are present within the territory
of the importing country and are not subject to any official control programme.
The requirements applying to pathogens or diseases subject to official control
programmes in a country or zone should not provide a higher level of protection
on imports than that provided for the same pathogens or diseases by the measures
applied within that country or zone.
3. The international veterinary certificate should not include requirements for
disease agents or diseases which are not OIE listed, unless the importing country
has identified the disease agent as presenting a significant risk for that country,
13
after conducting a scientifically based import risk analysis according to the

guidelines in Section 1.3.
4. The transmission by the Veterinary Authority of certificates or the communication
of import requirements to persons other than the Veterinary Authority of another
country, necessitates that copies of these documents are also sent to the Veterinary
Authority. This important procedure avoids delays and difficulties which may
arise between traders and Veterinary Authorities when the authenticity of the
certificates or permits is not established.
This information is usually the responsibility of Veterinary Authorities. However, it can
be issued by private sector veterinarians at the place of origin of the animals when this
practice is the subject of appropriate approval and authentication by the Veterinary
Authority.
Article 1.2.1.3.
Responsibilities of the exporting country
1. An exporting country should be prepared to supply the following information to
importing countries on request:
a. information on the animal health situation and national animal health
information systems to determine whether that country is free or has free
zones of listed diseases, including the regulations and procedures in force
to maintain its free status;
b. regular and prompt information on the occurrence of transmissible
diseases;
c. details of the country's ability to apply measures to control and prevent the
relevant listed diseases;
d. information on the structure of the Veterinary Services and the authority
which they exercise;
e. technical information, particularly on biological tests and vaccines applied
in all or part of the national territory.
2. Veterinary Authorities of exporting countries should:
a. have official procedures for authorisation of certifying veterinarians,
defining their functions and duties as well as conditions covering possible
suspension and termination of the appointment;
b. ensure that the relevant instructions and training are provided to certifying
veterinarians;
c. monitor the activities of the certifying veterinarians to verify their
integrity and impartiality.
3. The Head of the Veterinary Service of the exporting country is ultimately
accountable for veterinary certification used in international trade.
14
Article 1.2.1.4.
Responsibilities in case of an incident occurring after importation
International trade involves a continuing ethical responsibility. Therefore, if within the
recognised incubation periods of the various diseases subsequent to an export taking place, the
Veterinary Authority becomes aware of the appearance or reappearance of a disease which has
been specifically included in the international veterinary certificate, there is an obligation for
this Authority to notify the importing country, so that the imported stock may be inspected or
tested and appropriate action be taken to limit the spread of the disease should it have been
inadvertently introduced.
Equally, if a disease condition appears in imported stock within a time period after importation
consistent with the recognised incubation period of the disease, the Veterinary Authority of the
exporting country should be informed so as to enable an investigation to be made, since this may
be the first available information on the occurrence of the disease in a previously free herd. The
Veterinary Authority of the importing country should be informed of the result of the
investigation since the source of infection may not be in the exporting country.
CHAPTER 1.2.2.
CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES
Article 1.2.2.1.
Protection of the professional integrity of the certifying veterinarian
Certification should be based on the highest possible ethical standards, the most important of
which is that the professional integrity of the certifying veterinarian must be respected and
safeguarded.
It is essential not to include in the requirements additional specific matters which cannot be
accurately and honestly signed by a veterinarian. For example, these requirements should not
include certification of an area as being free from non-notifiable diseases the occurrence of
which the signing veterinarian is not necessarily informed about. Equally, to ask certification for
events which will take place after the document is signed is unacceptable when these events are
not under the direct control and supervision of the signing veterinarian.
Certification of freedom from diseases based on purely clinical freedom and herd history is of
limited value. This is also true of diseases for which there is no specific diagnostic test, or the
value of the test as a diagnostic aid is limited.
The note of guidance referred to in Article 1.2.1.1. is not only to inform the signing veterinarian
but also to safeguard professional integrity.
Article 1.2.2.2.
Preparation of international veterinary certificates
Certificates should be drawn up in accordance with the following principles:
15
1. Paper certificates should be pre-printed, if possible on one sheet of paper, serially

numbered, and issued by the Veterinary Authority on officially headed notepaper
and, if possible, printed using techniques which prevent forgery. Electronic
certification procedures should include equivalent safeguards.
2. They should be written in terms that are as simple, unambiguous and easy to
understand as possible, without losing their legal meaning.
3. If so required, they should be written in the language of the importing country. In
such circumstances, they should also be written in a language understood by the
certifying veterinarian.
4. They should require appropriate identification of animals and animal products
except where this is impractical (e.g. day-old birds).
5. They should not require a veterinarian to certify matters that are outside his/her
knowledge or which he/she cannot ascertain and verify.
6. Where appropriate, they should be accompanied, when presented to the certifying
veterinarian, by notes of guidance indicating the extent of enquiries, tests or
examinations expected to be carried out before the certificate is signed.
7. Their text should not be amended except by deletions which must be signed and
stamped by the certifying veterinarian. The signature and stamp must be in a
colour different to that of the printing of the certificate.
8. Only original certificates are acceptable.
Article 1.2.2.3.
Certifying veterinarians
Certifying veterinarians should:
1. be authorised by the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country to sign
international veterinary certificates;
2. only certify matters that are within their own knowledge at the time of signing the
certificate, or that have been separately attested by another competent party;
3. sign only at the appropriate time certificates that have been completed fully and
correctly; where a certificate is signed on the basis of supporting documentation,
the certifying veterinarian should be in possession of that documentation before
signing;
4. have no conflict of interest in the commercial aspects of the animals or animal
products being certified and be independent from the commercial parties.
Article 1.2.2.4.
Electronic certification
1. Certification may be provided by electronic documentation sent directly from the
Veterinary Authority of the exporting country to the Veterinary Authority of the
16
importing country. Such systems also normally provide an interface with the
commercial organisation marketing the commodity for provision of information to
the certifying authority. The certifying veterinarian must have access to all
information such as laboratory results and animal identification data.
2. Electronic certificates should carry the same information as conventional
certificates.
3. The Veterinary Authority must have in place systems for the security of electronic
certificates against access by unauthorised persons or organisations.
4. The certifying veterinarian must be officially responsible for the secure use of
his/her electronic signature.
SECTION 1.3.
RISK ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 1.3.1. General considerations

CHAPTER 1.3.2. Guidelines for import risk analysis
CHAPTER 1.3.3. Evaluation of Veterinary Services
CHAPTER 1.3.4. Guidelines for the evaluation of Veterinary Services
CHAPTER 1.3.5. Zoning and compartmentalisation
Guidelines for reaching a judgement of equivalence of sanitary
CHAPTER 1.3.6.
measures
CHAPTER 1.3.1.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Article 1.3.1.1.
Introduction
The importation of animals and animal products involves a degree of disease risk to the
importing country. This risk may be represented by one or several diseases or infections.
The principal aim of import risk analysis is to provide importing countries with an objective and
defensible method of assessing the disease risks associated with the importation of animals,
animal products, animal genetic material, feedstuffs, biological products and pathological
material. The analysis should be transparent. This is necessary so that the exporting country is
provided with clear reasons for the imposition of import conditions or refusal to import.
Transparency is also essential because data are often uncertain or incomplete and, without full
documentation, the distinction between facts and the analyst's value judgements may blur.
17
This Chapter alludes to the role of the OIE with respect to the Agreement on the Application of
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the so-called SPS Agreement) of the World Trade
Organization (WTO), provides definitions and describes the OIE in-house procedure for
settlement of disputes.
Chapter 1.3.2. provides guidelines and principles for conducting transparent, objective and
defensible risk analyses for international trade. The components of risk analysis described in
that Chapter are hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management and risk communication
(Figure 1).
Fig. 1. The four components of risk analysis
The risk assessment is the component of the analysis which estimates the risks associated with a
hazard. Risk assessments may be qualitative or quantitative. For many diseases, particularly for
those diseases listed in this Terrestrial Code where there are well developed internationally
agreed standards, there is broad agreement concerning the likely risks. In such cases it is more
likely that a qualitative assessment is all that is required. Qualitative assessment does not require
mathematical modelling skills to carry out and so is often the type of assessment used for routine
decision making. No single method of import risk assessment has proven applicable in all
situations, and different methods may be appropriate in different circumstances.
The process of import risk analysis usually needs to take into consideration the results of an
evaluation of Veterinary Services, zoning, compartmentalisation and surveillance systems in
place for monitoring of animal health in the exporting country. These are described in separate
Chapters in the Terrestrial Code.
Article 1.3.1.2.
The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and role and
responsibility of the OIE
The SPS Agreement encourages WTO Members to base their sanitary measures on international
standards, guidelines and recommendations, where they exist. Members may choose to adopt a
higher level of protection than that provided by international texts if there is a scientific
justification or if the level of protection provided by the relevant international texts is considered
to be inappropriate. In such circumstances, Members are subject to obligations relating to risk
assessment and to a consistent approach of risk management.
The SPS Agreement encourages Governments to make a wider use of risk analysis: WTO
Members shall undertake an assessment as appropriate to the circumstances of the actual risk
involved.
18
The SPS Agreement recognises the OIE as the relevant international organisation responsible for
the development and promotion of international animal health standards, guidelines, and
recommendations affecting trade in live animals and animal products.
Article 1.3.1.3.
The OIE in-house procedure for settlement of disputes
OIE shall maintain its existing voluntary in-house mechanisms for assisting Member Countries
to resolve differences. In-house procedures which will apply are that:
1. Both parties agree to give the OIE a mandate to assist them in resolving their
differences.
2. If considered appropriate, the Director General of the OIE recommends an expert,
or experts, and a chairman, as requested, agreed by both parties.
3. Both parties agree on the terms of reference and working programme, and to meet
all expenses incurred by the OIE.
4. The expert or experts are entitled to seek clarification of any of the information
and data provided by either country in the assessment or consultation processes,
or to request additional information or data from either country.
5. The expert or experts shall submit a confidential report to the Director General,
who will transmit it to both parties.
CHAPTER 1.3.2.
GUIDELINES FOR IMPORT RISK ANALYSIS
Article 1.3.2.1.
Introduction
An import risk analysis begins with a description of the commodity proposed for import and the
likely annual quantity of trade. It must be recognised that whilst an accurate estimate of the
anticipated quantity of trade is desirable to incorporate into the risk estimate, it may not be
readily available, particularly where such trade is new.
Hazard identification is an essential step which must be conducted before the risk assessment.
The risk assessment process consists of four interrelated steps. These steps clarify the stages of
the risk assessment, describing them in terms of the events necessary for the identified potential
risk(s) to occur, and facilitate understanding and evaluation of the outputs. The product is the
risk assessment report which is used in risk communication and risk management.
The relationships between risk assessment and risk management processes are outlined in
Figure 1.
Fig. 1. The relationship between risk assessment and risk management processes
19
Article 1.3.2.2.
Hazard identification
The hazard identification involves identifying the pathogenic agents which could potentially
produce adverse consequences associated with the importation of a commodity.
The potential hazards identified would be those appropriate to the species being imported, or
from which the commodity is derived, and which may be present in the exporting country. It is
then necessary to identify whether each potential hazard is already present in the importing
country, and whether it is a notifiable disease or is subject to control or eradication in that
country and to ensure that import measures are not more trade restrictive than those applied
within the country.
Hazard identification is a categorisation step, identifying biological agents dichotomously as
potential hazards or not. The risk assessment may be concluded if hazard identification fails to
identify potential hazards associated with the importation.
The evaluation of the Veterinary Services, surveillance and control programmes and zoning and
compartmentalisation systems are important inputs for assessing the likelihood of hazards being
present in the animal population of the exporting country.
An importing country may decide to permit the importation using the appropriate sanitary
standards recommended in the Terrestrial Code, thus eliminating the need for a risk assessment.
Article 1.3.2.3.
20
Principles of risk assessment

1. Risk assessment should be flexible to deal with the complexity of real life
situations. No single method is applicable in all cases. Risk assessment must be
able to accommodate the variety of animal commodities, the multiple hazards that
may be identified with an importation and the specificity of each disease,
detection and surveillance systems, exposure scenarios and types and amounts of
data and information.
2. Both qualitative risk assessment and quantitative risk assessment methods are
valid.
3. The risk assessment should be based on the best available information that is in
accord with current scientific thinking. The assessment should be welldocumented and supported with references to the scientific literature and other
sources, including expert opinion.
4. Consistency in risk assessment methods should be encouraged and transparency
is essential in order to ensure fairness and rationality, consistency in decision
making and ease of understanding by all the interested parties.
5. Risk assessments should document the uncertainties, the assumptions made, and
the effect of these on the final risk estimate.
6. Risk increases with increasing volume of commodity imported.
7. The risk assessment should be amenable to updating when additional information
becomes available.
Article 1.3.2.4.
Risk assessment steps
1. Release assessment
Release assessment consists of describing the biological pathway(s) necessary for an
importation activity to 'release' (that is, introduce) pathogenic agents into a particular
environment, and estimating the probability of that complete process occurring, either
qualitatively (in words) or quantitatively (as a numerical estimate). The release
assessment describes the probability of the 'release' of each of the potential hazards (the
pathogenic agents) under each specified set of conditions with respect to amounts and
timing, and how these might change as a result of various actions, events or measures.
Examples of the kind of inputs that may be required in the release assessment are:
a. Biological factors
species, age and breed of animals
agent predilection sites
vaccination, testing, treatment and quarantine.
b. Country factors
incidence/prevalence
21
evaluation of Veterinary Services, surveillance and control

programmes and zoning systems of the exporting country.
c. Commodity factors
quantity of commodity to be imported
ease of contamination
effect of processing
effect of storage and transport.
If the release assessment demonstrates no significant risk, the risk assessment conclude.
2. Exposure assessment
Exposure assessment consists of describing the biological pathway(s) necessary for
exposure of animals and humans in the importing country to the hazards (in this case the
pathogenic agents) released from a given risk source, and estimating the probability of
the exposure(s) occurring, either qualitatively (in words) or quantitatively (as a numerical
estimate).
The probability of exposure to the identified hazards is estimated for specified exposure
conditions with respect to amounts, timing, frequency, duration of exposure, routes of
exposure (e.g. ingestion, inhalation, or insect bite), and the number, species and other
characteristics of the animal and human populations exposed. Examples of the kind of
inputs that may be required in the exposure assessment are:
a. Biological factors
properties of the agent.
b. Country factors
presence of potential vectors
human and animal demographics
customs and cultural practices
geographical and environmental characteristics.
c. Commodity factors
quantity of commodity to be imported
intended use of the imported animals or products
disposal practices.
If the exposure assessment demonstrates no significant risk, the risk assessment may
conclude at this step.
22
3. Consequence assessment
Consequence assessment consists of describing the relationship between specified
exposures to a biological agent and the consequences of those exposures. A causal
process must exist by which exposures produce adverse health or environmental
consequences, which may in turn lead to socio-economic consequences. The consequence
assessment describes the potential consequences of a given exposure and estimates the
probability of them occurring. This estimate may be either qualitative (in words) or
quantitative (a numerical estimate). Examples of consequences include:
a. Direct consequences
animal infection, disease, and production losses
public health consequences.
b. Indirect consequences
surveillance and control costs
compensation costs
potential trade losses
adverse consequences to the environment.
4. Risk estimation
Risk estimation consists of integrating the results from the release assessment, exposure
assessment, and consequence assessment to produce overall measures of risks associated
with the hazards identified at the outset. Thus risk estimation takes into account the
whole of the risk pathway from hazard identified to unwanted outcome.
For a quantitative assessment, the final outputs may include:
o
o
estimated numbers of herds, flocks, animals or people likely to experience

health impacts of various degrees of severity over time;
probability distributions, confidence intervals, and other means for
expressing the uncertainties in these estimates;
portrayal of the variance of all model inputs;
a sensitivity analysis to rank the inputs as to their contribution to the

variance of the risk estimation output;
analysis of the dependence and correlation between model inputs.

Article 1.3.2.5.
Principles of risk management

1. Risk assessment is the process of deciding upon and implementing measures to
achieve the Member Country's appropriate level of protection, whilst at the same
23
time ensuring that negative effects on trade are minimised. The objective is to
manage risk appropriately to ensure that a balance is achieved between a country's
desire to minimise the likelihood or frequency of disease incursions and their
consequences and its desire to import commodities and fulfil its obligations under
international trade agreements.
2. The international standards of the OIE are the preferred choice of sanitary
measures for risk management. The application of these sanitary measures should
be in accordance with the intentions in the standards.
Article 1.3.2.6.
Risk management components
1. Risk evaluation - the process of comparing the risk estimated in the risk
assessment with the Member Country's appropriate level of protection.
2. Option evaluation - the process of identifying, evaluating the efficacy and
feasibility of, and selecting measures in order to reduce the risk associated with an
importation in line with the Member Country's appropriate level of protection.
The efficacy is the degree to which an option reduces the likelihood and/or
magnitude of adverse health and economic consequences. Evaluating the efficacy
of the options selected is an iterative process that involves their incorporation into
the risk assessment and then comparing the resulting level of risk with that
considered acceptable. The evaluation for feasibility normally focuses on
technical, operational and economic factors affecting the implementation of the
risk management options.
3. Implementation - the process of following through with the risk management
decision and ensuring that the risk management measures are in place.
4. Monitoring and review - the ongoing process by which the risk management
measures are continuously audited to ensure that they are achieving the results
intended.
Article 1.3.2.7.
Principles of risk communication
1. Risk communication is the process by which information and opinions regarding
hazards and risks are gathered from potentially affected and interested parties
during a risk analysis, and by which the results of the risk assessment and
proposed risk management measures are communicated to the decision-makers
and interested parties in the importing and exporting countries. It is a
multidimensional and iterative process and should ideally begin at the start of the
risk analysis process and continue throughout.
2. A risk communication strategy should be put in place at the start of each risk
analysis.
3. The communication of the risk should be an open, interactive, iterative and
transparent exchange of information that may continue after the decision on
importation.
24
4. The principal participants in risk communication include the authorities in the

exporting country and other stakeholders such as domestic and foreign industry
groups, domestic livestock producers and consumer groups.
5. The assumptions and uncertainty in the model, model inputs and the risk
estimates of the risk assessment should be communicated.
6. Peer review is a component of risk communication in order to obtain scientific
critique and to ensure that the data, information, methods and assumptions are the
best available.
CHAPTER 1.3.3.
EVALUATION OF VETERINARY SERVICES
Article 1.3.3.1.
The quality of the Veterinary Services depends on a set of factors, which include fundamental
principles of an ethical, organisational and technical nature. The Veterinary Services shall
conform to these fundamental principles, regardless of the political, economic or social situation
of their country.
Compliance with these fundamental principles by the Veterinary Services of a Member Country
is important to the establishment and maintenance of confidence in its international veterinary
certificates by the Veterinary Services of other Member Countries.
The same fundamental principles should apply in countries where the responsibility for
establishing or applying certain animal health measures, or issuing some international veterinary
certificates is exercised by an organisation other than the Veterinary Services, or by an authority
or agency on behalf of the Veterinary Services. In all cases, the Veterinary Services retain
ultimate responsibility for the application of these principles.
These fundamental principles are presented in Article 1.3.3.2. Other factors affecting quality are
described in Part 1. (notification, principles of certification, etc.).
The quality of Veterinary Services can be measured through an evaluation, whose general
principles are described in Article 1.3.3.3. and in Article 1.3.3.4.
Guidelines for the evaluation of Veterinary Services are described in Chapter 1.3.4.
A procedure for evaluating Veterinary Services by OIE experts, on a voluntary basis, is described
in Article 1.3.3.5.
Article 1.3.3.2.
Fundamental principles of quality
The Veterinary Services shall comply with the following principles to ensure the quality of their
activities:
25
1. Professional judgement
The personnel of Veterinary Services should have the relevant qualifications, scientific
expertise and experience to give them the competence to make sound professional
judgements.
2. Independence
Care should be taken to ensure that Veterinary Services' personnel are free from any
commercial, financial, hierarchical, political or other pressures which might affect their
judgement or decisions.
3. Impartiality
The Veterinary Services should be impartial. In particular, all the parties affected by their
activities have a right to expect their services to be delivered under reasonable and nondiscriminatory conditions.
4. Integrity
The Veterinary Services should guarantee that the work of each of their personnel is of a
consistently high level of integrity. Any fraud, corruption or falsification should be
identified and corrected.
5. Objectivity
The Veterinary Services should at all times act in an objective, transparent and nondiscriminatory manner.
6. General organisation
The Veterinary Services must be able to demonstrate by means of appropriate legislation,
sufficient financial resources and effective organisation that they are in a position to have
control of the establishment and application of animal health measures, and of
international veterinary certification activities. Legislation should be suitably flexible to
allow for judgements of equivalence and efficient responses to changing situations. In
particular, they should define and document the responsibilities and structure of the
organisations in charge of the animal identification system, control of animal movements,
animal disease control and reporting systems, epidemiological surveillance and
communication of epidemiological information.
A similar demonstration should be made by Veterinary Services when they are in charge
of veterinary public health activities.
The Veterinary Services should have at their disposal effective systems for animal disease
surveillance and for notification of disease problems wherever they occur, in accordance
with the provisions of the Terrestrial Code. Adequate coverage of animal populations
should also be demonstrated. They should at all times endeavour to improve their
performance in terms of animal health information systems and animal disease control.
26
The Veterinary Services should define and document the responsibilities and structure of
the organisation (in particular the chain of command) in charge of issuing international
veterinary certificates.
Each position within the Veterinary Services which has an impact on their quality should
be described. These job descriptions should include the requirements for education,
training, technical knowledge and experience.
7. Quality policy
The Veterinary Services should define and document their policy and objectives for, and
commitment to, quality, and should ensure that this policy is understood, implemented
and maintained at all levels in the organisation. Where conditions allow, they may
implement a quality system corresponding to their areas of activity and appropriate for
the type, range and volume of work that they have to perform. The guidelines for the
quality and evaluation of Veterinary Services propose a suitable reference system, which
should be used if a Member Country choose to adopt a quality system.
8. Procedures and standards
The Veterinary Services should develop and document appropriate procedures and
standards for all providers of relevant activities and associated facilities. These
procedures and standards may for example relate to:
a. programming and management of activities, including international
veterinary certification activities;
b. prevention, control and notification of disease outbreaks;
c. risk analysis, epidemiological surveillance and zoning;
d. inspection and sampling techniques;
e. diagnostic tests for animal diseases;
f. preparation, production, registration and control of biological products for
use in the diagnosis or prevention of diseases;
g. border controls and import regulations;
h. disinfection and disinfestation;
i. treatments intended to destroy, if appropriate, pathogens in animal
products.
Inasmuch as the OIE has adopted standards on these matters, the Veterinary Services
should comply with these standards when applying animal health measures and when
issuing international veterinary certificates.
9. Information, complaints and appeals
The Veterinary Authority should undertake to reply to legitimate requests from Veterinary
Authorities of other Member Countries or any other authority, in particular ensuring that
27
any requests for information, complaints or appeals that they may present are dealt with
in a timely manner.
A record should be maintained of all complaints and appeals and of the relevant action
taken by the Veterinary Services.
10. Documentation
The Veterinary Services should have at their disposal a reliable and up-to-date
documentation system suited to their activities.
11. Self-evaluation
The Veterinary Services should undertake periodical self-evaluation especially by
documenting achievements against goals, and demonstrating the efficiency of their
organisational components and resource adequacy.
A procedure for evaluating Veterinary Services by OIE experts, on a voluntary basis, is
described in Article 1.3.3.5.
12. Communication
Veterinary Services should have effective internal and external systems of communication
covering administrative and technical staff and parties affected by their activities.
13. Human and financial resources
Responsible authorities should ensure that adequate resources are made available to
implement effectively the above activities.
Article 1.3.3.3.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, every Member Country should recognise the right of
another Member Country to undertake, or request it to undertake, an evaluation of its Veterinary
Services where the initiating Member Country is an actual or a prospective importer or exporter
of commodities and where the evaluation is to be a component of a risk analysis process which is
to be used to determine or review sanitary measures which apply to such trade.
Any evaluation of Veterinary Services should be conducted having regard to the OIE Guidelines
for the evaluation of Veterinary Services presented in Chapter 1.3.4.
A Member Country has the right to expect that the evaluation of its Veterinary Services will be
conducted in an objective manner. A Member Country undertaking evaluation should be able to
justify any measure taken as a consequence of its evaluation.
Article 1.3.3.4.
A Member Country which intends to conduct an evaluation of another Member Country's
Veterinary Services should give them notice in writing. This notice should define the purpose of
the evaluation and details of the information required.
28
On receipt of a formal request for information to enable an evaluation of its Veterinary Services
by another Member Country, and following bilateral agreement of the evaluation process and
criteria, a Member Country should expeditiously provide the other country with meaningful and
accurate information of the type requested.
The evaluation process should take into account the fundamental principles and other factors of
quality laid down in Article 1.3.3.1. and in Article 1.3.3.2. It should also take into consideration
the specific circumstances regarding quality, as described in Article 1.3.3.1., prevailing in the
countries concerned.
The outcome of the evaluation conducted by a Member Country should be provided in writing as
soon as possible, and in any case within 4 months of receipt of the relevant information, to the
Member Country which has undergone the evaluation. The evaluation report should detail any
findings which affect trade prospects. The Member Country which conducts the evaluation
should clarify in detail any points of the evaluation on request.
In the event of a dispute between two Member Countries over the conduct or the conclusions of
the evaluation of the Veterinary Services, the matter should be dealt with having regard to the
procedures set out in Article 1.3.1.3.
Article 1.3.3.5.
Evaluation facilitated by OIE experts under the auspices of the OIE
The OIE has established procedures for the evaluation of the Veterinary Services of a Member
Country, upon request by the Member Country.
The OIE International Committee endorses a list of approved experts to facilitate the evaluation
process.
Under these procedures, the Director General of the OIE recommends an expert(s) from that list.
The expert(s) facilitate(s) the evaluation of the Veterinary Services of the Member Country based
on the provisions in Chapter 1.3.4., using the Performance, Vision and Strategy [PVS]
Instrument.
The expert(s) produce(s) a report in consultation with the Veterinary Services of the Member
Country.
The report is submitted to the Director General of the OIE and, with the consent of the Member
Country, published by the OIE.
CHAPTER 1.3.4.
GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OF
VETERINARY SERVICES
Article 1.3.4.1.
29
General considerations
1. Evaluation of Veterinary Services is an important element in the risk analysis process
which countries may legitimately use in their policy formulations directly applying to
animal health and sanitary controls of international trade in animals, animal-derived
products, animal genetic material and animal feedstuffs.
Any evaluation should be carried out with due regard for Chapter 1.3.3.
2. In order to ensure that objectivity is maximised in the evaluation process, it is essential
for some standards of discipline to be applied. The OIE has developed these guidelines
which can be practically applied to the evaluation of Veterinary Services. These are
relevant for evaluation of the Veterinary Services of one country by those of another
country for the purposes of risk analysis in international trade. The guidelines are also
applicable for evaluation by a country of its own Veterinary Services the process known
as self-evaluation and for periodic re-evaluation. These guidelines should be used by
OIE experts when facilitating an evaluation under the auspices of the OIE, following a
request of a Member Country. In applying these guidelines for the evaluation, the
Performance, Vision and Strategy [PVS] Instrument should be used.
In carrying out a risk analysis prior to deciding the sanitary/zoosanitary conditions for the
importation of a commodity, an importing country is justified in regarding its evaluation
of the Veterinary Services of the exporting country as critical.
3. The purpose of evaluation may be either to assist a national authority in the decisionmaking process regarding priorities to be given to its own Veterinary Services (selfevaluation) or to assist the process of risk analysis in international trade in animals and
animal-derived products to which official sanitary and/or zoosanitary controls apply.
4. In both situations, the evaluation should demonstrate that the Veterinary Services have the
capability for effective control of the sanitary and zoosanitary status of animals and
animal products. Key elements to be covered in this process include resource adequacy,
management capability, legislative and administrative infrastructures, independence in
the exercise of official functions and performance history, including disease reporting.
5. Competence and integrity are qualities on which others base their confidence in
individuals or organisations. Mutual confidence between relevant official Veterinary
Services of trading partner countries contributes fundamentally to stability in
international trade in animals and animal-related products. In this situation, scrutiny is
directed more at the exporting country than at the importing country.
6. Although quantitative data can be provided on Veterinary Services, the ultimate
evaluation will be essentially qualitative. While it is appropriate to evaluate resources and
infrastructure (organisational, administrative and legislative), it is also appropriate to
place emphasis on the evaluation of the quality of outputs and performance of Veterinary
Services. Evaluation should take into consideration any quality systems used by
Veterinary Services.
7. An importing country has a right of assurance that information on sanitary/zoosanitary
situations provided by the Veterinary Services of an exporting country is objective,
meaningful and correct. Furthermore, the Veterinary Services of the importing country
are entitled to expect validity in the veterinary certification of export.
30
8. An exporting country is entitled to expect that its animals and animal products will
receive reasonable and valid treatment when they are subjected to import inspection in
the country of destination. The country should also be able to expect that any evaluation
of its standards and performance will be conducted on a non-discriminatory basis. The
importing country should be prepared and able to defend any position which it takes as a
consequence of the evaluation.
9. As the veterinary statutory body is not a part of the Veterinary Services, an evaluation of
that body should be carried out to ensure that the registration/licensing of veterinarians
and authorisation of veterinary para-professionals is included.
Article 1.3.4.2.
Scope
1. In the evaluation of Veterinary Services, the following items may be considered,
depending on the purpose of the evaluation:
o organisation, structure and authority of the Veterinary Services;
o
human resources;
material (including financial) resources;
functional capabilities and legislative support;
animal health and veterinary public health controls;
formal quality systems including quality policy;
performance assessment and audit programmes;
participation in OIE activities and compliance with OIE Member Countries

obligations.
2. To complement the evaluation of Veterinary Services, the organisational structure and

functioning of the veterinary statutory body should also be considered.
3. Article 1.3.4.14. outlines appropriate information requirements for:
o
self-evaluation by the Veterinary Authority which perceives a need to prepare

information for national or international purposes;
evaluation by a prospective or actual importing country of the Veterinary Services

of a prospective or actual exporting country;
verification or re-verification of an evaluation in the course of a visit to the

exporting country by the importing country;
evaluation by third parties such as OIE experts or regional organisations.

Article 1.3.4.3.
31
Evaluation criteria for the organisational structure of the Veterinary Services

1. A key element in the evaluation is the study of the organisation and structure of the
official Veterinary Services. The Veterinary Services should define and set out their
policy, objectives and commitment to quality systems and standards. These organisational
and policy statements should be described in detail. Organisational charts and details of
functional responsibilities of staff should be available for evaluation. The role and
responsibility of the Chief Veterinary Officer/Veterinary Director should be clearly
defined. Lines of command should also be described.
2. The organisational structure should also clearly set out the interface relationships of
government Ministers and departmental Authorities with the Chief Veterinary
Officer/Veterinary Director and the Veterinary Services. Formal relationships with
statutory authorities and with industry organisations and associations should also be
described. It is recognised that Services may be subject to changes in structure from time
to time. Major changes should be notified to trading partners so that the effects of restructuring may be assessed.
3. Organisational components of Veterinary Services which have responsibility for key
functional capabilities should be identified. These capabilities include epidemiological
surveillance, disease control, import controls, animal disease reporting systems, animal
identification systems, traceability systems, animal movement control systems,
communication of epidemiological information, training, inspection and certification.
Laboratory and field systems and their organisational relationships should be described.
4. To reinforce the reliability and credibility of their services, the Veterinary Services may
have set up quality systems that correspond with their fields of activity and to the nature
and scale of activities that they carry out. Evaluation of such systems should be as
objective as possible.
5. The Veterinary Authority alone speaks for the country as far as official international
dialogue is concerned. This is also particularly important to cases where zoning and
compartmentalisation are being applied. The responsibilities of the Veterinary Authority
should be made clear in the process of evaluation of Veterinary Services.
6. The Veterinary Authority is defined in Chapter 1.1.1. of the Terrestrial Code. As some
countries have some relevant roles of the Veterinary Authority vested in autonomous subnational (state/provincial, municipal) government bodies, there is an important need to
assess the role and function of these Services. Details of their roles, relationship (legal
and administrative) to each other and to the Veterinary Authority should be available for
evaluation. Annual reports, review findings and access to other information pertinent to
the animal health activities of such bodies should also be available.
7. Similarly, where the Veterinary Authority has arrangements with other providers of
relevant services such as universities, laboratories, information services, etc., these
arrangements should also be described. For the purposes of evaluation, it is appropriate to
expect that the organisational and functional standards that apply to the Veterinary
Authority should also apply to the service providers.
Article 1.3.4.4.
Evaluation criteria for quality systems
32
1. The Veterinary Services should demonstrate a commitment to the quality of the processes
and outputs of their services. Where services or components of services are delivered
under a formal quality systems programme which is based on OIE recommended
standards or, especially in the case of laboratory components of Veterinary Services other
internationally recognised quality standards, the Veterinary Services undergoing
evaluation should make available evidence of accreditation, details of the documented
quality processes and documented outcomes of all relevant audits undertaken.
2. Where the Veterinary Services undergoing evaluation make large use of formal quality
systems in the delivery of their services, it is appropriate that greater emphasis be placed
on the outcomes of evaluation of these quality systems than on the resource and
infrastructural components of the services.
Article 1.3.4.5.
Evaluation criteria for human resources
1. The Veterinary Services should demonstrate that their human resource component
includes an integral core of full-time civil service employees. This core must include
veterinarians. It should also include administrative officials and veterinary paraprofessionals. The human resources may also include part-time and private sector
veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals. It is essential that all the above
categories of personnel be subject to legal disciplinary provisions. Data relating to the
resource base of the Veterinary Services undergoing evaluation should be available.
2. In addition to raw quantitative data on this resource base, the functions of the various
categories of personnel in the Veterinary Services should be described in detail. This is
necessary for analysis and estimation of the appropriateness of the application of
qualified skills to the tasks undertaken by the Veterinary Services and may be relevant,
for example, to the roles of veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals in field
services. In this case, the evaluation should provide assurances that disease monitoring is
being conducted by a sufficient number of qualified, experienced field veterinarians who
are directly involved in farm visits; there should not be an over-reliance on veterinary
para-professionals for this task.
3. Analysis of these data can be used to estimate the potential of the Veterinary Services to
have reliable knowledge of the state of animal health in the country and to support an
optimal level of animal disease control programmes. A large population of private
veterinarians would not provide the Veterinary Services with an effective epizootiological
information base without legislative (e.g. compulsory reporting of notifiable diseases)
and administrative (e.g. official animal health surveillance and reporting systems)
mechanisms in place.
4. These data should be assessed in close conjunction with the other information described
in this Chapter. For example, a large field staff (veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals) need fixed, mobile and budgetary resources for animal health activities in
the livestock farming territory of the country. If deficiencies are evident, there would be
reason to challenge the validity of epizootiological information.
Article 1.3.4.6.
Evaluation criteria for material resources
1. Financial
33
Actual yearly budgetary information regarding the Veterinary Services should be

available and should include the details set out in the model questionnaire outlined in
Article 1.3.4.14. Information is required on conditions of service for veterinary staff
(including salaries and incentives) and should provide a comparison with the private
sector and perhaps with other professionals. Information should also be available on nongovernment sources of revenue available to veterinarians in their official responsibilities.
2. Administrative
a. Accommodation
The Veterinary Services should be accommodated in premises suitable for
efficient performance of their functions. The component parts of the Veterinary
Services should be located as closely as possible to each other at the central level,
and in the regions where they are represented, in order to facilitate efficient
internal communication and function.
b. Communications
The Veterinary Services should be able to demonstrate that they have reliable
access to effective communications systems, especially for animal health
surveillance and control programmes. Inadequate communications systems within
the field services components of these programmes or between outlying offices
and headquarters, or between the Veterinary Services and other relevant
administrative and professional services, signify an inherent weakness in these
programmes. Adequate communications systems between laboratories and
between field and laboratory components of the Veterinary Services should also
be demonstrated.
Examples of types of communications which should be routinely available on an
adequate country-wide basis are national postal, freight and telephone networks.
Rapid courier services, facsimile and electronic data interchange systems (e.g. email and Internet services) are examples of useful communication services which,
if available, can supplement or replace the others. A means for rapid international
communication should be available to the Veterinary Authority, to permit
reporting of changes in national disease status consistent with OIE
recommendations and to allow bilateral contact on urgent matters with
counterpart Veterinary Authorities in trading-partner countries.
c. Transport systems
The availability of sufficient reliable transport facilities is essential for the
performance of many functions of Veterinary Services. This applies particularly to
the field services components of animal health activities (e.g. emergency response
visits). Otherwise, the Veterinary Services cannot assure counterpart services in
other countries that they are in control of the animal health situation within the
country.
Appropriate means of transport are also vital for the satisfactory receipt of
samples to be tested at veterinary laboratories, for inspection of imports and
exports, and for the performance of animals and animal product inspection in
outlying production or processing establishments.
34
3. Technical
Details available on laboratories should include resources data, programmes under way
as well as those recently completed and review reports on the role or functions of the
laboratory. Information as described in the model questionnaire should be used in the
evaluation of laboratory services.
a. Cold chain for laboratory samples and veterinary medicines
Adequate refrigeration and freezing systems should be available and should be
used throughout the country to provide suitable low temperature protection for
laboratory samples in transit or awaiting analysis, as well as veterinary medical
products (e.g. vaccines) when these are required for use in animal disease control
programmes. If these assurances cannot be given, it may be valid to discount
many types of test results, as well as the effectiveness of certain disease control
programmes and the export inspection system in the country undergoing
evaluation.
b. Diagnostic laboratories
Analysis of the laboratory service component of Veterinary Services, which would
include official governmental laboratories and other laboratories accredited by the
Veterinary Services for specified purposes, is an essential element of the
evaluation process. The quality of the veterinary diagnostic laboratories of a
country underpins the whole control and certification processes of the
zoosanitary/sanitary status of exported animals and animal products, and
therefore these laboratories should be subject to rigid quality assurance
procedures and should use international quality assurance programmes (wherever
available) for standardising test methodologies and testing proficiency. An
example is the use of International Standard Sera for standardising reagents.
This emphasis is valid whether one relates it to the actual testing performed on
individual export consignments or to the more broad and ongoing testing regimes
which are used to determine the animal health and veterinary public health
profiles of the country and to support its disease control programmes. For the
purposes of evaluation, veterinary diagnostic laboratories include those which are
concerned with either animal health or veterinary public health activities. The
Veterinary Services must approve and designate these laboratories for such
purposes and have them audited regularly.
c. Research
The scope of animal disease and veterinary public health problems in the country
concerned, the stages reached in the controls which address those problems and
their relative importance can be measured to some degree by analysis of
information on government priorities and programmes for research in animal
health. This information should be accessible for evaluation purposes.
Article 1.3.4.7.
Functional capabilities and legislative support
1. Animal health and veterinary public health
35
The Veterinary Authority should be able to demonstrate that it has the capacity, supported
by appropriate legislation, to exercise control over all animal health matters. These
controls should include, where appropriate, compulsory notification of prescribed animal
diseases, inspection, movement controls through systems which provide adequate
traceability, registration of facilities, quarantine of infected premises/areas, testing,
treatment, destruction of infected animals or contaminated materials, controls over the
use of veterinary medicines, etc. The scope of the legislative controls should include
domestic animals and their reproductive material, animal products, wildlife as it relates to
the transmission of diseases to humans and domestic animals, and other products subject
to veterinary inspection. Arrangements should exist for co-operation with the Veterinary
Authorities of the neighbouring countries for the control of animal diseases in border
areas and for establishing linkages to recognise and regulate transboundary activities.
Information on the veterinary public health legislation covering the production of
products of animal origin for national consumption may be also considered in the
evaluation.
2. Export/import inspection
The Veterinary Authority should have appropriate legislation and adequate capabilities to
prescribe the methods for control and to exercise systematic control over the import and
export processes of animals and animal products in so far as this control relates to
sanitary and zoosanitary matters. The evaluation should also involve the consideration of
administrative instructions to ensure the enforcement of importing country requirements
during the pre-export period.
In the context of production for export of foodstuffs of animal origin, the Veterinary
Authority should demonstrate that comprehensive legislative provisions are available for
the oversight by the relevant authorities of the hygienic process and to support official
inspection systems of these commodities which function to standards consistent with or
equivalent to relevant Codex Alimentarius and OIE standards.
Control systems should be in place which permit the exporting Veterinary Authority to
approve export premises. The Veterinary Services should also be able to conduct testing
and treatment as well as to exercise controls over the movement, handling and storage of
exports and to make inspections at any stage of the export process. The product scope of
this export legislation should include, inter alia, animals and animal products (including
animal semen, ova and embryos), and animal feedstuffs.
The Veterinary Authority should be able to demonstrate that they have adequate
capabilities and legislative support for zoosanitary control of imports and transit of
animals, animal products and other materials which may introduce animal diseases. This
could be necessary to support claims by the Veterinary Services that the animal health
status of the country is suitably stable, and that cross-contamination of exports from
imports of unknown or less favourable zoosanitary status is unlikely. The same
considerations should apply in respect of veterinary control of public health. The
Veterinary Services should be able to demonstrate that there is no conflict of interest
when certifying veterinarians are performing official duties.
Legislation should also provide the right to deny and/or withdraw official certification.
Penalty provisions applying to malpractice on the part of certifying officials should be
included.
36
The Veterinary Services should demonstrate that they are capable of providing accurate
and valid certification for exports of animals and animal products, based on Section 1.2.
of the Terrestrial Code. They should have appropriately organised procedures which
ensure that sanitary/animal health certificates are issued by efficient and secure methods.
The documentation control system should be able to correlate reliably the certification
details with the relevant export consignments and with any inspections to which the
consignments were subjected.
Security in the export certification process, including electronic documentation transfer,
is important. A system of independent compliance review is desirable, to safeguard
against fraud in certification by officials and by private individuals or corporations. The
certifying veterinarian should have no conflict of interest in the commercial aspects of the
animals or animal product being certified and be independent from the commercial
parties.
Article 1.3.4.8.
Animal health controls
1. Animal health status
An updated assessment of the present animal disease status of a country is an important
and necessary procedure. For this undertaking, studies of the OIE publications such as
World Animal Health, the Bulletin and Disease Information must be fundamental
reference points. The evaluation should consider the recent history of the compliance of
the country with its obligations regarding international notification of animal diseases. In
the case of an OIE Member Country, failure to provide the necessary animal health
reports consistent with OIE requirements will detract from the overall outcome of the
evaluation of the country.
An exporting country should be able to provide further, detailed elaboration of any
elements of its animal disease status as reported to the OIE. This additional information
will have particular importance in the case of animal diseases which are foreign to or
strictly controlled in the importing country or region. The ability of the Veterinary
Services to substantiate elements of their animal disease status reports with surveillance
data, results of monitoring programmes and details of disease history is highly relevant to
the evaluation. In the case of evaluation of the Veterinary Services of an exporting
country for international trade purposes, an importing country should be able to
demonstrate the reasonableness of its request and expectations in this process.
2. Animal health control
Details of current animal disease control programmes should be considered in the
evaluation. These programmes would include epidemiological surveillance, official
government-administered or officially-endorsed, industry-administered control or
eradication programmes for specific diseases or disease complexes, and animal disease
emergency preparedness. Details should include enabling legislation, programme plans
for epidemiological surveillance and animal disease emergency responses, quarantine
arrangements for infected and exposed animals or herds, compensation provisions for
animal owners affected by disease control measures, training programmes, physical and
other barriers between the free country or zone and those infected, incidence and
prevalence data, resource commitments, interim results and programme review reports.
37
3. National animal disease reporting systems

The presence of a functional animal disease reporting system which covers all
agricultural regions of the country and all veterinary administrative control areas should
be demonstrated.
An acceptable variation would be the application of this principle to specific zones of the
country. In this case also, the animal disease reporting system should cover each of these
zones. Other factors should come to bear on this situation, e.g. the ability to satisfy
trading partners that sound animal health controls exist to prevent the introduction of
disease or export products from regions of lesser veterinary control.
Article 1.3.4.9.
Veterinary public health controls
1. Food hygiene
The Veterinary Authority should be able to demonstrate effective responsibility for the
veterinary public health programmes relating to the production and processing of animal
products. If the Veterinary Authority does not exercise responsibility over these
programmes, the evaluation should include a comprehensive review of the role and
relationship of the organisations (national, state/provincial, and municipal) which are
involved. In such a case, the evaluation should consider whether the Veterinary Authority
can provide guarantees of responsibility for an effective control of the sanitary status of
animal products throughout the slaughter, processing, transport and storage periods.
2. Zoonoses
Within the structure of Veterinary Services, there should be appropriately qualified
personnel whose responsibilities include the monitoring and control of zoonotic diseases
and, where appropriate, liaison with medical authorities.
3. Chemical residue testing programmes
Adequacy of controls over chemical residues in exported animals, animal products and
feedstuffs should be demonstrated. Statistically-based surveillance and monitoring
programmes for environmental and other chemical contaminants in animals, in animalderived foodstuffs and in animal feedstuffs should be favourably noted. These
programmes should be coordinated nationwide. Correlated results should be freely
available on request to existing and prospective trading partner countries. Analytical
methods and result reporting should be consistent with internationally recognised
standards. If official responsibility for these programmes does not rest with the
Veterinary Services, there should be appropriate provision to ensure that the results of
such programmes are made available to the Veterinary Services for assessment. This
process should be consistent with the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius
Commission or with alternative requirements set by the importing country where the
latter are scientifically justified.
4. Veterinary medicines
It should be acknowledged that primary control over veterinary medicinal products may
not rest with the Veterinary Authority in some countries, owing to differences between
38
governments in the division of legislative responsibilities. However, for the purpose of

evaluation, the Veterinary Authority should be able to demonstrate the existence of
effective controls (including nationwide consistency of application) over the
manufacture, importation, export, registration, supply, sale and use of veterinary
medicines, biologicals and diagnostic reagents, whatever their origin. The control of
veterinary medicines has direct relevance to the areas of animal health and public health.
In the animal health sphere, this has particular application to biological products.
Inadequate controls on the registration and use of biological products leave the
Veterinary Services open to challenge over the quality of animal disease control
programmes and over safeguards against animal disease introduction in imported
veterinary biological products.
It is valid, for evaluation purposes, to seek assurances of effective government controls
over veterinary medicines in so far as these relate to the public health risks associated
with residues of these chemicals in animals and animal-derived foodstuffs. This process
should be consistent with the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission or
with alternative requirements set by the importing country where the latter are
scientifically justified.
5. Integration between animal health controls and veterinary public health
The existence of any organised programme which incorporates a structured system of
information feedback from inspection in establishments producing products of animal
origin, in particular meat or dairy products, and applies this in animal health control
should be favourably noted. Such programmes should be integrated within a national
disease surveillance scheme.
Veterinary Services which direct a significant element of their animal health programmes
specifically towards minimising microbial and chemical contamination of animal-derived
products in the human food chain should receive favourable recognition in the evaluation.
There should be evident linkage between these programmes and the official control of
veterinary medicines and relevant agricultural chemicals.
Article 1.3.4.10.
Performance assessment and audit programmes
1. Strategic plans
The objectives and priorities of the Veterinary Services can be well evaluated if there is a
published official strategic plan which is regularly updated. Understanding of functional
activities is enhanced if an operational plan is maintained within the context of the
strategic plan. The strategic and operational plans, if these exist, should be included in the
evaluation.
Veterinary Services which use strategic and operational plans may be better able to
demonstrate effective management than countries without such plans.
2. Performance assessment
If a strategic plan is used, it is desirable to have a process which allows the organisation
to assess its own performance against its objectives. Performance indicators and the
39
outcomes of any review to measure achievements against pre-determined performance

indicators should be available for evaluation. The results should be considered in the
evaluation process.
3. Compliance
Matters which can compromise compliance and adversely affect a favourable evaluation
include instances of inaccurate or misleading official certification, evidence of fraud,
corruption, or interference by higher political levels in international veterinary
certification, and lack of resources and poor infrastructure.
It is desirable that the Veterinary Services contain (or have a formal linkage with) an
independent internal unit/section/commission the function of which is to critically
scrutinise their operations. The aim of this unit should be to ensure consistent and high
integrity in the work of the individual officials in the Veterinary Services and of the
corporate body itself. The existence of such a body can be important to the establishment
of international confidence in the Veterinary Services.
An important feature when demonstrating the integrity of the Veterinary Services is their
ability to take corrective action when miscertification, fraud or corruption has occurred.
A supplementary or an alternative process for setting performance standards and
application of monitoring and audit is the implementation of formal quality systems to
some or all activities for which the Veterinary Services are responsible. Formal
accreditation to international quality system standards should be utilised if recognition in
the evaluation process is to be sought.
4. Veterinary Services administration
a. Annual reports
Official government annual reports should be published, which provide
information on the organisation and structure, budget, activities and contemporary
performance of the Veterinary Services. Current and retrospective copies of such
reports should be available to counterpart Services in other countries, especially
trade partners.
b. Reports of government review bodies
The reports of any periodic or ad hoc government reviews of Veterinary Services
or of particular functions or roles of the Veterinary Services should be considered
in the evaluation process. Details of action taken as a consequence of the review
should also be accessible.
c. Reports of special committees of enquiry or independent review bodies
Recent reports on the Veterinary Services or elements of their role or function,
and details of any subsequent implementation of recommendations contained in
these reports should be available. The Veterinary Services concerned should
recognise that the provision of such information need not be detrimental to the
evaluation outcome; in fact, it may demonstrate evidence of an effective audit and
response programme. The supplying of such information can reinforce a
commitment to transparency.
40
d. In-service training and development programme for staff

In order to maintain a progressive approach to meeting the needs and challenges
of the changing domestic and international role of Veterinary Services, the
national administration should have in place an organised programme which
provides appropriate training across a range of subjects for relevant staff. This
programme should include participation in scientific meetings of animal health
organisations. Such a programme should be used in assessing the effectiveness of
the Services.
e. Publications
Veterinary Services can augment their reputation by demonstrating that their staff
publish scientific articles in refereed veterinary journals or other publications.
f. Formal linkages with sources of independent scientific expertise
Details of formal consultation or advisory mechanisms in place and operating
between the Veterinary Services and local and international universities, scientific
institutions or recognised veterinary organisations should be taken into
consideration. These could serve to enhance the international recognition of the
Veterinary Services.
g. Trade performance history
In the evaluation of the Veterinary Services of a country, it is pertinent to examine
the recent history of their performance and integrity in trade dealings with other
countries. Sources of such historical data may include Customs Services.
Article 1.3.4.11.
Participation in OIE activities
Questions on a country's adherence to its obligations as a member of the OIE are relevant to an
evaluation of the Veterinary Services of the country. Self-acknowledged inability or repeated
failure of a Member Country to fulfil reporting obligations to the OIE will detract from the
overall outcome of the evaluation. Such countries, as well as non-member countries, will need to
provide extensive information regarding their Veterinary Services and sanitary/zoosanitary status
for evaluation purposes.
Article 1.3.4.12.
Evaluation of veterinary statutory body
1. Scope
In the evaluation of the veterinary statutory body, the following items may be considered,
depending on the purpose of the evaluation:
a. objectives and functions;
b. legislative basis, autonomy and functional capacity;
c. the composition and representation of the body's membership;
41
d. accountability and transparency of decision-making;

e. sources and management of funding;
f. administration of training programmes and continuing professional development
for veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals.
2. Evaluation of objectives and functions
The veterinary statutory body should define its policy and objectives, including detailed
descriptions of its powers and functions such as:
a. to regulate veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals through licensing
and/or registration of such persons;
b. to determine the minimum standards of education (initial and continuing) required
for degrees, diplomas and certificates entitling the holders thereof to be registered
as veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals;
c. to determine the standards of professional conduct of veterinarians and veterinary
para-professionals and to ensure these standards are met.
3. Evaluation of legislative basis, autonomy and functional capacity
The veterinary statutory body should be able to demonstrate that it has the capacity,
supported by appropriate legislation, to exercise and enforce control over all
veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals. These controls should include, where
appropriate, compulsory licensing and registration, minimum standards of education
(initial and continuing) for the recognition of degrees, diplomas and certificates, setting
standards of professional conduct and exercising control and the application of
disciplinary procedures.
The veterinary statutory body should be able to demonstrate autonomy from undue
political and commercial interests.
Where applicable, regional agreements for the recognition of degrees, diplomas and
certificates for veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals should be demonstrated.
4. Evaluation of membership representation
Detailed descriptions should be available in respect of the membership of the veterinary
statutory body and the method and duration of appointment of members. Such
information includes:
a. veterinarians designated by the Veterinary Authority, such as the Chief Veterinary
Officer;
b. veterinarians elected by members registered by the veterinary statutory body;
c. veterinarians designated or nominated by the veterinary association(s);
d. representative(s) of veterinary para-professions;
e. representative(s) of veterinary academia;
42
f. representative(s) of other stakeholders from the private sector;

g. election procedures and duration of appointment;
h. qualification requirements for members.
5. Evaluation of accountability and transparency of decision-making
Detailed information should be available on disciplinary procedures regarding the
conducting of enquiries into professional misconduct, transparency of decision-making,
publication of findings, sentences and mechanisms for appeal.
Additional information regarding the publication at regular intervals of activity reports,
lists of registered or licensed persons including deletions and additions should also be
taken into consideration.
6. Evaluation of financial sources and financial management
Information regarding income and expenditure, including fee structure(s) for the
licensing/registration of persons should be available.
7. Evaluation of training programmes and programmes for continuing professional
development, for veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals
Descriptive summary of continuing professional development, training and education
programmes should be provided, including descriptions of content, duration and
participants; documented details of quality manuals and standards relating to Good
Veterinary Practice should be provided.
Article 1.3.4.13.
1. The Veterinary Services of a country may undertake self-evaluation against the above
criteria for such purposes as national interest, improvement of internal efficiency or
export trade facilitation. The way in which the results of self-evaluation are used or
distributed is a matter for the country concerned.
2. A prospective importing country may undertake an evaluation of the Veterinary Services
of an exporting country as part of a risk analysis process, which is necessary to determine
the sanitary or zoosanitary measures which the country will use to protect human or
animal life or health from disease or pest threats posed by imports. Periodic evaluation
reviews are also valid following the commencement of trade.
3. In the case of evaluation for the purposes of international trade, the authorities of an
importing country should use the principles elaborated above as the basis for the
evaluation and should attempt to acquire information according to the model
questionnaire outlined in Article 1.3.4.14. The Veterinary Services of the importing
country are responsible for the analysis of details and for determining the outcome of the
evaluation after taking into account all the relevant information. The relative ranking of
importance ascribed, in the evaluation, to the criteria described in this Chapter will
necessarily vary according to case-by-case circumstances. This ranking should be
established in an objective and justifiable way. Analysis of the information obtained in
the course of an evaluation study must be performed in as objective a manner as possible.
The validity of the information should be established and reasonableness should be
43
employed in its application. The assessing country must be willing to defend any position
taken on the basis of this type of information, if challenged by the other party.
Article 1.3.4.14.
This Article outlines appropriate information requirements for the self-evaluation or evaluation
of the Veterinary Services of a country.
1. Organisation and structure of Veterinary Services
a. National Veterinary Authority
Organisational chart including numbers, positions and numbers of vacancies.
b. Sub-national components of Veterinary Authority
Organisational charts including numbers, positions and number of vacancies.
c. Other providers of veterinary services
Description of any linkage with other providers of veterinary services.
2. National information on human resources
a. Veterinarians
i.
Total numbers of veterinarians registered/licensed by the Veterinary

statutory body of the country
ii.
Numbers of:
iii.
full time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;
part time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;
private veterinarians authorised by the Veterinary Services to

perform official veterinary functions; [Describe accreditation
standards, responsibilities and/or limitations applying to these
private veterinarians.]
other veterinarians.
Animal health:
Numbers associated with farm livestock sector on a majority time basis in
a veterinary capacity, by geographical area [Show categories and numbers
to differentiate staff involved in field service, laboratory, administration,
import/export and other functions, as applicable.]:

44
iv.
Veterinary public health:

Numbers employed in food inspection on a majority time basis, by
commodity [Show categories and numbers to differentiate staff involved
in inspection, laboratory and other functions, as applicable.]:
v.
vi.
vii.

Numbers of veterinarians relative to certain national indices:
per total human population;
per farm livestock population, by geographical area;
per livestock farming unit, by geographical area.
Veterinary education:
number of veterinary schools;
length of veterinary course (years);
international recognition of veterinary degree.
Veterinary professional associations.
b. Graduate personnel (non-veterinary)

Details to be provided by category (including biologists, biometricians,
economists, engineers, lawyers, other science graduates and others) on numbers
within the Veterinary Authority and available to the Veterinary Authority.
c. Veterinary para-professionals employed by the Veterinary Services
i.
Animal health:
ii.
Categories and numbers involved with farm livestock on a

majority time basis:
by geographical area;
proportional to numbers of field Veterinary Officers in the

Veterinary Services, by geographical area.
Education/training details.
Veterinary public health:
45
Categories and numbers involved in food inspection on a majority

time basis:
meat inspection: export meat establishments with an export

function and domestic meat establishments (no export
function);
dairy inspection;
other foods.
Numbers in import/export inspection.
Education/training details.
d. Support personnel
Numbers directly available to Veterinary Services per sector (administration,
communication, transport).
e. Descriptive summary of the functions of the various categories of staff mentioned
above
f. Veterinary, veterinary para-professionals, livestock owner, farmer and other
relevant associations
g. Additional information and/or comments.
3. Financial management information
a. Total budgetary allocations to the Veterinary Authority for the current and past
two fiscal years:
i.
for the national Veterinary Authority;
ii.
for each of any sub-national components of the Veterinary Authority;
iii.
for other relevant government-funded institutions.
b. Sources of the budgetary allocations and amount:

i.
government budget;
ii.
sub-national authorities;
iii.
taxes and fines;
iv.
grants;
v.
private services.
c. Proportional allocations of the amounts in a) above for operational activities and

for the programme components of Veterinary Services.
46
d. Total allocation proportionate of national public sector budget. [This data may be
necessary for comparative assessment with other countries which should take into
account the contexts of the importance of the livestock sector to the national
economy and of the animal health status of the country.]
e. Actual and proportional contribution of animal production to gross domestic
product.
4. Administration details
a. Accommodation
Summary of the numbers and distribution of official administrative centres of the
Veterinary Services (national and sub-national) in the country.
b. Communications
Summary of the forms of communication systems available to the Veterinary
Services on a nation-wide and local area bases.
c. Transport
i.
Itemised numbers of types of functional transport available on a full-time
basis for the Veterinary Services. In addition provide details of transport
means available part-time.
ii.
Details of annual funds available for maintenance and replacement of

motor vehicles.
5. Laboratory services
a. Diagnostic laboratories (laboratories engaged primarily in diagnosis)
i.
Descriptive summary of the organisational structure and role of the

government veterinary laboratory service in particular its relevance to the
field Veterinary Services.
ii.
Numbers of veterinary diagnostic laboratories operating in the country:
government operated laboratories;
private laboratories accredited by government for the purposes of

supporting official or officially-endorsed animal health control or
public health testing and monitoring programmes and
import/export testing.
iii.
Descriptive summary of accreditation procedures and standards for private

laboratories.
iv.
Human and financial resources allocated to the government veterinary

laboratories, including staff numbers, graduate and post-graduate
qualifications and opportunities for further training.
v.
List of diagnostic methodologies available against major diseases of farm

livestock (including poultry).
47
vi.
Details of collaboration with external laboratories including international

reference laboratories and details on numbers of samples submitted.
vii.
Details of quality control and assessment (or validation) programmes

operating within the veterinary laboratory service.
viii.
Recent published reports of the official veterinary laboratory service

which should include details of specimens received and foreign animal
disease investigations made.
ix.
Details of procedures for storage and retrieval of information on specimen

submission and results.
x.
Reports of independent reviews of the laboratory service conducted by

government or private organisations (if available).
xi.
Strategic and operational plans for the official veterinary laboratory

service (if available).
b. Research laboratories (laboratories engaged primarily in research)

i.
Numbers of veterinary research laboratories operating in the country:
government operated laboratories;
private laboratories involved in full time research directly related

to animal health and veterinary public health matters involving
production animal species.
ii.
Summary of human and financial resources allocated by government to

veterinary research.
iii.
Published programmes of future government sponsored veterinary

research.
iv.
Annual reports of the government research laboratories.
6. Functional capabilities and legislative support

a. Animal health and veterinary public health
i.
Assessment of the adequacy and implementation of relevant legislation

(national or sub-national) concerning the following:
animal and veterinary public health controls at national frontiers;
control of endemic animal diseases, including zoonoses;
emergency powers for control of exotic disease outbreaks,

including zoonoses;
inspection and registration of facilities;
48
ii.
veterinary public health controls of the production, processing,

storage and marketing of meat for domestic consumption;

storage and marketing of fish, dairy products and other foods of
animal origin for domestic consumption;
registration and use of veterinary pharmaceutical products

including vaccines.
Assessment of ability of Veterinary Services to enforce legislation.
b. Export/import inspection
i.
ii.
Assessment of the adequacy and implementation of relevant national

legislation concerning:

storage and transportation of meat for export;
veterinary public health controls of production, processing, storage

and marketing of fish, dairy products and other foods of animal
origin for export;
animal health and veterinary public health controls of the export

and import of animals, animal genetic material, animal products,
animal feedstuffs and other products subject to veterinary
inspection;
animal health controls of the importation, use and bio-containment

of organisms which are aetiological agents of animal diseases, and
of pathological material;
animal health controls of importation of veterinary biological

products including vaccines;
administrative powers available to Veterinary Services for

inspection and registration of facilities for veterinary control
purposes (if not included under other legislation mentioned above);
documentation and compliance.
Assessment of ability of Veterinary Services to enforce legislation.
7. Animal health and veterinary public health controls

a. Animal health
i.
Description of and sample reference data from any national animal disease
reporting system controlled and operated or coordinated by the Veterinary
Services.
49
ii.
Description of and sample reference data from other national animal

disease reporting systems controlled and operated by other organisations
which make data and results available to Veterinary Services.
iii.
Description and relevant data of current official control programmes

including:
epidemiological surveillance or monitoring programmes;
officially approved industry administered control or eradication

programmes for specific diseases.
iv.
Description and relevant details of animal disease emergency preparedness

and response plans.
v.
Recent history of animal disease status:
animal diseases eradicated nationally or from defined sub-national

zones in the last ten years;
animal diseases of which the prevalence has been controlled to a

low level in the last ten years;
animal diseases introduced to the country or to previously free sub

national regions in the last ten years;
emerging diseases in the last ten years;
animal diseases of which the prevalence has increased in the last

ten years.
b. Veterinary public health

i.
Food hygiene
Annual national slaughter statistics for the past three years

according to official data by species of animals (bovine, ovine,
porcine, caprine, poultry, farmed game, wild game, equine, other).
Estimate of total annual slaughterings which occur but are not

recorded under official statistics.
Proportion of total national slaughter which occurs in registered

export establishments, by category of animal.
Proportion of total national slaughter which occurs under

veterinary control, by category of animal.
Numbers of commercial fresh meat establishments in the country

which are registered for export by the Veterinary Authority:
slaughterhouses (indicate species of animals);

50
ii.
iii.
cutting/packing plants (indicate meat type);
meat processing establishments (indicate meat type);
cold stores.
Numbers of commercial fresh meat establishments in the country

approved by other importing countries which operate international
assessment inspection programmes associated with approval
procedures.
Numbers of commercial fresh meat establishments under direct

public health control of the Veterinary Services (including details
of category and numbers of inspection staff associated with these
premises).
Description of the veterinary public health programme related to

production and processing of animal products for human
consumption (including fresh meat, poultry meat, meat products,
game meat, dairy products, fish, fishery products, molluscs and
crustaceans and other foods of animal origin) especially including
details applying to exports of these commodities.
Descriptive summary of the roles and relationships of other official

organisations in public health programmes for the products listed
above if the Veterinary Authority does not have responsibility for
those programmes which apply to national production destined to
domestic consumption and/or exports of the commodities
concerned.
Zoonoses
Descriptive summary of the numbers and functions of staff of the

Veterinary Authority involved primarily with monitoring and
control of zoonotic diseases.
Descriptive summary of the role and relationships of other official

organisations involved in monitoring and control of zoonoses to be
provided if the Veterinary Authority does not have these
responsibilities.
Chemical residue testing programmes
Descriptive summary of national surveillance and monitoring

programmes for environmental and chemical residues and
contaminants applied to animal-derived foodstuffs, animals and
animal feedstuffs.
Role and function in these programmes of the Veterinary Authority

and other Veterinary Services to be described in summary form.
51
iv.
Descriptive summary of the analytical methodologies used and

their consistency with internationally recognised standards.
Veterinary medicines
Descriptive summary of the administrative and technical controls

involving registration, supply and use of veterinary pharmaceutical
products especially including biological products. This summary
should include a focus on veterinary public health considerations
relating to the use of these products in food-producing animals.
Role and function in these programmes of the Veterinary Authority

and other Veterinary Services to be described in summary form.
8. Quality systems
a. Accreditation
Details and evidence of any current, formal accreditation by external agencies of
the Veterinary Services of any components thereof.
b. Quality manuals
Documented details of the quality manuals and standards which describe the
accredited quality systems of the Veterinary Services.
c. Audit
Details of independent (and internal) audit reports which have been undertaken of
the Veterinary Services of components thereof.
9. Performance assessment and audit programmes
a. Strategic plans and review
i.
Descriptive summary and copies of strategic and operational plans of the

Veterinary Services organisation.
ii.
Descriptive summary of corporate performance assessment programmes

which relate to the strategic and operational plans - copies of recent
review reports.
b. Compliance
Descriptive summary of any compliance unit which monitors the work of the
Veterinary Services (or elements thereof).
c. Annual reports of the Veterinary Authority
Copies of official annual reports of the national (sub-national) Veterinary
Authority.
d. Other reports
52
i.
Copies of reports of official reviews into the function or role of the

Veterinary Services which have been conducted within the past three
years.
ii.
Descriptive summary (and copy of reports if available) of subsequent

action taken on recommendations made in these reviews.
e. Training
i.
Descriptive summary of in-service and development programmes

provided by the Veterinary Services (or their parent Ministries) for
relevant staff.
ii.
Summary descriptions of training courses and duration.
iii.
Details of staff numbers (and their function) who participated in these

training courses in the last three years.
f. Publications
Bibliographical list of scientific publications by staff members of Veterinary
Services in the past three years.
g. Sources of independent scientific expertise
List of local and international universities, scientific institutions and recognised
veterinary organisations with which the Veterinary Services have consultation or
advisory mechanisms in place.
10. Membership of the OIE
State if country is a member of the OIE and period of membership.
11. Other assessment criteria
CHAPTER 1.3.5.
ZONING AND COMPARTMENTALISATION
Article 1.3.5.1.
Introduction
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, zoning and regionalisation have the same meaning.
Given the difficulty of establishing and maintaining a disease free status for an entire country,
especially for diseases the entry of which is difficult to control through measures at national
boundaries, there may be benefits to a Member Country in establishing and maintaining a
subpopulation with a distinct health status within its territory. Subpopulations may be separated
by natural or artificial geographical barriers or, in certain situations, by the application of
appropriate management practices.
53
Zoning and compartmentalisation are procedures implemented by a country under the provisions
of this chapter with a view to defining subpopulations of distinct health status within its territory
for the purpose of disease control and/or international trade. While zoning applies to an animal
subpopulation defined primarily on a geographical basis (using natural, artificial or legal
boundaries), compartmentalisation applies to an animal subpopulation defined primarily by
management and husbandry practices related to biosecurity. In practice, spatial considerations
and good management play important roles in the application of both concepts.
This chapter is to assist OIE Member Countries wishing to establish and maintain different
subpopulations within their territory using the principles of compartmentalisation and zoning.
These principles should be applied in accordance with the measures recommended in the
relevant disease chapter(s). This chapter also outlines a process through which trading partners
may recognise such subpopulation. This process is best implemented by trading partners through
establishing parameters and gaining agreement on the necessary measures prior to disease
outbreaks.
Before trade in animals or their products may occur, an importing country needs to be satisfied
that its animal health status will be appropriately protected. In most cases, the import regulations
developed will rely in part on judgements made about the effectiveness of sanitary procedures
undertaken by the exporting country, both at its borders and within its territory.
As well as contributing to the safety of international trade, zoning and compartmentalisation
may assist disease control or eradication within Member Countries. Zoning may encourage the
more efficient use of resources within certain parts of a country and compartmentalisation may
allow the functional separation of a subpopulation from other domestic or wild animals through
biosecurity measures, which a zone (through geographical separation) would not achieve.
Following a disease outbreak, the use of compartmentalisation may allow a Member Country to
take advantage of epidemiological links among subpopulations or common practices relating to
biosecurity, despite diverse geographical locations, to facilitate disease control and/or the
continuation of trade.
Zoning and compartmentalisation cannot be applied to all diseases but separate requirements
will be developed for each disease for which the application of zoning or compartmentalisation
is considered appropriate.
To regain free status following a disease outbreak in a zone or compartment, Member Countries
should follow the recommendations in the relevant disease chapter in the Terrestrial Code.
Article 1.3.5.2.
The Veterinary Services of an exporting country which is establishing a zone or compartment
within its territory for international trade purposes should clearly define the subpopulation in
accordance with the recommendations in the relevant chapters in the Terrestrial Code, including
those on surveillance, and the identification and traceability of live animals. The Veterinary
Services of an exporting country should be able to explain to the Veterinary Services of an
importing country the basis for its claim of a distinct animal health status for the zone or
compartment in such terms.
54
The procedures used to establish and maintain the distinct animal health status of a zone or
compartment should be appropriate to the particular circumstances, and will depend on the
epidemiology of the disease, environmental factors and applicable biosecurity measures.
The authority, organisation and infrastructure of the Veterinary Services, including laboratories,
must be clearly documented in accordance with the chapter on the evaluation of Veterinary
Services of the Terrestrial Code, to provide confidence in the integrity of the zone or
compartment. The final authority of the zone or compartment, for the purposes of domestic and
international trade, lies with the Veterinary Authority.
In the context of maintaining the health status of a population, references to import,
importation and imported animals/products found in the Terrestrial Code apply both to
importation into a country and to the movement of animals and their products into zones and
compartments. Such movements should be the subject of appropriate measures to preserve the
animal health status of the zone/compartment.
The exporting country should be able to demonstrate, through detailed documentation provided
to the importing country, that it has implemented the recommendations in the Terrestrial Code
for establishing and maintaining such a zone or compartment.
An importing country should recognise the existence of this zone or compartment when the
appropriate measures recommended in the Terrestrial Code are applied and the Veterinary
Authority of the exporting country certifies that this is the case.
The exporting country should conduct an assessment of the resources needed and available to
establish and maintain a zone or compartment for international trade purposes. These include the
human and financial resources, and the technical capability of the Veterinary Services (and of the
relevant industry, in the case of a compartment) including disease surveillance and diagnosis.
Biosecurity and surveillance are essential components of zoning and compartmentalisation, and
the arrangements should be developed through cooperation of industry and Veterinary Services.
Industrys responsibilities include the application of biosecurity measures, quality assurance
schemes, monitoring the efficacy of the measures, documenting corrective actions, conducting
surveillance, rapid reporting and maintenance of records in a readily accessible form.
The Veterinary Services should provide movement certification, periodic inspections of facilities,
biosecurity measures, records and surveillance procedures. Veterinary Services should conduct or
audit surveillance, reporting and laboratory diagnostic examinations.
Article 1.3.5.3.
Principles for defining a zone or compartment
In conjunction with the above considerations, the following principles should apply when
Member Countries define a zone or a compartment.
1. The extent of a zone and its geographical limits should be established by the
Veterinary Authority on the basis of natural, artificial and/or legal boundaries, and
made public through official channels.
55
2. The factors defining a compartment should be established by the Veterinary

Authority on the basis of relevant criteria such as management and husbandry
practices related to biosecurity, and made public through official channels.
3. Animals and herds belonging to such subpopulations need to be recognisable as
such through a clear epidemiological separation from other animals and all things
presenting a disease risk. For a zone or compartment, the Veterinary Authority
should document in detail the measures taken to ensure the identification of the
subpopulation and the establishment and maintenance of its health status through
a biosecurity plan. The measures used to establish and maintain the distinct
animal health status of a zone or compartment should be appropriate to the
particular circumstances, and will depend on the epidemiology of the disease,
environmental factors, the health status of animals in adjacent areas, applicable
biosecurity measures (including movement controls, use of natural and artificial
boundaries, the spatial separation of animals, and commercial management and
husbandry practices), and surveillance.
4. Relevant animals within the zone or compartment should be identified in such a
way that their history can be audited. Depending on the system of production,
identification may be done at the herd, flock lot or individual animal level.
Relevant animal movements into and out of the zone or compartment should be
well documented, controlled and supervised. The existence of a valid animal
identification system is a prerequisite to assess the integrity of the zone or
compartment.
5. For a compartment, the biosecurity plan should describe the partnership between
the relevant industry and the Veterinary Authority, and their respective
responsibilities. It should also describe the routine operating procedures to
provide clear evidence that the surveillance conducted, the live animal
identification and traceability system, and the management practices are adequate
to meet the definition of the compartment. In addition to information on animal
movement controls, the plan should include herd or flock production records, feed
sources, surveillance results, birth and death records, visitor logbook, morbidity
and mortality history, medications, vaccinations, documentation of training of
relevant personnel and any other criteria necessary for evaluation of risk
mitigation. The information required may vary according to the species and
disease(s) under consideration. The biosecurity plan should also describe how the
measures will be audited to ensure that the risks are regularly re-assessed and the
measures adjusted accordingly.
Article 1.3.5.4.
Sequence of steps to be taken in establishing a zone/compartment and having it recognised
for international trade purposes
There is no single sequence of steps which should be followed in establishing a zone or a
compartment. The steps that the Veterinary Services of the importing country and the exporting
country choose and implement will generally depend on the circumstances existing within the
countries and at their borders, and their trading history. The recommended steps are:
1. For zoning
56
a. The exporting country identifies a geographical area within its territory,

which it considers to contain an animal subpopulation with a distinct
health status with respect to a specific disease/specific diseases, based on
surveillance.
b. The exporting country describes in the biosecurity plan for the zone the
measures which are being, or will be, applied to distinguish such an area
epidemiologically from other parts of its territory, in accordance with the
recommendations in the Terrestrial Code.
c. The exporting country provides:
i.
the above information to the importing country, with an

explanation of why the area can be treated as an epidemiologically
separate zone for international trade purposes;
ii.
access to enable the procedures or systems that establish the zone

to be examined and evaluated upon request by the importing
country.
d. The importing country determines whether it accepts such an area as a

zone for the importation of animals and animal products, taking into
account:
i.
an evaluation of the exporting country's Veterinary Services;
ii.
the result of a risk assessment based on the information provided

by the exporting country and its own research;
iii.
its own animal health situation with respect to the disease(s)

concerned; and
iv.
other relevant OIE standards.
e. The importing country notifies the exporting country of its determination

and the underlying reasons, within a reasonable period of time, being:
i.
recognition of the zone; or
ii.
request for further information; or
iii.
rejection of the area as a zone for international trade purposes.
f. An attempt should be made to resolve any differences over recognition of

the zone, either in the interim or finally, by using an agreed mechanism to
reach consensus such as the OIE in-house procedure for settlement of
disputes (Article 1.3.1.3.).
g. The Veterinary Authorities of the importing and exporting countries
should enter into a formal agreement recognizing the zone.
2. For compartmentalisation
57
a. Based on discussions with the relevant industry, the exporting country

identifies within its territory a compartment of one or more establishments
or other premises which operates under common management practices
related to biosecurity and which contains an identifiable animal
subpopulation with a distinct health status with respect to a specific
disease/specific diseases; the exporting country describes how this status
is maintained through a partnership between the relevant industry and the
Veterinary Authority of the exporting country.
b. The exporting country examines the compartments biosecurity plan and
confirms through an audit that:
i.
the compartment is epidemiologically closed throughout its routine

operating procedures as a result of effective implementation of its
biosecurity plan; and
ii.
the surveillance and monitoring programme in place is appropriate

to verify the status of such establishment(s) with respect to such
disease(s).
c. The exporting country describes the compartment, in accordance with the

recommendations in the Terrestrial Code.
d. The exporting country provides:
i.
the above information to the importing country, with an

explanation of why such an establishment(s) can be treated as an
epidemiologically separate compartment for international trade
purposes; and
ii.
access to enable the procedures or systems that establish the

compartment to be examined and evaluated upon request by the
importing country.
e. The importing country determines whether it accepts such

establishment(s) as a compartment for the importation of animals and
animal products, taking into account:
i.
an evaluation of the exporting country's Veterinary Services;
ii.
the result of a risk assessment based on the information provided

by the exporting country and its own research;
iii.
its own animal health situation with respect to the disease(s)

concerned; and
iv.
other relevant OIE standards.
f. The importing country notifies the exporting country of its determination

and the underlying reasons, within a reasonable period of time, being:
i.
recognition of the compartment; or
58
ii.
request for further information; or
iii.
rejection of such establishment(s) as a compartment for

international trade purposes.
g. An attempt should be made to resolve any differences over recognition of

the compartment, either in the interim or finally, by using an agreed
mechanism to reach consensus such as the OIE in-house procedure for
settlement of disputes (Article 1.3.1.3.).
h. The Veterinary Authorities of the importing and exporting countries
should enter into a formal agreement recognizing the compartment.
CHAPTER 1.3.6.
GUIDELINES FOR REACHING A
JUDGEMENT OF EQUIVALENCE OF
SANITARY MEASURES
Article 1.3.6.1.
Introduction
The importation of animals and animal products involves a degree of risk to the animal health
status of an importing country. The estimation of that risk and the choice of the appropriate risk
management option(s) are made more difficult by differences among the animal health and
production systems in OIE Member Countries. It is now recognised that significantly different
animal health and production systems can provide equivalent animal and human health
protection for the purpose of international trade, with benefits to both the importing country and
the exporting country.
These guidelines are to assist OIE Member Countries to determine whether sanitary measures
arising from different animal health and production systems may provide the same level of
animal and human health protection. They discuss principles which might be utilised in a
judgement of equivalence, and outline a step-wise process for trading partners to follow in
facilitating a judgement of equivalence. These guidelines are applicable whether equivalence
applies at the level of specific measures or on a systems-wide basis, and whether equivalence
applies to specific areas of trade or commodities, or generally.
Article 1.3.6.2.
Before trade in animals or their products may occur, an importing country must be satisfied that
its animal health status will be appropriately protected. In most cases, the risk management
measures drawn up will rely in part on judgements made about the animal health and production
system(s) in the exporting country and the effectiveness of sanitary procedures undertaken there.
Systems operating in the exporting country may differ from those in the importing country and
from those in other countries with which the importing country has traded. Differences may be
with respect to infrastructure, policies and/or operating procedures, laboratory systems,
approaches to the pests and diseases present, border security and internal movement controls.
59
International recognition of the legitimacy of different approaches to achieving the importing

country's appropriate level of protection (ALOP) has led to the principle of equivalence being
included in trade agreements, including the Agreement on Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Benefits of applying equivalence may include:
1. minimising costs associated with international trade by tailoring animal health
measures to local circumstances;
2. maximising animal health outcomes for a given level of resource input;
3. facilitating trade by achieving the required health protection through less trade
restrictive sanitary measures; and
4. decreased reliance on relatively costly commodity testing and isolation procedures
in bilateral or multilateral agreements.
The Terrestrial Code recognises equivalence by recommending alternative sanitary measures for
many diseases and pathogenic agents. Equivalence may be gained, for example, by enhanced
surveillance and monitoring, by the use of alternative test, treatment or isolation procedures, or
by combinations of the above. To facilitate the judgement of equivalence, Member Countries
should base their sanitary measures on OIE standards, guidelines and recommendations.
It is essential to apply a scientific risk analysis to the extent practicable in establishing the basis
for a judgement of equivalence.
Article 1.3.6.3.
Prerequisite considerations in a judgement of equivalence
1. Application of risk assessment
Application of the discipline of risk assessment provides a structured basis for judging
equivalence among different sanitary measures as it allows a close examination to be
made of the effect of a measure(s) on a particular step(s) in the importation pathway, and
the relative effects of proposed alternative measure(s) on the same or related steps.
A judgement of equivalence needs to assess the sanitary measure in terms of its
effectiveness regarding the particular risk or group of risks against which the measure is
designed to protect. Such an assessment may include the following elements: the purpose
of the measure, the level of protection achieved by the measure and the contribution the
measure makes to achieving the ALOP of the importing country.
2. Categorisation of sanitary measures
Proposals for equivalence may be in terms of a measure comprising a single component
of a measure (e.g. an isolation procedure, a test or treatment requirement, a certification
procedure) or multiple components (e.g. a production system for commodity), or a
combination of measures. Multiple components or combinations of measures may be
applied consecutively or concurrently.
60
Sanitary measures are those described in each Chapter of the Terrestrial Code which are
used for risk reduction and are appropriate for particular diseases. Sanitary measures may
be applied either alone or in combination and include test requirements, processing
requirements, inspection or certification procedures, quarantine confinements, and
sampling procedures.
For the purposes of judging equivalence, sanitary measures can be broadly categorised
as:
a. infrastructure: including the legislative base (e.g. animal health law) and
administrative systems (e.g. organisation of national and regional animal
health authorities, emergency response organisations);
b. programme design/implementation: including documentation of systems,
performance and decision criteria, laboratory capability, and provisions for
certification, audit and enforcement;
c. specific technical requirement: including requirements applicable to the
use of secure facilities, treatment (e.g. retorting of cans), specific test (e.g.
ELISA) and procedures (e.g. pre-export inspection).
A sanitary measure(s) proposed for a judgement of equivalence may fall into one or more
of these categories, which are not mutually exclusive.
In some cases, a comparison of specific technical requirements may suffice. In many
instances, however, a judgement as to whether the same level of protection is likely to be
achieved may only be able to be determined through an evaluation of all relevant
components of an exporting country's animal health and production system. For example,
a judgement of equivalence for a specific sanitary measure at the programme
design/implementation level may require a prior examination of infrastructure while a
judgement of equivalence for a specific measure at the specific technical requirement
level may require that the specific measure be judged in its context through examination
of infrastructure and programmes.
Article 1.3.6.4.
Principles for judgement of equivalence
In conjunction with the above considerations, judgement of the equivalence of sanitary measures
should be based on application of the following principles:
1. an importing country has the right to set the level of protection it deems
appropriate (its ALOP) in relation to human and animal life and health in its
territory; this ALOP may be expressed in qualitative or quantitative terms;
2. the importing country should be able to describe the reason for each sanitary
measure i.e. the level of protection intended to be achieved by application of the
identified measure against a hazard;
3. an importing country should recognise that sanitary measures different from the
ones it has proposed may be capable of providing the same level of protection;
4. the importing country should, upon request, enter into consultations with the
exporting country with the aim of facilitating a judgement of equivalence;
61
5. any sanitary measure or combination of sanitary measures can be proposed for

judgement of equivalence;
6. an interactive process should be followed that applies a defined sequence of steps,
and utilises an agreed process for exchange of information, so as to limit data
collection to that which is necessary, minimise administrative burden, and
facilitate resolution of claims;
7. the exporting country should be able to demonstrate objectively how the
alternative sanitary measure(s) proposed as equivalent will provide the same level
of protection;
8. the exporting country should present a submission for equivalence in a form that
facilitates judgement by the importing country;
9. the importing country should evaluate submissions for equivalence in a timely,
consistent, transparent and objective manner, and according to appropriate risk
assessment principles;
10. the importing country should take into account any knowledge of and prior
experience with the Veterinary Authority or other Competent Authority of the
exporting country;
11. the exporting country should provide access to enable the procedures or systems
which are the subject of the equivalence judgement to be examined and evaluated
upon request of the importing country;
12. the importing country should be the sole determinant of equivalence, but should
provide to the exporting country a full explanation for its judgement;
13. to facilitate a judgement of equivalence, Member Countries should base their
sanitary measures on relevant OIE standards;
14. to allow the judgement of equivalence to be reassessed if necessary, the importing
country and the exporting country should keep each other informed of significant
changes to infrastructure, health status or programmes which may bear on the
judgement of equivalence; and
15. an importing country should give positive consideration to a request by an
exporting developing country for appropriate technical assistance that would
facilitate the successful completion of a judgement of equivalence.
Article 1.3.6.5.
Sequence of steps to be taken in judgement of equivalence
There is no single sequence of steps which must be followed in all judgements of equivalence.
The steps that trading partners choose will generally depend on the circumstances and their
trading experience. The interactive sequence of steps described below may be useful for all
sanitary measures irrespective of their categorisation as infrastructure, programme
design/implementation or specific technical requirement components of an animal health and
production system.
62
This sequence assumes that the importing country is meeting its obligations under the WTO SPS
Agreement and has in place a transparent measure based either on an international standard or a
risk analysis.
Recommended steps are:
1. the exporting country identifies the measure(s) for which it wishes to propose an
alternative measure(s), and requests from the importing country a reason for its
sanitary measure in terms of the level of protection intended to be achieved
against a hazard(s);
2. the importing country explains the reason for the measure(s), in terms which
would facilitate comparison with an alternative sanitary measure(s) and
consistent with the principles set out in these guidelines;
3. the exporting country demonstrates the case for equivalence of an alternative
sanitary measure(s) in a form which facilitates analysis by an importing country;
4. the exporting country responds to any technical concerns raised by the importing
country by providing relevant further information;
5. judgement of equivalence by the importing country takes into account as
appropriate:
a. the impact of biological variability and uncertainty;
b. the expected effect of the alternative sanitary measure(s) on all relevant
hazards;
c. OIE standards;
d. application of solely qualitative frameworks where it is not possible or
reasonable to conduct quantitative risk assessment;
6. the importing country notifies the exporting country of its judgement and the
underlying reasons within a reasonable period of time:
a. recognition of the equivalence of the exporting country's alternative
sanitary measure(s);
b. request for further information; or
c. rejection of the case for equivalence of the alternative sanitary measure(s);
7. an attempt should be made to resolve any differences of opinion over judgement
of a case, either interim or final, by using an agreed mechanism to reach
consensus (e.g. the OIE dispute settlement mechanism), or by referral to an
agreed expert;
8. depending on the category of measures involved, the importing country and the
exporting country may enter into a formal equivalence agreement giving effect to
the judgement or a less formal acknowledgement of the equivalence of a specific
measure(s) may suffice.
63
An importing country recognising the equivalence of an exporting country's alternative sanitary

measure(s) needs to ensure that it acts consistently with regard to applications from third
countries for recognition of equivalence applying to the same or very similar measure(s).
Consistent action does not mean however that a specific measure(s) proposed by several
exporting countries should always be judged as equivalent as a measure(s) should not be
considered in isolation but as part of a system of infrastructure, policies and procedures.
PART 1.
..
SECTION 1.4.
Contents
? - Index
.. ..
SECTION 1.4.
IMPORT/EXPORT PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 1.4.1. Animal health measures applicable before and at

departure
CHAPTER 1.4.2. Animal health measures applicable during transit from the
place of departure in the exporting country to the place of
arrival in the importing country
CHAPTER 1.4.3. Border posts and quarantine stations in the importing
country
CHAPTER 1.4.4. Animal health measures applicable on arrival
CHAPTER 1.4.5. International transfer and laboratory containment of
animal pathogens
CHAPTER 1.4.6. Quarantine measures applicable to non-human primates
CHAPTER 1.4.1.
ANIMAL HEALTH MEASURES APPLICABLE
BEFORE AND AT DEPARTURE
Article 1.4.1.1.
1. Countries should only authorise the exportation from their territory of animals for
breeding, rearing or slaughter which are correctly identified and which meet the
requirements of the importing country.
2. Biological tests and/or vaccinations required by the importing country should be
carried out in accordance with the recommendations in the Terrestrial Code and
Terrestrial Manual, as well as disinfection and disinfestation procedures.
3. Observation of the animals before leaving the country may be carried out either in
the establishment where they were reared, or in a quarantine station. When they
have been found to be clinically healthy and free from diseases listed by the OIE
64
by an Official Veterinarian during the period of observation, the animals should

be transported to the place of shipment in specially constructed vehicles,
previously cleansed and disinfected. This must be done without delay and without
the animals coming into contact with other susceptible animals, unless these
animals have animal health guarantees similar to those of the transported animals.
4. The transportation of the animals for breeding or rearing or animals for slaughter
from the establishment of origin to the point of departure from the exporting
country shall be carried out in conformity with the conditions agreed between the
importing country and exporting country.
Article 1.4.1.2.
Countries should only undertake the export from its territory of:
a. semen,
b. embryos/ova,
c. hatching eggs,
from artificial insemination centres, collection centres or farms which meet the requirements of
the importing country.
Article 1.4.1.3.
Countries exporting animals, semen, embryos/ova or hatching eggs should inform the country of
destination and where necessary the transit countries if, after exportation, a disease listed by the
OIE occurs within the incubation period of that particular disease, in the establishment of origin,
or in an animal which was in a collecting centre, or in a market, at the same time as the exported
animals.
Article 1.4.1.4.
Before the departure of animals, semen, embryos/ova, hatching eggs and brood-combs of bees,
an Official Veterinarian should, within the 24 hours prior to shipment, provide an international
veterinary certificate conforming with the models approved by the OIE (as shown in Part 4 of
the Terrestrial Code) and worded in the languages agreed upon between the exporting country
and the importing country, and, where necessary, with the transit countries.
Article 1.4.1.5.
1. Before the departure of an animal or a consignment of animals on an international
journey, the Veterinary Authority of the port, airport or district in which the
border post is situated may, if it is considered necessary, carry out a clinical
examination of the animal or consignment. The time and place of the examination
shall be arranged taking into account customs and other formalities and in such a
way as not to impede or delay departure.
2. The Veterinary Authority referred to in point 1 above shall take necessary
measures to:
a. prevent the shipment of animals affected or suspected of being affected
with any disease listed by the OIE or with any other infectious disease;
65
b. avoid entry into the vehicle of possible vectors or causal agents of

infection.
Article 1.4.1.6.
1. Countries should only authorise the export from their territory of meat and
products of animal origin intended for human consumption, which are fit for
human consumption. They must be accompanied by an international veterinary
certificate conforming with the models approved by the OIE (as shown in Part 4.
of the Terrestrial Code). These must be worded in the languages agreed upon
between the exporting country and the importing country, and, where necessary,
with the transit countries.
2. Products of animal origin intended for use in animal feeding, or for
pharmaceutical or surgical or agricultural or industrial use, should be
accompanied by an international veterinary certificate conforming with the
models approved by the OIE (as shown in Part 4. of the Terrestrial Code).
CHAPTER 1.4.2.
ANIMAL HEALTH MEASURES APPLICABLE DURING
TRANSIT FROM THE PLACE OF DEPARTURE
IN THE EXPORTING COUNTRY TO THE PLACE OF
ARRIVAL IN THE IMPORTING COUNTRY
Article 1.4.2.1.
1. Any country through which the transit of animals is required, and which normally
conducts commercial transactions with the exporting country, should not refuse
transit, subject to the reservations mentioned below and on condition that advance
notice is given of the proposed transit to the Veterinary Authority in charge of
border posts.
This advance notice shall state the species and number of animals, the methods of
transport and the border posts of entry and exit in accordance with a previously arranged
and authorised itinerary in the transit country.
2. Any country through which transit is to take place may refuse if it considers that
certain diseases exist in the exporting country, or in a transit country which
precedes it in the itinerary, which are capable of being transmitted to its own
animals.
3. Any transit country may require the presentation of international veterinary
certificates. Such a country may, in addition, cause an examination to be made by
an Official Veterinarian of the health status of animals in transit, except in cases
where transport in sealed vehicles or containers is a condition of transit.
4. Any transit country may refuse passage through its territory of animals presented
at one of its border posts if an examination carried out by an Official Veterinarian
shows that the animal or consignment of animals in transit is affected by or
infected with any of the notifiable epizootic diseases, or if the international
veterinary certificate is inaccurate and/or unsigned.
66
In these circumstances, the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country shall be

informed immediately, thereby providing an opportunity for checking the findings or
correcting the certificate.
If the diagnosis of an epizootic disease is confirmed, or if the certificate cannot be
corrected, the animal or consignment of animals in transit shall either be returned to the
exporting country or be slaughtered or destroyed.
5. This Article does not apply to bees that are transported in securely closed vehicles
or containers.
Article 1.4.2.2.
1. Any transit country may require railway wagons and road vehicles used for the
transit of animals through its territory to be so constructed as to prevent the
escape and dispersion of excrement.
2. The unloading of animals in transit shall be permitted in the territory of the
transit country only for purposes of watering and feeding or for welfare or other
essential reasons. This must be under the effective control of an Official
Veterinarian of the transit country, who should ensure that the animals have no
contact with any other animals. The importing country shall be informed of any
unforeseen unloading in the transit country.
Article 1.4.2.3.
Any country through which transit is required of the following commodities:
a. semen,
b. embryos/ova,
c. hatching eggs,
d. brood-combs of bees,
e. animal products,
and which allows the importation of those products, should not refuse their transit, subject to the
following conditions:
1. Advance notice shall be given of the proposed transit to the Veterinary Authority
in charge of the control of the border posts.
This advance notice shall contain information on the identification of the species and the
quantity of the products, the method of transport, and the border posts of entry into and
exit from the country, in accordance with a previously arranged and authorised itinerary
in the transit country.
2. If inspection indicates that the above-mentioned products are capable of being
dangerous to the health of persons or animals, the Veterinary Authority of the
transit country may order their return to the exporting country.
67
If they cannot be returned, the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country shall be
informed immediately, thereby providing an opportunity for confirming the findings
before destruction of the products.
3. Strict health requirements need not apply to the transit of the products mentioned
above when they are transported in sealed vehicles or containers.
Article 1.4.2.4.
Vessels stopping in a port or passing through a canal or other navigable waterway situated in the
territory of a country, on their way to a port situated in the territory of another country, must
comply with the conditions required by the Veterinary Authority, especially to prevent the risk of
introduction of diseases transmitted by insects.
Article 1.4.2.5.
1. If, for reasons beyond the control of its captain, a ship or aircraft calls or lands
somewhere other than at a port or airport, or at a port or airport other than that at
which it should normally call or land, the captain of the ship or aircraft shall
immediately notify the nearest Veterinary Authority or other public authority of
the new port of call or place of landing.
2. As soon as the Veterinary Authority is notified of the calling or landing place, it
shall take appropriate action.
3. Except for the circumstances mentioned in point 5 below, the animals and the
attendants on board the ship or aircraft shall not be permitted to leave the vicinity
of the docking or landing place. The removal from the vicinity, of any equipment,
bedding or feedstuffs accompanying them shall not be permitted.
4. When the measures prescribed by the Veterinary Authority have been carried out,
the ship or aircraft shall be permitted, for animal health purposes, to proceed to
the port or airport at which it would normally have called or landed. If there are
technical reasons why this cannot be done, it may be permitted to proceed to a
port or an airport that is more suitable.
5. In an emergency, the captain of the ship or aircraft shall take all necessary
measures to maintain the health and safety of the passengers, crew, attendants and
animals on board.
CHAPTER 1.4.3.
BORDER POSTS AND QUARANTINE STATIONS
IN THE IMPORTING COUNTRY
Article 1.4.3.1.
1. Countries and their Veterinary Authorities shall, wherever possible, take the
necessary action to ensure that the border posts and quarantine stations in their
territory shall be provided with an adequate organisation and sufficient equipment
for the application of the measures recommended in the Terrestrial Code.
68
2. Each border post and quarantine station shall be provided with facilities for the
feeding and watering of animals.
Article 1.4.3.2.
When justified by the amount of international trade and by the epidemiological situation, border
posts and quarantine stations shall be provided with a Veterinary Service comprising personnel,
equipment and premises as the case may be and, in particular, means for:
a. making clinical examinations and obtaining specimens of material for diagnostic
purposes from live animals or carcasses of animals affected or suspected of being
affected by an epizootic disease, and obtaining specimens of animal products
suspected of contamination;
b. detecting and isolating animals affected by or suspected of being affected by an
epizootic disease;
c. carrying out disinfection and possibly disinfestation of vehicles used to transport
animals and animal products.
In addition to this, each port and international airport should ideally be provided with equipment
for the sterilisation or incineration of swill or any other material dangerous to animal health.
Article 1.4.3.3.
When required for the transit of commodities in international trade, airports shall be provided, as
soon as possible, with areas of direct transit. These must, however, comply with the conditions
required by Veterinary Authorities, especially to prevent the risk of introducing diseases
transmitted by insects.
Article 1.4.3.4.
Each Veterinary Authority, when requested, shall make available for the Central Bureau and any
interested country on request:
a. a list of border posts, quarantine stations, approved abattoirs and storage depots
in its territory which are approved for international trade;
b. the period of time required for notice to be given for the application of the
arrangements contained in point 2 of Articles 1.4.4.1. to 1.4.4.4.;
c. a list of airports in its territory which are provided with an area of direct transit.
CHAPTER 1.4.4.
ANIMAL HEALTH MEASURES APPLICABLE
ON ARRIVAL
Article 1.4.4.1.
1. An importing country should only accept into its territory animals which have
been subjected to a health examination by an Official Veterinarian of the
69
exporting country and which are accompanied by an international veterinary

certificate provided by the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country.
2. An importing country may require adequate advance notice regarding the
proposed date of entry into its territory of animals, stating the species, quantity,
means of transport and the name of the border post to be used.
In addition, importing countries shall publish a list of the border posts equipped to
conduct control operations related to importation and enabling the importation and transit
procedures to be carried out in the quickest and most effective way.
3. An importing country may prohibit the introduction into its territory of animals if
it considers that certain diseases exist in the exporting country, or transit
countries which precede it in the itinerary, which are capable of being transmitted
to its own animals. In the case of transit countries, the prohibition should not
apply to bees which are transported in securely closed vehicles or containers.
4. An importing country may prohibit the introduction into its territory of animals if
these are found, on examination at the border post by an Official Veterinarian, to
be affected by, suspected of being affected by or infected with a disease capable
of being transmitted to the animals in its territory.
Animals which are not accompanied by an international veterinary certificate
conforming with the requirements of the importing country may also be refused entry.
In these circumstances, the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country shall be
informed immediately, thereby providing an opportunity for confirming the findings or
correcting the certificate.
However, the importing country may prescribe that the importation be placed
immediately in quarantine in order to carry out clinical observation and biological
examinations with a view to establishing a diagnosis.
If the diagnosis of an epizootic disease is confirmed, or if the certificate cannot be
corrected, the importing country may take the following measures:
a. return the animals to the exporting country, if this measure does not
involve transit through a third country;
b. slaughter and destroy in cases where return to the exporting country would
be dangerous from the health point of view or impossible from a practical
point of view.
5. Animals, accompanied by a valid international veterinary certificate and found to
be healthy by the Veterinary Authority at the border post, shall be permitted to be
imported and transported in accordance with the requirements of the importing
country to the point of destination.
Article 1.4.4.2.
1. Any importing country should only accept into its territory:
a. semen,
b. embryos/ova,
70
c. hatching eggs,
d. brood-combs of bees,
which are accompanied by an international veterinary certificate.
proposed date of entry into its territory of any consignment of the abovementioned products, stating the species, quantity, nature and packaging of the
products, and the name of the border post to be used.
3. A country may prohibit the importation of the above-mentioned products into its
territory if it considers that certain diseases exist in the exporting country, or in
the transit countries which precede it in the itinerary, which are capable of being
introduced by these products into its territory.
4. A country may prohibit the introduction into its territory of the above-mentioned
products presented at one of its border posts, if they are not accompanied by an
international veterinary certificate complying with the requirements of the
importing country.
In these circumstances, the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country shall be notified
at once, and the products may be returned to the exporting country or placed in
quarantine and/or destroyed.
Article 1.4.4.3.
1. An importing country should only accept into its territory meat and products of
animal origin intended for human consumption which comply with point 1 of
Article 1.4.1.6.
proposed date of entry into its territory of a consignment of meat or products of
animal origin intended for human consumption together with information on the
nature, quantity and packaging of the meat or products, and the name of the
border post to be used.
3. If inspection of the consignment shows that the meat or the products of animal
origin intended for human consumption might be a danger to the health of persons
or animals, or if the international veterinary certificate is not correct or does not
apply to the products, the Veterinary Authority of the importing country may
cause the meat or products to be returned or be subjected to adequate treatment to
ensure that they are safe. When the products are not returned, the Veterinary
Authority of the exporting country shall be informed immediately, thereby
providing an opportunity for confirming the findings.
Article 1.4.4.4.
1. An importing country should only accept into its territory products of animal
origin intended for use in animal feeding, or for pharmaceutical or surgical or
agricultural or industrial use which are accompanied by an international
veterinary certificate provided by the relevant Veterinary Authority of the
exporting country.
71

proposed date of entry into its territory of a consignment of products of animal
origin intended for use in animal feeding, or for pharmaceutical or surgical or
agricultural or industrial use, together with information on the nature, quantity
and packaging of these products, and the name of the border post to be used.
3. An importing country may prohibit the importation into its territory of products of
animal origin intended for use in animal feeding, or for pharmaceutical or surgical
or agricultural or industrial use if it considers that certain diseases exist in the
exporting country, which are capable of being introduced by these products.
There may also be prohibition of transit through countries where these diseases
exist, except where the transport is carried out in sealed vehicles or containers.
4. When the international veterinary certificates have been examined and found to
be correct, the importation of the above-mentioned products shall be permitted.
5. An importing country may require that the products of animal origin intended for
use in animal feeding, or for pharmaceutical or surgical or agricultural or
industrial use, be consigned to establishments approved by the Veterinary
Authority and under its supervision.
6. If inspection of the consignment shows that the products are capable of
endangering the health of persons or animals, or if the international veterinary
certificates are not correct or do not apply to the products, the Veterinary
Authority of the importing country may either return the products to the exporting
country or cause them to be made safe.
When the products are not returned, the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country
shall be informed immediately, thereby providing an opportunity for confirming the
findings or correcting the certificate.
Article 1.4.4.5.
On the arrival at a border post of a vehicle transporting an animal or animals infected with any
disease listed by the OIE, the vehicle shall be considered as contaminated, and the Veterinary
Authority shall apply the following measures:
1. unloading of the vehicle and immediate transportation of the animal or animals,
in a leak-proof vehicle direct to:
a. an establishment approved by the Veterinary Authority for the slaughter of
the animal or animals and the destruction or possibly sterilisation of their
carcasses; or
b. a quarantine station or, in the absence of a quarantine station, to a place
assigned in advance which is well isolated and near the border post;
2. unloading of the vehicle and immediate transportation of the litter, forage and any
other potentially contaminated material to an establishment assigned in advance
for their destruction, and strict application of the animal health measures required
by the importing country;
3. disinfection of:
72
a. all baggage of the attendants;

b. all parts of the vehicle which were used in the transport, feeding, watering,
moving and unloading of the animal or animals;
4. disinfestation, in cases where any insect vector diseases are present.
Article 1.4.4.6.
On the arrival at a border post of a vehicle transporting an animal or animals suspected of being
affected with any disease listed by the OIE, the vehicle shall be considered as being
contaminated, and the Veterinary Authority may apply the measures provided in Article 1.4.4.5.
Article 1.4.4.7.
The vehicle shall no longer be considered as contaminated when the measures prescribed by the
Veterinary Authority in accordance with Article 1.4.4.5. have been carried out.
The vehicle may then be allowed to enter.
Article 1.4.4.8.
Ships and aircraft should not be refused access to a port or airport for animal health reasons in
cases of emergency.
Nevertheless, the ship or aircraft should be subjected to all of the animal health measures which
the port or airport Veterinary Authority may consider necessary.
Article 1.4.4.9.
1. An aircraft transporting animals or animal products need not be regarded as
coming from an infected zone solely because it landed in such a zone at one or
more airports as long as these airports are not infected.
This should be considered direct transit provided no offloading of animals and animal
products takes place.
2. Any aircraft coming from a foreign country where animal diseases transmitted by
insect vectors are present shall be subjected to disinfestation immediately after
landing, except when such disinfestation was carried out immediately before
departure or during the flight.
CHAPTER 1.4.5.
INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER
AND LABORATORY CONTAINMENT
OF ANIMAL PATHOGENS
Article 1.4.5.1.
73
Object
To prevent the introduction and spread of animal diseases caused by pathogens.
Article 1.4.5.2.
Introduction
1. The consequences of the introduction into a country of an infectious disease or an
animal pathogen or new strain of animal pathogen from which it is currently free,
are potentially very serious. This is because animal health, human health, the
agricultural economy and trade may all be adversely affected to a greater or a
lesser degree. Countries will already have in place a range of measures, such as
requirements for pre-import testing and quarantine, to prevent such introductions
through the importation of live animals or their products.
2. However, there is also the risk that disease may occur as a result of the accidental
release of animal pathogens from laboratories that are using them for various
purposes such as research, diagnosis or the manufacture of vaccines. Such
pathogens may already occur in the country or they may have been imported
deliberately or inadvertently. It is therefore necessary to have in place measures to
prevent their accidental release. These measures may be applied either at national
borders by prohibiting or controlling the importation of specified pathogens or
their carriers (see Article 1.4.5.7.) or within national boundaries by specifying the
conditions under which laboratories must handle them. In practice, a combination
of external and internal controls is likely to be applied depending on the risk to
animal health posed by the pathogen in question.
Article 1.4.5.3.
Purpose
1. To provide guidance on the laboratory containment of animal pathogens
according to the risk they pose to animal health and the agricultural economy of a
country, particularly when the disease they cause is not enzootic.
2. To provide guidance on the import conditions applicable to animal pathogens.
3. Where animal pathogens also pose a risk to human health, guidance on their
laboratory containment should be sought from the Terrestrial Manual and other
relevant published documents.
Article 1.4.5.4.
Classification of animal pathogens
1. Animal pathogens should be categorised on the risk they pose to animal health,
should they be introduced into a country or accidentally released from a
laboratory. In categorising pathogens into four groups according to containment
requirements, the following factors should be taken into account: the organism's
pathogenicity, the biohazard it presents, its ability to spread, the economic aspects
and the availability of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.
2. Some pathogens need to be transmitted by specific vectors or require intermediate
hosts to complete their life cycles before they can infect animals and cause
74
disease. In countries where such vectors or intermediate hosts do not occur, or

where climatic or environmental factors mitigate against their survival, the
pathogen poses a lower risk to animal health than in countries where such vectors
or intermediate hosts occur naturally or could survive.
3. When categorising animal pathogens into specific groups, the following criteria
should be taken into account:
a. Group 1 animal pathogens
Disease producing organisms which are enzootic but not subject to official
control.
b. Group 2 animal pathogens
Disease producing organisms which are either exotic or enzootic but subject to
official control and which have a low risk of spread from the laboratory.
i.
ii.
They do not depend on vectors or intermediate hosts for

transmission.
There is a very limited or no transmission between different animal
species.
iii.
Geographical spread if released from the laboratory is limited.
iv.
Direct animal to animal transmission is relatively limited.
v.
The need to confine diseased or infected non-diseased animals is

minimal.
vi.
The disease is of limited economic and/or clinical significance.
c. Group 3 animal pathogens

official control and which have a moderate risk of spread from the laboratory.
i.
ii.
They may depend on vectors or intermediate hosts for

transmission.
Transmission between different animal species may readily occur.
iii.
Geographical spread if released from the laboratory is moderate.
iv.
Direct animal to animal transmission occurs relatively easily.
v.
The statutory confinement of diseased, infected and in-contact

animals is necessary.
vi.
The disease is of severe economic and/or clinical significance.
vii.
Prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments are not readily available

or of limited benefit.
75
d. Group 4 animal pathogens

official control and which have a high risk of spread from the laboratory.
i.
ii.
They may depend on vectors or intermediate hosts for

transmission.
Transmission between different animal species may occur very
readily.
iii.
Geographical spread if released from the laboratory is widespread.
iv.
Direct animal to animal transmission occurs very easily.
v.
The statutory confinement of diseased, infected and in-contact

animals is necessary.
vi.
The statutory control of animal movements over a wide area is

necessary.
vii.
The disease is of extremely severe economic and/or clinical

significance.
viii.
No satisfactory prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments are

available.
Article 1.4.5.5.
Containment levels
1. The principal purpose of containment is to prevent the escape of the pathogen
from the laboratory into the national animal population. Some animal pathogens
can infect man. In these instances the risk to human health may demand
additional containment than would otherwise be considered necessary from purely
animal health considerations.
2. The level of physical containment and biosecurity procedures and practices
should be related to the group into which the pathogen has been placed, and the
detailed requirements should be appropriate to the type of organism (i.e.
bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite). The lowest containment level will be
required for pathogens in group 1 and the highest level for those in group 4.
Guidance on the containment requirements for groups 2, 3 and 4 is provided in
Table 1.
3. Arthropods may be pathogens or vectors for pathogens. If they are a vector for a
pathogen being used in the laboratory, the appropriate containment level for the
pathogen will be necessary in addition to the containment facilities for the
arthropod.
Article 1.4.5.6.
Possession and handling of animal pathogens
76
1. A laboratory should be allowed to possess and handle animal pathogens in

group 3 or 4 only if it can satisfy the relevant authority that it can provide
containment facilities appropriate to the group. However, depending on the
particular circumstances of an individual country, the authority might decide that
the possession and handling of certain pathogens in group 2 should also be
controlled. The authority should first inspect the facilities to ensure they are
adequate and then issue a licence specifying all relevant conditions. There should
also be a requirement for appropriate records to be kept and for the authority to be
notified if it is suspected that a material being handled contains a pathogen not
covered by the licence. The authority should visit the laboratory periodically to
ensure licence conditions are being complied with. It is important that authority
staff carrying out the visit should not have any contact with species susceptible to
the pathogens being handled at the laboratory for a specified period after visiting
the laboratory. The length of this period will depend on the pathogen.
2. Licences should specify:
a. how the pathogen is to be transported and the disposal of the packaging;
b. the name of the person responsible for the work;
c. whether the pathogen may be used in vivo (and if so whether in laboratory
animals or other animals) and/or only in vitro;
d. how the pathogen and any experimental animals should be disposed of
when the work is completed;
e. limitations on contact by laboratory staff with species susceptible to the
pathogens being used;
f. conditions for the transfer of pathogens to other laboratories;
g. specific conditions relating to the appropriate containment level and
biosecurity procedures and practices.
Article 1.4.5.7.
Importation of animal pathogens
1. The importation of any animal pathogen, pathological material or organisms
carrying the pathogen should be permitted only under an import licence issued by
the relevant authority. The import licence should contain conditions appropriate to
the risk posed by the pathogen and, in relation to air transport, the appropriate
standards of the International Air Transport Association concerning the packaging
and transport of hazardous substances. The import licence for group 2, 3 or 4
should only be granted to a laboratory that is licensed to handle the particular
pathogen as in Article 1.4.5.6.
2. When considering applications to import pathological material from other
countries, the authorities should have regard to the nature of the material, the
animal from which it is derived, the susceptibility of that animal to various
diseases and the animal health situation of the country of origin. It may be
advisable to require that material is pre-treated before import to minimise the risk
of inadvertent introduction of a pathogen.
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Table 1. Guidance on the laboratory requirements for the different containment groups
CONTAINMENT GROUP
REQUIREMENTS OF THE LABORATORY
1.Not next to known fire hazard
Yes
Yes
Yes
2.Workplace separated from other activities
Yes
Yes
Yes
3.Personnel access limited
Yes
Yes
Yes
4.Protected against entry/exit of rodents and

insects
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes and
monitored
Yes and
monitored
Yes
Yes
Single on
extract
Single for
input,
double for
extract
8.Mechanical air supply system with fail-safe

system
Yes
Yes
9.Laboratory sealable to permit fumigation
Yes
Yes
10.Incinerator for disposal of carcasses and waste Available
Yes
Yes on site
Yes
Yes
A)Laboratory siting and structure
5.Liquid effluent must be sterilised

6.Isolated by airlock. Continuous internal airflow
7.Input and extract air to be filtered using HEPA
or equivalent
B)Laboratory facilities
11.Class 1/2/3 exhaust protective cabinet
available
Yes
12.Direct access to autoclave
Yes
13.Specified pathogens stored in laboratory
Yes
14.Double ended dunk tank required

15.Protective clothing not worn outside
laboratory
Yes
Yes with
Yes with
double doors double doors
Yes
Yes
Preferable
Yes
Yes
Yes
16.Showering required before exiting laboratory
Yes
17.Safety Officer responsible for containment
Yes
Yes
Yes
18.Staff receive special training in the

requirements needed
Yes
Yes
Yes
19.Warning notices for containment area
Yes
Yes
Yes
20.Laboratory must be lockable
Yes
Yes
Yes
21.Authorised entry of personnel
Yes
Yes
Yes
22.On entering all clothing removed and clean

clothes put on
Yes
Yes
23.On exiting all laboratory clothes removed,

individual must wash and transfer to clean side
Yes
C)Laboratory discipline
C)Laboratory discipline (contd)

78
CONTAINMENT GROUP
REQUIREMENTS OF THE LABORATORY
24.Individual must shower prior to transfer to

clean side
4
Yes
25.All accidents reported
Yes
Yes
Yes
26.Packaging requirements to be advised prior to

submission
Yes
Yes
Yes
27.Incoming packages opened by trained staff
Yes
Yes
Yes
28.Movement of pathogens from an approved

laboratory to another requires a licence
Yes
Yes
Yes
29.Standard Operating Procedures covering all

areas must be available
Yes
Yes
Yes
D)Handling of specimens
CHAPTER 1.4.6.
QUARANTINE MEASURES APPLICABLE TO
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES
Article 1.4.6.1.
General Principles
The present Appendix defines the standards to be followed in the case of a non-human primate
being imported directly from a country within the natural range of the animal's species
concerned, and where only limited health guarantees can be given, or in cases where
Article 2.10.1.2., last paragraph, applies.
Quarantine programmes are designed to both facilitate the detection of communicable diseases
and to make accurate assessments of the overall health status of individuals and/or groups
entering a new population. Prudence dictates that for public health and safety the infectious
disease status of all incoming animals is considered at best uncertain.
Quarantines are defined by their duration and by the activities and procedures practised to assess
health status.
The minimal duration of the quarantine period, as defined by Articles 2.10.1.4., 2.10.1.5. and
2.10.1.6., may be extended until any adverse events during the quarantine period are fully
investigated and resolved, and no evidence of transmission of infectious agents within the
quarantined group exists.
Quarantine activities and procedures should be directed towards defining as much as possible the
health status of quarantined animals, while protecting persons and other animals from
inadvertent exposure to communicable agents and providing for the health and well-being of
quarantined animals. Therefore, quarantine practices should:
79
1. encompass measures which effectively isolate animals or groups of animals

thereby preventing the spread of communicable diseases;
2. protect the health of personnel working in the quarantine;
3. encompass measures to promote the health and welfare of quarantined animals.
At a minimum, quarantine programmes should have the following key components:
Article 1.4.6.2.
Management policies
Management should restrict access to the quarantine facility to authorised and essential
personnel, who do not pose a communicable disease risk to non-human primates.
Management should instruct personnel about the potential risks of working in the quarantine
facility, and the need to conduct all activities in a safe manner. There should be periodic
retraining of personnel.
Management may prohibit persons who may be at increased risk of acquiring infections or for
whom an infection might be unusually hazardous from the quarantine facility. Management may
require other personnel health promotion activities, such as those mentioned in point 5 of
Article 2.10.1.7.
Article 1.4.6.3.
Quarantine facility infrastructure design and equipment
1. The construction or location, and the operation of the quarantine facility should
provide for strict segregation and isolation of quarantined animals from other
animals and from personnel not essential to the operation of the quarantine.
2. Methods to attain this isolation include:
a. The use of security measures such as physical barriers and procedural
access control systems.
b. As part of the security system, a hazard warning sign should be posted at
the entrance to the quarantine stating that exposure to infectious diseases
may occur in the quarantine. The names and telephone numbers of contact
persons responsible for the quarantine area should be provided, and all
special requirements for entering the quarantine area should be listed.
c. The implementation of an effective rodent, feral animal, and insect control
programme, which does not pose a health risk to the quarantined animals.
d. The complete physical separation of groups of quarantined animals from
other groups of quarantined animals to prevent exposure to and the
introduction of infectious agents from one group to another during the
quarantine period. As a rule, only animals arriving in one shipment from
the same exporter should be grouped together. Animals may not be
exchanged between groups or groups mixed during the quarantine period,
unless the newly formed group restarts the entire quarantine process.
80
3. The quarantine facility should be designed to allow for the secure holding of
quarantined animals and to allow for the safe, easy and efficient cleaning and
decontamination of the animal holding area and the access area during and after
use.
a. A quarantine facility should consist of a minimum of two discrete areas
physically separated from the outside and from each other, including an
access area where clothes, footwear and protective articles are changed,
and where locker, hand-washing and, if possible, showering facilities are
provided.
Procedures should be in place to prevent the cross-contamination of clothes and
footwear worn outside the quarantine facility from potentially contaminated
protective clothing worn inside the animal holding area.
b. Animal holding room wall, floor, and ceiling surfaces should be water
resistant to facilitate cleaning and disinfecting. Any holes or penetrations
in these surfaces should be sealed or be capable of being sealed to
facilitate fumigation or space decontamination. Doors to animal rooms
should open inward, and should always be kept closed when animals are
present. Any windows should be closed and sealed, unless the facility is
sufficiently separated (distance, fences, other means of separation) from
non-quarantined area.
c. In facilities that are operated with the windows closed and sealed, a
ventilation system should be operated and monitored in such a manner to
assure the provision of an optimal isolation of these animals, while also
providing for their health and comfort. The direction of the airflow in the
quarantine facility should be inward from the outside of the quarantine
facility, to quarantine access areas, to animal holding rooms. Air exhausted
or re-circulated within the facility must be filtered. In addition, exhaust air
should be dispersed away from the building and other occupied areas.
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems should be designed so
that their operation can be continued, even at reduced capacity in the event
of electrical or other support system failure.
d. If floor drains are present, their drain traps should always be filled with
water or a suitable disinfectant.
e. A hand washing sink should be available in the animal holding room for
personnel usage.
f. Adequate equipment and space should be available both in the animal
holding area and in the quarantine facility in general for the adequate
decontamination and the proper disposal or processing and storing of all
supplies and equipment used in the quarantine.
Article 1.4.6.4.
Personnel protection practices
1. Eating, drinking, smoking and storing of food for human use should not be
permitted in the quarantine facility.
81
2. All staff entering the quarantine should wear (preferably disposable) protective
clothing and devices.
3. Protective clothing, gloves, and mucus membrane protection should not be used
in more than one quarantine animal holding room. This may require the changing
of protective clothing by staff as they go between rooms in the performance of
their duties.
4. Foot or shoe baths should be provided and used at the exits of the animal holding
area and of each animal holding room. They should be changed often enough to
remain fresh and free of organic matter.
5. Showering after contact with non-human primates, their body waste or secretions
or at a minimum before leaving the quarantine facility is highly recommended.
6. Intermittent and frequent hand washing while working in the quarantine facility is
highly recommended. This is especially important as protective gloves may
become inadvertently torn or ruptured.
7. Baseline serum samples from quarantine personnel should be collected and
stored. Additional serum samples may be collected periodically, as an aid to
epidemiological investigations.
8. Management should encourage quarantine staff developing signs of illness to seek
medical attention.
Article 1.4.6.5.
Husbandry and animal care practices
1. If a quarantine facility maintains more than one animal holding room, husbandry
practices should be designed so as to minimise the risk of transmission of
zoonotic diseases between rooms. In particular, there should be separate cleaning
tools and other animal care equipment for each room. All cages and other nondisposable equipment should be decontaminated when removed from the room.
2. All husbandry and animal care procedures should be carefully performed to
minimise the creation of aerosols and limit the spread of potentially infectious
materials, while also providing for the appropriate care and well-being of the
animals concerned.
Waste, uneaten food, and other potentially contaminated materials leaving the quarantine
area must be suitably contained, while being transported to a site of physical or chemical
decontamination, or incineration.
3. Work surfaces should always be decontaminated after use or whenever soiled.
Equipment should not be stored on the floor.
4. Care should be taken to avoid scratches, bites or other injuries from non-human
primates through anaesthesia, tranquillisation or physical restraint of the animals
during handling. Physical restraint should only be performed by personnel
knowledgeable and experienced in handling non-human primates, and it should
never be done by persons working alone.
82
5. Caution must be used to prevent injury to personnel or the spread of infectious

materials between animals through the use of potentially contaminated needles,
scalpels, or other sharp instruments, particularly during the disposal of these
items. Only single use disposable syringes and needles, scalpel blades, and other
sharp items should be used. They should never be recapped, bent, broken or
otherwise manipulated by hand, and they should be discarded into punctureresistant containers kept as close to the work site as practical. Containers should
be decontaminated before disposal.
6. If multiple-dose vials of materials or medications are used, care must be taken to
avoid contamination of such vials and their contents between uses.
7. Dead animals should be removed from their animal holding room and taken to a
dedicated necropsy room in a sealed, impervious, leakproof container or bag.
8. Responsible quarantine officials should immediately notify the Veterinary
Authority of any severe and/or unusual illnesses and deaths occurring in
quarantined non-human primates.
9. After animals are removed from quarantine, a thorough decontamination of the
animal holding room is necessary whether there is a history of communicable
disease presence in the room or not.
SECTION 1.5.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICALS FOR VETERINARY USE
CHAPTER 1.5.1. General considerations

CHAPTER 1.5.2. Risk analysis for veterinary vaccines
CHAPTER 1.5.3. Risk analysis for biologicals for veterinary use other than
vaccines
CHAPTER 1.5.1.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Article 1.5.1.1.
All products, including biologicals for veterinary use, derived from animals have some capacity
to transmit animal disease. The level of this capacity depends on the inherent nature of the
products, their source, the treatment that they might have undergone, and the purpose for which
they are intended. Biologicals for in vivo use in particular will have the highest probability of
exposure to animals and as such present the highest risk. Products used for in vitro purposes can
introduce disease into animal populations through deliberate or inadvertent use in vivo,
83
contamination of other biologicals, or spread by other means. Even products for diagnosis and
research have the potential for close contact with animals. Exotic micro-organisms, some highly
pathogenic, which may be held for research and diagnostic purposes in countries free from
infection or the diseases they cause, could possibly contaminate other biological products.
Veterinary Authorities of importing countries shall make available specific procedural
requirements for approval or licensing of biologicals for veterinary use. They may limit supply to
registered institutions or in vitro use or for non-veterinary purposes where such assurance cannot
be provided.
CHAPTER 1.5.2.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR VETERINARY VACCINES
Article 1.5.2.1.
Introduction
Risk analysis for veterinary vaccines has to be founded on the principles of quality assurance,
which includes quality control, in the production of veterinary vaccines. These recommendations
are focused mainly on the risk related to the contamination of vaccines by infectious agents
particularly in regard to the risk of importing exotic diseases. The major risk of introducing a
disease into a country is through importation of live animals or animal products and rarely
through veterinary vaccines. Veterinary vaccines can however be contaminated by disease agents
if master seeds, strains, cell cultures, animals or ingredients of animal origin such as foetal calf
serum used in production are contaminated or if cross contamination occurs during the
production process.
Article 1.5.2.2.
Principles
Exporting countries and importing countries should agree on a system of classification of risks
associated with veterinary vaccines taking into account factors such as purification procedures
which have been applied.
Exporting countries and importing countries should agree on risk analysis models to address
specific issues and products. Such risk analysis models should include a scientific risk
assessment and formalised procedures for making risk management recommendations and
communicating risk. The regulation of veterinary vaccines should include the use of either
qualitative or quantitative models.
Risk analysis should be as objective and transparent as possible. Step risk and scenario tree
methods should be used in risk assessment whenever appropriate, as they identify the critical
steps in the production and use of the products where risks arise and help to characterise those
risks.
84
The same conclusions about risk analysis may be reached by differing methods. Where methods
may differ in countries, the concept of equivalence should apply wherever possible and the
methods should be validated to ensure they are of comparable sensitivity.
Article 1.5.2.3.
Manufacturing practices
The manufacture of veterinary vaccines has special characteristics which should be taken into
consideration when implementing and assessing the quality assurance system. Due to the large
number of animal species and related pathogenic agents, the variety of products manufactured is
very wide and the volume of manufacture is often low; hence, work on a group basis is common.
Moreover, because of the very nature of this manufacture (cultivation steps, lack of terminal
sterilisation, etc.), the products must be particularly well protected against contamination and
cross contamination. The environment must also be protected especially when the manufacture
involves the use of pathogenic or exotic biological agents and the worker must be particularly
well-protected when the manufacture involves the use of biological agents pathogenic to man.
These factors, together with the inherent variability of immunological products, means that the
role of the quality assurance system is of the utmost importance. It is important that vaccines
should be manufactured in accordance with a recognised codified system that includes
specifications regarding equipment, premises, qualification of personnel as well as quality
assurance and regular inspections.
A commonly agreed system of facility inspection carried out by qualified and specialised
inspectors must be in place to assure confidence.
Article 1.5.2.4.
Information to be submitted when applying for registration in the importing country
The manufacturer or Veterinary Authority of the exporting country should make available to the
importing country the pharmacopoeia it uses. For the importing country it is necessary to have
documented both the quality control methods used and the source of each batch of starting
materials. The key steps of the manufacturing process of veterinary vaccines should be described
in detail to help risk analysis. Risk analysis has to be focused on the quality and safety parts of
the application file. Laboratory safety testing should cover target and non-target organisms to
obtain sufficient biological data. All test procedures used should correspond with the state of
scientific knowledge at the time and should be validated.
The description of the method of preparation of the finished product should include an adequate
characterisation of the substances needed to prepare the working seeds, the description of the
treatments applied to starting materials to prevent contamination, and a statement of the stages of
manufacture at which sampling is carried out for process control tests.
The results of control tests during production and on finished product, as well as the sensitivity
of these tests, have to be available for risk analysis. The stepwise procedures of the control tests
should also be available.
Article 1.5.2.5.
Categorisation of veterinary vaccines
85
To assist in risk analysis, countries should establish a system of categorisation of veterinary

vaccines taking into account criteria such as pathogens used as active ingredients, their inherent
characteristics and the risk they pose.
In case of live vectored vaccines, the safety of the vector to the targeted and non-targeted species
and to human beings must be assessed. Special attention should be paid to potential tissue
tropism or host range modification of the recombinant.
Article 1.5.2.6.
Vaccinovigilance
Exporting countries and importing countries should ensure that a reliable system of
vaccinovigilance (post licensing monitoring) is established to identify, at the earliest stage, any
serious problems encountered from the use of veterinary vaccines. Vaccinovigilance should be
ongoing and an integral part of all regulatory programmes for veterinary vaccines, especially live
vaccines.
Article 1.5.2.7.
Risk communication
Reliable data in support of applications submitted in importing countries should be provided by
the manufacturer or the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country. Relevant data on risk
analysis, changes in animal health situations and vaccinovigilance should be shared by
Veterinary Authorities on a continuous basis.
CHAPTER 1.5.3.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICALS FOR
VETERINARY USE OTHER THAN VACCINES
Article 1.5.3.1.
Introduction
For the purpose of this chapter, the term biologicals means biologicals for veterinary use other
than veterinary vaccines.
Article 1.5.3.2.
Categorisation of biologicals
Categorisation provides a means of facilitating risk analysis for the international trade in
biologicals.
The categorisation system should take into account the source, the nature and the stated purpose
of the biologicals. By conducting generic risk analyses, and by developing generic certification
and quality assurance, continued supply of products can be made available without the need for
repeated risk assessments that are expensive and consume significant resources. Once made, the
86
risk assessment can be linked to appropriate manufacturing and testing parameters. Categories of
biologicals for veterinary use into which generic risk assessments could apply may include (not
in order of risk):
1. synthetic material;
2. amino acids, alcohols, esters, sugars and vitamins;
3. cosmetics;
4. plant extracts and processed biochemicals of plant origin;
5. products derived by microbial fermentation;
6. diagnostic, analytical and immunochemical kits for in vitro use;
7. material of human origin;
8. therapeutics;
9. implantables of animal origin;
10. antibodies and immunoglobulins;
11. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), restriction enzymes and
other products of molecular biology;
12. cell-lines and hybridomas;
13. animal proteins, hormones, enzymes, albumins, tissue extracts and culture media
containing animal material;
14. animal serum;
15. micro-organisms (conventional or genetically modified);
16. probiotics;
17. preserved specimens, microscope slides and smears.
All of these materials may contain pathogens depending on their source and processing
procedures.
Article 1.5.3.3.
Information to be submitted when applying for an import licence
When undertaking risk analysis for biologicals, Veterinary Authorities should follow the
Terrestrial Manual. The manufacturer or the Veterinary Authority of the exporting country
should make available detailed information, in confidence if necessary, on the source of the
materials used in the manufacture of the product (e.g. substrates). They should make available
details of the method of manufacture (and where appropriate inactivation) of the substrates and
component materials, the quality assurance procedures for each step in the process, final product
87
testing regimes, and the pharmacopoeia with which the product must conform in the country of
origin. They should also make available challenge organisms, their biotypes and reference sera,
and other means of appropriate product testing.
Article 1.5.3.4.
Risk analysis process
Risk analysis should be as objective and transparent as possible and should be performed in
accordance with Section 1.3. of the Terrestrial Code, and certification in line with Section 1.2. of
the Terrestrial Code. Of necessity, assessment of the country and commodity factors and risk
reduction measures will be based largely on manufacturers' data. These data depend on quality
assurance at all stages of manufacture, rather than on testing of the final product alone.
Domestic exposure may be influenced by the approved usage of the product. Veterinary
Authorities may place limits on usage of some products (e.g. restricting usage to institutions of
appropriate biosecurity).
Article 1.5.3.5.
Biocontainment
Suitable biocontainment may be necessary for many forms of biologicals. In particular, the
importation of exotic micro-organisms should be carried out in accordance with Chapter 1.4.5.
Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2007)

PART 2.
Recommendations applicable to specific diseases
SECTION 2.1.
SECTION 2.2.
SECTION 2.3.
SECTION 2.4.
SECTION 2.5.
OIE LISTED DISEASES

MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES
CATTLE DISEASES
SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES
EQUINE DISEASES
88
SECTION 2.6. SWINE DISEASES

SECTION 2.7. AVIAN DISEASES
SECTION 2.8. LAGOMORPH DISEASES
SECTION 2.9. BEE DISEASES
SECTION 2.10. OTHER DISEASES
SECTION 2.1.
OIE LISTED DISEASES
CHAPTER 2.1.1. Criteria for listing diseases
CHAPTER 2.1.1.
CRITERIA FOR LISTING DISEASES
Article 2.1.1.1.
The criteria for the inclusion of a disease in the OIE List are as follows:
Basic criteria
Parameters (at least one 'yes' answer means that the criterion
has been met)
International
Spread
Has international spread been proven on three or more

occasions? OR
Are more than three countries with populations of susceptible
animals free of the disease or facing impending freedom (based
on the relevant provisions of the Terrestrial Code, and in
particular those contained in Appendix 3.8.1.)? OR
Do OIE annual reports indicate that a significant number of
countries with susceptible populations have reported absence of
the disease for several consecutive years?
Zoonotic Potential
Has transmission to humans been proven? (with the exception of

artificial circumstances) AND
Is human infection associated with severe consequences? (death
or prolonged illness)
Significant Spread
within Nave
Populations
Does the disease exhibit significant mortality at the level of a

country or a zone? OR
Does the disease exhibit significant morbidity at the level of a
country or a zone?
Emerging Diseases Are there apparent zoonotic properties or is there a rapid spread?
89
Article 2.1.1.2.
The criteria in Article 2.1.1.1. above are applied according to the decision-making model shown
below:
Article 2.1.1.3.
The following diseases are included in the OIE List.
1. The following diseases are included within the category of multiple species
diseases:
o Anthrax
o
Aujeszky's disease
Bluetongue
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)
Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis)
Brucellosis (Brucella suis)
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever
90
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Foot and mouth disease
Heartwater
Japanese encephalitis
Leptospirosis
New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
Old world screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana)
Paratuberculosis
Q fever
Rabies
Rift Valley fever
Rinderpest
Trichinellosis
Tularemia
Vesicular stomatitis
West Nile fever.
2. The following diseases are included within the category of cattle diseases:
o
Bovine anaplasmosis
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
91
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Lumpy skin disease
Malignant catarrhal fever (Wildebeest only)
Theileriosis
Trichomonosis
Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted).
3. The following diseases are included within the category of sheep and goat
diseases:
o
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
Contagious agalactia
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)
Maedivisna
Nairobi sheep disease
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis)
Peste des petits ruminants
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis)
Scrapie
Sheep pox and goat pox.
4. The following diseases are included within the category of equine diseases:
o
African horse sickness
Contagious equine metritis
Dourine
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern)
Equine encephalomyelitis (Western)
Equine infectious anaemia
92
Equine influenza
Equine piroplasmosis
Equine rhinopneumonitis
Equine viral arteritis
Glanders
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis.
5. The following diseases are included within the category of swine diseases:
o
African swine fever
Classical swine fever
Nipah virus encephalitis
Porcine cysticercosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Swine vesicular disease
Transmissible gastroenteritis.
6. The following diseases are included within the category of avian diseases:
o
Avian chlamydiosis
Avian infectious bronchitis
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum)
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma synoviae)
Duck virus hepatitis
Fowl cholera
Fowl typhoid
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in birds and low pathogenicity

notifiable avian influenza in poultry as defined in Chapter 2.7.12.
93
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease)
Marek's disease
Newcastle disease
Pullorum disease
Turkey rhinotracheitis.
7. The following diseases are included within the category of lagomorph diseases:
o
Myxomatosis
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease.
8. The following diseases are included within the category of bee diseases:
o
Acarapisosis of honey bees
American foulbrood of honey bees
European foulbrood of honey bees
Small hive beetle infestation (Aethina tumida)
Tropilaelaps infestation of honey bees
Varroosis of honey bees.
9. The following diseases are included within the category of other diseases:
o
Camelpox
Leishmaniosis.
SECTION 2.2.
MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES
CHAPTER 2.2.1.
CHAPTER 2.2.2.
CHAPTER 2.2.3.
CHAPTER 2.2.4.
CHAPTER 2.2.5.
CHAPTER 2.2.6.
CHAPTER 2.2.7.
CHAPTER 2.2.8.
Anthrax
Aujeszky's disease
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Leptospirosis
Rabies
Paratuberculosis
Heartwater
New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and
94
CHAPTER 2.2.9.
CHAPTER 2.2.10.
CHAPTER 2.2.11.
CHAPTER 2.2.12.
CHAPTER 2.2.13.
CHAPTER 2.2.14.
CHAPTER 2.2.15.
CHAPTER 2.2.16.
old world screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana)

Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
Rinderpest
Bluetongue
Rift valley fever
Japanese encephalitis
Tularemia
SECTION 2.5.
EQUINE DISEASES
CHAPTER 2.5.1.
CHAPTER 2.5.2.
CHAPTER 2.5.3.
CHAPTER 2.5.4.
CHAPTER 2.5.5.
CHAPTER 2.5.6.
CHAPTER 2.5.7.
CHAPTER 2.5.8.
CHAPTER 2.5.9.
CHAPTER 2.5.10.
CHAPTER 2.5.11.
CHAPTER 2.5.12.
CHAPTER 2.5.13.
CHAPTER 2.5.14.

Dourine
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western)
Equine influenza
Equine rhinopneumonitis (Equine herpes virus type 1
infection)
Glanders
Horse pox
Horse mange
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
Epizootic lymphangitis
CHAPTER 2.5.1.
CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS
Article 2.5.1.1.
For the purposes of this Chapter, infected establishment means premises in which equines
infected with contagious equine metritis (CEM) are kept. The establishment shall be considered
infected until 2 months have elapsed since the confirmation of the last case and after the
premises have been adequately cleansed and disinfected.
Standards for diagnostic tests are described in the Terrestrial Manual.
95
Article 2.5.1.2.
Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should require:
for stallions and mares considered free from CEM (for countries where an official control
organisation is present)
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
1. showed no clinical sign of CEM on the day of shipment;
2. have had no contact with CEM:
a. directly, through coitus with an infected animal; or
b. indirectly, by passing through an infected establishment;
3. were subjected to the laboratory test for CEM with negative results during the
30 days prior to shipment.
Article 2.5.1.3.
for stallions and mares which have previously shown signs of CEM or which have been in
contact with CEM (for countries where an official control organisation is present)
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals which have
been in direct contact through coitus with an infected animal, or indirect contact by passing
through an infected establishment:
1. have been recognised as not being contagious through laboratory tests for CEM;
2. have been protected against any possibility of contagion since the beginning of
the tests.
CHAPTER 2.5.2.
DOURINE
Article 2.5.2.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the incubation period for dourine shall be 6 months.
Article 2.5.2.2.
Dourine free country
A country formerly infected with dourine may be considered free again when:
1. a stamping-out policy has been practised for affected animals;
96
2. no clinical case of dourine has been observed during the past 2 years;
3. breeding horses have been subjected to a diagnostic test for dourine with negative
results performed annually over a 2-year period.
Article 2.5.2.3.
When importing from dourine free countries for the past 6 months, Veterinary Authorities should
require:
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of dourine on the day of shipment;
2. were kept since birth, or for the 6 months prior to shipment, in a country which
has been free from dourine for not less than the past 6 months.
Article 2.5.2.4.
When importing from countries considered infected with dourine, Veterinary Authorities should
require:
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of dourine on the day of shipment;
2. were kept for the 6 months prior to shipment in an establishment where no case of
dourine was officially reported during that period;
3. were subjected to a diagnostic test for dourine with negative results during the
15 days prior to shipment.
Article 2.5.2.5.
When importing from dourine free countries for the past 6 months, Veterinary Authorities should
require:
for semen of equines
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the donor animals were
kept since birth, or for the 6 months prior to collection of the semen, in a country which has been
free from dourine for not less than the past 6 months.
Article 2.5.2.6.
When importing from countries considered infected with dourine, Veterinary Authorities should
require:
for semen of equines
97
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that:

1. the donor animals:
a. were kept for the 6 months prior to collection of the semen in an
establishment or artificial insemination centre where no case of dourine
was reported during that period;
b. were subjected to a diagnostic test for dourine with negative results;
2. the microscopic examination of the semen for dourine was negative.
CHAPTER 2.5.3.
EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
(Eastern and Western)
Article 2.5.3.1.
Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines are described in the Terrestrial Manual.
Article 2.5.3.2.
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of equine encephalomyelitis on the day of shipment and
during the 3 months prior to shipment;
equine encephalomyelitis was officially reported during that period; or
3. were kept in a quarantine station for the 21 days prior to shipment and were
protected from insect vectors during quarantine and transportation to the place of
shipment; or
4. were vaccinated not less than 15 days and not more than one year prior to
shipment.
CHAPTER 2.5.4.
EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA
Article 2.5.4.1.
98
Article 2.5.4.2.
for equines
1. the animals showed no clinical sign of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) on the
day of shipment and during the 48 hours prior to shipment; and
2. no case of EIA has been associated with any premises where the animals were
kept during the 3 months prior to shipment; and
3. if imported on a permanent basis, the animals were subjected to a diagnostic test
for EIA with negative results on blood samples collected during the 30 days prior
to shipment; or
4. if imported on a temporary basis, the animals were subjected to a diagnostic test
to shipment
CHAPTER 2.5.4.
EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA
Article 2.5.4.1.
Article 2.5.4.2.
for equines
1. the animals showed no clinical sign of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) on the
day of shipment and during the 48 hours prior to shipment; and
2. no case of EIA has been associated with any premises where the animals were
kept during the 3 months prior to shipment; and
3. if imported on a permanent basis, the animals were subjected to a diagnostic test
to shipment; or
4. if imported on a temporary basis, the animals were subjected to a diagnostic test
to shipment
99
CHAPTER 2.5.6.
EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS
Article 2.5.6.1.
Article 2.5.6.2.
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of equine piroplasmosis on the day of shipment;
2. were subjected to diagnostic tests for equine piroplasmosis (Theileria equi and
Babesia caballi) with negative results during the 30 days prior to shipment;
3. were maintained free from ticks, by preventive treatment when necessary, during
the 30 days prior to shipment.
Article 2.5.6.3.
Veterinary Authorities of importing countries should consider the possibility of importing
competition horses on a temporary basis and which are positive to the testing procedure referred
to in point 2 of Article 2.5.6.2. under the following safeguards:
1. the horses are accompanied by a passport in conformity with the model contained
in Appendix 4.1.5.;
2. the Veterinary Authorities of importing countries require the presentation of an
international veterinary certificate attesting that the animals:
a. showed no clinical sign of equine piroplasmosis on the day of shipment;
b. were treated against ticks within the 7 days prior to shipment;
3. the horses are kept in an area where necessary precautions are taken to control
ticks and that is under the direct supervision of the Veterinary Authority;
4. the horses are regularly examined for the presence of ticks under the direct
supervision of the Veterinary Authority.
CHAPTER 2.5.7.
EQUINE RHINOPNEUMONITIS
(Equine herpes virus type 1 infection)
100
Article 2.5.7.1.
Article 2.5.7.2.
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of equine herpes virus type 1 infection, on the day of
shipment and during the 21 days prior to shipment;
2. were kept for the 21 days prior to shipment in an establishment where no case of
equine herpes virus type 1 infection was reported during that period.
CHAPTER 2.5.8.
GLANDERS
Article 2.5.8.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the incubation period for glanders shall be 6 months.
Article 2.5.8.2.
Glanders free country
A country may be considered free from glanders when:
1. glanders is notifiable in the country;
2. no case of glanders has been reported during the past 3 years, or no case has been
reported for a period of at least 6 months and a surveillance programme is in place
demonstrating the absence of the disease in accordance with general guidelines on
animal health surveillance (Appendix 3.8.1.).
Article 2.5.8.3.
When importing from glanders free countries, Veterinary Authorities should require:
for equines
1. showed no clinical signs of glanders on the day of shipment;
2. were kept for the 6 months prior to shipment, or since birth if less than 6 months
of age, in the exporting country.
101
Article 2.5.8.4.
When importing from countries considered infected with glanders, Veterinary Authorities should
require:
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of glanders on the day of shipment;
glanders was reported during that period;
3. were subjected to a test as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual for glanders with
negative results, during the 30 days prior to shipment.
CHAPTER 2.5.9.
HORSE POX
Article 2.5.9.1.
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of horse pox on the day of shipment;
horse pox was officially reported during that period.
CHAPTER 2.5.10.
EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS
Article 2.5.10.1.
The infective period for equine viral arteritis (EVA) shall be 28 days for all categories of equine
except sexually mature stallion where the infective period may be for the life of the animal.
Because the infective period may be extended in the case of virus shedding in semen, the status
of seropositive stallions should be checked to ensure that they do not shed virus in their semen.
Article 2.5.10.2.
102
for uncastrated male equines imported on a temporary basis for breeding or on a permanent basis
1. showed no clinical sign of EVA on the day of shipment and during the 28 days
prior to shipment;
2. were subjected, to a test for EVA, as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual, carried
out either:
a. on a single blood sample collected during the 28 days prior to shipment
with negative result, or
b. on blood samples taken on two occasions at least 14 days apart within
28 days prior to shipment, which demonstrated stable or declining
antibody titres; or
3. were subjected between 6 and 9 months of age to a test for EVA, as prescribed in
the Terrestrial Manual, carried out on two blood samples collected at least
14 days apart with stable or decreasing titre, immediately vaccinated for EVA and
regularly revaccinated according to the manufacturers instructions; or
4. were subjected to a test for EVA, as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual, on a
blood sample with negative results, immediately vaccinated for EVA, kept for
21 days following vaccination separated from other equidae and regularly
revaccinated according to the manufacturers instructions; or
5. have been subjected to a test for EVA, as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual,
carried out on a blood sample with positive results and then: either
a. were subsequently test mated to two mares within 12 months prior to
shipment which were subjected to two tests for EVA as prescribed in the
Terrestrial Manual with negative results on blood samples collected at the
time of test mating and again 28 days after the mating; or
b. were subjected to a test for equine arteritis virus as prescribed in the
Terrestrial Manual with negative results, carried out on semen collected
during the 28 days prior to shipment.
Article 2.5.10.3.
for uncastrated male equines imported on a temporary basis other than for breeding, and for
equines other than uncastrated males
1. showed no clinical sign of EVA on the day of shipment and were kept in an
establishment where no animals have shown any signs of EVA for the 28 days
prior to shipment;
2. were subjected to a test for EVA, as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual, carried
out either:
103
a. on a single blood sample collected during the 28 days prior to shipment

with negative results, or
b. on blood samples collected on two occasions at least 14 days apart within
28 days prior to shipment, which demonstrated stable or declining
antibody titres;
OR
2. were subjected, between 6 and 9 months of age, to a diagnostic test for EVA, as
prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual, carried out on two blood samples collected
at least 14 days apart, with negative results or stable or declining titre, and
immediately vaccinated for EVA and regularly revaccinated.
Article 2.5.10.4.
for semen
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the animal donors:
1. were kept for the 28 days prior to semen collection in an establishment where no
equine has shown any clinical sign of EVA during that period;
2. showed no clinical sign of EVA on the day of semen collection;
3. were subjected between 6 and 9 months of age to a test for EVA as prescribed in
the Terrestrial Manual on a blood sample with stable or decreasing titre,
immediately vaccinated for EVA and regularly revaccinated according to the
manufacturers instructions; or
4. were subjected to a test for EVA as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual on a
blood sample with negative results, immediately vaccinated for EVA, kept for
21 days following vaccination separated from other equidae and regularly
revaccinated according to the manufacturers instructions; or
5. were subjected to a test for EVA as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual on a
blood sample with negative results within 14 days prior to semen collection, and
had been separated from other equidae from the time of the taking of the blood
sample to the time of semen collection; or
6. have been subjected to a test for EVA as prescribed in the Terrestrial Manual on a
blood sample with positive results and then: either
a. were subsequently test mated to two mares within 12 months prior to
semen collection, which were subjected to two tests for EVA as prescribed
in the Terrestrial Manual with negative results on blood samples collected
at the time of test mating and again 28 days after the test mating, or
b. were subjected to a test for equine arteritis virus as prescribed in the
Terrestrial Manual with negative results, carried out on semen collected
within one year prior to collection of the semen to be exported.
104
CHAPTER 2.5.11.
HORSE MANGE
Article 2.5.11.1.
Article 2.5.11.2.
for equines
1. showed no clinical sign of horse mange on the day of shipment;
horse mange was officially reported during that period.
CHAPTER 2.5.12.
VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Article 2.5.12.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the infective period for Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis (VEE) shall be 14 days, and the incubation period 5 days.
Article 2.5.12.2.
VEE free country
A country formerly infected with VEE may be considered free when:
1. VEE is notifiable and a surveillance system is in place and provides that all VEE
suspected animals are investigated promptly; specimens are collected, and all
specimens are submitted for laboratory examination, including virus isolation;
2. no case of VEE has been confirmed for the past 2 years;
3. no equine animal has been imported from any country where VEE has been
confirmed during the past 2 years.
If a country considered free from VEE imports horses from an infected country, the importing
country will not be considered infected, provided that the importation has been carried out in
conformity with the provisions of Article 2.5.12.5.
105
Article 2.5.12.3.
Veterinary Authorities of VEE free countries may prohibit importation or transit through their
territory, from countries considered infected with VEE, of domestic and wild equines, and may
prohibit the importation into their territory, from countries considered infected with VEE, of
semen and embryos/ova of domestic and wild equines.
Article 2.5.12.4.
When importing from VEE free countries, the Veterinary Authorities of importing countries
should require:
for domestic and wild equines
1. showed no clinical sign of VEE on the day of shipment;
2. have not, during the past 6 months, been in any country in which VEE has
occurred in the last 2 years;
3. have not been vaccinated against VEE within 60 days prior to shipment.
Article 2.5.12.5.
When importing from countries considered infected with VEE, the Veterinary Authorities of
importing countries should require:
for domestic and wild equines
1. vaccinated animals:
a. were vaccinated against VEE not less than 60 days prior to shipment and
were clearly identified with a permanent mark at the time of vaccination;
b. were kept in a quarantine station in the country of origin under official
veterinary supervision for 3 weeks prior to shipment and remained
clinically healthy during that period; any animal which showed a rise in
temperature (taken daily) was subjected to a blood test for virus isolation,
with negative results;
c. were protected from insect vectors during transportation to and from the
quarantine station and during the quarantine period;
d. showed no clinical sign of VEE on the day of shipment;
2. unvaccinated animals:
a. were kept in a quarantine station in the country of origin under official
veterinary supervision for 3 weeks prior to shipment and remained
clinically healthy during that period; any animal which showed a rise in
106
temperature (taken daily) was subjected to a blood test for virus isolation,
with negative results;
b. were subjected to a diagnostic test for VEE with negative results
conducted not less than 14 days after the commencement of quarantine;
c. were protected from insect vectors during transportation to and from the
quarantine station and during the quarantine period;
d. showed no clinical sign of VEE on the day of shipment.
In addition, animals may be isolated in the importing country for 7 days under official veterinary
supervision. Any animal which shows a rise in temperature (taken daily) shall be subjected to a
blood test for virus isolation.
CHAPTER 2.5.13.
EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS
Article 2.5.13.1.
Article 2.5.13.2.
for domestic horses
1. showed no clinical sign of epizootic lymphangitis on the day of shipment;
2. were kept in establishments in which no case of epizootic lymphangitis was
officially reported during the 2 months prior to shipment.
CHAPTER 2.5.14.
AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS
Article 2.5.14.1.
For the purposes of the Terrestrial Code, the infective period for African horse sickness (AHS)
shall be 40 days for domestic horses.
Article 2.5.14.2.
AHS free country
A country may be considered free from AHS when the disease is notifiable in the country, and
when no clinical, serological (in non-vaccinated animals) or epidemiological evidence of AHS
107
has been found for the past 2 years. Also, when no domestic horse or other equine has been
vaccinated against the disease during the past 12 months.
Article 2.5.14.3.
AHS free zone
A zone of a country may be considered free from AHS when the disease is notifiable in the
whole country and when no clinical, serological (in non-vaccinated animals) or epidemiological
evidence of AHS has been found in the zone during the past 2 years. Also, when no domestic
horse or other equine has been vaccinated against the disease during the past 12 months. The free
zone must be clearly delineated by substantial geographical barriers if possible. The animal
health regulations to prevent the movement of domestic horses and other equines into the free
zone from an infected country or infected zone must be published and rigorously implemented,
with notification to the OIE in conformity with the provisions of Article 1.1.2.4. of Section 1.1.
of the Terrestrial Code. Regular inspection and supervision of movement of domestic horses and
other equines should be made in the free zone to ensure freedom from AHS.
If an AHS free country or zone imports domestic horses or other equines from an infected
country or infected zone, the importing country or zone will not be considered infected, provided
that the importation has been carried out in conformity with the provisions of Article 2.5.14.8.
Article 2.5.14.4.
AHS infected zone
An infected zone shall comprise two areas:
1. a protection zone of radius of approximately 100 kilometres around an outbreak;
2. a surveillance zone of at least a further 50 kilometres around the protection zone
and within which no vaccination programme for AHS has been carried out.
The infected zone shall be maintained for 2 years after the last outbreak.
The boundary between the infected zone and a free country or zone shall not be limited by
national frontiers, must be clearly defined and must take account of geographical and ecological
factors as well as all epizootiological factors which are relevant to this disease. The area of the
zone should be extended or reduced if necessary to satisfy the following factors:
a. Epizootiology of the disease
AHS is a non-contagious disease. It can be readily transmitted by the parenteral injection
of infective blood or organ emulsion. The main natural mode of transmission is by female
midges of the genus Culicoides of which C. imicola appears to be the most significant
vector. In areas with a temperate climate, the peak incidence of disease occurs in the late
summer and early autumn. Its prevalence is directly influenced by climatic conditions
favouring insect breeding and outbreaks are abruptly curtailed by severe frost.
b. Ecological factors
A severe frost involving 3 periods of temperature of -3C lasting a minimum of 2-3 hours
each, during a 3-week period (under study) would eliminate both adult midges and
hatching larvae of Culicoides species in the area. During an outbreak, the percentage of
108
infected midges is extremely low. Although an infected midge may harbour a relatively
large amount of virus, the potential for spread of disease by this means over long
distances is extremely low.
c. Geographical factors
The activity of the midge vectors is significantly reduced at high altitudes. The presence
of mountain ranges at the boundary of an infected zone will provide a natural barrier to
the movement of vectors. Extensive areas of arid terrain would also serve as a natural
barrier.
d. The factors to be taken into account in delineating the extent of an infected zone
should include:
i.
the presence or otherwise of the insect vector throughout the year;
ii.
the presence or absence of frost severe enough to eliminate the vector;
iii.
the presence of mountain ranges or areas of arid terrain acting as a natural

barrier to the movement of insect vectors.
Within and at the border of the infected zone there must be effective veterinary control of
domestic horses and other equines and their transportation. The regulations must be published
and rigorously implemented.
No domestic horse or other equine may be moved out of the infected zone except in conformity
with the provisions of Article 2.5.14.8.
All vaccinated domestic horses or other equines in the infected zone must be clearly identified
with a permanent mark at the time of vaccination.
A country or zone of a country may be restored to AHS free status if:
1. the disease has been notifiable in the whole country for at least 2 years;
2. no clinical, serological (in non-vaccinated animals) and/or epidemiological
evidence of AHS has been found in the country or zone during the last 2 years;
3. no equine has been vaccinated against the disease in the country or zone during
the past 12 months;
4. no equine has been imported from infected countries or zones except in
conformity with the provisions of Article 2.5.14.8.;
5. a system making notifiable any mortality in equines has been in force for at least
2 years, and any dead equine has been investigated so as to confirm the absence
of AHS;
6. documented evidence that all the above conditions have been fulfilled should be
sent to the OIE.
109
Article 2.5.14.5.
Veterinary Authorities of countries shall consider whether there is a risk with regard to AHS in
accepting importation or transit through their territory, from other countries, of the following
commodities:
1. animals of the family of Equidae;
2. equine semen;
3. equine embryos.
Article 2.5.14.6.
When importing from AHS free countries or zones, Veterinary Authorities should require:
for domestic horses
1. showed no clinical sign of AHS on the day of shipment;
2. have not been vaccinated against AHS within 2 months of export;
3. were kept in an AHS free country or zone since birth or for at least the past
2 months.
Article 2.5.14.7.
for other equines
2. have not been vaccinated against AHS within 2 months of export;
3. were kept in an AHS free country or zone since birth or for at least the past
2 months;
if the animal originates from a zone or country adjacent to an infected zone or a country
considered infected with AHS:
4. were kept in a quarantine station for 60 days prior to shipment and were
subjected to the diagnostic test for AHS with negative results;
5. were protected from insect vectors during quarantine and transportation to the
place of shipment.
Article 2.5.14.8.
When importing from countries considered infected with AHS or from AHS infected zones,
Veterinary Authorities should require:
110
for domestic horses

1. have been exported only during seasons when the insect vectors are at a low level
of activity;
3. were kept in a quarantine station for a minimum period of 40 days immediately
prior to shipment;
4. have been vaccinated against AHS at least 2 months prior to export and have been
clearly identified with a permanent mark; or
5. were not vaccinated and were subjected to the diagnostic test for AHS within
10 days prior to shipment with negative results; and
6. were protected from insect vectors during quarantine and transportation to the
place of shipment.
Article 2.5.14.9.
for semen of domestic horses
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the donor animals:
1. showed no clinical sign of AHS on the day of collection of the semen and for the
following 40 days;
2. had not been vaccinated against AHS within 2 months of the day of collection;
3. were kept in an AHS free country or zone for at least 40 days prior to collection.
Article 2.5.14.10.
for semen of domestic horses
the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the donor animals:
1. were kept in a quarantine station for at least 40 days prior to collection of the
semen;
2. were protected from insect vectors during quarantine;
3. showed no clinical sign of AHS on the day of collection and for the following
40 days;
4. have been vaccinated against AHS at least 2 months prior to the day of collection;
or
111
5. were not vaccinated and were subjected to the diagnostic test for AHS at least
10 days after collection with negative results.
Article 2.5.14.11.
for embryos of domestic horses
1. the donor females:
a. have not been vaccinated against AHS within the 2 months prior to
collection;
b. were kept in an AHS free country or zone for at least the 40 days prior to,
and at the time of, embryo collection;
2. the embryos were collected, processed and stored in conformity with the
provisions of Appendix 3.3.1.
Article 2.5.14.12.
for embryos of domestic horses
1. the donor females:
a. were kept in an insect vector-proof quarantine station for at least the
40 days prior to collection of the embryos;
b. showed no clinical sign of AHS on the day of collection and for the
following 40 days;
c. have been vaccinated against AHS at least 2 months prior to collection; or
d. have not been vaccinated against AHS and were subjected to a diagnostic
test for AHS between 10 and 40 days after collection, with negative
results;
2. the embryos were collected, processed and stored in conformity with the
provisions of Appendix 3.3.1.
PART 3.
Appendices
112
SECTION 3.1. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE

PURPOSES
SECTION 3.2. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF SEMEN
SECTION 3.3. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF EMBRYOS/OVA
SECTION 3.4. BIOSECURITY IN ESTABLISHMENTS
SECTION 3.5. IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY OF LIVE ANIMALS
SECTION 3.6. INACTIVATION OF PATHOGENS AND VECTORS
SECTION 3.7. ANIMAL WELFARE
SECTION 3.8. GENERAL GUIDELINES AND SURVEILLANCE FOR
SPECIFIC DISEASES
SECTION 3.9. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
SECTION 3.10. ANIMAL PRODUCTION FOOD SAFETY
SECTION 3.1.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE PURPOSES
CHAPTER 3.1.1. Prescribed and alternative diagnostic tests for OIE listed
diseases
APPENDIX 3.1.1.
PRESCRIBED AND ALTERNATIVE DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS FOR OIE LISTED DISEASES
NOTE
In many of the Terrestrial Code chapters relating to specific diseases, the reader is referred to the
Terrestrial Manual for information on OIE standards for the relevant diagnostic tests and
vaccines.
However, some readers of the Terrestrial Code may need to know which diagnostic tests are
recommended by the OIE for use in the international trade of animals or animal products,
without requiring the details of how these tests should be performed.
The tables in this Appendix have been included to meet this need. These tables show, for each
OIE listed diseases, the diagnostic tests which can be used when the Terrestrial Code
recommends a testing procedure.
These tests should be performed according to the specifications in the Terrestrial Manual, in
order to avoid any differences between the exporting and importing countries in the
interpretation of results.
In the tables, the diagnostic tests have been divided into two categories - 'prescribed tests' and
'alternative tests' (a similar categorisation is made in the Terrestrial Manual). The 'prescribed
tests' are those which are considered optimal for determining the health status of animals before
shipment. 'Alternative tests' do not demonstrate the absence of infection in the tested animals
113
with the same level of confidence as the prescribed tests do. However, the OIE Terrestrial
Animal Health Standards Commission considers that an 'alternative test', chosen by mutual
agreement between the importing and exporting countries, can provide valuable information for
evaluating the risks of any proposed trade in animals or animal products. The disease for which
the Terrestrial Code does not require any test are not included in the tables.
ABBREVIATIONS
Agent id.
Agg.
AGID
BBAT
CF
DTH
ELISA
FAVN
FPA
HI
IFA
MAT
NPLA
PCR
PRN
VN
_
Agent identification
Agglutination test
Agar gel immunodiffusion
Buffered Brucella antigen test
Complement fixation (test)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation
Fluorescence polarisation assay
Haemagglutination inhibition
Indirect fluorescent antibody (test)
Microscopic agglutination test
Neutralising peroxidase-linked assay
Polymerase chain reaction
Plaque reduction neutralisation
Virus neutralisation
No test designated yet
Terrestrial Terrestrial
Code
Manual
chapter No. chapter No.
Disease
name
Prescribed
tests
Alternative
tests
ELISA, VN
MAT
VN, ELISA
OIE listed diseases

Multiple species
2.2.2.
2.2.2.
Aujeszky's disease
2.2.4.
2.2.4.
Leptospirosis
2.2.5.
2.2.5.
Rabies
2.2.6.
2.2.6.
Paratuberculosis
DTH, ELISA
2.2.7.
2.2.7.
Heartwater
ELISA, IFA
2.2.8.
2.2.8.
New world screwworm

(Cochliomyia hominivorax) and
old world screwworm
(Chrysomya bezziana)
Agent id.
2.2.9.
2.2.9.
Trichinellosis
Agent id.
ELISA
2.2.10.
2.1.1.
ELISA1., VN
CF
2.2.11.
2.1.2.
CF, ELISA,
VN
2.2.12.
2.1.4.
Rinderpest
ELISA
VN
2.2.13.
2.1.9.
Bluetongue
Agent id.,
AGID,
VN
114
Code
Manual
Disease
name
Prescribed
tests
Alternative
tests
ELISA, PCR
2.2.14.
2.1.8.
Rift Valley fever
VN
HI, ELISA
2.2.16.
2.8.2.
Tularemia
Agent id.
2.3.1.
2.3.1 .
Bovine brucellosis
BBAT, CF,
ELISA, FPA
2.3.2.
2.3.2.
Bovine genital
campylobacteriosis
Agent id.
2.3.3.
2.3.3.
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculin test
2.3.4.
2.3.4.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
AGID, ELISA
PCR
2.3.5.
2.3.5.
Infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis/
infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis
VN, ELISA,
Agent id.
(semen only),
PCR
2.3.6.
2.3.6.
Trichomonosis
Agent id.
Mucus agg.
2.3.7.
2.3.7.
Bovine anaplasmosis
CF, Agg. card
2.3.8.
2.3.8.
Bovine babesiosis
ELISA, IFA,
CF
2.3.9.
2.3.9.
Bovine cysticercosis
Agent id.
2.3.11.
2.3.11.
Theileriosis
Agent id., IFA
2.3.12.
2.3.12.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Agent id.
2.3.14.
2.1.7.
Lumpy skin disease
VN
2.3.15.
2.1.6.
Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia
CF, ELISA
Cattle
Sheep and goats

2.4.1.
2.4.1.
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella

ovis)
CF
ELISA
2.4.2.
2.4.2.
Caprine and ovine brucellosis

(excluding Brucella ovis)
BBAT, CF
Brucellin test,
FPA
2.4.4.
2.4.4.
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis
AGID, ELISA
2.4.5.
2.4.5.
Maedi-visna
AGID, ELISA
2.4.6.
2.4.6.
Contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia
CF
2.4.7.
2.4.7.
Enzootic abortion of ewes
CF
2.4.9.
2.1.5.
Peste des petits ruminants
VN
ELISA
2.4.10.
2.1.10.
Sheep pox and goat pox
VN
2.5.1.
2.5.1.
Agent id.
2.5.2.
2.5.2.
Dourine
CF
IFA, ELISA
Equines
115
Code
Manual
Disease
name
Prescribed
tests
Alternative
tests
2.5.3.
2.5.3.
Equine encephalomyelitis
(Eastern and Western)
HI, CF, PRN
2.5.4.
2.5.4.
AGID
ELISA
2.5.5.
2.5.5.
Equine influenza
HI
2.5.6.
2.5.6.
IFA, ELISA
CF
2.5.7.
2.5.7.
Equine rhinopneumonitis
VN
2.5.8.
2.5.8.
Glanders
Mallein test,
CF
2.5.10.
2.5.10.
VN, Agent id.

(semen only)
2.5.12.
2.5.12.
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis
HI, CF, PRN
2.5.14.
2.1.11.
CF, ELISA
VN
2.6.2.
2.6.2.
Porcine brucellosis
ELISA
BBAT, FPA
2.6.3.
2.6.3.
Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
VN
2.6.4.
2.6.4.
Transmissible gastroenteritis
VN, ELISA
2.6.5.
2.1.3.
Swine vesicular disease
VN
ELISA
2.6.6.
2.1.12.
African swine fever
ELISA
IFA
2.6.7.
2.1.13.
Classical swine fever
NPLA, FAVN,
ELISA
2.7.1.
2.7.1.
Infectious bursal disease
AGID,
ELISA
2.7.2.
2.7.2.
Marek's disease
AGID
2.7.3.
2.7.3.
Avian mycoplasmosis
(Mycoplasma gallisepticum)
Agg., HI
2.7.5.
2.7.5.
Fowl typhoid and Pullorum

disease
Agg., Agent
id.
2.7.6.
2.7.6.
Avian infectious bronchitis
VN, HI,
ELISA
2.7.7.
2.7.7.
Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis
AGID, VN,
ELISA
2.7.8.
2.7.8.
Avian tuberculosis
Tuberculin
test,
Agent id.
2.7.12.
2.1.14.
Avian influenza
AGID, HI
2.7.13.
2.1.15.
Newcastle disease
HI
Myxomatosis
AGID, CF,
Swine
Birds
Lagomorphs
2.8.1.
2.8.1.
116
Code
Manual
Disease
name
Prescribed
tests
Alternative
tests
IFA
2.8.2.
2.8.3.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
HI
1. Please refer to the relevant chapters in the Terrestrial Manual to verify which method is
prescribed (this addition refers to reinstating the liquid-phase blocking ELISA as a
prescribed test).
SECTION 3.5.
IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY OF LIVE ANIMALS
CHAPTER 3.5.1.
General principles
APPENDIX 3.5.1.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Article 3.5.1.1.
1. Animal identification and animal traceability are tools for addressing animal
health (including zoonoses) and food safety issues. These tools may significantly
improve the effectiveness of activities such as: the management of disease
outbreaks and food safety incidents, vaccination programmes, herd/flock
husbandry, zoning/compartmentalisation, surveillance, early response and
notification systems, animal movement controls, inspection, certification, fair
practices in trade and the utilisation of veterinary drugs, feed and pesticides at
farm level.
2. There is a strong relationship between animal identification and the traceability
of animals and products of animal origin.
3. Animal traceability and traceability of products of animal origin should have the
capability to be linked to achieve traceability throughout the animal production
and food chain taking into account relevant OIE and Codex Alimentarius
standards.
4. The objective(s) of animal identification and animal traceability for a particular
country, zone or compartment and the approach used should be clearly defined
following an assessment of the risks to be addressed and a consideration of the
factors listed below. They should be defined through consultation between the
Veterinary Authority and relevant sectors/stakeholders prior to implementation,
and periodically reviewed.
5. There are various factors which may determine the system chosen for animal
identification and animal traceability. Factors such as the outcomes of the risk
117
assessment, the animal and public health situation (including zoonoses) and
related programmes, animal population parameters (such as species and breeds,
numbers and distribution), types of production, animal movement patterns,
available technologies, trade in animals and animal products, cost/benefit analysis
and other economic, geographical and environmental considerations, and cultural
aspects, should be taken into account when designing the system.
6. Animal identification and animal traceability should be under the responsibility of
the Veterinary Authority. It is recognised that other Authorities may have
jurisdiction over other aspects of the food chain, including the traceability of
food.
7. The Veterinary Authority, with relevant governmental agencies and in
consultation with the private sector, should establish a legal framework for the
implementation and enforcement of animal identification and animal traceability
in the country. In order to facilitate compatibility and consistency, relevant
international standards and obligations should be taken into account. This legal
framework should include elements such as the objectives, scope, organisational
arrangements including the choice of technologies used for identification and
registration, obligations of all the parties involved including third parties
implementing traceability systems, confidentiality, accessibility issues and the
efficient exchange of information.
8. Whatever the specific objectives of the chosen animal identification system and
animal traceability, there is a series of common basic factors, and these must be
considered before implementation, such as the legal framework, procedures, the
Competent Authority, identification of establishments/owners, animal
identification and animal movements.
9. The equivalent outcomes based on performance criteria rather than identical
systems based on design criteria should be the basis for comparison of animal
identification systems and animal traceability
PART 4.
Model international veterinary certificates
SECTION 4.1. MODEL INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CERTIFICATES

FOR LIVE ANIMALS
SECTION 4.2. MODEL INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CERTIFICATE FOR
PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
SECTION 4.1.
MODEL INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CERTIFICATES FOR LIVE
ANIMALS
118
CHAPTER 4.1.1. Model international veterinary certificate for dogs and

cats originating from rabies infected countries
CHAPTER 4.1.2. Model international veterinary certificate for domestic or
wild animals of the bovine, bubaline, ovine, caprine or
porcine species
CHAPTER 4.1.3. Model international veterinary certificate for semen of
animals of the bovine, bubaline, equine, ovine, caprine or
porcine species
CHAPTER 4.1.4. Model international veterinary certificate for equines
CHAPTER 4.1.5. Model passport for international movement of
competition horses
CHAPTER 4.1.6. Model international veterinary certificate for birds
CHAPTER 4.1.7. Model international veterinary certificate for day-old birds
and hatching eggs
CHAPTER 4.1.8. Model international veterinary certificate for rabbits
CHAPTER 4.1.9. Model international veterinary certificate for bees and
brood-combs
APPENDIX 4.1.4.
MODEL INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CERTIFICATE
FOR EQUINES
Exporting country:
Ministry of:
Department:
Province or District, etc.:
I. Identification of the animal/s
Species
Age
Sex
Breed
Marks and description
II. Origin of the animal/s

Name and address of exporter:
Place of origin of the animal/s:
III. Destination of the animal/s
Country of destination:
Name and address of consignee:
Nature and identification of means of transport:
119
IV. Sanitary information

The undersigned Official Veterinarian certifies that the animal/s described above and examined
on this day:
a. shows/show no clinical sign of disease;
b. satisfies/satisfy the following requirements2.:
Official stamp:
Issued at.................................... on
Name and address of Veterinarian
Signature:
1. It is recommended that individual certificates be drawn up for breeding animals.

2. These conditions are agreed between the Veterinary Services of the importing and
exporting countries in accordance with the options provided in this Terrestrial
Code.
APPENDIX 4.1.5.
MODEL PASSPORT FOR
INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF
COMPETITION HORSES
INTRODUCTION
The object is to establish criteria which will assist in the unrestricted movement of competition
horses between countries or zones of countries, while still protecting the health status of the
respective countries or zones. To achieve this aim, it is intended that the passport of any
competition horse shall serve as a unique identification document including harmonised
information in the form of records of vaccinations and results of laboratory tests.
In addition to the passport, a separate veterinary certificate may be required by the importing
country.
CONTENTS OF THE PASSPORT
The passport should contain:
1. Details of ownership
Information regarding the name and address of the owner of the horse should be
indicated according to Appendix A, and be authenticated by the National Federation
issuing the passport.
2. Identification of the horse
120
The horse should be identified by the competent authority according to Appendices B and
C.
3. Movement records
The identification of the horse should be checked at each time it is required by rules and
regulations and recorded in accordance with Appendix D.
4. Vaccination record
All vaccinations should be recorded according to Appendix E (equine influenza only) and
Appendix F (all other vaccinations).
5. Laboratory health tests
The result of every test undertaken for a transmissible disease will be recorded according
to Appendix G.
BASIC HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
Appendix H is a document which outlines the basic health requirements which apply to the
international movement of competition horses.
For the movement of competition horses between countries or zones of countries with a different
health status, Veterinary Services may require additional veterinary certification.
The reverse side of Appendix H lists diseases which may be considered for inclusion in the
veterinary certificate.
Appendix A
Propritaires successifs
Details of ownership
1.La nationalit du cheval 1.The nationality of the

est celle de son propritaire. horse is that of its owner.
Detalles del propietario

1.La nacionalidad del caballo
es la nacionalidad de su
propietario.
2.Lors de tout changement

de propritaire, le passeport
doit tre immdiatement
retourn, en mentionnant le
nom et l'adresse du nouveau
propritaire, la Fdration
questre nationale, qui le
remettra au nouveau
propritaire aprs
enregistrement.
2.En caso de cambio de

2.On change of ownership
propietario, el pasaporte debe
the passport must
ser entregado
immediately be lodged with
inmediatamente, indicando el
the National Equestrian
nombre y la direccin del
Federation, giving the name
nuevo propietario, a la
and address of the new
Federacin Ecuestre
owner, for re-registration
Nacional, que lo remitir al
and forwarding to the new
nuevo propietario despus de
owner.
haberlo registrado.
3.S'il y a plus d'un seul

propritaire, ou si le cheval
appartient une socit, on
indiquera dans le passeport
le nom de la personne
responsable du cheval et sa
nationalit. Si les
3.If there is more than one 3.Si el caballo tiene ms de

owner or the horse is owned un propietario, o si pertenece
by a company, then the
a una sociedad, el nombre y la
name of the individual
nacionalidad de la persona
responsible for the horse
responsable del caballo deben
shall be entered in the
inscribirse en el pasaporte. Si
passport together with his los propietarios son de
121
propritaires sont de
nationalits diffrentes, ils
doivent prciser la
nationalit du cheval.
nationality. If the owners

diferente nacionalidad, deben
are of different nationalities,
precisar la nacionalidad del
they have to determine the
caballo.
nationality of the horse.
4.Lorsqu'il y a location du
cheval, dment enregistre
par une Fdration questre
nationale avec accord de la
Fdration questre
internationale, celle-ci doit
tre mentionne sur cette
page par cette Fdration
nationale.
4.When the Federation

Equestre Internationale
approves the leasing of a
horse by a National
Equestrian Federation, the
details of these transactions
must be recorded on this
page by the National
Equestrian Federation
concerned.
4.Cuando la Federacin
Ecuestre Internacional
aprueba el alquiler de un
caballo por una Federacin
Ecuestre Nacional, la
Federacin Ecuestre Nacional
debe registrar los detalles de
la transaccin en esta pgina.
Cachet de la
Date
Fdration
d'enregistrement
Nom du Adresse du Nationalit du Signature du
questre
par
propritaire propritaire propritaire propritaire nationale et
la Fdration
signature
questre nationale
officielle
Date of
registration by
the National
Equestrian
Federation
Name of
owner
National
Equestrian
Address of Nationality of Signature of Federation
owner
owner
owner
stamp and
signature of
the secretary
Fecha de registro
Direccin
por
Nombre del
Nacionalidad Firma del
del
la Federacin propietario
del propietario propietario
propietario
Ecuestre Nacional
122
Sello de la
Federacin
Ecuestre
Nacional y
firma oficial
Appendix B
(1)N d'identification :
Identification No.:
N de identificacin:
(2)Nom :
(3)Sexe :
(4)Robe :
Name:
Sex:
Colour:
Nombre:
Sexo:
Color:
(5)Race :
(6)par :
(7)et :
(8)par :
Breed:
by:
out of:
by:
Raza:
por:
y:
por:
(9)Date de naissance :
(10)Lieu d'levage :
(11)Naisseur(s) :
Date of foaling:
Place where bred:
Breeder(s):
Fecha de nacimiento:
Lugar de cra:
Criador(es):
(12)Certificat d'origine valid le :

par :
Origin certificate validated on:
by:
Certificado de origen visado el:
por:
-Nom de l'autorit comptente :
Name of the competent authority:
Nombre de la autoridad competente:
-Adresse :
Address:
Direccin:
-N de tlphone : - N de tlcopie :
Telephone No.: - Telecopy No.:
N de telfono: - N de fax:
-Signature :
(nom en lettres capitales et qualit du signataire)
-Signature:
(Name in capital letters and capacity of signatory)
Firma:
(Nombre en letras maysculas y calidad del firmante)
-Cachet
Stamp
Sello
123
Appendix C
(2)Nom :
Name:
Nombre:
(5)Race :
Breed:
Raza:
(3)Sexe :
Sex:
Sexo:
(19)Signalement relev sous la mre par :

Description taken with dam by:
Descripcin registrada con la madre por:
Tte :
Head:
Cabeza:
Ant. G. :
Foreleg L.:
Ant. I.:
Ant. D. :
Foreleg R.:
Ant. D.:
124
(4)Robe :
Colour:
Color:
Post. G. :
Hindleg L.:
Post. I.:
Post. D. :
Hindleg R.:
Post. D.:
Corps :
Body:
Cuerpo:
(21)Signature et cachet du vtrinaire agr

(ou de l'autorit comptente)
Signature and stamp of qualified veterinary surgeon
(or competent authority)
Marques :
Markings:
Marcas:
Firma y sello del veterinario autorizado

(o de la autoridad competente)
(en lettres capitales)
(in capital letters)
(en letras maysculas)
Fait le (date) :
Date :
Made on (date):
Date:
A (fecha):
Fecha:
Appendix D
Contrles d'identit du Identification of the horse Controles de identidad del
cheval
described
caballo
dcrit dans ce passeport
in this passport
descrito en este pasaporte
Se controlar la identidad
L'identit du cheval doit tre The identity of the horse
contrle chaque fois que les must be checked each time it del caballo cada vez que lo
lois et rglements l'exigent : is required by the rules and exijan las leyes y
signer cette page signifie
regulations and certified that reglamentos, y se certificar,
firmando esta pgina, que el
que le signalement du cheval it conforms with the
caballo presentado
prsent est conforme
description given on the
corresponde al caballo
celui de la page du
diagram page of this
descrito en este pasaporte.
signalement.
passport.
Motif du contrle
Signature, nom en lettres capitales et
Date Ville et pays (concours, certificat
position de la personne
sanitaire, etc.)
ayant vrifi l'identit
Purpose of control
Town and
Signature, name (in capital letters) and status
Date
(event, veterinary
country
of official verifying the identification
certificate, etc.)
Motivo del control
Firma, nombre (en letras maysculas) y
Ciudad y
(concurso, certificado
calidad de la persona
Fecha
pas
sanitario, etc)
que controla la identidad
Appendix E
GRIPPE QUINE
SEULEMENT
EQUINE INFLUENZA
ONLY
125
GRIPE EQUINA
SOLAMENTE
Enregistrement des
vaccinations
Toute vaccination subie par
le cheval doit tre porte
dans le cadre ci-dessous de
faon lisible et prcise avec
le nom et la signature du
vtrinaire.
Vaccination record
Registro de vacunas
Details of every vaccination Todas las vacunas

which the horse undergoes administradas al caballo, as
must be entered clearly and como el nombre y la firma
in detail, and certified with del veterinario, deben figurar
the name and signature of de manera clara y detallada
en el cuadro siguiente.
the veterinarian.
Nom en lettres capitales et signature du

vtrinaire
Name (in capital letters) and signature
Date Place Country Nom Numro de lot
of the veterinarian
Name Batch number
Fecha Lugar Pas Nombre Nmero de lote Nombre (en letras maysculas) y firma
del veterinario
Date Lieu
Pays
Vaccin/Vaccine/Vacuna
Appendix F
MALADIES AUTRES
QUE LA GRIPPE
QUINE
Enregistrement des
vaccinations
Toute vaccination subie par
le cheval doit tre porte
dans le cadre ci-dessous de
faon lisible et prcise avec
le nom et la signature du
vtrinaire.
Date
Lieu
Pays
DISEASES OTHER
THAN
EQUINE INFLUENZA
Vaccination record
ENFERMEDADES
DISTINTAS
DE LA GRIPE EQUINA
Registro de vacunas
Details of every
vaccination which the
horse undergoes must be
entered clearly and in
detail, and certified with
the name and signature of
the veterinarian.
Todas las vacunas administradas

al caballo, as como el nombre y
la firma del veterinario, deben
figurar de manera clara y
detallada en el cuadro siguiente.
Vaccin/Vaccine/Vacuna
Numro de
lot
Date Place Country Nom
Maladie(s)
Batch
Name
Disease(s)
number
Fecha Lugar Pas Nombre
Enfermedad(es)
Nmero de
lote
126
Nom en lettres capitales et

signature du vtrinaire
Name (in capital letters)
and signature of the
veterinarian
Nombre (en letras
maysculas) y firma del
veterinario
Appendix G
Contrles sanitaires
effectus
par des laboratoires
Laboratory health test
Controles sanitarios
efectuados por laboratorios
The result of every test

El veterinario que representa
undertaken for a
a la autoridad que solicita el
transmissible disease by a control sanitario debe
veterinarian or a laboratory inscribir en el cuadro
authorised by the
siguiente, de manera clara y
Government Veterinary
detallada, el resultado de cada
Service of the country
control relativo a una
must be entered clearly
enfermedad transmisible
and in detail by the
efectuado por un veterinario o
veterinarian acting on
por un Servicio Veterinario
behalf of the authority
gubernamental.
requesting the test.
Laboratoire
Nom en lettres
Maladies
Nature de Rsultat de
officiel ayant
capitales
Date transmissibles
l'examen l'examen
analys le
et signature du
concernes
prlvement
vtrinaire
Name (in capital
Transmissible
Official laboratory
Type of
Result of
letters) and
Date
diseases
to which
test
test
signature of
tested for
sample transmitted
Veterinarian
Laboratorio oficial Nombre (en letras
Enfermedades
Tipo de Resultado
que ha
maysculas) y
Fecha transmisibles
examen del examen
analizado la
firma del
examinadas
muestra
veterinario
Le rsultat de tout contrle

effectu par un vtrinaire
pour une maladie
transmissible ou par un
laboratoire agr par le
Service vtrinaire
gouvernemental du pays doit
tre not clairement et en
dtail par le vtrinaire qui
reprsente l'autorit
demandant le contrle.
Appendix HEXIGENCES SANITAIRES DE BASE - BASIC HEALTH REQUIREMENTS

- REQUISITOS SANITARIOS BSICOS
Je soussign certifie(1) que le cheval dcrit dans le passeport n .......... dlivr par ..........
satisfait aux conditions suivantes :
I, the undersigned, certify(1) that the horse described in the Passport No. .......... issued by
.......... meets the following requirements:
El que suscribe certifica(1) que el caballo descrito en el pasaporte n .......... extendido
por .......... cumple con los siguientes requisitos:
(a)il a t examin ce jour, ne prsente aucun signe clinique de maladie et est apte au
transport ;
(a)it has been examined today, shows no clinical sign of disease and is fit for transport;
(a)ha sido examinado hoy, no presenta ningn signo clnico de enfermedad y se
encuentra en condiciones de ser transportado;
(b)il n'est pas destin l'abattage dans le cadre d'un programme national d'radication
d'une maladie transmissible ;
(b)it is not intended for slaughter under a national programme of transmissible disease
eradication;
127
(b)no ha sido destinado al sacrificio sanitario en el marco de un programa nacional de

erradicacin de una enfermedad transmisible;
(c)il ne provient pas d'une curie mise en interdit pour des raisons zoosanitaires et n'a
pas t en contact avec des quids d'une curie de ce type ;
(c)it does not come from a holding which was subject to prohibition for animal health
reasons nor had contact with equidae from a holding which was subject to such
prohibition;
(c)no procede de una cuadra sujeta a interdiccin por razones zoosanitarias ni ha estado
en contacto con quidos procedentes de una cuadra sujeta a interdiccin;
(d) ma connaissance, aprs avoir dment enqut, il n'a pas t en contact avec des
quids atteints d'une maladie transmissible au cours des 15 jours prcdant
l'embarquement.
(d)to the best of my knowledge and after due inquiry, it has not been in contact with
equidae suffering from transmissible disease during 15 days prior to embarkation.
(d)segn me consta, tras haber efectuado las indagaciones pertinentes, no ha estado en
contacto con quidos afectados de enfermedades transmisibles durante los 15 das
anteriores a su embarque.
LE PRSENT CERTIFICAT EST VALABLE 10 JOURS COMPTER DE LA DATE DE SA
SIGNATURE.
THIS CERTIFICATE IS VALID FOR 10 DAYS FROM THE DATE OF SIGNATURE.
EL PRESENTE CERTIFICADO ES VLIDO 10 DAS A PARTIR DE LA FECHA DE SU
FIRMA.
Pour des raisons pidmiologiques particulires, un
Nom en lettres
Date Lieu certificat sanitaire spar accompagne le prsent
capitales et signature
passeport.
du vtrinaire officiel
Name (in capital
For special epizootic reasons a separate veterinary letters) and signature
Date Place
certificate accompanies this passport.
of official
veterinarian
Nombre en letras
Por razones epidemiolgicas particulares se adjunta
Fecha Lugar
maysculas y firma
al presente pasaporte un certificado sanitario.
del veterinario oficial
Oui/non (barrer la mention inutile)
Yes/No (Delete One)
Si/no (tachar lo que no procede)
Oui/non (barrer la mention inutile)
Yes/No (Delete One)
Si/no (tachar lo que no procede)
(1) Ce document doit tre sign dans les 48 heures prcdant le dplacement international
du cheval.
(1) The document should be signed within the 48 hours prior to international movement of
the horse.
128
(1) Este documento debe ser firmado 48 horas antes del desplazamiento internacional del
caballo.
LIST OF DISEASES WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR

INCLUSION IN THE VETERINARY CERTIFICATE WHICH
ACCOMPANIES THE PASSPORT
1. African horse sickness
2. Vesicular stomatitis
3. Dourine
4. Glanders
5. Equine encephalomyelitis (all types)
6. Equine infectious anaemia
7. Rabies
8. Anthrax
1. For the movement of competition horses between countries or zones of countries

with a different health status, Veterinary Services may require additional
veterinary certification.
129

Terrestrial Animal Health Cod1gn

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Terrestrial Animal Health Cod1gn

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Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2007)

means the inclusion and linking of components such as identification of

means a distinct part of a population identifiable according to specific common animal

means the Governmental Authority of a Member Country, comprising veterinarians,

4. an annual report concerning any other information of significance to other

after conducting a scientifically based import risk analysis according to the

1. Paper certificates should be pre-printed, if possible on one sheet of paper, serially

CHAPTER 1.3.1. General considerations

Principles of risk assessment

agent predilection sites

vaccination, testing, treatment and quarantine.

evaluation of Veterinary Services, surveillance and control

quantity of commodity to be imported

effect of storage and transport.

presence of potential vectors

human and animal demographics

customs and cultural practices

geographical and environmental characteristics.

quantity of commodity to be imported

intended use of the imported animals or products

public health consequences.

surveillance and control costs

potential trade losses

adverse consequences to the environment.

estimated numbers of herds, flocks, animals or people likely to experience

portrayal of the variance of all model inputs;

a sensitivity analysis to rank the inputs as to their contribution to the

analysis of the dependence and correlation between model inputs.

Principles of risk management

4. The principal participants in risk communication include the authorities in the

material (including financial) resources;

functional capabilities and legislative support;

animal health and veterinary public health controls;

formal quality systems including quality policy;

performance assessment and audit programmes;

participation in OIE activities and compliance with OIE Member Countries

2. To complement the evaluation of Veterinary Services, the organisational structure and

self-evaluation by the Veterinary Authority which perceives a need to prepare

evaluation by a prospective or actual importing country of the Veterinary Services

verification or re-verification of an evaluation in the course of a visit to the

evaluation by third parties such as OIE experts or regional organisations.

Evaluation criteria for the organisational structure of the Veterinary Services

Actual yearly budgetary information regarding the Veterinary Services should be

3. National animal disease reporting systems

governments in the division of legislative responsibilities. However, for the purpose of

outcomes of any review to measure achievements against pre-determined performance

d. In-service training and development programme for staff

d. accountability and transparency of decision-making;

f. representative(s) of other stakeholders from the private sector;

Total numbers of veterinarians registered/licensed by the Veterinary

full time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;

part time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;

private veterinarians authorised by the Veterinary Services to

full time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;

Veterinary public health:

full time government veterinarians: national and sub-national;

Numbers of veterinarians relative to certain national indices:

per total human population;

per farm livestock population, by geographical area;

per livestock farming unit, by geographical area.

number of veterinary schools;

length of veterinary course (years);

international recognition of veterinary degree.

Veterinary professional associations.