Topic 1(Part 2):

Pipe flow analyses

Overview
1.1Steady flow in pipes
1.1.1 Laminar flow in
circular pipes under steady
and uniform conditions
1.1.2Turbulent flow in
bounded conduits under
steady and uniform
conditions
1.1.3 Moody Chart
1.1.4 Pipe problems
1.1.5 Separation losses
1.1.6 Equivalent length

1.2 Analysis of steady flow in

pipelines
1.2.1 Energy equation in pipe
flow
1.2.2 Flow through pipes in
series
1.2.3 Flow through pipes in
parallel
1.2.4 Flow through pipes in
branching pipes
1.2.5 Quantity Balance Method

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Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Discuss Chezy Equation and its application (CO1-PO1)

Able to apply Darcy Weisbach Equation to solve turbulent
flow problems (CO1 PO3)

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Douglas Chapter 10.3 & 10.5

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1.1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits

under steady and uniform conditions

Most civil engineering application, the flow is turbulent in

nature.
An expression for head loss due to friction in conduit
under steady and uniform flow for turbulent condition
will be derived.
This expression is applicable for both closed and open
conduit.

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Consider the fluid element within a conduit.

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Forces acting:

Forces due to static pressure at both ends : p1, p2

Forces due to shear stress opposing the wall acting along the
conduit wall:
Weight of the element acting downwards: W

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Summing the forces along the pipe axis:

p1 A p2 A LP W sin 0

Substituting,

Therefore,

Dividing through by AL and rearranging the equation,

z
W gAL, sin
L

p1 p2 A LP gAz 0
1
P
p1 p2 gz 0
L
A

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dp *
dx

Simplifying by substituting the first term with

which
is the piezometric pressure loss over the distance L,
dp*
P
0
dx
A

Introducing the hydraulic mean depth m, ratio of flow

area A divided by wetted perimeter P,
A
m
P

Substituting,

dp *
0
dx m
dp *
m
dx
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The shear stress is a function of the type of surface that

the wall of the conduit is made of.
The stress is dependent on the resistance offered by the
surface of the wall of the conduit and measured by
dimensionless friction factor f.
It is a measure of the roughness of the surface and given
as,
2
fv

Rewriting previous equation,

f v 2
dp *
m
2
dx
dp * fv 2

dx
2m

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Let frictional head loss over the length be,

dp*
hf
g

Substituting dx with L,

dp* gh f
fv 2

L
L
2m

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Rearranging the equation,

fLv 2
hf
2 gm

Applicable for both open and closed conduits

h f frictional head loss over length L

f flow friction factor
L length of conduit over which head loss occurs
v average velocity
g gravitatio nal accelerati on
A
m hydraulic mean depth
P
A cross sectional area of flow
P wetted perimeter
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Rearranging previous equation,

fv 2

L 2 gm

hf

Where

hf
L

i hydraulic gradient ,
fv 2
i
2 gm
2g
v2
mi
f
v

2g
mi
f

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Letting

2g
C
f

v C mi

Chezy formula, usually

applicable for open channel
but can also be applied for closed
conduit

C Chezy coefficien t which is dependent on the typeof surface

i hydraulic gradient
m hydraulic mean depth
v average velocity in the conduit

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Consider turbulent flow in circular pipes running full,

d 2

A
4 d

P
d
4
fLv 2
4 fL v 2
hf

2 gd
d 2g
4
m

4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g

Darcy-Weisbach equation for head

loss in
circular pipes

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Q
Q
2
A d

32 fLQ 2
hf 2 5
gd
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
fLQ 2
hf
3d 5

4Q
d 2

Sometimes it is convenient
to write Darcy equation in
terms of Q when flowrate
is known and velocity is not.
The answer differs by only
1% but still acceptable.

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End of Part 2
Part 3: Douglas Chapter 10.4

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