LECTURES

ON

THE

THEOREM

OF

GROMOV

A. Haefliger

In his thesis [2], gromov proves a very general theorem which contains as
particular cases the Smale-Hirsch theorem on in~nersions [7] and [4] , and Phillips'
theorem on submersions [5], as well as many other remarkable new theorems in
differential topology.

The idea of the proof is essentially the one Smale used to

prove his immersion theorem, and which h a s b e e n clarified successively by many

people (see Thom [8], Hirsch [4], Hirsch-Palais (unpublished seminar), HaefligerPoenaru [3], Phillips [5], etc.)
In part I, we state the main result of Gromov's thesis and discuss some of the
particular cases considered by Gromov.

In part II we give the proof, which follows

exactly the same pattern as the one given in Phillips [5]

(Our treatment is maybe

not as general as in Gromov's thesis.)

I.

The main theorem and s o m e ~ a r t i q ~ a r

Given a

C m-manifold

M ,

cases

we consider a differentiable bundle

"naturally" associated to the differentiable structure of

"Naturally" means the following.
differentiable bundle
restriction of

E(M)

on an open set

covering
Also

f,

To any

E(M), so that if
to

U.

E(M)

g O f = g 0 f

depends continuously on

and also on the space

is associated a

M, then
f

E(U)

and

identity of

is the

of an open set

is associated a diffeomorphism

~ : E(U) ~ E ( V )

U = identity of

E(U).

f .

It is then clear that the pseudogroup

on

is open in

M.

Moreover to any diffeomorphism

of a manifold

such that

m-manifold

E(M)

rE(M)

~(M) of local diffeomorphism of

of sections of

E(M);

namely if

acts

f : U ~ V

129

is a diffeomorphism and if
is defined by

~ : V ~E(V)

is a section, then the section

~-I O ~ O f

For instance

E(M)

could be the trivial bundle

smooth manifold, with the trivial action of

the tangent bundle of
Denote by
local

Er(M)

cr-sections

structure of

~a : U ~ E ( U )

~(M).

where

Another example is

is a fixed
E(M) = TM

(with the usual action induced by the differential).

the bundle whose fiber above

at

M x X ,

x.

x E M

is the space of r-jets of

It is also naturally associated to the differentiable

M.

Let

E~(M)

be an open subbundle of

Let

rE~(M)

Er(M)

invariant by

be the space of continuous sections of

~(M).

~o0(M) with the compact-open

topology.
Let

FoE(M ) be the space of

a section of

E~(M);

The manifold
Main theorem.

one puts on

is open if

If

roE(M )
M - aM

the

of

E(M)

whose r-jet

jr

is

C r -topo 1 ogy.

has no compact component.

is cpen~ the map

roE(M)

.r

cr-sections

FEZ(M)

is a weak homotopF equivalence

(abbreviated w.h.e.)

There is also a relative version. Let U be a closed n-submanifold with boundary

in
.r

such that

is a

int M - int U

w.h.e,

restrictions to

enthe
U

are

has no compact component.

subspaces of
g

and

jrg

r0E(M)

and

rE~(M)

Let

g E

r0E(U). Then

of sections whose

respectively.

This theorem translates the problem of classifying the

cr-sections of

E(M)

whose r-jet verifies an intrinsic differential inequality into a classical problem

in algebraic topology namely the classification of continuous sections of a bundle.
One can also express the theorem as follows.
Er

a section which is the r-jet of a

space of holonomic sections of

E~(M)

is a

w.h.e..

E~(M)

cr-section

Let us call "holonomic section" of

of

E.

Then the inclusion of the

in the space of all continuous sections of

Hence up to homotopy, the integrability conditions are

irrelevant.
Note that the theorem is not in general true for a closed manifold

M.

130
We now list a few examples.
Example 1 :
Let

k-mersions

be a

C~

sections of

E(M)

correspond to the maps of

of r-jets.
(x, y)

For r = l,

E(M)
M

the trivial bundle

to

N;

is simply the bundle over

Er(M)

M N.

is the bundle

M N

The
jr(M,N)

whose fiber over

TM

into the tangent

T N.
Y
Define

r0E(M )
:

~(M)

Take for

is the apace of all linear maps of The tangent space

space

n-manifold.

~o(M)

to be the subspace of those linear maps of rank

is the space

M ~ N

(M, N)

whose differential

HOmk(TM , TN)

df

~ k.

of k-mersions, namely the space of

is of rank ~ k;

of bundle homomorphisms

$ : TM ~ T N

E~0(M )

Then

cl-maps

is the space

whose restriction to each fiber

is linear of rank ~ k.
The theorem says that, if
(M, N)

~m~

is open, the differential

Ho~ k (TM, TN)

induces a weak homotopy equivalence.

In fact the theorem is also true for
In the case of immersions

closed if k ~ dim N

by the total space of a suitable normal vector bundle

M(that being an open manifold).

More generally (as in the next example), one can take for

of

(cf. Felt [1]) .

(k = dim M ~ dim N), it is easy to prove the theorem in

the closed case, replacing

over

jr(M, N)

whose typical fiber is an open set of

invariant by the action of the ~ o u p

leaving

of r-jets at

~0(~ m, N)
0

r
E0

any subbundle

(r-jets at 0 E I~m)

of diffeomorphisms of

I~m

fixed.

It would be very interesting to get some information on the following vague

que stion.
Problem :

Single out a class of invariant open sets in

theorem holds when

Example 2.

Let

for which the

is a closed manifold.

Maps transverse to a field of k-planes

Let us consider on
TN.

~0(I~m, ~n)

a field of k-planes, i.e. a subbundle

be the quotient bundle

TN/w

and let

~ : TN-* v

of rank

be the natural

in

131

pro j ection.
Let

~0(M) C ~ ( M , N)

to the given field

such that

W.

~ O df

r~0(M )

Then

r0E(M )

is hhe space

belongs to the space

Tr(M, U)

Epi (TM, v)

of

cl-maps

of epimorphism of

has the same homotopy type as the space

open I the map

Epi (TM, v).

f : M-* N
TM

~)

v.

is

Hence if

Epi (T~, ~)

w.h.e.
This has also been proved by Phillips when the field

Note that if
subbundle

is integrable (and

is transverse to

is integrable [cf. 6].

W),

then so is the

df-l(~) C TM.

Let me give an application of this theorem

general result

which is a particular case of a

(of. Haefliger, Topology 9 (1970), 183-194).

Let

be a subgroup of the group of diffeomorphisms of a m-manifold

ose that

is strongly effective in the following sense:

identity on some open set of

a G-structure on
fi : Ui -~ A

A, then

is given by an open covering

IUil of

of diffeomorphisms on open subsets of

For instance if

disjoint union of the

equivalent to

gij : Ui ~ Uj ~ G ;
Ui x A

(x

foliation.

fix)

a E A.

By definition,

gji E G.
~m

one gets the

over

with fiber

iff

the bundle

x i = xj

and

The local sections

define a global section

of

and

defined by the constant

E

is the quotient of the

by the equivalence relation : (xi, ai) E U i x A

(xj, aj) E Uj x A

U i a,

is the

M, and a family

aj = g j i a i .

is a foliation, complementary to the fibers, whose restriction to

by the slices

Supp-

M.

(with the discrete topology)

transition functions

A.

A such that each change of charts

To such a structure is associated a fiber bundle

G

g E G

is the group of affine transformations of

classical notion of an affine structure on

structural group

if

is the identity everywhere.

fj f-1
l is the restriction toan open set of an element

x ~

on

~ O d
~(M,

is a

be the subbundle of 1-jets of maps which are transverse

U i -~ U i x A

On

U. x A
l

is

there
is given

defined by

which is transversal to that

132

Conversely if
group

p : E~M

G , one has on

is a bundle with fiber

and discrete structural

a foliation transverse to the fibers.

section transverse to that fol~tion, then it defines on

G~

TM

is a

If

on the normal bundle

to that foliation, which is the same as the tangent bundle along the fibers of
Consider the particular case where

Let

f : M~

a G-structure.

is open, such a map exists iff there is an epimorphism of

v

If

v0

is the affine group acting on

be the vector bundle associated to

GL (m, ~).

The vector bundle

p : E~M.

So we get the following.

Theorem :

The opgn manifold

E.

~m.

by the natural homomorphism

is the pullback of

v0

by the projection

admits an affine structure iff the structural

group of its tangent vector bundle can be reduced to a discrete ~roup.

Of course, this affine structure is not complete in general.
is not true in general if
trivial, but
in

S3

is closed.

Also the theorem

For instance the tangent bundle of

does not admit an affine structure because

S3

S3

is

cannot be i ~ e r s e d

~3.
If we come back to the general case, we have to consider the universal bundle

AG

with fiber

vG

be the vector bundle over

M admits

Ex~ple

over the classifying space BG

AG

tangent to the fibers.

~.
M

be a manifold of dimension 2n. A symplectic

~

such that

d~ = 0

locally the exterior derivative of a 1-form

Consider the bundle
1-jets of 1-forms
such that
of 2-forms

Let

Then the open manifold

TM

on

S,ymplect!c structures

by a differential 2-form

such that

(d~) n / O.
#

on

E(M) = T*M

such that

F~0(M )

#n / 0 .

~(M)

and

structure on
/ O.

is given

Such a form is

~.

dual to

(d~) n / O.

The space

vector bundle epimorphism of

TM.

G.

a G-structure iff there is an epimorphism of the tangent bundle

Let

on

for the discrete group

TM

and let

~O(M) be the bundle of

Then

roE(M)

is the space of 1-forms

has the same homotopy type as the space

Indeed the exterior derivative defines a

onto the bundle of antisymmetricbilinear

It is also well known that the space of 2-forms

such that

the same homotopy type as the space of almost complex structures on

M.

forms

#n / 0

has

133

Hence the main theorem implies that if

structure

on

(in fact

~ = d~)

iff

is open, there is a symplectic

has an almost complex structure.

In fact the de Rham cohomology class of

H2(M, I~). Indeed given such a class
ds'

= O.

Let

be a

open set of

cw' + do
M)

can be chosen arbitrarily in

h, it is represented by a 2-form

l-form such that

(da) n ~ O

complex structure homotopic to the given one.

number, then

It

and

da

s'

with

defines an almost

is a small enough positive

ia again a symplectic form(at least on a relatively compact

~hich defines an almost complex structure homotopic to the given

one and which represents the cohomology class

~h.

Then

~ = s, + - 1 d~

is a

~unplectic form whose cohomology class is h. So in the case M open, the cohomology class
of

and the homotopy class of the almost complex structure defined by

can be

chosen independently.
This is no longer true if
M, its cohomology class

is closed because if

must satisfy

hn

is a symplectic form on

# 0, so is never

0.

For instance

S6

admits an almost complex structure, but no symplectic structure.

Example 4.
Let
1-form

Contact structure
M

be a manifold of dimension

such that

w ^ (d~) n # O.

2n + 1 .

A contact form

on

The theorem of Gromov implies that, if

is a
M

is

open, there is a one to one correspondence between the homotopy classes of contact
forms on

and the homotopy classes of reductions of

U(n) C GL(2n + i) .

TM

to the group

Lutz and Martinet have proved that this is also true for

closed 3-manlfolds.

II.

Proof of the main theorem

First remark that the m-manifold

function

f : M~

[0, ~)

al, a2, ...

of

< m

a proper Morse

(of. Phillips

[5]).

such that the critical values

are increasing.

Around each
the form

is open iff there is on

with all critical points of index

We can order the critical points

c i = f(ai)

ai, there are local coordinates

(Xl,... , Xm)

such that

is of

134

the index

being less than

For each
is small.

i ,

Let

let

M3
i-1

neighbourhood of

Mi = f-i [0, ci + ~i]

be

ai

m.

Mi

where

Ci+l - ci > ~'! > 0

minus the set of points

such that

Xl2 + ... + x2

<

and

x = .~(x.... ' re'x) in the

~i/2 ,

where

~i

is a very small

positive number.
. . . .

MZ_ I
~-l

is a manifold having a boundary with an edge diffeomorphic

x sn-k-1 .

It can be obtained by adding to

a collarlike neighbourhood,
I(x, t),

namely a subspace of

aMi_ 1 x [0, l]

where gi " aMi-1 -+ ]0, 1].

l
is the union of Mi_ 1 and A k which is diffeomorphic

fh Ak

being diffeomorphic

We shall say that

M

Mi_l, along its boundary

aMi_l,

of the form

t .< gi(x)l,

Mi
M i-1
l

to

Mi

to a collar neighbourhood

is

Mi_ 1

with a

k-handle

of

attached.

is represented as the union of an increasing sequence

M1 C "

Mi_ I

M"I
i-I

Mi c

M~i c

...

of compact manifolds with boundary.

The theorem follows from the three following propositions.
Write

Fo(M )

for

FoE(M )

and

F(M)

for

to

FEo(M) .

x Dre'k,

aDk x D m - k

135
proposition I.

The theorem is true if

.r

: Po(Dm)

is the m-disc

Dm,

namely

r(Dm)

is a w.h.e.
Proposition 2.

Suppose that

MI

is obtained from

by glueing along its

boundary a collarlike nei~hbourhood.

Then the restriction maps

ro(M ~ )

to(M)

r(M 1 )

r(M)

are w.h.e, and Serre fibrations.

Propositio n ~.

Let

A = Dk

....

D ~ = Ix E Dk; ~ Ixl ~ iiPO : PO (A)

Dm-k

and

nk
B = ~I

Dm-k ,

where

Then the restriction map,,s

-* PO (B)

p : P(A)

P(B)

are Serre fibratlons.

Assu~ning these three propositions, the theorem is proved by induction (as in
the immersion case) using the following lemma.
Lemma :

Let

p : E ~ B

and

p' : E' ~ B'

be a fibre map with projection

a)

If

is a w.h.e,

of

E.

b)

Conversely, if

'

g : B ~ B'.

be Serre fibrations.
Assume

then so is its restriction

gx: Ex ~ E'
gx

is a w.h.e.

gx : E x ~

E'
gx

Let

g : E ~ E'

Then
to each fibre

is a w.h.e, for each fibre, then so is

g.

This follows immediately from the homotopy exact sequence of the fibrations
and the five lemma.
Assume by induction that the theorem is true for compact manifolds which are
unions of handles of index

< k.

Proposition 1 is the start of the induction.

want to prove that if the theorem is true for the m-manifold

the manifold
M

M'

obtained from

is the manifold

M' = M 7

UA,

MIAA

We

~, it is also true for

by attaching a handle of index k < m .

As before

with a collarlike neighbourhood added along its boundary and

= B.

136

Consider the following commutative diagram

.r

r0(A)

to(B)

r(A)

(1)
.r

By proposition 3, the maps

P0

r(B)

(and proposition 2), jr : F0(A ) ~ F ( A )

because
.r

and

are Serre fibrations

is a w.h.e., and also

is the union of a 0-handle and a (k-1)-handle.

.r

By proposition !
: Fo(B ) ~ F ( B )

The lemma implies that

is a w.h.e, on each fibre.

Consider now the corresponding diagram
.r

ro(M' )

(2)

r(~,)

Po $

SP

ro(~~ )
By restriction to

and

r(M -7 )

B, the diagram (2) is mapped into the diagram (1)

and the vertical maps of (2) are the pull back fibrations of the fibrations
p

in (1).

So they also are Serre fibrations and ~qe restriction of

fiber a~so is a w.h.e.

By assumption and proposition 2,

w.h.e., hence the lemma implies that

jr : r0(M,) ~ F(M')

jr

P0

and

to each

jr : Fo(MW ) ~ r(M N )

is a

is also a w.h.e.

To get the theorem for manifolds which are unions of an infinite number of
handles, one

remarks that

tom

and

PM

are the inverse limits of the

ToM i

rMi, and one applies the following lemma (cf. Phillips [5]).
Lemma

Consider the commutative diagram

Ai+ 1

SJil
-+ Bi+ I

Ai

SA

Ai_ 1

...

SA-1

-* B i -+ Bi_ I

SJl
-~ ...

-~ B I

where all the horizontal maps are Serre fibrations and the maps
Then

j =

lim Ji : lim A i

lim B i

is also a w.h.e.

Ji

are w.h.e.

and

137
Proof of proposition I.
The fibre bundle

E(D m)

is a product bundle
Dm

are identified with maps of

in

Dm x F.

F, and the fibre of

Sections of this bundle

Er(D m)

above

0 E Dm

r m
JO(D , F) .

with

It is clear that the restriction map

where

r(O)

P(Dm)

is the fiber of

....

~o(Dm)

above

r(o)

0 c Dm, is a homotopy equivalence.

Hen-

ce it is sufficient to prove that

p 0 jr : Po(Dm)

~ P(O)

is a w.h.e.
Let us prove that

.i(ro(Dm)) ~ .i(r(o))

as a closed submanifold in some euclidean space

differentiable retraction,
Let

where

f : Si -~ r(O) c ~0

~o(D m, ~N)

is surjcotive.

~N

and let

(Dm' F) c ~o(Dm, I~N).

F : Si x Dm ~ I~N such that, for each

is of class

Cr ,

j.rF s

be a
F

in I~N.

r , we get a map
F

: Dm -* I~N defined by

is continuous in

and

jrFs(O) = f(s).

F(S i V) c W.

Let

= ~ 0 F IV .
s

As

EO(Dm )

such that

is an open subbundle, there is a neighbourhood

F'slU e Fo(U ).

Let

identity on a neighbourhood of
g : Si

rO(Dm )

Proof of proposition 2.

O.

fixed on a neighbourhood of

Then
is

Dm

g(s) = h -I 0 F

in
s

0 h

of

in

which is the
defines a map

Injectivity is proved in a similar way.

of

in

One uses the fact that sections can

M~,

and that there is an isotopy,

M, deforming the identity of

M l into an embedding of

U.

Proof of proposition ).
DenOte by

f.

Left to the reader.

be extended to a neighbourhood

in

be an embedding of

whose r-jet at

This proves surjectivity.

M7

Replacing each Jet of

s e S i , the map

There is a neighbourhood of V of 0 I n ~ such that

F'

. : W-~ F

is an open tubular neighbourhood of

by its polynomial representative of degree

Fs(X ) = F(s, x)

We ca~ consider

~[a,b] the annulus

Ix e I~k, a .
~ Ixl ~ bl,

by

Dka the disc

138

Ix E I~k, Ixl ~ a I
A

and by

Sa

k
Dm-k
D2 x

the product
The bundle

the sphere

and

Ix E I~k, Ixl = a I.

will be

Dk

[i,

E(I~m) is a product bundle

morphism group of

I~m may not be trivial).

fied with maps of

~m

Let
of

to

Cr

(but the action of the

Sections of this bundle will be identi-

be a polyhedron (considered as a parameter space).

on the slices

be continuous on
shall say that

f : U-+ F
U n (mmx

I~m P.
f

The fact that

diffeo-

F .

I~m x P, all the maps

class

Dm-k

2]

mmx

We shall denote by

If

is a subspace

we shall consider will be assumed to be of

[Pl)

and their r-jets

jrf

(on such slices) to

If this r-jet belongs to the given subbundle

r
E 0 , we

is admissible.
r(A) -,

r(B)

is a Serre fibration follows immediately from the

usual covering homotopy property for locally trivial bundles.

Saying that
polyhedron

Po(A) -* Fo(B )

P, a continuous map

is a Serre fibration means the following : given a

f : P x I -* Fo(D~I,2 ] x Dm-k)

go : P x 0-+ Fo(D k Dm-k), there is a continuous map

extending

go

and such that

go

ro( Dk

>

g / "

/
I

/
P I

go : D2k Dm-k x P x 0 -~ F

an admissible extension

Dm-k)

~
Dm-k)
ro(D 1,2] x

Equivalently, we are given admissible maps

and

g : P x I -* Fo(D k Dm-k)

pg = f .

P 0

and a continuous map

f : D~l,2 ] x Dm-k x P x [O,1] -+ F

which coincide on the common part.

to the whole of

We have to find

D k2 x Dm-k P x [0,i] .

The construction will be done in three steps.

a)
where
b)
each

Extend

to an admissible map

~ < i, f' being equal to

go

f'

of a neighbourhood, D k[ ~ , , 2 ]

where both are defined.

We claim there is an increasing sequence

n, 0 ~< n < s, there is an admissible map
x

x P [tn,

tn+l]

Dm-k P [ 0 , i ]

such that :

0 = t O < tI < ... < t s = 1

~n

and for

defined on a neighbourhood of

139

~n(X, y, p, t) = f'(x, y, p, t)
for
Nn(X, y, p, t)

for
x

uniformly for each value of

t ;

Using

for

D~I,2 ]

in some neighbourhood of

(not necessarily admissible) can be constructed

as admissibility is an open condition,

admissible for small variations of

compactness of the interval

or

in a neighbourhood of

~n(X, y, p, tn)

This is because such a map

t = tn

t.

We can construct the

t.

will be

using the

[0,1]

~0' we can construct the extension g on the strip

by the formula
~(x, y, p, t)

for

k
x E m[~,2 ]

gO(x, y, p, O)

for

x ~O~e,2 ]

g(x, y, p, t) : (

D2 x

Dm-k

x P x [O,tl]

c)

Suppose inductively that we have already constructed an admissible map

k
gn : D2 x Dm-k x P x [0, tnS ~ F extending go and equal to f' on a
k
D[~,2
] x Dm-k x P x [0, tn S,

neighbourhoed of

U c D 2k x Dm-k

Let

be some neighbourhood of

are both defined, and such that

i)

k < m,

At

is the identity outside of

2)

Also

At

there is an isotopy

At
ma~s

At
U

is the identity for

S

of

~ < ~ < 1.

x 0
D [~,~]
k

U (3 (D~l,2 ] x Dm-k)

As

x O.

where

k
Dm- k
D2 x

on ~hich

~n

and

~ .
0 ~< t ~ tn,

and on a neighbourhood of

such that

S~ x 0

and

t ~ tn/2.

x 0

on

x O,

where

is such that

~ < ~ < l

gn+l

on a small enough neighbourhood of the core

n
One first defines
C

K(D

x O) ~) (DK1,2sX Dm-k)s x P x K0, tn+lS

by the following formulas :

f'

140

tn+l
t

IV
Trivial deformation

III
II

At

t
I
,

gn

~n "

fl

At

On part

(defined by
gn+l

On part II

]Ixl] ~ #, 0 .< t .< tn)

gn

(defined by

# .< Nxll .< 2, 0 ~ t <. tn)

gn+l(X, y, p, t) : ~t I f,(~t(x, y), p, t)

On part III (defined by

y <. IIxll .< 2,

t n ~ t .< tn+l)

gn+l(X, y, p, t) = At I ~n (At
n

On part IV

(defined by

llxll <. y,

(x, y), p, t)
n

t n .< t .< tn+l)

gn+l(X, y, p, t) = gn+l(X, y, p, tn) .

By construction,
if

(x, y)
Let

all these maps coincide on their common domains of definition,

belongs to a suitable neighbourhood

ht

be an isotopy of embeddings of

is the identity,

ht

ht(D k D m - ~ C V

for

D2

of

C.

Dm-k into itself such that h 0

is the identity on a neighbourhood of

t ) t/2

k
D m- k
D2 x
P [0, tn+l]

Then

gn+l

D [1,2]
k
Dm-[k ,

and

will be defined on the whole product

by

gn+l(X, y, p, t)= ~tlgn+l(ht(x, y), p, t) .

Remarks on the topolosical case
One can prove the analogous theorems for immersions or submersions of topological
manifolds

(cf. Lees, Bulletin AMS, 1969 and Gauld, thesis 1969), as well as the

Gromov-Phillips

theorem on maps transverse to a topological foliation (cf. a

141

forthcoming paper of J.CI. Hausmann).

One uses semi-simplicial complexes instead of topologies, the reason being that
there is for instance no topology which makes the set of topological immersions open
in the space of maps.

The scheme of the proof remains essentially the same.

main difficulty is to lift small homotopies (to construct the maps

of proposition 3, part 6).

~i

The

in the proof

This is achieved using the Cernowski -Kirby -Edwards

theorem on local contractibility of spaces of homeomorphismso

References
i]
[2]
3]

Felt, S.D.

k-mersions of manifolds,

Gromov, M.I.

Izv. Akad. Nauk

Haefliger, A. and Poenaru, V.

SSSR

Acta Mathematica (1969).

33 (1969), 707-734.

La classification des immersions combinatoires,

Publications I.H.E.S.
[4~

Hirsch, M.W.

Immersions of manifolds, Trans. AMS 93 (1959), 242-276.

SJ

Phillips, A.

Submersions of open manifolds, Topology 6 (1967), 171-206.

6]

Phillips, A.

Smooth maps transverse to a foliation, Bull. AMS

7]

Smale, S.

The classification of immersions of spheres in Euclidean spaces,

(to appear).

Ann. of Math. 69 (1959), 327-3~J+.

8]

Thom, R.

La classification des immersiorsd'apres S~ale,Seminamre

Bourbaki, Dec. 1957.