IN
Cincinnati SportsMedicine Research and Education Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 2Department Health and Human
Performance, Northwestern State University and American Musculoskeletal Research Institute, Alexandria, Louisiana
ABSTRACT
Noyes, FR, Barber-Westin, SD, Smith, ST, Campbell, T, and
Garrison, TT. A training program to improve neuromuscular and
performance indices in female high school basketball players.
J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 709719, 2012The purpose of
this study was to determine if a sports-specific training program
could improve neuromuscular and performance indices in
female high school basketball players. We combined components from a published anterior cruciate ligament injury
prevention program for jump and strength training with other
exercises and drills to improve speed, agility, overall strength,
and aerobic conditioning. We hypothesized that this sportsspecific training program would lead to significant improvements in neuromuscular and performance indices in high school
female basketball players. Fifty-seven female athletes aged
1417 years participated in the supervised 6-week program,
3 dwk21 for approximately 90120 minutes per session. The
program was conducted on the basketball court and in weight
room facilities in high schools. The athletes underwent a video
drop-jump test, multistage fitness test, vertical jump test, and an
18-m sprint test before and upon completion of the training
program. All the subjects attended at least 14 training sessions.
After training, a significant increase was found in the mean
estimated V_ O2max (p , 0.001), with 89% of the athletes
improving this score. In the drop-jump video test, significant
increases were found in the mean absolute knee separation
distance (p , 0.0001) and in the mean normalized knee
separation distance (p , 0.0001), indicating a more neutral
lower limb alignment on landing. A significant improvement was
found in the vertical jump test (p , 0.0001); however, the effect
size was small (0.09). No improvement was noted in the sprint
test. This program significantly improved lower limb alignment
INTRODUCTION
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Figure 1. The landing phase of the drop-jump video screening test. The absolute centimeters of distance between the hips, knees, and ankles are shown on the
left of the stick figures, whereas the normalized knee and ankle separation distances are shown on the right. Top, before training, this 16-year-old basketball player
demonstrated a 37% normalized knee separation distance, with a notable valgus lower limb alignment. Bottom, after training, she had a markedly improved 83%
normalized knee separation distance and a more neutral lower limb alignment.
710
the
addition, other investigators noted that improved compliance with injury prevention training programs would most
likely occur if the programs target performance enhancement
and neuromuscular retraining (3,27). Therefore, to increase
player compliance and participation, we developed sportsspecific programs for competitive female high school players
involved in basketball (5), soccer (5), lacrosse, volleyball (36),
and tennis (4). These training programs included the essential
Sportsmetrics neuromuscular retraining principles previously
proven to decrease the rate of noncontact ACL injuries in
female athletes, along with other sports-specific exercises and
drills. All the athletes who participated were enrolled in
prospective studies in which neuromuscular and performance indices were measured before and upon completion of
the training program.
For basketball, analysis of games demonstrate the importance of endurance, muscular strength and power, sprint
speed, agility, and jumping ability (14,32). The goal of this
study was to determine if the Sportsmetrics basketball
training program was effective in improving neuromuscular
and performance indices, thereby allowing recommendation
for the program from both an injury prevention and
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the
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Jump training
Wall jump (20 s)
Tuck jump (20 s)
Agility training
Acceleration, speed,
aerobic training
Ladders, reaction
training, dot jump drills
Shuttle drill
Maze drill
Mountain climbers
Sprint-back pedal
Week 2,
no. 46
Week 3,
no. 79
Week 4,
no. 1012
Week 5,
no. 1315
Week 6,
no. 1618
Suicides
Tip drill
Mountain climbers
Figure 4 drill
Sprint-back pedal
Square drill
Suicides: forward/
backward
Mountain climbers
4 Dot drill
Quarter eagles
Defensive
slides
Shoot and
sprint
Mountain climbers
Tip drill
Irish D
T-drills:
5-10-5
Kill the grass
Ladders: up-up,
back-back
Double high knee
with ball toss
Dot drills: add
split leg jumps
Ladders: outside
foot in
Bleacher jumps
Dot drills: add 180
split leg jump
Ladders: in-in,
out-out
Instructor pointing
Mountain climbers
Sprint 360
Single-leg squat
jumps and 180
scissor jumps
Dot drills: all jumps
Mountain climbers
Sprint 180
Power rebounds
relay
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Pretrain
Posttrain
Difference
p Value
Effect size
18.5 6 7.4
9.244.8
CI: 16.520.4
44.9 6 17.2
23.0104.0
CI: 40.349.5
34.6 6 4.5
19.645.2
CI: 33.435.9
26.2 6 12.3
7.048.3
CI: 22.929.5
3.54 6 0.30
3.024.47
CI: 3.463.62
31.8 6 10.36
13.257.3
CI: 31.234.5
74.2 6 18.8
43.0125.0
CI: 69.179.3
39.5 6 5.7
23.857.5
CI: 38.041.1
28.5 6 12.0
9.548.3
CI: 25.331.7
3.53 6 0.42
2.384.83
CI: 3.413.64
13.2 6 11.8
29.5 to 39.4
,0.0001
0.59
29.2 6 26.2
226.0 to 90.0
,0.0001
0.63
4.9 6 4.6
22.8 to 22.0
,0.0001
0.43
2.3 6 3.4
26.3 to 9.5
,0.0001
0.09
20.01 6 0.29
20.70 to 0.70
NS
0.01
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
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713
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the
Study
Lim (31)
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McLeod (33)
Vescovi (43)
Kato (26)
Population
Program
Factors
analyzed
Results
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TABLE 3. Published basketball injury prevention training programs for female athletes.*
Chappell and
Limpisvasti
(10)
Emery (17)
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*ACL = anterior cruciate ligament; BESS = balance error scoring system; SEBT = star excursion balance test.
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T-test, 100-yd shuttle run, vertical Mean increase women: 8% ttest, 13% vertical jump, 35%
jump, standing long jump, timed
wall sit, 16% push-ups
cone touch defensive slide, wall
90-min, 3 3 per week for 8 wks during
Mean increase men: 4% t-test,
sit, timed push-ups
preseason
8.5% vertical jump, 64% wall
sit, 6.5% push-ups
Dynamic warm-up, agility drills, sportsspecific plyometrics, weight
training, core training, flexibility
Significant increase hamstrings
Wilkerson (44) 19 Female collegiate players; aged Sportsmetrics ACL injury prevention Isokinetic quadriceps, hamstring
19 6 1.4 y
program
strength; forward step-down test peak torque, hamstrings/
quadriceps ratio 60s21
and forward lunge test on force
3 3 per week for 6 wks during
plate, T-test using infrared motionpreseason entire program
analysis system
Myrick (34)
the
For data that were normally distributed (KolmogorovSmirnov test), a 2-tailed paired t-test was used to detect
the differences between the 2 test periods. Data that failed the
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RESULTS
In the video drop-jump test, statistically significant increases
were found between pretrained and posttrained test sessions
on landing in the mean absolute knee separation distance
(p , 0.0001), the mean normalized knee separation distance
(p , 0.0001), and in the distribution of the subjects in the
normalized knee separation distance categories (p , 0.0001,
Table 2, Figure 2). Improvement in the normalized knee
separation distance was demonstrated in 91% of the subjects.
A statistically significant improvement was found in the
mean estimated V_ O2max score (p , 0.0001) and in the
difference in the distribution of the subjects in the categories
between pretrain and posttrain test sessions (p , 0.0001,
Figure 3). Eighty-nine percent of the subjects improved this
score.
A significant improvement was found in the vertical jump
test (p , 0.0001), as 70% of the subjects increased their scores.
However, the effect size was small (0.09). There was no
significant improvement in the 18-m sprint test. No subject
sustained an injury that resulted in loss of time training or that
required formal medical attention. All the subjects attended
at least 14 of the 18 training sessions.
DISCUSSION
This investigation measured the effects of a basketball
neuromuscular and performance enhancement training program in high school female athletes aged 1417 years on lower
limb alignment on a video drop-jump test, estimated V_ O2max,
vertical jump height, and sprint speed. The training program
was unique in that it combined components from a published
ACL injury prevention program for jump and strength training
with other exercises and drills to improve speed, agility, overall
strength, and aerobic conditioning. The main findings of this
study were a significant increase in the mean estimated
V_ O2max and improved lower limb alignment on landing from
a drop jump. Aerobic fitness is paramount in basketball,
because players will experience fatigue as the game progresses,
which can negatively affect performance (7). Improvement in
lower limb alignment on a drop jump from a valgus position
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
The findings of this study indicate the effectiveness of a new
basketball training program in female high school athletes.
The program combines components from a previously
published ACL injury prevention program for jump and
strength training with other exercises and drills to improve
speed, agility, overall strength, and aerobic conditioning. This
program may be conducted in the off-season or just before
the beginning of the high school basketball season. All
training is done on a high school basketball court and weight
room. We recommend that coaches and trainers who wish to
implement this program conduct the tests that were done in
this study to determine the overall effectiveness of the
program. Athletes who fail to improve should be encouraged
to continue neuromuscular training.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge Tony Rolinski, Director of
Strength and Conditioning for Olympic Sports, University
of Notre Dame for the Figure 4 drill, shoot and sprint, and
Irish D drills; and Bigger Faster Stronger, Inc. (Salt Lake
City, UT, USA) for the dot drills.
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