1.

INTRODUCTION
Modes of heat transfer
dT

1. Conduction: q x k
- Fouriers Law
dx
2. Convection: q h Ts T - Newtons Law of Cooling
Table 1.1, p. 8 gives typical values for h
4

E Ts - Stefan-Boltzmann Law = 5.67 x 10-8 W/(m2K4)

3. Radiation:

q Ts Tsur h r Ts Tsur - small surface, large isothermal

4

surroundings, h r Ts Tsur Ts Tsur

2

Conservation of energy for a control volume or system

E in E g E out E st dE st / dt

Conservation of energy for a control surface

E in E out 0

q cond q conv q rad 0

Uncertainty
q f(1, 2 , 3...)
q

Uq
Ui

U B2 P 2

2. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction rate equation
T T
T
T
q kT k i
j
k or q n k
(heat flux normal to isothermal surface)
y
z
n
x

Thermal properties of materials (Tables in Appendix A, p. 981-1011)

Thermal conductivity (k) [W/(mK)], Thermal diffusivity ( k / Cp ) [m2/s]

The heat diffusion equation

2T 2T 2T q 1 T - Cartesian coordinates

x 2 y 2 z 2 k t

Boundary and initial conditions for heat diffusion (Table 2.2, p. 91)
1. Constant surface temperature
2. Constant surface heat flux (also adiabatic surface)
3. Convection

One-dimensional steady-state conduction

Thermal resistance, R [W/K]

T
R tot

Rtot

Rtot resistances in series and/or parallel

k eff

L
R tot A

parallel

Convection
1
R
hA

Surface contact resistances (Tables 3.1-3.2, p. 118-119)

series-parallel

Porous Media
Porosity: = Vf/Vs
k 2k s 2 k s k f for 0.25
k eff f
ks
k f 2k s k s k f

k eff 1 k s k f for > 0.25

eff 1 s f
1 s Cp s f Cp f
Cp eff
eff

Conduction with thermal energy generation

Solutions in Section 3.5 and Appendix C for 1-D, steady state conduction with uniform heat
generation in different geometries (plane wall, cylinder and sphere) with different boundary
conditions.
Two-dimensional steady-state conduction
Conduction Shape factor (S) [Table 4.1, p. 236-238]

q Sk T1 T2

Transient conduction
hL c
Biot Number Bi
k
t
Fourier Number Fo
2
Lc

h, T

h, T

h, T
2L

for a plane wall of 2L, long cylinder and sphere respectively

1. Lumped Capacitance Method (Bi0.1)

t
1
T T

exp exp Bi Fo , where t

VC p R t C t
i Ti T
t
hA s

t
Q
VC pi 1 exp , where: Q o VC p i
Qo
t

2. Spatial Effects (Bi>0.1)

i. Exact Solutions
Infinite series solutions
ii. Approximate Solutions (Fo>0.2)
Analytical

2
sin 1
Plane Wall: * C1 exp 1 Fo cos 1 x * o * cos 1 x * and Q 1
o*
Qo
1

1
1
Fo
sin r * *
sin r *
r*
r*

Infinite Cylinder: * C1 exp 1 Fo J o 1 r * o * J o 1 r *

2

Sphere: * C1 exp 1

C1 and 1 (T. 5.1, p. 301)

Jo and J1 (B.4, p. 1017)

Graphical (graphs in Supplemental Material Handouts)

relation between To and t
*o f Bi , t *

o*

relation between T(x) and To

Bi-1

T T
o
Ti T

t*

f o , Bi , x *

x*

Bi1

iii. Semi-infinite solid

Equations and graph on p. 270 and 271
Penetration depth (99%): d 12t
Ts between 2 solids:
m A TA, i m B TB, i
Ts
m kCp
mA mB

relation between Q and t

Q f Q o , Bi , Fo

Q
Qo

Bi

Bi2Fo