Analog Circuits

ANALOG CIRCUITS
For
ECE / EE / IN
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Analog Circuits
Syllabus for Analog Circuits

Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode
circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers.
Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency
response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for
oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping
circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Analog Circuits)
Year
ECE
EE
IN
2013
15.00
8.00
18.00
2012
6.00
5.00
5.00
2011
10.00
5.00
15.00
2010
9.00
4.00
9.00
Over All
Percentage
10.00%
5.50%
11.75%
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Contents
Analog Circuits
CONTENTS
#1.
#2.
Chapters
Diode Circuits-Anaylsis & Application
Page No.
1 39
1 12
13 17
18 20
21 28
29 32
33
33 39
AC & DC Biasing-BJTs & FET
#3.
#4.
Wave Shaping Circuit

Rectifiers and Power Supplies
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanation s
Operating Point
BIAS Stabilization
Compensation Techniques
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Small Signal Modeling Of BJT & FET
BJT Transistor Modeling

The Hybrid Equivalent Model
Characteristic of Common Base Amplifier
FET Small signal Model.
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
BJT & JFET Frequency Response
Introduction
Low Frequency Response BJT Amplifier
Low frequency Response FET Amplifier
Miller Effect Capacitance
High Frequency Response BJT Applfier
High Frequency Response -FET Amplifier
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
40 - 87
40 46
46 55
55 66
67 73
74 78
79
79 87
88 136
88 94
94 99
99 105
105 114
115 121
122 126
127
127 136
137 169
137 139
139 142
142 144
144 147
147 149
149 155
156 160
161 164
165
165 169
Page I
Contents
#5.
Feedback & Oscillator Circuits
#6.
Classification of Amplifier
Feedback of Connection Types.
FET Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Analog Circuits
170 210
170 173
173 178
179
180 188
189 194
195 199
200 204
205
205 210
Operational Amplifiers & Its Applications
211 291
211 212
212 214
214
214 223
223 240
241 - 243
244 - 254
255 260
261 265
266 274
275 280
281
281 - 291
Differential Amplifiers
Analysis of Differential Amplifier
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Operational Amplifier
Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Astable Multivibrator (Square Wave Generator)
Zero-Crossing Detector
The 555 Timer
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
#7. Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Series Fed Class Amplifer
DC Bias Operation
AC Operation
Transformer Coupled Amplifier
Push Pull Amplifier
Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circuit
Complementary symmetry circuit
Total Hormonic distrtion.
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
292 317
292 294
294
295
295 298
298 299
299 301
301
301 305
305 306
307 311
311 312
313
313 317
Page II
Contents
Module Test
Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations
Reference Books
Analog Circuits
318 345
318 335
336
336 345
346
Page III
Chapter-1
Analog Circuits
CHAPTER 1
Diode Circuits - Analysis and Application
Wave Shaping Circuits
Wave shaping circuits are of two types
(A) Linear wave shaping circuits
(B) Non linear wave shaping circuits
A. Linear Wave Shaping Circuits
The process by which the wave form of non sinusoidal signal is altered by passing it through the
linear network is called the linear wave shaping
High Pass Circuit
C
+
+
Vi
R
Vo
Fig. 1 High Pass Circuit

This circuit is called the high pass filter because it passes the high frequency components and
attenuates the low frequency components.
For low frequency, the reactance of the capacitance is large
(a) Sinusoidal input:
)
(
| |
( )
Page 1
Chapter-1
Analog Circuits
1
0.707
Fig. 2 Gain-frequency plot of high pass circuit

(b) Step Input:
()
V
Fig. 3 Output voltage of high pass circuit when input is a step voltage
= ()
= 1/C
iR,
So ( )
1/RC
()
(t)
()
()
()
(t) dt +
()
()
()
It is a single time constant circuit and a first order equation is obtained. The general solution of
any single time constant circuit can be written as,
()
(c) Pulse Input:
)
()
, here Vf = 0, Vi = V, Vo(t) = Ve- where

[ ()
)]
1)
(
2)
Page 2
Chapter-1
Analog Circuits
( )
V
1
Fig. 4 Output of high pass filter, when input is a pulse

For a low time constant the peak to peak amplitudes will be double. The process of converting
pulses into spikes by means of a low time constant is called peaking.
In high pass RC circuit, the average level of the output is always zero. The area above the zero axis
should be equal to the area below the zero axis, A1 = A2
(d) Square Wave Input
For a non-symmetrical square wave
Case 1:
= T = 1/f. The extreme cases are
The input and output are shown below,
(a)
Average voltage
Zero voltage
(b)
V0
A1
Zero voltage
A2
T1
T2
T1
Fig: 5 (a) Square wave input; (b) Output voltage if the time constant is very large (compared with
T). The dc component V d c of the output is always zero. Area A1 equals area A2.
Page 3
Chapter-1
Case 2:
Analog Circuits
The response is shown below;Note: 5(a) Square wave input

V0
Input
V
0
t
V
T1
T2
T
Fig: 6 Peaking of a square wave resulting from a time constant small compared with T.
More generally the response to a square wave must have the appearance shown below:
The four levels V1, V1
2,V2
can be determined from (refer figure 7)
For symmetrical square wave:

T1 = T2 = T/2
P c
P=
=
and the response is shown below in Fig. 7(b)
100
by
100 %
100 %
Where f1 =
and
Page 4
Chapter-1
Analog Circuits
( )
Output
Input
(b)
Fig. 7 Linear tilt of a square wave when RC/T >> 1.

(e) Ramp Input:
Vi(t) =
Signal
t u (t) and Vo(t) =
(1
), are shown below,
Input =
Output
Deviation from Linearity

Output
0
Fig (a)
Fig (b)
Fig. 8 (a) Response of a high pass RC circuit to a ramp voltage for RC / T >> 1;
(b)Response to a ramp voltage for RC / T << 1.
For t << as a measure of departure from linearity, transmission error, et is defined as
Page 5

Analog Circuits

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ANALOG CIRCUITS

Syllabus for Analog Circuits

Analysis of GATE Papers

AC & DC Biasing-BJTs & FET

Wave Shaping Circuit

Small Signal Modeling Of BJT & FET

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT & JFET Frequency Response

Feedback & Oscillator Circuits

Operational Amplifiers & Its Applications

#7. Power Amplifiers

Fig. 1 High Pass Circuit

Fig. 2 Gain-frequency plot of high pass circuit

(c) Pulse Input:

, here Vf = 0, Vi = V, Vo(t) = Ve- where

Fig. 4 Output of high pass filter, when input is a pulse

= T = 1/f. The extreme cases are

The input and output are shown below,

The response is shown below;Note: 5(a) Square wave input

can be determined from (refer figure 7)

For symmetrical square wave:

and the response is shown below in Fig. 7(b)

Fig. 7 Linear tilt of a square wave when RC/T >> 1.

t u (t) and Vo(t) =

), are shown below,

Deviation from Linearity

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