1

INCORREC
T

Differentiation and reproduction are the major functions of any organism's

body organization
A)
embryogenesis
B)
development
C)
embryology
D)

2
INCORREC
T

What term best describes all of the mechanisms that produce cellular diversity and order during an individual's development?

differentiation
A)
embryogenesis
B)
gastrulation
C)
organogenesis
D)

3
INCORREC
T

Meiosis differs from mitosis in which of the following ways?

meiosis produces haploid cells; mitosis, diploid cells

A)
meiotic daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell
B)
crossing over occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis
C)
all of the above
D)

4
INCORREC
T

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase I
A)
Prophase II
B)

Metaphase I
C)
Anaphase II
D)

5 CORRECT
All of a woman's primary oocytes are produced
between the ages of 16 and 24 years
A)
within a year after she reaches puberty
B)
before she is born
C)
none of the above
D)

6 CORRECT
In each meiotic division of oogenesis, one of the daughter cells receives most of the cytoplasm while the other forms a
pronucleus
A)
polar body
B)
primary oocyte
C)
secondary oocyte
D)

7 CORRECT
Unlike oogonia, ____________ always divide first by mitosis before undergoing meiosis.
spermatogonia
A)
primary spermatocytes
B)
secondary spermatocytes
C)
spermatids
D)

8
INCORREC

A mature sperm cell has all of the following components except

T
an acrosome containing digestive enzymes
A)
a nucleus with 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
B)
a midpiece and a long tail called a flagellum
C)
a large amount of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus
D)

9 CORRECT
Which one of the following is not a stage of embryogenesis?
cleavage
A)
meiosis
B)
gastrulation
C)
organogenesis
D)

10
INCORREC
T

Which stage of an individual's developmental history typically lasts the longest?

cleavage
A)
gastrulation
B)
organogenesis
C)
maturation
D)

11
INCORREC
T

The fusion of two haploid sex cells to produce a diploid zygote is

capacitation
A)
fertilization
B)
development
C)

differentiation
D)

12
INCORREC
T

Sperm cells must undergo ____________ within the female reproductive tract before they can fertilize a secondary oocyte.

capacitation
A)
meiosis
B)
spermiogenesis
C)
none of the above
D)

13
CORRECT

All major organ systems appear in the early form of a distinctly humanlike body during the
pre-embryonic period
A)
second trimester
B)
embryonic period
C)
fetal period
D)

14
INCORREC
T

The series of mitotic divisions that transforms the zygote into a blastocyst is called

cleavage
A)
implantation
B)
placentation
C)
embryogenesis
D)

15
INCORREC
T

Implantation marks the end of the ____________ stage of development.

prenatal
A)
pre-embryonic
B)
embryonic
C)
fetal
D)

16
INCORREC
T

Implantation of the blastocyst involves all of the following except

prior development for at least two weeks within the uterine lumen
A)
subdivision of the trophoblast into a cellular inner layer and a thick outer layer
B)
burrowing into the endometrium by cells of the syncytiotrophoblast
C)
contact between the blastocyst and pools of nutrients in the uterine glands
D)

17
INCORREC
T

The embryoblast portion of the blastocyst is called the bilaminar germinal disc, or

hypoblast
A)
epiblast
B)
trophoblast
C)
blastodisc
D)

18
INCORREC
T

The blastocyst is approximately the same size as

a sperm cell
A)
a zygote
B)
a grain of rice
C)

none of the above

D)

19
INCORREC
T

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the

primitive streak
A)
hypoblast layer
B)
cytotrophoblast
C)
endoderm layer
D)

20
INCORREC
T

The three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation are the

primary, secondary, and tertiary layers

A)
superficial, middle, and deep layers
B)
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
C)
epiblast, hypoblast, and periblast
D)

21
INCORREC
T

The three extraembryonic membranes are the

blastocyst, morula, and trophoblast

A)
yolk sac, amnion, and chorion
B)
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
C)
amnion, body stalk, and yolk stalk
D)

22
INCORREC
T

The connecting stalk that attaches the early embryo to the placenta is the precursor to the

umbilical cord
A)
chorionic villi
B)
yolk sac
C)
umbilical vein
D)

23
INCORREC
T

Differential growth beginning in the late third and fourth weeks of development results in which of the following?

cephalocaudal folding of the embryo

A)
transverse folding of the embryo
B)
transformation of the flat embryonic disc into a cylindrical embryo
C)
all of the above
D)

24
INCORREC
T

Which body structures develop from ectoderm?

the epidermis, epidermal derivatives, and nervous system tissue

A)
most components of the urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems
B)
the cardiovascular system, linings of body cavities, and connective tissue
C)
all of the above
D)

25
INCORREC
T

The inductive process that transforms a flat layer of ectodermal cells into a hollow nervous system tube is called

invagination
A)
neurulation
B)
notochord formation
C)

gastrulation
D)

26
INCORREC
T

Which body structures develop from mesoderm?

the notochord and most bone, muscle, and connective tissues

A)
components of the urinary, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems
B)
linings of the body cavities
C)
all of the above
D)

27
CORRECT

All of the following develop from endoderm except

the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and spleen
A)
the thymus, parathyroid glands, and most of the liver
B)
epithelial lining of the respiratory and GI tracts
C)
the gallbladder, pancreas, and thyroid gland
D)

28
CORRECT

By the end of week 8, the embryo is barely over ____________ long but already has the outward appearance of a human as
well as the beginnings of most organ systems.
3 millimeters
A)
10 millimeters
B)
1 inch
C)
4 inches
D)

29
CORRECT

Sex organs begin to develop during weeks ____________ of embryogenesis.

1 to 8
A)
9 to 12
B)
13 to 16
C)
17 to 20
D)

30
INCORREC
T

During the last 30 weeks of prenatal development the unborn organism is called

an embryo
A)
a neonate
B)
a fetus
C)
none of the above
D)

1
INCORREC
T

Embryogenesis refers to the same period of time as

the prenatal period

A)

the gestation period

B)
pregnancy
C)
all of the above
D)

2
INCORREC
T

All of the following accurately describe aspects of fertilization except

sperm cells first undergo capacitation in the female reproductive tract

A)
egg cells must be fully mature before they can be ovulated or fertilized
B)
to remain viable, an egg must be fertilized within 24 hours of ovulation
C)
sperm cells typically encounter the egg in the ampulla of the uterine tube
D)

3
INCORREC
T

Which stage of meiosis lasts much longer in females than in males?

Prophase I
A)
Anaphase I
B)
Metaphase II
C)
Telophase II
D)

4
INCORREC
T

All of the following occur during spermiogenesis except

spermatids lose much of their cytoplasm and grow a flagellum

A)
mature sperm cells, or spermatozoa, are formed
B)
sperm become completely ready to fertilize an egg cell
C)
neither b nor c occurs during spermiogenesis
D)

5
INCORREC
T

Under normal conditions, how many of the four spermatozoa produced from each spermatocyte contain a Y chromosome?

two
A)
four
B)
one
C)
the number varies randomly
D)

6
INCORREC
T

Which of the following must occur between the first phase of fertilization and zygote formation?

the sperm undergoes capacitation

A)
the egg completes meiosis II
B)
the first polar body forms
C)
all of the above
D)

7
INCORREC
T

Crossing over is the process by which

homologous chromosomes trade parts during meiosis

A)
genes can be shuffled even before fertilization occurs
B)
one chromosome can combine genes from both parents
C)
all of the above
D)

8
INCORREC
T

Which one of the following phrases does not accurately describe the blastodisc?

forms during the second week of development

A)

is composed of two layers of cuboidal germ cells

B)
contains a hypoblast layer and an epiblast layer
C)
gives rise to the embryo, amnion, and yolk sac
D)

9 CORRECT
The second week of development can be characterized as the "period of twos" because
a two-layered germinal disc forms, and from it, two extraembryonic cavities
A)
the placenta begins to develop from two components that merge
B)
both of the above
C)
neither a nor b is true
D)

10
INCORREC
T

The placenta provides services for the fetus that will eventually be performed by which of the following organ systems?

digestive
A)
respiratory
B)
urinary
C)
all of the above
D)

11
CORRECT

Although the bilaminar germinal disc contains two layers of cells, only the ____________ gives rise to the three layers of the
trilaminar embryo.
epiblast
A)
hypoblast
B)
cytotrophoblast
C)
syncytiotrophoblast
D)

12
INCORREC
T

The pre-embryo arrives in the uterine cavity as a ____________, but it is a ____________ by the time it begins implantation.

zygote; morula
A)
morula; blastocyst
B)
morula; gastrula
C)
blastocyst; gastrula
D)

13
CORRECT

In the blastocyst, the fluid-filled chamber that separates the bilaminar germinal disc from the trophoblast is the
blastocoel
A)
amniotic cavity
B)
chorionic cavity
C)
yolk sac
D)

14
CORRECT

The invagination or migration of cells from the epiblast into the space between it and the hypoblast marks the beginning of
cleavage
A)
organogenesis
B)
gastrulation
C)
neurulation
D)

15
INCORREC
T

All three primary germ layers develop from the same cellular layer in the blastodisc as which extraembryonic membrane?

chorion
A)

yolk sac
B)
trophoblast
C)
amnion
D)

16
CORRECT

Although neurulation primarily involves changes in ectoderm, it could not occur without inductive interaction between
mesoderm and endoderm
A)
endoderm and ectoderm
B)
ectoderm and mesoderm
C)
both a and b
D)

17
INCORREC
T

The umbilical cord comprises which of the following structures?

connecting stalk, umbilical vessels, and allantois

A)
chorionic villi and maternal blood vessels
B)
stratum basalis and stratum functionalis
C)
all of the above
D)

18
CORRECT

Fetal metabolic wastes are eliminated by transfer to the

amniotic fluid
A)
maternal blood
B)
yolk sac
C)
all of the above
D)

19
INCORREC
T

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the syncytiotrophoblast serves to

prevent menstruation that would end the pregnancy

A)
allow early detection of pregnancy in modern diagnostic tests
B)
both a and b
C)
neither a nor b
D)

20
INCORREC
T

Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of a genetic defect that prevented the placenta from producing
hormones?
spontaneous abortion within the first week of pregnancy
A)
loss of the fetus because of inadequate oxygen supply
B)
severely underweight birth after a normal gestation period
C)
miscarriage as soon as the corpus luteum ceases to function
D)

21
INCORREC
T

Amniocentesis is most often performed during which month of pregnancy?

third
A)
fourth
B)
fifth
C)
sixth
D)

22
INCORREC
T

Fetal alcohol syndrome and congenital syphilis share what etiological aspect?

both result from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy

A)

both are exacerbated by smoking or drug use during pregnancy

B)
both are acquired from the mother across the placental barrier
C)
all of the above
D)

23
INCORREC
T

Teratogens would be most likely to cause which of the following types of congenital anomalies?

malformations
A)
disruptions
B)
deformations
C)
all of the above
D)

24
CORRECT

Cellular differentiation causes a decrease in

specialization
A)
totipotency
B)
growth
C)
development
D)

25
INCORREC
T

What must actually rupture when the "water breaks" during labor?

chorion
A)
amnion
B)
endometrium
C)
all of the above
D)

1
INCORREC
T

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte normally occurs in the

ovary.
A)
uterine tube.
B)
uterus.
C)
vagina.
D)

2
INCORREC
T

The outer layer of the blastocyst that attaches to the wall of the uterus at implantation is called the

amnion.
A)
yolk sac.
B)
embryoblast.
C)
trophoblast.
D)

3
INCORREC
T

At about day 3 after fertilization, the cells of the preembryo adhere tightly to each other and increase their surface contact in a
process called
implantation.
A)

compaction.
B)
gastrulation.
C)
neurulation.
D)

4
INCORREC
T

Somites develop from

paraxial mesoderm.
A)
intermediate mesoderm.
B)
lateral plate mesoderm.
C)
head mesenchyme.
D)

5 CORRECT
During gastrulation, cells from the ________ layer of the bilaminar germinal disc migrate and form the three primary germ
layers.
notochord
A)
hypoblast
B)
epiblast
C)
mesoblast
D)

6
INCORREC
T

An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell following meiosis occurs as a result of

synapsis.
A)
nondisjunction.
B)
crossing over.
C)
reduction division.
D)

7
INCORREC
T

The cells of the embryoblast differentiate into the ________ and the ________.

epiblast, hypoblast
A)
cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast
B)
amnioblast, epiblast
C)
epiblast, cytotrophoblast
D)

8 CORRECT
Which of the following is not an extraembryonic membrane?
amnion
A)
mesoderm
B)
chorion
C)
yolk sac
D)

9 CORRECT
Capacitation occurs when sperm cells
move through the uterine tubes.
A)
are mixed with secretions from the testes.
B)
are deposited within the female reproductive tract.
C)
are preparing to penetrate the secondary oocyte.
D)

10
CORRECT

The beginning of brain and spinal cord formation is termed

nodal invagination.
A)
organogenesis.

B)
neurulation.
C)
gastrulation.
D)