Description: Soil Overburden and Seismic Wave Propagation

Product: AutoPIPE
Version Number: V8i (v9.5)
Submitted By: JT
Revision: 0.0

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. 1
ASSIGNING SOIL PROPERTIES TO BURIED PIPING ................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................3
FURTHER INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................3
WORK FLOW ASSIGNING SOIL PROPERTIES ......................................................................................................................4
NEW INPUTS IN AUTOPIPE V9.5 ......................................................................................................................................4
SOIL OVERBURDEN LOADS ..................................................................................................................................... 5
WORK FLOW SOIL OVERBURDEN LOADS ..........................................................................................................................5
OPEN AUTOPIPE MODEL................................................................................................................................................6
SELECT A RANGE ............................................................................................................................................................7
SOIL PROPERTIES DIALOG ................................................................................................................................................8
EDIT SOIL PROPERTIES DIALOG .........................................................................................................................................9
SOIL OVERBURDEN LOADS DIALOG ..................................................................................................................................10
RUN ANALYSIS AND OPEN BURIED PIPE RESULT OPTIONS DIALOG .........................................................................................12
GENERATE BATCH REPORT.............................................................................................................................................14
SEISMIC + THERMAL LOAD CASE .......................................................................................................................... 15
WORK FLOW SEISMIC THERMAL LOAD CASE ..................................................................................................................15
OPEN AUTOPIPE MODEL..............................................................................................................................................16
SELECT A RANGE ..........................................................................................................................................................17
SOIL PROPERTIES DIALOG ..............................................................................................................................................18
EDIT SOIL PROPERTIES DIALOG........................................................................................................................................19
SEISMIC WAVE DATA DIALOG .........................................................................................................................................20
SEISMIC THERMAL LOAD ...............................................................................................................................................21
RUN ANALYSIS AND OPEN BURIED PIPE RESULT OPTIONS DIALOG .........................................................................................22
GENERATE BATCH REPORT.............................................................................................................................................22
BUILDING SETTLEMENT........................................................................................................................................ 24
WORK FLOW BUILDING SETTLEMENT ............................................................................................................................24
INSERT IMPOSED DISPLACEMENT ....................................................................................................................................25

ANALYZE MODEL AND ADD BUILDING SETTLEMENT ............................................................................................................25

GENERATE BATCH REPORT.............................................................................................................................................26
ASME NC/ND ADAMS ET. AL. STRESS SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 27
WORK FLOW ASME NC/ND ADAMS ET. AL. SUMMARY ..................................................................................................27
OPEN AUTOPIPE MODEL..............................................................................................................................................28
SELECT A RANGE ..........................................................................................................................................................28
SEISMIC THERMAL LOAD ...............................................................................................................................................29
ANALYZE MODEL AND OPEN BURIED PIPE RESULT OPTIONS ................................................................................................30
CREATE ADAMS ET. AL. STRESS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................30
GENERATE BATCH REPORT.............................................................................................................................................31
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................... 33
VIEW SOIL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................................................33
LOAD COMBINATION DIALOG .........................................................................................................................................34
BURIED PIPE RESULT OPTIONS DIALOG .............................................................................................................................34
SOIL OVERBURDEN CATEGORIES .....................................................................................................................................35
SEISMIC + THERMAL CATEGORY ......................................................................................................................................35
BUILDING SETTLEMENT CATEGORY ..................................................................................................................................35
SOIL OVERBURDEN STRESSES APPLICATION ON AUTOPIPE PIPING POINTS..............................................................................35
BUOYANCY FORCE EXERTED ON BURIED PIPING .................................................................................................................37
LIMITATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................................37

Assigning Soil Properties to Buried Piping

Introduction
The analysis of a buried piping system requires special modeling consideration. This is because
the restraint (support) provided by soil surrounding a buried pipe is continuous. As AutoPIPE
analysis is based on discretely defined points, so an accurate model of the soil's restraint
capabilities would require the definition of a number of closely spaced piping points. Each soil
point would then require a set of support springs which model the stiffness(es) provided by the
soil at that point.
In AutoPIPE, user can select a range of pipeline and assign soil stiffness properties in four
directions and soil spring spacing for that range. Three sets of soil stiffness values can be
assigned per soil identifier, which enables the user to define a low bound, average, and high
bound stiffness values. In addition, AutoPIPE also has built in soil stiffness calculator, which
automatically calculates soil stiffness values based on soil properties entered by the user. Two
methods for calculating the soil properties i.e. AutoPIPE, and ASCE 2001 w/2005 addenda are
provided. Moreover, a simplified tool for calculating virtual anchor length has also been
provided.
In AutoPIPE version 9.5, additional capabilities for calculating stresses in a buried piping due to
the soil load on top of pipe, soil overburden loads like traffic loads, ring buckling, effect of
seismic wave propagation, and building settlement effects. The workflows and additional
information for calculating these stresses has been detailed in this tutorial.

Further Information
For further information on how to insert soil properties to a pipe sections, refer to online help
"Help > Reference Information > PipeSOIL" and "Modeling Approaches > Example Systems >
PIPE-SOIL Interaction: Transition Example. You can always press the Help button on each
dialog for specific information.

Work Flow Assigning Soil Properties

Create a new model or open
Existing AutoPIPE Model

Select pipe range for inserting

Soil Properties

Open Soil Properties dialog

(Insert > Soil Properties) and
click on Enter Soil Properties

Modify Soil input Parameters

on the Edit Soil Properties
dialog, and generate soil
stiffness values

New Inputs in AutoPIPE v9.5

In AutoPIPE version 9.5, a couple of new input parameters are added to the Soil Parameters
input grid. These are marked with an asterisk (*) to highlight that these inputs are required for
calculation of additional stresses only. Height of water on top of pipe is used for calculation of
submerged soil weight and buoyancy force exerted on pipe. Soil Adhesion is used in calculation
of equivalent temperature dT due to seismic wave propagation. Other additional inputs added
in AutoPIPE version 9.5 will be discussed in the sections below.

Soil Overburden Loads

Work Flow Soil Overburden Loads
Open Existing AutoPIPE Model

Select pipe range for Soil

Properties

Open Soil Dialog (Insert > Soil

Properties) and generate soil
stiffness values

Open Edit Soil Properties dialog

and click on Soil Overburden
Loads

Analyze the model and open the

Buried Pipe Result Options (Tools >
Model Options > Buried Pipe
Results..." dialog to select options
related to Soil Overburden Categories

Generate batch output report

and review results

Open AutoPIPE Model

Open Model SOILOVERBURDEN_1.DAT

Select a Range
Select the range A04 N to A07. This will be used to apply the soil load.

Soil Properties Dialog

Open Soil Properties dialog through Insert > Soil Properties. Define the Soil ID to APIP_H and
Maximum Spacing to the default 80 inches, and then click the Enter Soil Properties button.

Edit Soil Properties Dialog

Note the default Soil Parameters. These values will be used to apply the soil load to the piping
and for generating soil stiffness properties. For further explanation of how soil stiffness
properties are generated, please refer to "Online Help > Reference Information > PipeSOIL" and
"Online Help > Modeling Approaches > Example Systems > PIPE-SOIL Interaction: Transition
Example". Soil stiffness values can be generated by changing the Calculation Method and
pressing the Generate command button. Click on the Generate button to fill out the k1, p1, and
k2 values, then click on the Soil Overburden Loads button to open Soil Overburden Loads
dialog.

Soil Overburden Loads Dialog

All parameters need to be defined. Note that this dialog is only available for B31.1 (2004 or
later) and ASME NC/ND (2004 or later).
The Pipe Identifier is required to be selected so that user can refer to which pipe IDs are used
on the previous dialog Edit Soil Properties in front of f. When displaying the soil overburden
stress f in the output report, AutoPIPE automatically uses the required pipe properties at each
point.
Pressure on pipe due to surface load depends on the Surface Live Load Type dropdown box,
and can be zero. Three surface load files (Highway-H20, Cooper-E80, and Airport-180) with
pressure values at different depths taken from ASCE 2001 are provided by default. Users can
create custom live surface load files by entering values of pressure on pipe due to external
loads on different depths below ground. The format of the file needs to be the same as the
other "*.SLD" files shipped with AutoPIPE.
The Trench Laying conditions are taken from ANSI AWWA C150 and the values of Modulus of
passive soil fill reaction E', Bending moment coefficient Kb and Deflection coefficient Kx are
defaulted to the values for AWWA C150 when trench laying condition is changed.
The last four entries are dependent on which calculation method has been chosen. The default
is Adams et. al., however ASCE 2001 and AWWA C150 can be selected in the Buried Pipe
Result Options dialog. The Buried Pipe Result Options dialog must also be used to include the
Soil Overburden Loads in code compliance of the output report.

Change the Surface Live Load Type to Airport-180k, and accept the defaults. The value for f
should now be 17432 psi. Click OK in the Edit Soil Properties dialog and Soil Properties dialog.

Run Analysis and Open Buried Pipe Result Options dialog

Open the Analysis Sets dialog (Load > Static Analysis Sets...) and enable Non Linear option for
analysis set 1. Press OK on the Analysis Sets dialog. A confirmation message will appear asking
to analyze the model. Press Yes on the Confirm dialog and press OK on the Analyze All dialog
that follows.
Open the Buried Pipe Result Options dialog (Tools > Model Options > Buried Pipe Result
Options). Note the default values in the Soil Overburden Categories section of the dialog. The
calculation methods available are Adams et.al., AWWA C150 and ASCE 2001. The soil input
parameters allow the user to select what values of the Soil Input Parameters from the Edit Soil
Properties dialog are used.
Before accepting changes, be sure to check the Display circ. Wall bending & ring buckling in
code compliance so the results of the soil overburdening is displayed in the output.

Generate Batch Report

Open Batch Report dialog (Result > Output Report.). Include Code Compliance as a section
to review Circumferential Wall Bending Stress and Ring Buckling Pressure with allowable values
as per the options selected.

Review the results at each point in the batch output report:

The file SOILOVERBURDEN_2.DAT contains the final result of this tutorial section.

Seismic + Thermal Load Case

Work Flow Seismic Thermal Load Case
Open Existing AutoPIPE Model

Assign soil IDs to buried piping points

entering soil properties for each soil
ID and generate soil stiffness values

For each soil ID, also assign the

Seismic Wave Data using Seismic
Wave Data dialog.

Generate seismic wave

propagation equivalent thermal
case(s) using the Generate
Seismic Thermal Load Case (Load
> Seismic Thermal Load)

Analyze the model and open the

Buried Pipe Result Options ("Tools >
Model Options > Buried Pipe
Results...") dialog to assign options
related to Seismic + Thermal
Categories

Generate the code compliance

report to see the seismic +
thermal stresses due to the
combined effect of seismic wave
propagation, seismic anchor
movement, and operating
temperature cases

Open AutoPIPE Model

Open Model SOILOVERBURDEN.DAT

Select a Range
Select a range to apply to the Soil Overburden Loads

Soil Properties Dialog

Open Soil Properties dialog through Insert > Soil Properties. Define a soil ID and Maximum
Spacing, and then click the Enter Soil Properties button.

Edit Soil Properties dialog

Ensure that the values of the soil parameters are what is needed, and click on Seismic Wave
Data to open the Seismic Wave Data dialog.

Seismic Wave Data dialog

All parameters need to be defined. Seismic wave type affects seismic wave coefficient aw and
seismic wave curvature coefficient ak. Note that this dialog is only available for B31.1 and ASME
NC/ND years 2004 and higher.

The Pipe Identifier is required to be selected so that user can see quick check for specific pipes
on the previous dialog Edit Soil Properties in front of dT. When calculating the temperature
using the Generate Seismic Thermal Load Case, AutoPIPE automatically use required pipe
properties at each point.
The strains generated in the pipe due to seismic wave propagation are calculated and using
these strain values, an equivalent temperature dT is calculated using coefficient of expansion
for the material . Ambient temperature is added to dT to reflect the effects of this
temperature rise. This temperature can then be added to a temperature case to simulate the
effects of seismic wave propagation. AutoPIPE calculates coefficient of expansion values based
on expansion values of the material at ambient temperature + 10 deg F. In case of non standard
(NS) material, the expansion values are not available from the library. In this case AutoPIPE uses
the expansion value for steel taken as 6.5E-6 in/in/deg F.
AutoPIPE calculates both axial and bending strains due to wave propagation and takes the
maximum of two values. However, if the Add axial and bending strain for calculation of
temperature is checked, both the strains are added for calculating temperature.

If the Seismic data is the same for all soil IDs, you can define seismic data for one soil ID and use
"Assign seismic wave data above to all Soil Identifiers" option to set the same seismic data for
all soil identifiers.
Check Assign seismic wave data above to all Soil Identifiers.

Seismic Thermal Load

To generate a seismic thermal load case, open the Generate Seismic Thermal Load Case dialog
through Load > Seismic Thermal Load. An existing thermal load case can be modified by
selecting the it as Thermal load case to modify. AutoPIPE will overwrite the temperatures at
piping points for selected thermal load case with the calculated seismic wave equivalent
temperature depending on the different options on the dialog. This temperature case can then
be used in Seismic+Thermal category to be combined with SAM case as required by Adams
method.
AutoPIPE calculates both axial and bending strains due to wave propagation and takes the
maximum of two values. However, if the Add axial and bending strain for calculation of
temperature is checked, both the strains are added for calculating temperature.

Run Analysis and Open Buried Pipe Result Options dialog

After running the analysis, open the Buried Pipe Result Options dialog (Tools > Model Options >
Buried Pipe Result Options). In order to activate the Display seismic + thermal combination in
code compliance, both Thermal case used for seismic wave propagation load and SAM case
combined with seismic wave propagation must have valid cases selected. Any SAM case that is
available and analyzed can be select as the SAM case combined with seismic wave
propagation.
The Thermal case used for seismic wave propagation load should be selected as the
temperature case which has the equivalent seismic wave propagation temperature values
assigned to it at each point. Other operating thermal cases will then be automatically combined
with these two load cases to generate default combinations as per Admas et. al. method.

Generate Batch Report

Open Batch Report dialog through Result > Output Report. Include Code Compliance as a
section to review Seismic + Thermal combinations.

Review the results at each point in the batch output report:

Building Settlement
Work Flow Building Settlement
Create ASME B31.1-2010 model
and insert piping components

Insert Imposed Support

Displacement (Insert > Xtra Data >
Imposed Support Displacement...)

Analyze the model and open the

Buried Pipe Result Options (Tools
> Model Options > Buried Pipe
Results...") dialog to assign
options related to building
settlement

When the "Buil Sett" option in Buried

Pipe Result Options is checked then the
combination dialog will display the
additional category for ring buckling

Generate the code compliance report

to see the seismic + thermal stresses
due to the combined effect of seismic
wave propagation, seismic anchor
movement, and operating
temperature cases

Insert Imposed Displacement

By inserting an imposed displacement as a user case, it is possible to display the building
settlement category in code compliance. Place an imposed displacement (preferably at a point
where the pipe enters a building) by going to Insert > Xtra Data > Imposed Support
Displacement.

Analyze Model and Add Building Settlement

Run the analysis including the user case selected for imposed support displacement in the
analysis set. Open the Buried Pipe Result Options dialog through Tools > Model Options >
Buried Pipe Result Options. In the Building Settlement Category section, select the preferred
user case and check the box below it.

Generate Batch Report

Open Batch Report dialog through Result > Output Report. Include Code Compliance as a
section to review Building Settlement combination.

Review the results at each point in the batch output report:

ASME NC/ND Adams et. al. Stress Summary

Work Flow ASME NC/ND Adams et. al. Summary
Create ASME NC/ND - 2007 model
and insert piping components

Assign soil IDs to buried piping

points entering soil properties for
each soil ID. Assign Soil
Overburden loads, and Seismic
Wave data. Also assign SAM
loading if required

Generate seismic wave

propagation equivalent thermal
case(s) using the Generate Seismic
Thermal Load Case (Load >
Generate Seismic Thermal
Categories Case)

Generate the code compliance

report to see the seismic +
thermal stresses due to the
combined effect of seismic wave
propagation, seismic anchor
movement, and operating
temperature cases

Open AutoPIPE Model

Open any existing ASME NC or ASME ND model:

Select a Range
Select a range to apply Soil Properties, Soil Overburden Loads and Seismic Data. Create a soil ID
APIP_V using the American Lifeline Alliance calculation method and keep all default values.
Click the Generate button to fill out the k1, p1, k2 and yield displacement columns.

Seismic Thermal Load

Generate a seismic thermal load case through Load > Seismic Thermal Load if Seismic +
Thermal combinations are required to be reported in the Stress Summary.

Analyze Model and Open Buried Pipe Result Options

Run the analysis on the model and open the Buried Pipe Result Options dialog through Tools >
Model Options > Buried Pipe Result Options. You will observe the fields which do not apply in
ASME NC/ND are disabled.

Create Adams et. al. Stress Summary

Open the Stress Summary dialog through Tools > Stress Summary. Create a new Stress
Summary by clicking the New command button. Select the appropriate Service Level. Note that
the Service Level will not affect any of the Adams et. al. stress summary values. Select the
Buried Piping as Adams et. al.. Now you can select an operating thermal case, an equivalent
seismic Thermal Case and a SAM load case, which will all be combined to generate the Seismic
+ Thermal combination as per Adams et. al. method. The Circumferential Wall Bending Stress
and Ring Buckling pressure would be displayed for each buried point automatically.

Generate Batch Report

Open Batch Report dialog through Result > Output Report. Include Stress Summary" as a
section to review Adams et. al. stress summary.

Review the results at each point in the batch output report:

Miscellaneous Information
View Soil Properties
After opening the Show Options dialog (View > Show Options), select the Soil Properties
option and click OK. AutoPIPE will prompt for a specific soil ID, or all of them. Select which one
and accept. AutoPIPE will display what pipe sections contain soil properties.

Load Combination Dialog

After ring buckling , seismic + thermal or building settlement case is enabled in the Buried
Pipe Result Options dialog, the Code Combinations tab in the Load Combinations dialog (Tools >
Combinations) will display the ring buckling as a combination.

Buried Pipe Result Options dialog

Here, you can change what soil overburden calculations are to be done, as well as seismic and
thermal category and building settlement category.
To open this dialog, go to Tools > Model Options > Buried Pipe Results Options

Soil Overburden Categories

The first dropdown box the calculation method can be selected, which directly affects the
results produced. It also dictates which values in the Soil Overburden Loads dialog are used.
The next dropdown box is the set of data values required for calculation in soil overburden
loads and through wall bending stresses. These values can be seen in the Edit Soil Properties
dialog. Adding circular bending stress to Sustained will consider bending stress along with
sustained stress. Ring buckling allowable safety factor is applied to results as a factor of ring
buckling allowable.
In order to include soil overburden load combinations in the output report, the Display
checkboxes must be checked (i.e. Display circ. Wall bending & ring buckling in code
compliance)

Seismic + Thermal Category

The first dropdown is used to select which temperature case the seismic wave propagation load
is to be applied. A SAM case can also be applied, which, if both boxes are selected, allows the
Display seismic + thermal combinations in code case check box to enable. Seismic + thermal
allowable safety factor is applied to results as a factor of ring buckling allowable.

Building Settlement Category

Building settlement load case dropdown box displays all available user cases that the building
settlement load can be applied. See Add Building Settlement for details.

Soil Overburden Stresses Application on AutoPIPE Piping Points

Soil overburden stresses (circumferential wall bending stress, and ring buckling) are applied on
all intermediate soil points (i.e. +1, +2, etc.). An explanation of soil overburden stresses for
AutoPIPE piping points other than intermediate soil points is as below:

The model displayed above contains nine (09) piping control points and four soil IDs (SOILA,
SOILB, SOILC, and SOILD). The intermediate soil points are not displayed in the snapshot above,
and these intermediate soil points will always have soil overburden stresses defined based on
the soil ID defined for the preceding piping point.
The range on which each soil ID is assigned is highlighted with the legend displaying the color
for each soil ID. AutoPIPE B31.1 (2004 and onwards) and ASME NC/ND (2004 and onwards) will
display soil overburden stresses in code compliance report and Adams et. al. stress summary
report based on reporting and calculation methods selected.
The soil overburden stresses for different piping points and ranges will be displayed depending
on applicable soil ID as below:
Point / Range

A00
A01 to A02 N-

Soil ID used for

soil overburden
stress
calculations
None
SOILA

A02 N+ to A02
F+
A03

None

A04 to A05 N-

None

SOILB

Comments

Minus face of bend near point will display soil

overburden stresses due to SOILA

All intermediate soil points following A03 will have

soil overburden stresses based on SOILB
If there are no faces (minus, plus) for a piping run
point, the second point will not have soil overburden

A05 N+ to A05
F-

SOILC

A05 F+ to A07 F- None

A07 F+ to A09
SOILD

stresses. This will assure a consistency if there is a

different soil ID (say SOILX) defined on the range A04
to say A05 N-, in which case A04 will have soil
overburden stresses due to SOILX.
When there are two faces (minus, plus) on a piping
point, the minus (-) face will calculate soil
overburden stresses based on preceding point soil
ID, and the plus (+) face will calculate soil
overburden stresses based on current point (range)
soil ID.
A05 F+ will not have any soil overburden stresses
Last point in the segment will have stresses due to
soil overburden based on preceding point soil ID.

Currently, AutoPIPE does not assign different faces to a piping point based on change in soil ID.

Buoyancy Force Exerted on Buried Piping

AutoPIPE requires user to input *Height of water on top of pipe in the Edit Soil Properties
dialog for buried piping. If the buoyancy forces acting on the pipe due to ground water in the
upward direction exceeds the net downward forces of the pipe due to pipe weight, this force is
reported in the model input listing for soil. The pipe identifier used in this case is the pipe
identifier last selected in the Soil Overburden Loads dialog. If the net force acts in the
downward direction, AutoPIPE reports the buoyancy force on pipe as zero.

User may apply a net upward force due to buoyancy in AutoPIPE using the command Insert >
Distributed Loads.

Limitations
Currently there is a limitation that only a single face will be displayed for secondary soil points
after a Tee point (in either the header or the branch direction) in Adams et. al. Stress Summary

report for ASME NC/ND. This may result in displaying the lower stress from both the faces
(minus and plus) of the secondary soil point for Seismic + Thermal stress if the axial force on the
two faces of the secondary soil point differs.
As a workaround, you can insert a run point very close to the Tee point (in the header and
branch direction, depending on direction of the segment). By doing so, the secondary soil
points after the newly inserted run points will display both faces for the secondary soil points.
For example, consider the following scenario displayed below in A01 is a run point, followed by
A02 Tee point. Point A03 follows the tee point in the header direction, whereas B02 follows the
tee point in the branch direction.

You can insert a run point very close (an inch for example) to A02 on the leg A02-A03 to be able
to see both faces of the secondary soil points. Similarly, you can insert a run point very close to
A02 on the leg A02 -B02 to be able to see both faces of secondary soil points. Your model will
look similar to the one shown below after insertion of addition points: