WCDMA Handover Algorithm and Parameters-Libre

WCDMA Handover Principle
and Relevant Parameters
Page1
Foreword
Why mobile systems need handover?
It is decided by the characters of mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by cells which the coverage ability is
limited.
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element
in QoS.
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Page3
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
3. The Basic Handovers
Page4
Contents
Page5
The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the
basic element in QoS

The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high
efficiency of using resource
Page6
The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set
(RLS)
maximum ratio combination

selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Page7
The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell:

Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-RAT handover (UMTS
GSM/GPRS)
According to the purpose of handover:

Based on Coverage
Based on Noncoverage
The Characters of Different Handover
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item
The number of RLs in
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
Several
One
No
Yes
Only happened
Can be happened in Intra-
between Intra-
frequency cells or Inter-frequency
frequency cells
cells
active set after handover

Interruption during
handover
The frequencies of cells
Page8
The Characters of Different Handover

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover :
Item
UL combination
Soft Handover
Softer Handover
Signal combined in
Signal combined in NodeB by
RNC by selective
combination
DL combination
Signal combined in
Signal combined in UE by
UE by maximum ratio
combination
Page9
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Cell A
Cell B
Page10
Softer Handover
RNC
NodeB
Cell A
Cell B
Page11
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Cell A
Cell B
Page12
Three Steps of Handover

The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set to
PCPICH Ec/No)
Measure the CPICH Ec/N0 of the serving cell and
its neighboring cells as well as the relative time
difference between the cells
Measurement
Measurement phase
Decision
No
Execution
Are handover criteria satisfied?
Decision phase
Yes
Perform a handover and update relative parameters
Page13
Execution phase
Page14
Contents
Page15
Contents
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page16
Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Page17
Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement Control, normal case
Page18
Contents
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page19
Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
A is measurement value at the physical layer

B is the measurement value after layer 1 filtering at physical layer. The
value goes from the physical layer to high layer

C is measurement after processing in the layer3 filter
C is another measurement value
D is measurement report information sent on the radio interface or Iub
interface
Page20
Measurement Quantity
Ec/No
CPICH signal quality
RSCP
CPICH signal level
RSSI
GSM cell signal level
Page21
Measurement Quantity Configuration

IntraFreqMeasQuantity
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Ec/No
InterFreqMeasQuantity
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Both
MeasQuantityOf3A
Parameter name: 3A Measure Quantity
The default value of this parameter is RSCP
Page22
Layer 3 filtering
Fn = (1 a ) Fn 1 + a M n
Where:
Fn is the new measurement value after filtering.
Fn-1 is the last measurement value after filtering.
Mn is the latest measurement value from the physical layer.
a = 1/2(k/2)
(k is set to Intra-freq meas L3 filter coeff)
Page23
Layer 3 filtering coefficient

FilterCoef
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient
The default value of this parameter is D3
InterFreqFilterCoef
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure filter coefficient
InterRATFilterCoef
Parameter name: Inter-RAT filter coefficient
Page24
Measurement Report Mode

Periodic Report
Event Trigger Report
Event to Periodic Report
Page25
Contents
Page26
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-RAT Hard Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page27
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page28
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can be
softer handover
Signals from each RL will be combined in UL and DL.
Page29
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Advantages
Soft handover gain
Decrease the possibility of call drop
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink
it way cause side-effect
Page30
Measurement of Soft Handover

Measurement quantity
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Soft Handover Measurement Events

Event
Description
1A
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the monitored set enters the reporting range .
This indicates that the quality of a cell is close to the quality of the best cell . A
relative high combined gain can be achieved when the cell is added to the active
set
1B
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the active set leaves the reporting range. This
indicates that quality of a cell is much worse than the quality of the best cell. The
cell should not stay in the active set
1C
A non-active PCPICH becomes better than an active PCPICH. This indicates that
the quality of a cell is close to the quality of the best cell. In addition ,the number of
cells in the active set has reached the maximum value. The cell replaces the worst
cell in the active set ; thus achieving a higher combined gain
1D
Event of the change of the best cell
Page31
The Trigger Algorithm of 1A Event

Event 1A is triggered on the basis of the following formula
NA
10 LogM New + CIONew W 10 Log
M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H1a / 2),

i =1
Page32
Page33
Example of 1A Event
A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1A curve
Page34
Key parameters of 1A Event

INTRARELTHDFOR1ACS
Parameter name: CS service 1A event relative threshold
The default value of this parameter is 6 ( 3dB )
INTRARELTHDFOR1APS
Parameter name: PS service 1A event relative threshold
Page35
Key parameters of 1A Event

HYSTFOR1A
Parameter name: 1A event hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 0( 0dB )
TRIGTIME1A
Parameter name: 1A event trigger delay time
The default value of this parameter is D320 ( 320ms )
The Trigger Algorithm of 1B Event

Event 1B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
NA
10 LogM Old + CIOOld W 10 Log
M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b + H 1b / 2),

i =1
Page36
Page37
Example of 1B Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1B curve
Page38
Key parameters of 1B Event

INTRARELTHDFOR1BCS
Parameter name: CS service 1B event relative threshold
INTRARELTHDFOR1BPS
Parameter name: PS service 1B event relative threshold
Page39

HYSTFOR1B
Parameter name: 1B event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1B
Parameter name: 1B event trigger delay time
Page40
The Trigger Algorithm of 1C Event

Event 1C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM New + CIONew 10 LogM InAS + CIOInAS + H1c / 2,
Page41
Example of 1C Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set
C: signal curve of the worst cell in the active set
D: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
E: The 1C curve
Page42
Key parameters of 1C Event

HYSTFOR1C
Parameter name: 1C event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1C
Parameter name: 1C event trigger delay time
Page43
The Trigger Algorithm of 1D Event

Event 1D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM New 10 LogM InAS + H1c / 2,
Page44
Example of 1D Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set or monitoring set
C: Th1D curve
Page45
Key parameters of 1D Event

HYSTFOR1D
Parameter name: 1D event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1D
Parameter name: 1D event trigger delay time
Page46
Other key parameters for SHO

Weight
Parameter name: Weighted factor
The default value of this parameter is 0
SHOQualmin
Parameter name: Min quality THD for SHO
The default value of this parameter is -24(-24 dB)
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
Parameter name: Cell offset
Page47
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page48
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

Characters of Intra-Frequency Handover
During handover, UE has only one RL with one cell
Switch off the RL with the original cell, then setup the RL with target
cell
The frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Page49
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

Advantages
Enhance the usage efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference
Page50
Key parameters of Intra-frequency Hard handover

BEBITRATETHD
Parameter name: BE service handover rate threshold
The default value of this parameter is 384k
The Parameters about 1D Event
Time to trigger
Hysteresis
Page51
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page52
Brief Introduction of Inter-Frequency Handover

Characters of Soft Handover
The frequency of original cell and source cell are different
There is only one RL for the UE
The compressed mode is needed
Page53
Compressed Mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or Inter-RAT cell under FDD mode
Categories
Downlink compressed mode
Uplink compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Higher layer scheduling
Page54
Measurement of Inter-frequency Handover

CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
2B,2C,2D,2F
Inter-frequency Handover Measurement Events

Event
2D
Description
When the current signal quality is lower than the preset threshold , the
UTRAN enables the compressed mode and starts inter-frequency
measurement
2F
When the current signal quality is higher than the preset threshold, the
UTRAN disables the compressed mode and stops inter-frequency
measurement
2B
When the current signal frequency is lower than the preset threshold and
the signal quality of an inter-frequency neighbouring cell is higher than
the preset threshold , the UTRAN trigger an inter-frequency handover
based on coverage
2C
The estimated quality of a inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher than the

preset threshold
Page55

Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed 2d H2d / 2
Page56
Page57
Key parameters of of 2D Event

InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 dB
InterFreqPSThd2DEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD
Page58
Key parameters of of 2D Event

InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -95 dBm
InterFreqPSThd2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start RSCP THD
Page59
Key parameters of 2D Event

HYSTFOR2D
Parameter name: 2D event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2D
The Trigger Algorithm of 2F Event

Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed 2 f + H 2 f / 2
Page60
Page61
Key parameters of 2F Event

InterFreqCSThd2FEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop Ec/No THD
InterFreqPSThd2FEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page62

InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop RSCP THD
InterFreqPSThd2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page63

HYSTFOR2F
Parameter name: 2F event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
Parameter name: 2F event trigger delay time
The Trigger Algorithm of 2B Event

Event 2B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNonused TNonused 2b + H2b / 2
, and
QUsed TUsed 2b H2b / 2
Page64
Page65

InterFreqCovHOCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Page66

InterFreqCovHOCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger RSCP THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger RSCP THD
Page67

IFHOUsedFreqCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -12dB
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Page68

IFHOUsedFreqCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -92dBm
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
Page69

HYSTFOR2B
Parameter name: 2B event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2B
Parameter name: 2B event trigger delay time

Event 2C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNon used TNon used 2c + H 2c / 2
Page70
Page71
Key parameters of 2C Event

InterFreqNCovHOThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Hystfor2C
Parameter name: 2C hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 6 (3dB)
TrigTime2C
The default value of this parameter is D640 (640ms)
Page72
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page73
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT Handover

Characters of Inter-RAT Handover
Based on handover directions, inter-RAT handover is of two
types:
UMTS->GSM handover
UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover
UMTS->GSM load-based handover
UMTS->GSM service-based handover
GSM->UMTS handover
Page74
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT Handover

Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to
another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old
equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for
equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Page75
Measurement of Inter-RAT Handover

CPICH_Ec/N0
CPICH_RSCP
BOTH
Reporting mode
PERIODICAL_REPORTING
EVENT_TRIGGER
Event type
2D, 2F
3A, 3C
Inter-RAT Handover Measurement Events

Event
2D
Description
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is lower than the preset
threshold, the RNC enables the compressed mode and starts inter-RAT
measurement.
2F
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is higher than the preset
threshold, the RNC disables the compressed mode and stops inter-RAT
measurement.
3A
When the signal quality of the currently used UMTS frequency is lower than the
preset threshold while the signal quality of any other system is higher than the
preset threshold, the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM handover based on coverage.
3C
When the signal quality of any other system is higher than the preset threshold,
the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM handover based on load or service.
Page76

Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed2d - H 2d / 2
Page77
Page78
Key Parameters of 2D Event

INTERRATCSTHD2DECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 ( -14 dB )
INTERRATPSTHD2DECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start Ec/No THD
Page79

INTERRATCSTHD2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -100 ( -100 dBm )
INTERRATPSTHD2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -110 (-110 dBm )
Page80

HYSTFOR2D
Parameter name: 2D hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 4 ( 2 dB )
TRIGTIME2D
The default value of this parameter is D320 (320 ms )

Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed2f + H 2f / 2
Page81
Page82
Key Parameters of 2F Event

INTERRATCSTHD2FECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop Ec/No THD
INTERRATPSTHD2FECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page83

INTERRATCSTHD2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop RSCP THD
INTERRATPSTHD2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page84

HYSTFOR2F
Parameter name: 2F hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
The default value of this parameter is D1280 (1280 ms )
The Trigger Algorithm of 3A Event

Event 3A is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed3a + H 3a / 2
M OtherRat + CIOOtherRat TOtherRat + H 3a / 2
Page85
Page86
Key Parameters of 3A Event

IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
IRHOUSEDFREQPSTHDECNO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Page87

IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
Page88

INTERRATCOVHOCSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 16 ( -95 dBm )
INTERRATCOVHOPSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
Page89

HYSTFOR3A
Parameter name: 3A hysteresis
TRIGTIME3A
Parameter name: 3A event trigger delay time
The default value of this parameter is D0 ( 0 ms )
Page90

CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
Parameter name: Cell individual offset

Event 3C is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
M OtherRat + CIOOtherRat TOtherRat + H 3c / 2
Page91
Page92
Key Parameters of 3C Event

INTERRATNCOVHOCSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
INTERRATNCOVHOPSTHD
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 21 (-90 dBm )
Page93

HYSTFOR3C
Parameter name: 3C hysteresis
TRIGTIME3C
The default value of this parameter is D640 ( 650 ms )
Page94

PENALTYTIMEFORINTERRATHO
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover failure penalty timer length
The default value of this parameter is 30 ( 30 s )
INTERRATHOATTEMPTS
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover max attempt times
The default value of this parameter is 16
Page95

INTERRATMEASTIME
Parameter name: Inter-RAT measure timer length [s]
The default value of this parameter is 60 ( 60 s )
Page96
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page97
Blind Handover Measurement

Blind handover means UE can directly handover to the
neighboring cell without measuring it.
Page98
10 LogM
T H
/2
Old
1f
1f
Where:
MOld is the measurement value of the cell signal that becomes
worse
T1f is the absolute threshold of event 1F.
H1f is the hysteresis value of event 1F.
Page99

Measurement
Quantity
Cell 1
1F Trigger
Delay Time
Absolute
Threshold T1f
Hysteresis
H1f /2
Time
Reporting
event 1F
Page100
Key Parameters of Event 1F

INTRAABLTHDFOR1FECNO
Parameter name: 1F event absolute EcNo threshold
The recommended value is -24 dB
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FRSCP
Parameter name: 1F event absolute RSCP threshold
The recommended value is -115 dBm
Page101
Key Parameters of Event 1F

HYSTFOR1F
Parameter name: 1F hysteresis
The recommended value is 8, namely 4 dB
TRIGTIME1F
The recommended value is D640, namely 640 ms
Page102
Blind Handover Decision

After receiving event 1F of best cell from UE, the RNC
would check if blind handover neighbor is configured for

the cell.
If multiple blind handover neighbors are configured, the
RNC would perform blind handover to the target cell
with the highest priority
Page103
Key Parameters of Blind Handover

BLINDHOFLAG
Parameter name: Blind handover flag
The default value is FALSE
BLINDHOPRIO
Parameter name: Blind handover Priority
The value is set according to actual situation.
Thank you
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WCDMA Handover Algorithm and Parameters-Libre

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WCDMA Handover Principle

and Relevant Parameters

The Purpose of Handover

basic element in QoS

The Basic Concepts of Handover

maximum ratio combination

The Categories of Handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell:

According to the purpose of handover:

The Characters of Different Handover

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:

Can be happened in Intra-

frequency cells or Inter-frequency

active set after handover

The Characters of Different Handover

Signal combined in NodeB by

maximum ratio combination

maximum ratio combination

Three Steps of Handover

Are handover criteria satisfied?

Perform a handover and update relative parameters

Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement Control, normal case

A is measurement value at the physical layer

value goes from the physical layer to high layer

Measurement Quantity Configuration

(k is set to Intra-freq meas L3 filter coeff)

Layer 3 filtering coefficient

Measurement Report Mode

Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Measurement of Soft Handover

Soft Handover Measurement Events

Event of the change of the best cell

The Trigger Algorithm of 1A Event

10 LogM New + CIONew W 10 Log

M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H1a / 2),

A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

Key parameters of 1A Event

Key parameters of 1A Event

The Trigger Algorithm of 1B Event

10 LogM Old + CIOOld W 10 Log

M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b + H 1b / 2),

A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

Key parameters of 1B Event

Key parameters of 1B Event

The Trigger Algorithm of 1C Event

10 LogM New + CIONew 10 LogM InAS + CIOInAS + H1c / 2,

A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

Key parameters of 1C Event

The Trigger Algorithm of 1D Event

10 LogM New 10 LogM InAS + H1c / 2,

A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

Key parameters of 1D Event

Other key parameters for SHO

Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

Key parameters of Intra-frequency Hard handover

Brief Introduction of Inter-Frequency Handover

Measurement of Inter-frequency Handover

Inter-frequency Handover Measurement Events

The estimated quality of a inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher than the

The Trigger Algorithm of 2D Event