Introduction To
Fluid Statics
Unit : 1
Content
Properties of Fluid
Pressure and its measurement
Hydrostatic force on surface
Buoyancy and Flotation
Properties of Fluid
Chapter :1
1
Topics To Be Covered
What is fluid Mechanics
What is fluid
Application of fluid mechanics
Properties of fluid
Viscosity
Applications
This subject involves various branches of engineering like
hydraulic engineering, aerodynamics, marine engineering, gas
dynamics ect.
It's practical applications are numerous. Some of which are
Fluid Manometers, buoyancy measurements for floating body
density calculations.
Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena
of everyday life, such as why atmospheric pressure changes with
altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of
water is always flat and horizontal whatever the shape of its
container.
Definition of fluid
Properties of Fluid
1)
2)
3)
4)
Viscosity
Definition : Viscosity is that property of fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to the movement over an adjoining layer.
Example: Water, oil, tar , honey
Unit: N s/m2
Cause of Viscosity
The causes of viscosity in a fluid are possibly attributed to two factors:
(i) intermolecular force of cohesion
(ii) molecular momentum exchange
Due to strong cohesive forces between the molecules, any layer in a moving fluid tries to drag the
adjacent layer to move with an equal speed and thus produces the effect of viscosity . Since cohesion
decreases with temperature, the liquid viscosity does likewise.
Every such migration of molecules causes forces of acceleration or deceleration to drag the layers so
as to oppose the differences in velocity between the layers and produce the effect of viscosity.
Viscosity
Consider a fluid is placed between two closely spaced plates as shown in figure.
Here plates are sufficiently so large that the edge conditions may be neglected.
The lower plate is fixed, whereas a force F is applied to the upper plate which
exerts a shear stress F/A on fluid between the plates.
A is area of upper plate. If the force F causes the upper plate to move then the
layer immediate in contact with upper plate has the same velocity as the upper
plate. There is no slip at the boundary. The fluid in the area PQRS flows to the new
position.
The velocity u will vary uniformly from zero at the stationary plate to U at the
upper plate.
Experiments shows that the other quantities being held constant F is directly
propositional to A, u and is inversely proportional to thickness t (y)
F = X A X du/dy
= du/dy
= du/dy
Kinematic Viscosity : It is define by the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the
mass density of fluid. It is denoted by greek symbol .
= / = Viscosity/Density
Types of Fluid
Real fluid A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the
fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.
Newtonian fluid : The real fluid in which there is a linear relation between
magnitude of applied shear stress and the resulting rate of deformation.
(example : gases, thin liquid)
Non Newtonian Fluid: The real fluid in which there is a non linear relation
between applied shear stress and velocity gradient.(when n >1 Dilatant(sugar
syrup), n<1 pseudoplastic(milk, cement). N = flow behavior index))
Ideal Plastic Fluid : An ideal fluid which has a definite yield stress and a
constant linear relation of shear stress and velocity gradient is called ideal
plastic fluid.
Ideal Fluid :- This is a fluid where shear stress does not exist,
whether the fluid is at rest or in motion.
It is represented by the horizontal axis, =0
2
Topics To Be Covered
-
Surface Tension
Vapor pressure
Vapor Pressure
Surface Tension
The phenomenon of surface tension arises due to the two kinds of intermolecular
forces
(i) Cohesion : The force of attraction between the molecules of a liquid by virtue of
which they are bound to each other to remain as one assemblage of particles is
known as the force of cohesion.
This property enables the liquid to resist tensile stress.
(ii) Adhesion : The force of attraction between unlike molecules, i.e. between the
molecules of different liquids or between the molecules of a liquid and those of a
solid body when they are in contact with each other, is known as the force of
adhesion.
This force enables two different liquids to adhere to each other or a liquid to
adhere to a solid body or surface.
Surface tension is due to cohesion between liquid particles at the surface where
as capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Surface Tension
A & B experience equal force of cohesion in all directions, C experiences a net force
interior of the liquid The net force is maximum for D since it is at surface.
Due to downward force a surface is produced by the liquid particles called as free surface.
Due to molecular on free surface of liquid experience a down ward force ,to keep the equilibrium,
an equal force must be applied to oppose the inward tension in the surface.
Thus SURFACE TENSION [ ] is the force per unit length that must be applied parallel to the
surface so as to counterbalance the net inward pull and has the units of dyne/cm (CGS)or MKS
(N/m)
Definition : The surface tension is define as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in
contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquid such that the contact surface
behaves like a membrane under tension.
It decreases slightly with increasing temperature. The surface tension of water in contact with air at
20C is about 0.073 N/m.
For example warm the water before cleaning.
Cavitations
Cavitations is the formation of vapor cavities in a liquid i.e. small liquidfree zones ("bubbles" or "voids") that are the consequence of forces
acting upon the liquid.
It the pressure at any point of the flowing liquid falls below or equal to the
vapor pressure, there will be local boiling and a cloud of vapor bubbles
will foam. The cloud of vapor bubbles are carried by flowing liquid to high
pressure region where the collapse and give rise to high impact pressure.
The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general level of liquid
is known as capillarity.
The interplay of the forces of cohesion and adhesion explains the phenomenon of capillarity.
When a liquid is in contact with a solid, if the forces of adhesion between the molecules of
the liquid and the solid are greater than the forces of cohesion among the liquid molecules
themselves, the liquid molecules crowd towards the solid surface. The area of contact
between the liquid and solid increases and the liquid thus wets the solid surface.
The reverse phenomenon takes place when the force of cohesion is greater than the force of
adhesion. These adhesion and cohesion properties result in the phenomenon of capillarity by
which a liquid either rises or falls in a tube dipped into the liquid depending upon whether
the force of adhesion is more than that of cohesion or not.
The angle as shown in is the area wetting contact angle made by the interface
with the solid surface.
For pure water in contact with air in a clean glass tube, the capillary rise takes
place with = 0 . Mercury causes capillary depression with an angle of contact of
about 1300 in a clean glass in contact with air. Since h varies inversely with D an
appreciable capillary rise or depression is observed in tubes of small diameter only.
The capillary rise can be determined by considering the condition of equilibrium in
a circular tube of small diameter immersed partially in a liquid. Let h is the height
by which liquid has risen (or fallen) above or below the general liquid surface.
Let be the angle of contact between the liquid and the glasstube. It is also called
wetting angle.
For the equilibrium of vertical forces the weight of column of liquid of height h in
the tube is balanced by vertical component of surface tensile force.
3
Topics To Be Covered
Pressure at a point
The normal force exerted by a fluid on a unit area is called pressure or
pressure intensity or hydrostatic pressure.
If F represents the total force uniformly distributed over an area A, the
pressure at a point will be p = F/A.
Consider a small area dA in large mass of fluid. If the fluid is stationary,
then the force exerted by surrounding fluid on the area dA will always be
perpendicular to the surface dA. Let dF is the force action on the area dA
in the normal direction. Then the ration of dF/dA is known as the intensity
of pressure or simply pressure and this ratio is represented by p.
Mathematically the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is p = dF/dA
It is convenient to express fluid pressure in terms of pressure head
(vertical height of the free surface of liquid above any point).
P = gh
Pascals law
The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest has same magnitude
in all directions. It can also be stated that, when a certain pressure is
applied at any point in static fluid the pressure is equally transmitted in all
the directions.
Consider an arbitrary fluid element of wedge shape in a fluid mass at rest
as shown in Fig . Let the width of element is unity and px, py and pz are
the pressure or intensity of pressure or intensity of pressure action on the
face AB, AC & BC respectively. Let angle ABC = , The force action on
Pxy
Pss
X direction
Pxy.1-Pss.1sin = 0(1)
Y direction
Pyx.1-Pss.1cos xy/2= 0 . (2)
Since, y = s sin, x = s cos, and
xy/2 neglecting, we get
Px = Py = Pz (3)
xy/2
Pyx
Ref Plane A
Unit
Definition or
Relationship
1 pascal (Pa)
1 kg m-1 s-2
1 bar
1 x 105 Pa
1 atmosphere (atm)
101,325 Pa
1 torr
1 / 760 atm
760 mm Hg
1 atm
1 atm