TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

The manner in which a dynamic system responds to an input expressed as a function of time is
called the time response. The theoretical evaluation of this response is said to be undertaken in
time domain and is referred to as time domain analysis.
The time response of a system requires knowledge of the following
The nature of the input expressed as a function of time
The mathematical model of the system
The time response of any system has two components:
a) Transient response: For a stable system, this component decays to zero as time
increases. It is a function of only system dynamics and is independent of input quantity.
b) Steady-state response: its the system response after the transient component has decayed
and is function of both the system dynamics and the input quantity.

The total response of the system, is the sum of transient and steady-state components
Transient error and steady-state error is the difference between the input and output
during the transient and steady state periods respectively
Laplace Transform
This is a technique employed to solve differential equations to compute the time
response of dynamic systems.
This technique transforms the problem from time domain to the laplace,s domain .When
a suitable solution is arrived at,it is inverse transformed back to the time domain.
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is defined as,,

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This is called the Unilateral Laplace transform as opposed to the two sided bilateral
Laplace transform.
Where s is a complex variable called the Laplace Operator
s j
Laplace transform process

Laplace transforms properties

a) Linearity property

Then

b) Time shifting property

Then

c) Shifting in S domain

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then

d) Time Scaling property

Then

e) Time Reversal
If

Then

f) Differentiation in time
Then

g) Differentiation in S domain
if

Then

h) Integration in time domain

If

Then
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Laplace transform of common Functions

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Inverse Laplace Transform

The Inversion of the Laplace transform to find the signal x ( t ) from its Laplace transform X(s) is
called the inverse Laplace transform, symbolically denoted as

a) Inversion Formula

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b) Use of tables of Laplace transform pair

In the second method for the inversion of X(s), we attempt to express X(s) as a sum

X(s) = X,(s) +

. . . +Xn(s)
where X,(s), . . . , Xn(s) are functions with known inverse transforms xl(t), . . . , xn(t).
From the linearity property , it follows that,

c) Partial fraction expansion

If X(s) is a rational function, that is, of the form.

a simple technique based on partial-fraction expansion can be used for the inversion of x(s).
1) Simple Pole Case:
If all poles of X(s), that is, all zeros of D(s), are simple (or distinct), then X(s) can be written
as

where coefficients ck are given by

2) Multiple Pole Case
If D(s) has multiple roots, that is, if it contains factors of the form (s -pi)r, we say that piis the
multiple pole of X(s) with multiplicity r. Then the expansion of X(s) will consist of terms of the
form

Exercise: Find the Laplace Transform

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