TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Mrs. S.Leena/AP/ECE
UNIT I
1. Define discrete time signal.
A discrete time signal x (n) is a functio
function
n of an independent variable that is an integer. a
discrete time signal is not defined at instant between two successive samples.
2. Define discrete time system
system.
A discrete or an algorithm that performs some prescribed operation on a discrete time
signal is called discrete time system.
3. What are the elementary discrete time signals?
16.Define Z-transform
Z- transform can be defined as
17.Define
.Define Region of convergence
The region of convergence (ROC) of X(Z) the set of all values of Z for which X(Z) attain
final value.
18.State
.State properties of ROC.
The ROC does not contain any poles.
When x(n) is of finite duration then ROC is entire Z
Z-plane
plane except Z=0 or Z=.
Z=
If X(Z) is causal,then ROC includes Z=
Z=.
If X(Z) is anticasual,then ROC includes Z=0.
19.State
.State the methods for evaluating inverse Z
Z-transform.
Direct valuation by contourr integration.
Expansion into series of terms in the variable Z and Z
Z-1.
Partial fraction expansion and look up table.
20. Define sampling theorem
The theorem shows that a bandlimited analog signal can be perfectly reconstructed
from an infinite sequence of samples if the sampl
sampling rate exceeds 2B samples per second,
where B is the highest frequency of the original signal. If a signal contains a component
at exactly B hertz, then samples spaced at exactly 1/(2
1/(2B) seconds do not completely
determine the signal,
UNIT II
1 .Define DFT and IDFT (or) What are the analysis and synthesis equations of
DFT?
DFT(Analysis Equation)
IDFT(Synthesis Equation)
Circular convolution
If x(n) is a sequence of L number of samples and h(n) with M samples, after convolution
y(n) will have N=max(L,M) samples.
It cannot be used to find the response of a filter.
Zero padding is necessary to find the response of a filter.
21.What are the differences and similarities between DIF and DIT algorithms?
Differences:
1)The input is bit reversed while the output is in natural order for DIT, whereas for DIF
the output is bit reversed while the input is in natural order.
2)The DIF butterfly is slightly different from the DIT butterfly, the difference being that
the complex multiplication takes place after the add-subtract operation in DIF.
Similarities:
Both algorithms require same number of operations to compute the DFT.Both algorithms
can be done in place and both need to perform bit reversal at some place during the
computation.
UNIT III
1. What are the different types of filters based on impulse response?
Based on impulse response the filters are of two types
1. IIR filter
2. FIR filter
The IIR filters are of recursive type, whereby the present output sample depends on the
present input, past input samples and output samples.
The FIR filters are of non recursive type, whereby the present output sample depends on
the present input sample and previous input samples.
2. What are the different types of filters based on frequency response?
Based on frequency response the filters can be classified as
1. Lowpass filter
2. Highpass filter
3. Bandpass filter
4. Bandreject filter
3. State the structure of IIR filter?
IIR filters are of recursive type whereby the present o/p sample depends on present i/p,
past i/p samples and o/p samples. The design of IIR filter is realizable and stable.
The impulse response h(n) for a realizable filter is
h(n)=0 for n0
4. State the advantage of direct form structure over direct form structure.
In direct form structure, the number of memory locations required is less than that of
direct form structure.
5. How one can
an design digital filters from analog filters?
Map the desired digital filter specifications into those for an equivalent analog filter.
Derive the analog transfer function for the analog prototype.
Transform the transfer function of the analog proto
prototype
type into an equivalent digital filter
transfer function.
6. Mention the procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter.
The two important procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter are
Impulse invariance method.
thod.
Bilinear transformation method.
7. Draw the direct form II structure of IIR
UNIT IV
1. What are the design techniques of designing FIR filters?
There are three well known methods for designing FIR filters with linear phase .They are
(1.)Window method (2.)Frequency sampling method (3.)Optimal or minimax design.
2.What is Gibbs phenomenon?
One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates H(ejw) would be to truncate
the infinite Fourier series at n=(N-1/2).Direct truncation of the series will lead to fixed
percentage overshoots and undershoots before and after an approximated discontinuity in
the frequency response.
3. What are the characteristics of window
4. List the steps involved in the design of FIR filters using windows.
1. In this method, from the desired frequency response specification Hd(w),
corresponding unit sample response hd(n) is determined using the following relation
2.Multiply the infinite impulse response with a chosen window sequence w(n) of length
N to obtain filter coefficients h(n),i.e.,
3.Find the transfer function of the realizable filter
11.. Draw the direct form realization of a linear Phase FIR system for N even.
12.Draw the direct form realization of a linear Phase FIR system for N odd
16. State the equations used to convert the FIR filter coefficients to the lattice filter
Coefficient.
2. Rounding
9.What is truncation?
Truncation is a process of discarding all bits less significant than LSB that is retained
10. What is Rounding?
Rounding a number to b bits is accomplished by choosing a rounded result as the b bit
number closest number being unrounded.
11. What are the two types of limit cycle behavior of DSP?.
1. Zero limit cycle behavior
2. Over flow limit cycle behavior
12.What
at are the methods to prevent overflow?
1. Saturation arithmetic and
2. Scaling
13.State
.State some applications of DSP?
Speech processing ,Image processing, Radar signal processing
processing.
14.Draw
.Draw the Block diagram of adaptive filter
The effect of removing the silences and increasing the speed is to make it sound much
more insistent, possibly to the point of unpleasantness.
18. Applications of adaptive filters
Noise cancellation
Signal prediction
Adaptive feedback cancellation
Echo cancellation
Amount. This controls the extent to which contrast in the edge detected area is
enhanced.
Radius or aperture. This affects the size of the edges to be detected or enhanced,
and the size of the area surrounding the edge that will be altered by the
enhancement. A smaller radius will result in enhancement being applied only to
sharper, finer edges, and the enhancement being confined to a smaller area around
the edge.