ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ ΛΙΑΠΗΣ
Copyright 2009
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Aφιερωμενο με αγαπη
посвященный
στους γονείς μου любви мои родители
στους ΕΛ_ληνες Греки
στη Νatalia, Οlga, Οnder В Наталья,Οльга,и Ондер
στους Συνεργατες μου к моим коллегам
και στην Ελενα Κουσνιρενκο που με ξεναγησε στο υπέροχο
Boldin Hill και στην Eternal Flame
H KYSNIRENKO ELENA
Καθως και σε ολους τους πολιτες του Chernigiv
Με Τιμή / По цене
ΛΙΑΠΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ
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ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ 210.8065618 6937097443
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Secrets of the Chernigiv Caves
The most mystic and visited place in Chernigiv are the legendary St Anthony’s
Caves at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery (92 Tolstoy St.), one of the oldest
remnants from the times of the Kyivan Rus. In 1069 the founder of the Kyiv-
Pechersk Lavra, St Anthony of the Kyiv Caves, visited Chernigiv. Later a
monastery was built there, and the famous St Elias’ Church appeared in the 12th
century.For many centuries the monks dug catacombs until an underground
complex appeared. These catacombs have been the site of many phenomena for
which there is no scientific explanation. In the 1960s, members of archaeological
expeditions claimed to hear strange sounds and to smell the aroma of burning
incense, and they often reported feeling that someone was breathing down the
backs of their necks. In 1970, the famous Black Monk, an apparition in a long
black robe, made his first appearance …Most visitors to the caves experience
increased vitality, a feeling of euphoria and the correction of abnormal heart
rhythms, so from time immemorial, people from all over Ukraine have travelled
there to be cured of various ailments.Besides the caves, the Holy Trinity-St Elias
Monastery boasts the Holy Trinity Cathedral (1679), where the relics of St
Feodosy and St Lavrenty are kept, the Church of the Presentation with a
refectory (1677) and a 58-metre bell tower that offers a fascinating view of the
city. No wonder these picturesque places have inspired many Ukrainian writers!
From 1898 to 1913, the great writer Mikhailo Kotsyubinsky lived and worked in
Chernigiv. A museum now occupies his house on the street named after him. The
author of Shades of Forgotten Ancestors is buried near St Anthony’s Caves.
Another prominent Ukrainian writer, Leonid Glibov, is buried at the Holy Trinity-St
Elias Monastery.
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museum has fragments of V. Tarnovsky Jr’s collection, dedicated to Taras
Shevchenko, who was a frequent guest of the family.
The Monastery of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour is the point of greatest
interest in Novgorod-Siversky, capital of the Siversky principality in the mid 11 th
century. According to one account, it was founded in 1033 by Prince Mstislav
Vladymyrovych to thank God for victory over Kyiv’s Prince Yaroslav; according to
another version, it was founded by Yaroslav the Wise in 1036. The Cathedral of
the Transfiguration of Our Saviour (1785-1787) has a museum exposition called
A Word Concerning Igor’s Regiment (Pushkin St., tel.: 04658-21-521).The
partially preserved, 10th-century Yuriev’s House of Prayer is the second most
important monument of the Kyivan Rus period, after St Sophia’s Cathedral, and
draws visitors to the city of Oster in the Kozelets district.
The first historical reference to the town of Nizhyn appeared in 1147. It was once
the site of trade fairs, a Cossack community and a former Greek colony in
Ukraine. It is also home to the famous Nizhyn Teachers Training University,
founded in 1820, where the great writer Mykola Gogol studied.
In the village of Sosnytsa in the Mensky district, visitors can see the log
cabin where the great Ukrainian screenwriter and film producer Alexander
Dovzhenko was born, as well as an exhibit about him in the Literature and
Memorial Museum (2 Dovzhenko St.; tel.: 04655-21-590).
The best way is by car along the Kyiv-Chernigiv road or by public transport van
from the Lisova metro station. The two-hour trip costs UAH10.Ukraine
International Airlines offers convenient, daily flights to Kyiv from almost each
capital of Western Europe.For more information on flights schedules and
ticket reservations, please contact the UIA office in Kyiv at (+380 44) 581-
5050, or visit the UIA website: www.flyUIA.com
Chernihiv caves
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storey building (and this is under the ground!). An apartment has a form of
octahedron, walls are decorated with semi-circular and square niches, there
is a multi-profiled cornice above them and a dome completes church building.
Today the underground complex of caves, 350 meters of total length,
consists of two layers. Lower – it the underground cemetery in a way.
Is this the only purpose these caves created? Or existed from the
past? The burial places are found everywhere here: in walls, in the floor of
gallery, in monastic cells But the most mysterious phenomenon of Anthony
caves is ghosts. They as if go out from the walls of caves and in a few
minutes… dissolve midair or appear in total darkness. Mostly ghosts rise
up near the monastic cell of Anthony Pecherskyi. Possibly, the founder of
caves comes to examine underground buildings created by him. Many
articles can be written about Anthony caves, but it’s better to see them. Visit
Boldyn Hills and mysterious caves. “Anthony caves” museum works daily,
without a break and days off, from 10.00 am till 6.00 pm.
Some legents says that St. Antony found a complex of caves and extended it.
Why?
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In 1898 he was tonsured into monasticism by Bishop Anthony, who took him
with him on his transfer to Volhynia. There Fr. Pachomius did missionary
work while residing in the Derman Monastery near the Pochayev Lavra. In
1899 he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1900 graduated from the
Kazan Academy with the degree of candidate of theology. In 1905 he was
raised to the rank of archimandrite. In 1906 he became superior of the
Derman monastery. On August 30, 1911 he was consecrated Bishop of
Novgorod-Seversky. In 1916 he became Bishop of Starodub, a vicariate of
the Chernigov diocese. In 1917 he became Bishop of Chernigov.
In 1917-18 Vladyka Pachomius took part in the Local Council of the Russian
Orthodox Church, and on October 30, 1917 delivered a report concerning the
procedure of electing the patriarch.
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When the White Army retreated and the Red Army took full control of Russia,
the country was in total collapse, with transportation paralyzed. But this did
not stop Bishop Pachomius, who with his bishop's staff visited all the
churches of his diocese on foot! Since the left bank of the Dnieper River,
according to the new administrative division, belonged to the Chernigov
diocese, he also had to visit the outskirts of Kiev, and so he visited the Kiev
Caves Lavra also. Bishop Pachomius was also the abbot of a local
monastery, where he resided.
At that time there lived in Chernigov the fool-for-Christ Michael the Blessed.
In the world he had been a highly respected civil engineer. Once he was
commissioned to build a large bridge. The bridge was constructed according
to his specifications. One day the bridge collapsed killing several people. So
profoundly was the engineer struck by the news of this tragedy that he took
off his expensive business suit and, putting on a long shirt, left his home
never to return. He became a fool-for-Christ's sake. He ate very little, had
almost no place to sleep, knelt whole nights in prayer, and spoke very little,
saying only: "Repent." The blessed Michael achieved great sanctity and
frequently visited Bishop Pachomius. When he died in 1922, the whole city
lamented his righteous death and took part in the burial, which was
performed by Bishop Pachomius with tears in his eyes.
The same year the communist authorities made many attempts to arrest him.
One day they stormed into the cathedral while the Divine Liturgy was being
celebrated in order to arrest him on the spot. The crowd of believers,
however, thronged straight to the altar and prevented the arrest of their
beloved archpastor for a time. But the GPU was not easily dissuaded from its
plan. The bishop had the habit of remaining for a long time in the altar after
the service, and once, when only he and his cell-attendant remained, the
GPU agents burst into the sanctuary and captured their holy victim. This was
the first of many arrests of Bishop Pachomius. He was arrested and released
time and again. This continuous nightmare finally began to undermine the
bishop's peace of soul.
Where is this place? Are they truly caves dug out or natural formations? I
imagine caves being rather small, how did they build a church in them and
have so many monks in them? I have seen underground caverns here in
Texas, is this how they were as well?
I have read of elders digging themselves a cave in the mountain side. That
is an impressive feat for even the steepest grade hills, let alone a gentle
sloping hillside. How deep were their caves? How tall? Were they like
mining tunnels?
the Lavra's own website. It has plenty of photos, but photos of the caves
themselves were kinda scarce (I didn't find any, but I might have missed
something). There are a few notes about the caves themselves in the
NationMaster articles on the monastery and on the near caves.
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We promised to meet again, and Ludmila took me to St. Job’s cell beneath
Holy Dormition Cathedral. Saint Job prayed and struggled as a recluse for
years in this tiny natural cave. A chapel has been built around the cave, and
his relics repose outside of the cell. Ludmila took me to the cave, which had
a long line of people waiting to enter it, but she exclaimed, “This is an
American Orthodox pilgrim! Let him go first!” All the other pilgrims nodded,
and assented. A child called out, “What is your name?” in English. I looked at
the opening to the cave, which is about the size of two toasters, and I
immediately told Ludmila, “I won’t fit in there! I won’t go!”
“Pray to the Bogoroditsa and anything is possible,” called out a woman from
among the lined-up pilgrims.
“Yes, but I am not small,” I protested.
“I will go first,” said Luda, who slid through the cave entrance with no
problem.
“Easy for you to say,” I thought. Although I had lost some weight, I was still
kind of thick around the middle. I was also 6’9” in height. She came back out
and told me how wonderful it was to be able to venerate the icon of St. Job
and stand there just like he had... go, we’ll help you...
I had visions of going down in Church history as the pilgrim who got stuck
and required a fire crew to remove him, but Ludmila was still pushing me on
— “the icon of your patron saint is around the corner, doubting Thomas. He
didn’t think it was truly the Lord until he could touch His side. Now, you don’t
have to doubt.”
I began to shimmy forward through the cave entrance, head first. I got my
head all the way in to find a priest who took my hand and began pulling me
in. “Pray to the Bogoroditsa!” he said cheerfully.
“Presviataia Bogoroditsa, spasi nas!” I exclaimed and made it another few
centimeters.
“Why don’t you say it in English?” asked Olga, a 10-year-old girl who was
also in the cave. I hadn’t known she was in there. Oh, dear, I thought. I’m
going to get myself stuck, and these two are going to starve to death as a
result!
“Most Holy Theotokos, save us!”
With a little more dragging, I did eventually get into the awkward cave, and I
said to the priest, “St. Job wasn’t a tall man, was he?” I found the icon, and
said a prayer to St. Job that I’m sure he’d heard many times before, “St. Job,
intercede before God for me, and get me out of this cave in one piece!”
Well, I figured, if I don’t get out of the cave, I can stay here and fast for 40
days. School won’t start for a while...
With the priest and Olga pushing on me, and Ludmila and another woman I’d
never met pulling on me, I did pop out of the cave, feeling reborn in a
spiritual and literal sense, having re-enacted my own birth as an adult. A
doubter no more!
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Since this time my daughter met and married this wonderfully creative young
man and I am proud to have him as part of my family.
The relics are actually full bodies in coffin sized boxes along the sides of the
passage ways leading down to the chapel. Each relic/saint has his name
written on the coffin sized reliquary. Each coffin/reliquary is covered with
glass on top so that veneration is possible.
I can tell you one thing- there is nothing on earth like being at Liturgy with the
full body of a saint literally beside yours.
The mysteries of monastery caves.
The first artificial caves appeared in Chernigiv (Chernigov) in the 11-th
century. They were founded by famous Old Rus religious man Anthony who
had been founder of the Kiev-Pechersky monastery (Lavra).
His monastery in Chernigiv consisted of churches, cells and burial places. All
of them were situated in the slopes of the Boldin Hills. St. Illya's church was
built near the entry to the cave monastery in the 12-th century.
Nowadays it is the united underground complex the length of which is about
350 meters. There are three churches and a few other premises and
corridors. Most of them were formed in the 18-th and the 19-th centuries but
there are some sections of the caves where ancient architecture is
preserved. First of all it is a large burial temple which appeared before
Mongolian period. It was discovered in 1987, cleared away and investigated
by Chernigiv archaeologists. This room is more than 300 cubic meters. Here
were found some rich archaeological materials and traces of the ancient
burial rite.
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There are many legends about Chernigiv caves. They say that long
underground passages connected Chernigiv with Kyiv (Kiev) and Lubich
(Lubech), that Anthony caves were connected with the Eletsky monastery
and the Val.
Caves were being built in Chernigiv for centuries. Many of them were ruined
and forgot. But some of them are true. Even today exists tunel which connect
the Eletsky monastery and the Val. I know the next question is where is the
entrance? You will find the entrance if you follow the passage of the water.
But winters these underground tunels are full of water so there is no posibility
to walk inside it. Remember also that if you dive, even if you have very strong
lights, the quality of the grownd is such that you cant see after 60cm what
happens. Its a real deadly trap.
Sometimes people see pasages for the mystic underground world and
caving-in take place in Chernigiv.
One of such episodes happened between the Eletsky monastery and the
Trinity monastery in 1853. Three men ventured to penetrate into the pit and
saw the cave. But it was pity they did not measure the underground
premises. The pictures were not made also. The entrance to the cave was
covered up with earth.
Filling-in appeared in some places on the territory of the Val at the beginning
of the 20-th century. After they had been investigated it became clear that all
of them were made later than Anthony caves.
So called the “New caves” which were digged out by monk Alypy in
1918 are situated in the slope of the Boldin Hills not far from the Trinity
monastery. The underground premises were decorated by Ukrainian folk
ornaments. After the erection of that complex had been finished it was
sanctified by bishop Pahomy. Some time later the New caves were deserted
and partially ruined. Most of the ornaments disappeared. Nobody knows how
many caves there are on the territory of the Chernigiv region. But we are
firmly convinced of the fact that there are many of them. The most famous
caves are known in Lubich, if we set aside Chernigiv caves. It is explained
by the information that father of Russian monkhood saint Anthony was born
in this Old Rus town and spent there his youth. No less known are caves of
Spaso-Preobrazensky monastery in Novgorod-Siversky (Novgorod-
Seversky).The cave small and secluded convent of Ryhlovsry Svyato-
Nicholaevsky monastery in Korop vicinity was widely known at the end of the
19-th century. Now it is neglected.
Many legends about the local caves exist in Sedniv (Sednev). One deserted
cave was found accidentally near this settlement. An underground corridor
the length of which is about 100 meters is under former landlord
Galagan's estate in Sribna (Srebnaya) vicinity. The similar cave under
landowner's house in the village Petrushin of Chernigiv vicinity was
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mentioned in documents in 1623. 20 years ago a half-ruined cave was
found in Sosnitsa.
The vast underground premises strengthened with mason are known under
village Osich of Bahmach vicinity. They say there is a sarcophagus in one
of the underground premises of that complex.
A very interesting legend is connately with the caves in the village Irzavets
of Ichnya vicinity. They are situated under the ruined old cossack church.
The local people are sure that the famous Zaporozhkaya Virgin icon is
hidden there. The icon was delivered to that village by cossack after the
Sich (Sech) had been liquidated.
The tradition of the cave building in Chernigiv land exists for eight centuries.
Rremember that caves are monuments of history and culture that's why they
required our protection.
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Antoniy Pechersky (Anthony of the Caves) was a monk credited with
founding a monastery which was later called Pechersk Lavra (Laura of the
Caves). He hailed from Lyubech in the Land of Chernihivshchyna but was
not among those who went on pilgrimage to distant lands. One of the
early chronicles (Hustynsky Chronicle) says that “in the year of Our
Lord 1013 a much revered monk named Antoniy came to Kyiv and
settled down to live in a cave called Varangian.” The name of the
cave suggests some association with the Varangians, or Vikings.
Vikings (also called Norsemen or Northmen), were Scandinavian
seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from
the ninth to eleventh century. Their disruptive influence profoundly
affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and
Swedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their raids by a
combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at home to the relative
helplessness of victims abroad.
The exact ethnic composition of the Viking armies is unknown in
particular cases, but the Vikings’ expansion in the Baltic lands and in
Russia can reasonably be attributed to the Swedes. The eastern
Viking expansion was probably a less violent process than that on the
Atlantic coasts. The greatest eastern movement of the Scandinavians was
that which carried them into the heart of Kyivan Rus. The extent of this
penetration is difficult to assess; for, although the Scandinavians were at
one time present at Novgorod, Kyiv, and other centres in considerable
numbers, they were rapidly absorbed by the Slavonic population. The
Vikings in Kyivan Rus were mostly traders, and two of their
commercial treaties with the Greeks are preserved in the Primary
Chronicle under the years 912 and 945; the Rus signatories have
indubitably Scandinavian names. Occasionally, however, the Rus
attempted voyages of plunder like their kinsmen in the West.
In the nineteenth century, the controversial aspect of the Varangian-
Viking presence in Kyivan Rus was much debated and some historians
were of the opinion that the Vikings in Rus were responsible for
establishing the Kyivan statehood. Such views became known as The
Norseman Theory. The controversy continues with no consensus having
been reached, though, a majority of local historians now hold the view of
an independent emergence of the early Kyivan state. There are not too
many facts to base the Norsemen Theory on but enough is known from
the written sources and archaeological finds to keep the flame of the
Varangian controversy burning. It is known, for example, that the Viking
chieftain Oleg invaded the lands of Kyiv and captured Kyiv in the middle
of the nineteenth century, killing two local rulers, Ascold and Dir
(incidentally, the tomb, though of much later date, still stands). One of the
early chronicles says that because of the strife among the Slavs, it was
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decided to invite a ruler from Scandinavia, named Rurik, and it is from him
that the lineage of the Kyivan Grand Dukes starts. Igor (also called Ingvar),
presumably the son of Rurik, prince of Novgorod, who is considered the founder
of the dynasty that ruled Kyivan Rus and, later, Muscovy until 1598, was
successor to the great warrior Oleg. He assumed the throne of Kyiv in 912; at
least half of his army was known to have been made up of the Varangians.
Thus, the Norsemen presence in the early Ukrainian history cannot be
dismissed but the current historians’ opinion is overwhelming in favour of the
independent origins of the state of Kyivan Rus.
When the Vikings began their movement from Scandinavia in the
southern direction, they were still pagans but they found themselves among
the Christians in Kyivan Rus, many of them converted to Christianity, taking
new, Christian names. Among such newly converted Vikings were Ivan and Fedir,
who died the martyrs’ death at the hands of the pagans — they were burned to
death in their house for their refusal to offer a sacrifice to the pagan gods.
They were later canonized thus joining the ranks of the earliest Kyivan Rus
saints; apparently they followed the injunction of the Gospel, “Lay not up for
yourselves upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves
break through and steal; but lay for yourselves treasures in heaven… for where
your treasure is, there will be your heart also.” Their heart was apparently in
heaven but the heart of many of their fellow Vikings was definitely with their
treasures on earth. To prevent the treasures from being stolen when they
were away from home, some of the Vikings in the service of Kyivan rulers
must have hidden their hoards in caves. Such caves at a place which in the
eleventh century developed into the Pechersk Lavra Monastery were used
as cells by monks. So the first use of these caves was TREASURY. Very
interesting. We speak for very old caves made by nature powers. Vikings hadnt
time to dig cave to hide their treasure. And maybe many monks killed for these
treasures. Thats why even today many people see the gost of the monk to these
caves
From what some of the chronicles say we can gather that some of the hoards
hidden in the caves were discovered. Thus, under the year 1098, we find a
story about two monks, Fedir and Vasyl, who discovered a cache of gold
and silver. The monks reburied the treasure at a new place but the word
about a discovered and re-hidden treasure got around and reached the ears
of the son (Mstyslav Svyatopolkovych) of the then Kyivan ruler. The monks
were brought to Mstyslav who demanded that they disclose the place where the
treasure was hidden. The monks said that the hoard was made up of church
vessels and other items used in the religious service and as such belonged
to the church rather than to a secular power. The monks were tortured —
but they stubbornly refused to reveal where the treasure was hidden. Both
monks died under the torture taking their secret into the grave. Incidentally,
Mstyslav died soon afterwards.
If this story is true — and there is no apparent reason to doubt its veracity —
then the treasure found by the ill-starred monks could have been one of those
hoards that the Christians put away at the time of persecutions against Christians
launched by the Kyivan Grand Duke Svyatoslav, the son of Igor.
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There is evidence that the treasure hunting in the Lavra Monastery caves
continued in later centuries. It reached such proportions that in the
nineteenth century the Lavra monks had to brick up some of the passages
to prevent unauthorized penetration into the caves.
Local lore produced a wealth of legends connected with the caves — the
underground passages stretched as far as the Troyitsko-Illynsky monastery
in Chernihiv, a hundred miles away; they were connected to the caves in the
vicinity of the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kyiv, or to some other monasteries
in the vicinity of Kyiv; the treasures hidden there are worth millions, to name but
a couple of popular stories about the caves.
In recent years, the caves of the Lavra Monastery have been examined by
certified archaeologists and historians (there are two systems of caves
connected by underground passages to be found in the territory of the
Lavra Monastery in Kyiv — The Near Caves, and The Distant Caves). The
research produced a number of discoveries. It has become evident that originally
the caves known as The Varangian Caves were not connected with The Distant
Caves and differed considerably from the caves that were used by monks as cells.
Among the discoveries were nine corridors dating from the eleventh century at the
latest, two caves used as cells in the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, and
a number of burials in the walls. In ancient times, The Varangian
Caves could indeed be entered from the side of the hill that faced the
Dnipro River. A depiction of the Cross on Golgotha which is carved into
the wall and which was discovered in one of the cells is unique in its
iconography; it dates from approximately early eleventh century. It is not
improbable that this cell could have been the one where St Antoniy
Pechersky himself lived and that the carving on the wall could have been
done by his hand.
In spite of the recent discoveries we still know very little of the early
years of the Lavra Monastery when its monks lived in the caves. We know
but little about the origin of the caves; we do not know how many caves
were there originally; we do not know whether the “Varangian caves”
still contain hoards of silver and gold. Research goes on.
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(restored) and St. Elias Church.
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in 907 year. Since 1024 - Center of the Chernigov principality. At the
beginning of the tenth century, according to their size, status, political and
economic importance in the ancient Russian state is second only to Chernihiv
Kiev. In the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich in the city started to create a
complex of stone structures of the princely court - Detinets (now Val) in place
of old Slavic settlement of the second half of the first millennium. In
Chernigov successfully developed construction, a variety of crafts and
commerce. Chernigov goldsmiths and armorers were masters qualifications.
They have been known techniques such as cloisonne, filigree, black ... Up to
the present day in the city remained dim and masterpieces of architecture
Siverskaya XII century: the Cathedral of the Transfiguration and
Borisoglebskij cathedrals, Assumption Cathedral Eletski monastery,
Pyatnitskaya (restored) and Elias Church.
In 1239 Chernihiv was destroyed by the Tatar-Mongols. In the XIV century.
captured by the Lithuanian principality. From 1618 to Deulino agreement -
under Polish rule. However, even experiencing multiple fracture from external
enemies, the city of all time, rising from the ashes and ruin, reborn and
renewed in all its beauty and grandeur of its gold-domed churches. In 1623
Chernihiv granted the Magdeburg Law, and subsequently, in 1635 - the
status of the main city of Chernigov Province. During the liberation war of
Ukrainian people in the years 1648-1654 under the leadership of Bogdan
Khmelnitsky Chernigov was the center of the same name of the regiment. In
1802 the city - the center of Chernigov province, stretching right up to Kiev.
Unique monuments Киевскої Russia remained in Chernigov, with obvious
features of old Russian architecture. In Kiev temples of this period they
mostly lost in baroque reconstructions. In Chernihiv clearly seen and
Zakomorny (arched) ceiling, and the primary form of drums and apses. Some
places layers of plaster removed and these soundings give an idea of the
nature of ancient masonry, as plinfy and recessed series, etc.
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Val Detinets. Guns XVI-XVIII centuries, from the bastions of the fortress of
Chernigov.
In the middle of the XVI century to protrude into the Desna Cape
Detinets castle was built and constructed a tunnel to the stream. Over
time, became the main street of Pogorelov (northern) gate to the castle.
Constructed along its administrative home, barracks, artillery yard.
Most cast-iron cannon Vala, is believed to have cast it in Chernigovski
artillery yard
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Gear princely castle
over the gums cover
the most valuable
lands of the historic
downtown.
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"Borisoglebsky" cathedral This one is just slightly younger than the one
above. Built during1120-1123.
Boris and Gleb Cathedral. Chased the royal doors of the iconostasis.
In this temple, as part of the reserve - an amazing display: samples of
the ancient capitals with carved into animal style, slate slabs, unique
ceramics A chased silver royal gates of the iconostasis were cast from
remelted silver pagan idol found during renovations in the temple in
1700. I have made this gate in Danzig (Gdansk). Around the buildings -
the remnants of the arcade gallery. In Borisoglebsky buried in the
cathedral church, political and cultural figures XVII cent. Lazarus
Baranovich.
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Pyatnitska church, the end of XII - the beginning of XIII century. Built in
Chernihiv office in the old torzhyscha and named after the patron of
trade Paraskeva Friday. Church is a cross-dome house, which rapidly
extends in height. Its size in terms of relatively small - 12h10, 5 m, with
the apse - 15h10, 5 m, but the internal height from floor to highest point
of the dome is 27 m.
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Friday Church, the end of XII - the beginning of XIII century. Built on the
Chernigov region of the old tenements in the market place and is
named in honor of the patron saint of trade Paraskieva. Church is the
cross-domed church, is rapidly drifting to the heights. Its size in terms
of relatively small - 12x10, 5 m, with an apse - 15x10, 5 m, but the
internal height from floor to highest point of the dome is 27 m.
"Pyatnytskaya" Сhurch.
Byzantine style Church - built in 12th century. Often used in
illustrations of different books as characterizing byzantine style.
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Monument to defenders of
Chernigov.
Located in the mountains Boldin.
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The name comes from the mountains of the Old Slavonic "Bold" - an
oak, or from staroukrainskogo "boldi" - mountains.
Monument famous Ukrainian writer
Michael Kotsyubinskogo (1864-1913) on
Boldin mountains.
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followers of the cave gradually expanded and turned into a multi-layered
underground complex -- Antonievyh cave.
Elijah Church (the first quarter of the twelfth century), Trinity-Elias
Monastery.
Architectural ensemble Trinity-Elias Monastery (XI-XVIII cent.) is a
beautiful example of Ukrainian Baroque. The monastery is situated on the
terraces of high Bolding mountains. It consists of two parts - the old Elias and
Holy Trinity Monastery, combined landscape and architecture into a single
ensemble. Start the Monastery of the chronicle was initiated in 1069 a monk
Anthony of the Caves. Excavated by him and his followers of the cave
gradually expanded and transformed June into a multilevel underground
complex 2004. Elias Church (first quarter of XII century) Trinity
Monastery. Iconostasis.
Little Elias ChurchThat nestled at the foot of the mountains, combined with
direct entrance to the cave. The church - the only such school odnonefnoho
Chernihiv ancient temple architecture have been preserved.
It is said that in 1662, after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, with the
miraculous icon of Our Lady of St. Elias Church was a miracle - within ten
days from her eyes flowed tears, she wept for the future fate of the Ukrainian
people. The event attracted many pilgrims and Chernihiv Monastery became
too small for visitors. It also was the impetus for the start of construction on
the highest plateau Boldin monastery of the Trinity Mountains. Subsequently,
the two institutions merged in the Trinity Monastery.
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oldest layer is at a depth of 12m.
There is a
legend about the existence of the
underground
passage once one hundred and fifty
miles long
, connecting these caves of Kiev.
Antoniy cave. Scheme of the
caves.
The total length of the investigated
part of the
caves - 315 m. The oldest layer is
located at a
depth of 12m. There is a legend
about the
existence of the once-underground
passage
length one hundred and fifty kilometers, which
connected these caves with
Kiev.
Antonyevy caves. Chart of caves.
12th century caves. Similar to
what is found in Kyiv
that caves are monuments of history and culture that's why they required our
protection.
..
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Nicola SvyatoshaPrince of Chernigov, Crypt the Miracle (c. 1080-1143), in
the world - Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov-Pankraty Davidovich (Holy Man
was the abbreviated name of Sviatoslav: they called his family) was born
about 1080 and was the son of David Svyatoslavich Chernigov prince and
grandson of Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych, the patron Pecherskikh
monks. Before vows as a monk was a prince of Lutsk, owned land in the
Chernigov principality, had a wife and children (his daughter later became
the wife of the Prince of Novgorod Vsevolod-Gabriel).
February 17, 1106 Prince Svyatoslav-Pankraty left the family, received, and
mastered by the name Nicola spent 36 years in the Kiev-Pechersk
monastery, leading a severe ascetic life.
He suffered a monastic hospital on the other side of the monastery and
expanded so that they formed a "sick monastery. The funds Nikola
hypocrites were built Trinity Gate Church of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery
hospital and church of St. Nicholas. Around its Svyatosha the cell Nicola
threw a beautiful garden.
After his death was canonized. He is buried in the Near (Antoniy) caves of
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
The Holy Nicolas /Sviatosha/ - the Prince of Lutsk Sviatoslav, the son of
the Chernigov Prince David Sviatoslavich, having lost his princely domain
1107, he took the monastic vows of Kyiv (Kiev) Pechersk Monastery under
the name of Nicolas. He had been living in the Monastery for about 40 years
living a stern and ascetic life. It used his means to build the Trinity Church of
the Kyiv (Kiev) Pechersk Monastery of the Caves. After the death he was
canonized.
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Antonievyh cave. Inside the caves. Lower tier.
Нижній tier - One with lots of modern Antonievyh
caves. Launched in the Old days. First, there was
a place of accommodation monk-hermit. In the
XVII century was extended to the XVIII century.
used as a necropolis Cave Monastery.
The composition of the lower tier includes
galleries, cells of monks and burial nyshi - lukuly.
..
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..
..
..
..
..
..
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..
..
..
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..
..
..
Church
of the Holy Prince Mikhail of Chernihiv
and boyar Fedor
(belongs to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Kiev Patriarchate).
Church 2 nd half of the XVIII century, was
part of the former seminary.
The land of Chenigivschyna was first settled by early Slavic tribes 150,000
years ago, and later, at the end of the 1st millennium A.D., by the tribal
community of Siveryans. In the time of Kyiv Rus, Chernigiv Principality was
one of the largest in the state, and was in competition for power with Kyiv. In
the early 17th century, the land of Chernigiv-Siverschyna was part of the
Great Lithuanian Principality, then of the Moscow Tsardom and later of Rech
Pospolita. In the late 17th-early 18th centuries, Chernigivschyna was the
centre of Hetmanschina, and in the 19th-early 20th centuries, it was a
province of the Russian Empire. In 1932 Chernigiv Region, as it is known
today, first appeared.
Each of these eras left their mark on the great historical and cultural heritage
of the region, represented by some 5,000 archeological, architectural and
sculptural monuments, which are preserved by historical, cultural and
architectural reserves and museums. The unique beauty of these monuments
is emphasized by the charming nature of Chernigiv Polissya and the forest-
steppe.
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The ancient city on the right bank of gums. There in the VII century. on
the ground over the ancient Slavic settlement, later becoming the center
of Chernigov principality. According to legend, founded the Black Prince.
Historians connect the name of the city named Siverska Prince
Chernigi. At the end of IX. When the Kiev Prince Oleg subdued siveryan
living downstream Desny, the city became a part of Kievan Rus. In 1239
destroyed the Mongol-Tatars. During the Lithuanian government has
built a fortress. In the Russia became a provincial center. Now focused
here a quarter of all architectural monuments of Ukraine
domongolskogo period.
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ST. CATHERINE CHURCH
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The characteristic feature of the interior is its opening upwards.
It is a five-chamber pillarless temple crowned by five domes. The top is
designed in traditional Ukrainian style – with fractures. The walls are
whitewashed. The domes and crosses are gilded
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to its original shape in the 20th century. Built in brick, it has a single
dome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernigov masters
was the exquisite Church of St Paraskeba (Pyatnitskaya), constructed
at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was
seriously damaged in the Second World War; its original medieval
outlook was reconstructed to a design by Peter Baranovsky.
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the Val - the place of the former Chernihiv Dytynets. It is the most ancient
part of the city which is its cradle and its spiritual and administrative centre
for many centurys. And not accidentally most of historical buldings and
museums are here. A special place among them occupies Spasky
cathedral - the most ancient of the cathedral which are preserved on the
territory of the Rus. It was founded by the first known Chernihiv prince
Mstislav at the beginning of the Xl-th century. Mstislav was a son of prince
Vladimir Svyatoslavich who baptized the Rus.
The St. Borys and Hlib cathedral which is nearby was erected by another
ruler of Chernihiv-prince Davyd Svyatoslavych. Nowdays he is cananized by
the Russian orthodox church. It was erected about 1123 and converted into
the honourable tomb being devoted to the sky patrons of Jaroslavich's
generation. Now this nonument is a museum and is the object of the
National arehitect-historical preservation "Chernihiv drevniy".
In the second half of the XVII-th century building of the stone refectory
started to the north-west of St. Borys and Hlib cathedral which was the main
temple of the same name monastery then. In 1700-1702 a belltower and the
church named after loan Bogoslov were built over the refectory. Now this
monumental erection is knowon as College and is o ccupied by the
management of the preservation "Chernihiv drevny" and a few museum
exhibition of Ukrainean icons.At the end of the XVII th century a nice brick
house was erected in the southern-west part of Dytynets. The people called
it Mazepa's house. There is a legend that the aged hetman hid in it his
young mistress - his god-daughter Motrya Kochubey. She was damned
by her own mother for felonious tie with her father's killer. The territory
of the Val was the most fortified part of Chernihiv. It was the stronghold.
As it was the safest part of the city there were not only administrative
buildings and churches there but dwellings and baazars and even the
grave-yard. A former palace of archbishop preserved till nowdays. It was
erected in 1780. Now it is occupied by Regional State archives.
I t6hink that the story about the caves starts from that grave yard, first days
a small cave, later a tunel, after that a way which connect underground
churches. That means that only few special people knew how to use that
system. Later these caves become bpart of the defence system of the city.
In 1799 Chernihiv fortress was demolished. The defence remparts were
pulled down and boulevards were arranged instead of them. Since that time
on this place is called the Val. The city got a chance to widen. Baazar,
grave-yard and jail were tran-sfered from the territory of the Val. At the
beginning of the XX th century a new building for governor was ereted
here. Soon it was handed to the boy's gymnasium. Now it is occupied by the
Regional Historical museum named after V. V. Tarnovsky. At the same
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period the repair of the arch bishops's palace was going on with the purpose
to place some province organizations in it and a post-station was being
erected. Now it houses "Ukrin-bank" in it. Always bankers prefered
buildings with secret pasages. Dont you agree?
In 1859-1870 a House of nobility meetings was built in front of the
archbishop's palace. It is not preserved. The nobiliary boarding house was
built north ward the citadel in 1894.
It was destroyed during the Great Patriotic war an a memorial stone with
inscription that partisan detachments were organized in it stands here. In
1899 the two-storeyed girl's high-schoot was built side by side with the boy's
gymnasium artistic museum). Near the Gymnasium public garden was
arranged. In the centre of it Pushkin's bronze bust was set in 1900. There is
one more monument on the Val. It is the monument of Taras
Shevchenko. Both great poets visited Chernihiv and undo ubtedly walked
along lanes of its public gardens and boulevards. One of the sights of the
Val are 12 cast-iron cannons set here at the beginning of the XX th
century. There is a legend that they were presented by Peter I as the sign of
his recognition cossack's heroism displayed in battles against Svedish
conquerors. We do not des-proved this legend because ancient tales
decorate the history.
St. Catharin's church is one of the most beautiful temples of the Ukraine. It
rises on the high cape seperatlby from the Val. It meets first all those who
arrive to Chernigiv by Kyiv highway. It is a real visiting card of Chernihiv. St.
Catherine's church was built by general transport driver of the
cossak's army Yakiv Lyzohub in 1715 to the memory of cossacks who
distinguished themselves when capturing the inpregnable Turkish fortress
Azov. Lyzohub, Yakiv K., b ?, d 9 August 1698 in Chernihiv. Member of the
Cossack starshyna. He served as colonel of Kaniv regiment (1666–9),
Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky's emissary to Moscow (1667), Petro
Doroshenko's general osaul (1669–74), and acting hetman (1670 and
1673). In 1674 he crossed over to Left-Bank Ukraine. He participated in the
general council that signed the Kolomak Articles and was a candidate for
hetman in 1687. Lyzohub was known as a remarkable commander; he took
part in the Crimean campaign and Chyhyryn campaigns, 1677–8, and
served as colonel of Chernihiv regiment (1687–98) and acting hetman at the
siege of Oziv (1696). He was
buried in the Yeletskyi Dormition
Monastery
Few such scenic spots are found
even in Chernihiv oblast whose
environs have long attracted
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travelers. Sedniv is situated on the steep bank of the beautiful river Snov (the
“steep hill” immortalized by Leonid Hlibov in his poem “Grief” is located here).
It is mentioned in chronicles starting in 1072, when Prince Sviatoslav of
Chernihiv first defeated the Polovtsians in the vicinity. This town thus has a
remarkably eventful history. If we wanted to recount Sedniv’s past step by
step, we would recall how the populace twice repulsed formidable Crimean
Tatar raids in the 15th century (1482 and 1497) and how Sedniv became a
“company town of the Chernihiv Cossack Regiment” under Khmelnytsky. But
the subject of this article is the direct link between Sedniv and the life and
creative work of our national prophet, Taras Shevchenko.
In this place the brilliant poet always felt special creative inspiration (he wrote
The Witch here and several dozen other colorful poems) and enjoyed the
harmony of the environs. Visiting Sedniv in the spring of 1847, Shevchenko
marveled at the sight of the river Snov and the boundless, verdant plain; he
may have subconsciously felt that these were his last days of happiness and
freedom. He was immensely grateful to his friend Andriy Lyzohub, the owner
of the Sedniv estate, for his hospitality. On the morning of April 3, 1847, a
happy and merry Shevchenko left Sedniv for Kyiv, where Tsar Nicholas I’s
blue-coated gendarmes were waiting with an arrest warrant.
During the most tortured, lonely months and years of exile at the Orsk
fortress and Novopetrovsky Fort memories of Sedniv, where the brilliant poet
spent only a short while (April-May 1846; March-April 1847) were like a
breath of fresh air infusing Shevchenko’s soul with new life, helping him to
survive. In a letter to his close friend Varvara Mykolayivna Repnina (March 7,
1850) he wrote, “I’m praying to the Lord and cherishing the hope that my
misfortune will eventually end. Then I’ll go to Sedniv and paint ‘The Death of
the Savior’ in the church.” During the time of his greatest ordeal Shevchenko
remembered happy scenes from Sedniv: working hard and with inspiration on
the introduction for a new edition of the Kobzar (it was in Sedniv that he wrote
those beautiful lines filled with national and general human dignity about the
Russians having “a people and the word” and that the Ukrainians, too, had “a
people and the word”); the poet’s workshop in the attic over the bank of the
Snov River (destroyed by fire in 1883); the charming old orchard in front of
Lyzohub’s mansion (part of it is still standing).
A few words should be devoted to the history of the Lyzohubs, a family that
may be called unique without any exaggeration. The following lines from
Varvara Repnina’s letter to the great poet (September 1844) were probably
harbingers of Shevchenko’s future meeting with Andriy Lyzohub: “I am so sad
to know that you haven’t met Andriy Lyzohub. He speaks of your poems with
such warm appreciation, and he is so sorry he has never met you in person.”
Naturally, quite a number of pseudo-fans of Shevchenko appeared among
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the Ukrainian nobility in Chernihiv and Poltava gubernias in 1842-43; they
lavished false praise on him to prove that they too were “Ukrainian patriots”
and also “for the people.” Shevchenko, however, singled out Andriy and his
relatives from among the Ukrainian noble Cossack families, probably
because he knew the Lyzohub family history, recognizing their erudition,
sincerity, and true democratic ways.
The Lyzohubs were an old Cossack family that had acquired property in
Sedniv in the 17th century; the name is first mentioned in historical sources in
the mid-17th century. A Cossack by the name of Kindrat Lyzohub, born in the
vicinity of Zolotonosha, was a courageous and resourceful soldier whose two
sons were appointed colonels (Ivan in Uman, in 1661, and Yakiv in Kaniv the
following year). Some time later the Lyzohubs sided with Hetman Ivan
Samoilovych; Yakiv Lyzohub settled in Konotop and proceeded to amass
“free” and unclaimed plots of land. Before long he became a great landowner.
Andriy Lyzohub (b. June 1804) and his elder brother Illia (b. 1787, an
amateur musician) were direct descendants of Kindrat and Yakiv Lyzohub.
Ukrainian songs were often heard at Lyzohub’s manor in Sedniv, which was
frequented by artists, actors, and poets (Lev Zhemchuzhnykov left precious
recollections of the family. Unfortunately, the mansion caught fire on March
19, 1883, and a great many valuable old books, ancient deeds, memoirs, and
Shevchenko’s pictures perished. People who knew Lyzohub well described
him as a humane and kind-hearted landlord, who treated his peasants well
and tried not to overburden them with work. He was also an amateur painter
and this served to strengthen his friendship with Shevchenko. There was
much in Sedniv worthy of painting: not only the excellent environs opening
from the top of the steep hill over the Snov River (standing by the
summerhouse in which Hlibov is said to have composed his Grief in 1859,
one can see far and wide, including that “dense, verdant grove, like paradise
on earth”), but also the Lyzohubs’ stone church and Shevchenko’s beloved
linden (they say the tree is still there).
His friends recall that on April 3, 1847, Shevchenko was departing for Kyiv in
a cheerful frame of mind. His mood was not even dampened by the sinister
prophesying of Hryts, Sedniv’s well-known fortune-teller and saint (although
some regarded him as a yurodyvy, God’s fool). Hryts did his best to talk
Shevchenko out of his trip to Kyiv, repeating, “You’ll get in trouble! Bad
trouble!” Taras just laughed.
Lyzohub should be recognized in Ukraine for being perhaps the first to begin
corresponding with Shevchenko after learning the exact place of his exile. In
his letters he tried to encourage him morally and financially. Shevchenko, in
turn, was always grateful to his friend and shared with him the excruciating
pain in his heart. In a letter dated Dec. 11, 1847, Shevchenko thanked
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Lyzohub for his kind and sincere words: “I haven’t heard from Ukraine since
the spring. I have written to someone there. God must have prompted you to
write to ease the heavy burden of my loneliness in the desert...I wouldn’t
want my worst enemies to suffer the way I am! You ask if I have stopped
painting. I wish I could, but I can’t and it makes me suffer even more, as I am
forbidden to write and draw. And the nights, the nights! Oh God! They are
terribly long, and in barracks at that! Dear Friend, please send me your box of
paints and a clean album, and at least one Charion brush; I will look at them
once in a while and maybe I will feel better.” Lyzohub instantly did as the
imprisoned poet requested.
Shevchenko and Lyzohub’s correspondence lasted until 1850. It was cut
short by very disturbing events that were generally characteristic of the last
years of Nicholas I’s reign. Count Orlov, the omnipotent chief of the
gendarmes corps, who was spending the summer in Chernihiv, summoned
Lyzohub. On behalf of the tsar he brutally forbade him to maintain any
contacts with the “political criminal” Shevchenko, adding that otherwise “there
will be a place found for him, Lyzohub, where Shevchenko is now.” Andriy’s
son Dmytro inherited his freethinking ways, with the most tragic
consequences. In August 1879 he was court-martialed in Odesa on charges
of involvement in an underground political society. His death sentence was
extremely cruel, considering that Dmytro had nothing to do with terrorist acts,
although he sympathized with the revolutionaries and actively helped them.
He was executed on Aug. 10, 1879.
One thing is beyond doubt. Shevchenko remembered Sedniv with the utmost
gratitude, as a place truly close and dear to his heart. However, there is no
escaping the fact that the current condition of the Shevchenko memorial site
in Sedniv (Lyzohub’s mansion, the poet’s beloved stone church in which he
worked, and the gorgeous ancient garden) is, to put it mildly, not the way the
poet’s devotees would want it to be. There is no modern infrastructure or
roads, for which funds are required. Of course, it is much easier for our
ranking officials to place flowers at the Shevchenko monument in downtown
Kyiv once a year. Meanwhile, cultural monuments to the poet’s life, such as
Sedniv, remain neglected. Isn’t this hypocritical of the state the exhibition of
the folk-art regional museum named after V. V. Tarnovsky is placed in the
premises of the church.
Churches of Dytynets, Tretiak & Midtown
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Complex of the Dormition Monastery
The Red square is the administrative and cultural centre of Chernihiv since
the beginning of the XIX th century up today. To get it from St. Catherine's
church one must overcome not long way along the wide Heroes avenue
which is decorated with fountains. Monuments of our conutrymen who were
notable for their heroism during the civil war and the Great Patriotic war are
set here. Among them you can see monuments of J. Kotsubinsky, V.
Primakov, V. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. Podvoysky, N. Shchors, N.
Kropyvyansky, V. Senko. The monument devoted to the heros - liquidators
of Chornobyl atomic power-station is also set here.
The Peace Avenue which is embraced from the both sides. Heros Avenue
preserves a few historical buildings. One can see among them the former
notle "Alexandrovskaya" (now historical faculty of the pedagogy university,
Nicholaev's eparchy fraternity (the regional Philharmonic Society), the
school of blind children (the musical college). All of them were built at the
beginning of the XX th century and became the decoration of the city.
Besides two memorial stones were set on this section of Peace Avenue. It
was named Shosseynaya street on the boundery of the XlX-th and the XX-th
centuries. One stone was set on the place of the house where lived the
famous Ukrainean fabulist L. Glibov in 1867 - 1893. The other stone is on
the place of the hotel "Zargrad". It was famous lecause A. Pushkin, T.
Shevchenko and some prominent cultural workers put up there in various
times. The Red square appeared on the map of Chernihiv on the boundry of
the XVIII-th and the XlX-th centuries. Earlier this place was named
"Pyatniytske pole". This name originates from nearby temple
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Paraskovya Pyatnytsia which was built at the end of the Xll-th century.
Since the XVII th century it was a nunnery. Many historians think that this
monastery was founded in old times yet. Before the Tatar-Mongolian
invasion this territory was inside the city's buildings. The results of the
arcaelogical excavations proved that artizans and merchants lived here.
Today's architectural ensemble of the Red square was forming gradually.
One-storeyed city's magistracy was erected in the western part of it. The
author of the project was architect A. Kartashevsky. Now this building is
completely reconstructed and the regional management of the National bank
of the Ukraine is settled here.
Approximately at that time the two-storeyed house for the province
organizations was built. After many reconstructions it changed its
appearance. Now it is occupied by the Regional state administration. One
more historical building is situated near on the cross-roads of Shevchenko
street and Kyrponos street (in former times Bogoyavlenskaya and
Alexandrovskaya street). It was built for the first police office in 1860. In
1912 a beautiful two-storeyed house was built for the office of the state bank
on the corner of Magistratskaya street and Alexandrovskaya street. This
building is nicely preserved and Chernigov city's municipality is settled here
now. On the place of military barracks the cinema named after Shchors was
erected in 1939.
All enumarated buildings are placed around the public garden named after
N. Popudrenko.
It appeared here in the third quater of the XlX-th century. At that time it was
called Teatralnaya because the wooden building of the first Chernigiv
theatre was erected in the centre of the public garden in 1853. The theatre
as well as the row of brick stalles is not preserved. The square was
reconstructed after the liberation of Chernigiv from German fascicts. And it
obtained modern appearance when the musical-dramatic theatre named
after T. Shevchenko was solemnly opened in 1959. The graves of the soviet
soldiers and a partisan commander N. Popudrenko remind about the tragic
events of the Great Patriotic war.
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XVII). Petropavlovska church and the brick wall. Besides the wooden
structure where lived Feodosy Uglitsky at the end of the XVII th century is
preserved on the territory of the monastery up today.
As to the caves of this monastery origination of which is connected with the
name of saint Antony Pechersky, it is not true. They appeared in the XVIII-th
century. It was proved at the beginning of the XX-th century. They were
designated for everyday necessities.
The history of the monastery is filled with events which were connected with
the names of prominent church and secular men, as well as with the
appearance of one of the most famous Chernihiv sacred thing-the icon
ofYeletsky God's mother that could made miracles.
There are a few historical buildings side by side with Yeletsky monastery.
One caff see among them the prison. It was built on the monastery plot
which had been bought by the magistracy for 100 roubles. The other one is
two-storeyed building erected in 1879 for an Ecclesiastical school.
Here opposite the monastery's wall one can see the most famous pagan
burial mound - Chorna Mohila. It was erected in old Rus period. The legend
says that the founder of Chernihiv prince Chorny was buried under it.
But excavations made by professor D. Samokvasov in 1872 - 1873 proved
that this mound was erected in the 60-ties of the X th century when the city
had been built long ago and was the second in Rus accordingly its
importance.
The Boldyn Hill is the highest part of the city's landscape which is occupied
by the architectural ensemble of Trinity Ylliya's monastery. This name
originated from the old rus "bold" that means an oak. For the first time it
was mentioned in the cronicle in 1074 on the occasion of foundation
by Antony Pechersky this monastery in honour of God's mother in
1069. In those ancient times the cloister located on the terraces and slopes
of. the deep ravine near the ancient pagan burial ground that consists
even now of more than 200 barrows. Among them are well known in
scientific circes burial mounds Besy-myany and Gulbische. Historians do not
excluded that sanctuary of the Slavic god Perun existed on the Boldin Hill in
pre-cristianity times. At first the monastery was an underground one but later
the one-cupola St. Illiya's church was built in the first half of the Xll-th
century. It is preserved up today. Near the church is the entrance to the
famous St. Antony's caves the length of which is 350 meters. This complex
consists of underground churches and some other premises digged out in
various historical periods since the Xl-th century till the XlX-th century.
St. Illiya's church and caves are part of the National architectural-historical
preservation and are accessible for tourists. Ancient caves and remians of
architectural structures which had been erected in various ages were found
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 80
on the territory of the monastery. The vast architectural complex was being
built on the specious ground westward St. Illiya's church in the last quater of
the XVII th century. In the centre of it was erected.
Trinity cathedral which was sanctified in 1695. It gave the modern name to
the monastery. The new architectural ensemble consisted of the cathedral,
the refectory, Vvedenskaya church (1677 -1679), the belltower (1775) the
cells the two-storeyed house where a bishop lived and a brick wall with
towers over them (XVII-XIX).
Now Trinity cathedral serves as a parish temple. The eparchy of the
Ukrainian orthodox church is situated here. For a long time the territory of
the monastery was a prestige necropolis. Reprisentatives of nobility, state
and cultural men, Chernigov bishops found eternal piece under the
cathedral and around it. The main holy things of the monastery are the icon
of llliynskaya God's mother that can made miracles and saint relics of
Feodosy Uglitsky and Lavrenty.
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I think we found the begining of the story dear friends. When Vikings went to
Chernigiv bring their customs there as boat graves which was great honour.
The same method folowed the dynasty of Rus. Simply they bring their
customs to Chernigiv which must be full of grave boats underground. The
Black Grave (Ukrainian
: Chorna mohyla) is the largest burial mound (kurgan
) in Chernihiv
, Ukraine
. Comparable to the barrows of Gnyozdovo
near Smolensk
, the Black Grave has a height of 11 meters and a circumference of 125
meters.
During excavations undertaken in 1872-73, Dmitry Samokvasov
uncovered two cremated bodies of Norse
warriors (probably father and son), surrounded by slaves, sacrificial animals,
arms, armour, and decorations. Samokvasov dated the burial to the late 10th
century, when Vladimir I was the ruler of Kievan Rus. It is likely that the
buried warriors were two princes (knyaz
es) of Chernigov, although no local potentate is attested in the Slavonic
chronicles before Vladimir's son, Mstislav of Chernigov
.
After the bodies were cremated, they were put upon a 7-meter-high mound,
where a funeral feast took place. Arranged near the bodies were two helmets
and knee-length chain mail (hauberk
s), probably extracted from the pyre, as well as a cauldron with ram bones,
two sacerdotal knives, two golden Byzantine coins, an imported sabre
, a miniature dark-red bronze idol of Thor
, and two silver-bound aurochs
horns decorated with floral motifs, fabulous animals, and figures of a man
and a woman shooting at a bird. When the barrow was completed, a stele
And if you are wondering which is the combination between the ship, the hill-
pyramid, and the grave yard, the answer is to the following lines, what
people from each country believes for death, for example the scandinavian
people
In Norse mythology
, Valhalla (from Old Norse
Valhöll "hall of the slain") is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard
, ruled over by the god Odin
. Chosen by Odin, half of those that die in combat travel to Valhalla upon
death, led by valkyrie
s, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field FΓ³lkvangr
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 82
. In Valhalla, the dead join the masses of those who have died in combat
known as Einherjar
, as well as various legendary Germanic heroes
and kings, as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of Ragnarök
.
In Norse mythology
, Valhalla (from Old Norse
Valhöll "hall of the slain") is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard
, ruled over by the god Odin
. Chosen by Odin, half of those that die in combat travel to Valhalla upon
death, led by valkyrie
s, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field FΓ³lkvangr
. In Valhalla, the dead join the masses of those who have died in combat
known as Einherjar
, as well as various legendary Germanic heroes
and kings, as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of Ragnarök
. Before the hall stands the golden tree Glasir
, and the hall's ceiling is thatched with golden shields. Various creatures live
around Valhalla, such as the stag EikΓΎyrnir
and the goat HeiΓ°rΓΊn
, both described as standing atop Valhalla and consuming the foliage of the
tree Læraðr
.
Valhalla is attested in the Poetic Edda
, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose
Edda
, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson
, in Heimskringla
, also written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in stanzas of an
anonymous 10th century poem commemorating the death of a Eric Bloodaxe
known as EirΓksmΓ΅l
as compiled in Fagrskinna
. Valhalla has inspired various works of art, publication titles, popular culture
references, and has become a term synonymous with a martial (or otherwise)
hall of the chosen dead.
Valhalla is referenced at length in the Poetic Edda poem GrΓmnismΓ΅l
, and HelgakviΓ°a Hundingsbana II
, while Valhalla receives lesser direct references in in stanza 33 of the
Völuspá
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 83
, where the god Baldr's death is referred to as the "woe of Valhalla", and in
stanzas 1 to 3 of HyndluljΓ³Γ°
, where the goddess Freyja states her intention of riding to Valhalla with
Hyndla, in an effort to help Γ“ttar
, as well as in stanzas 6 through 7, where Valhalla is mentioned again during
a dispute between the two.
In stanzas 8 to 10 of GrΓmnismΓ΅l
, the god Odin (in the guise of GrΓmnir) states that Valhalla is located in the
realm of GlaΓ°sheimr. Odin describes Valhalla as appearing shining and
golden, and that it "rises peacefully" when seen from afar. From Valhalla,
every day Odin chooses from those who have died in combat. Valhalla has
spear
-shafts for rafters, a roof thatched with shields, coats of mail are strewn over
its benches, a wolf hangs in front of its west doors, and an eagle hovers
above it.
From stanzas 22 to 24, more details are given by Odin about Valhalla: the
holy doors of the ancient gate Valgrind
stand before Valhalla, Valhalla has five hundred
and forty doors that eight hundred men can exit from at once (from which the
einherjar
will flow forth to engage the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarök
). Within Valhalla exists Thor
's hall Bilskirnir
, and within it exist five hundred and forty rooms, and of all the halls within
Valhalla, Odin states that he thinks his son's may be greatest. In stanzas 25
through 26, Odin states that the goat HeiΓ°rΓΊn and the hart
EikΓΎyrnir stand on top of Valhalla and
graze on the branches of the tree Læraðr.
HeiΓ°rΓΊn produces vats of mead
that liquor cannot be compared to, and
from EikΓΎyrnir's antler
s drip liquid into the spring Hvergelmir
from which flows forth all waters.
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 84
HelgakviΓ°a Hundingsbana II
Prose Edda
In chapter 38, Gangleri says: "You say that all men who have fallen in battle
from the beginning of the world are now with Odin in Valhalla. With what does
he feed them? I should think the crowd there is large." High responds that
this is indeed true, that a huge amount are already in Valhalla, but yet this
amount will seem to be too few when "the wolf comes." High describes that
there are never too many to feed in Valhalla, for they feast from SΓ¦hrΓmnir
(here described as a boar), and that this beast is cooked every day and is
again whole every night. GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 18 is then recounted. Gangleri
asks if Odin himself eats the same food as the Einherjar, and High responds
that Odin needs nothing to eat β€” Odin only consumes wine β€” and he
gives his food to his wolves Geri and Freki
. GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 19 is then recounted. High additionally states that at
sunrise, Odin sends his ravens Hugin and Munin
from Valhalla to fly throughout the entire world, and they return in time for the
first meal there.
In chapter 39, Gangleri asks about the food and drinks the Einherjar
consume, and asks if only water is available there. High replies that, of
course, Valhalla has food and drinks fit for kings and jarls
, for the mead consumed in Valhalla is produced from the udders of the goat
Heiðrún, who in turn feeds on the leaves of the "famous tree" Læraðr. The
goat produces so much mead in a day that it fills a massive vat so large that
all of the Einherjar in Valhalla might satisfy their thirst from it. High further
states that, more notably, the stag EikΓΎyrnir stands atop Valhalla and also
chews on the branches of Læraðr. So much moisture drips from his horns
that it falls down to the well Hvelgelmir, resulting in numerous rivers.
In chapter 40, Gangleri muses that Valhalla must be quite crowded, to which
High responds by stating that Valhalla is massive and remains roomy despite
the large amount of inhabitants, and then quotes GrΓmnismΓ΅l stanza 23. In
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 87
chapter 41, Gangleri says that Odin seems to be quite a powerful lord, as he
controls quite a big army, but he yet wonders how the Einherjar keep
themselves busy when they are not drinking. High replies that daily, after
they've dressed and put on their war gear, they go out to the courtyard and
battle one another in one-on-one combat for sport. Then, when mealtime
comes, they ride home to Valhalla and drink. High then quotes
VafΓΎrΓΊΓ°nismΓ΅l
stanza 41. In chapter 42, High describes that, "right at the beginning, when
the gods were settling" they had established Asgard and then built Valhalla.
The death of the god Baldr is recounted in chapter 49, where the mistletoe
that is used to kill Baldr is described as
growing west of Valhalla.
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 88
stating that he will remove Valhalla and take it to the land of the jötunn,
Jötunheimr
, among various other things. Eventually, the gods tire of his boasting and
invoke Thor, who arrives. Hrungnir states that Thor is under their protection,
and subsequently he can't be harmed while in Valhalla. After an exchange of
words, Hrungnir challenges Thor to a duel at the location of Griotunagardar,
resulting in Hrungnir's death. In chapter 34, the tree Glasir
is stated as located in front of the doors of Valhalla. The tree is described as
having foliage of red gold and being the most beautiful tree among both gods
and men. A quote from a work by the 9th century skald Bragi Boddason
is presented that confirms the description.
Heimskringla
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 89
Fagrskinna
In chapter 8 of Fagrskinna
, a prose narrative states that, after the
death of her husband Eric Bloodaxe
, Gunnhild Mother of Kings
had a poem composed about him. The
composition is by an anonymous author
from the 10th century and is referred to as
EirΓksmΓ΅l
, and describes Eric Bloodaxe and five other kings arriving in Valhalla after
their death. The poem begins with comments by Odin (as Old Norse Óðinn):
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 90
that with him are five kings, that he will tell them the name of them all, and that he,
himself, is the sixth.
The term has had some influence in modern popular culture, either directly influenced
by the concept of Norse mythology or referring simply to a gathering of the chosen
dead or a hall in honor of them. Examples of the latter include the Walhalla temple
built by Leo von Klenze
for Ludwig I of Bavaria
between 1830-1847 near Regensburg
, Germany
, and the Tresco Abbey Gardens Valhalla museum built by August Smith around 1830
to house ship figureheads from shipwrecks that occurred at the Isles of Scilly
, England
, where the museum is located. A crater, Valhalla
, located on the planet
Jupiter
's moon
Callisto
, is named after the hall.
References to Valhalla appear in literature, art, and other forms of media. Examples
include K. Ehrenberg's charcoal illustration "Gastmahl in Walhalla (mit einziehenden
Einheriern)" (1880), Richard Wagner
's depiction of Valhalla in his opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen
(1848β€”1874), the Munich
, Germany-based Germanic Neopagan
magazine Walhalla (1905-1913), and the comic series Valhalla
(1978, ongoing) by Peter Madsen, and its subsequent animated film of the same
name
(1986). Valhalla is prominently referencedβ€”with the line "Valhalla, I am
coming"β€”in the Led Zeppelin
hit single
"Immigrant Song
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 91
" (1970).
Valhalla is referenced in the video game titles Valhalla (1983), Valhalla: Before the
War (1995), and Valhalla Knights
(2006). Amusement park attractions named after Valhalla include Valhalla Borgen in
Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen
, Denmark
and Valhalla
in Pleasure Beach Blackpool
in Blackpool
, England
. Locations named after Valhalla exist in North America
(including Valhalla, New York
, Valhalla Centre, Alberta
, Walhalla, Michigan, Walhalla, North Dakota
, Walhalla, South Carolina
, and Walhalla, Texas
), Australia
(Walhalla, Victoria
), and South Africa
(Valhalla, Pretoria
).
There also exists Valhalla Golf Club
, located in Louisville, Kentucky.
The Eternal fire is burning on the Grave of the Unknown soldier side by
side with the ancient burial mounds on the top of the Boldin Hill as the
homage of those who died in the battle for independence of our Motherland.
The ancient part of Chernigiv and Holly grove are well seen from this place.
The old legend says that Chernihivites were baptized in that grove in 992.
The well known Ukrainean men of letters M. Kotsubinsky and A. Markovich
liked to visit this place not accidentally. There are some other temples and
historical buildings in Chernihiv. They are scattered on all territory of old
Chernihiv. Among them one can see Voscresenskaya church near the
central market. It was built in the XVIII th century.
Kazanska church stands in Kotsubynsky street. It was erected in the XVIII
th century. There is a Museum-preservation of M. Kotsubynsky which was
created on the territory of the writer's country set near that church. Up to day
Peace Avenue is decorated with the building of the Peasant and Nobility
land bank (now the library named after Korolenko) and with the Free firemen
society.
The country-set of Chernihiv govenor with a two-storeyed beautiful palace is
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 92
preserved on the other side of the Stryshen river near the city's park of
culture and rest. The moderu building of the Military historical museum rises
side by with it. Buildings of the military hospital are situated near the bridge
across the Stryzhen where the river crosses the Hetman Polubotko street.
The S.S. Michael and Fedor's church which stands near the hospital shows
the old age of this complex. If you think so you are right. The country-set of
well-known colonel Pavlo Polubotok was situated here at the beginning of
the XVIII th century. And then till the October revolution the most ancient
educational establishment Ecclesiastical seminary settled here.
We touched only the past of Chernihiv, but the city has the present. New
modern buildings and temples are being erected. The city lives with dreams
of the future and it resembles its past. Going to ancient Chernigov, about
140 kilometers north of Kyiv, is nice. ... ago: as a city of God , so to speak,
rising out of the mystical Slavic soil. The Black God survives in numerous
Slavic curses and in a White God, ... prophet Elijah is considered to be the
successor to Ukko, the ancient spirit of lightning. ... But the Ukranians of
Chernigov, when lighting the drying-house fire, ... In the period of the Kyiv
Rus Chernihiv was an active rival of the present capital, Kyiv, in the struggle
for domination. The Chernihiv Principality of the 11th-12th centuries was
one of the largest and most powerful states of the medieval Europe. The
living witnesses of those days and other periods are numerous monuments
of history and architecture (32 objects of national and 39 of local
importance).
Ancient Gods, Black and White gods, until today, with the power of the blood
of earth, commands peoples lifes to Chernigiv waiting you to search for their
secrets and pasages
between worlds...
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Savior(Transfiguration) Cathedral
(Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral)
A unique pre-Mongol building, one of the few in Eastern Europe that have
been preserved in such good condition. The cathedral was founded in the
11th century.
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Chernihiv Collegium
One of the oldest secular educational
institutions in Ukraine founded in 1700.
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There are several versions of the origins of Chernigov name. Some people
guess that the word Chernigov
originated from the word “Chorny” or
Black. Dark forest surrounded the city
and was so dense that people called it
black. There is also the version that the
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 96
city derived its name from the ancient people Chorni Klobuki, meaning black
hats.
Another legend narrates about Prince Chorny, who ruled in Chernigov in the
X century, and his daughter Chorna. The Princess was amazingly beautiful,
enjoyed horse-riding and hunting and was a good archer. The Khazars’
Kagan (the ruler of nomadic tribe which got tribute from Prince Chorny)
learned about the girl’s beauty and decided to marry her. He sent to
Chernigov his ambassadors with rich presents, but the proud girl refused to
marry her people’s enemy. Then Kagan went angry and decided to seize the
city and take the girl away by force. The Chernigov people beat off numerous
attacks and then Khazars decided to lay siege. During the siege a gang of
traitors rushed into the Princess’s room on the upper floor of the mansion.
The Princess managed to hit some of the enemies from her bow, but then ran
out of arrows and jumped out of the window. The historians’ official version is
that Chernigov was founded in the VII century by Prince Cherniga, on the
place of Slavic settlements and later became the center of Chernigov
princedom. At the end of the IX century, when Kiev prince Oleg conquered
siveryan who lived near Desna river, the city became part of Kievan Rus. In
1239 it was destroyed by Tatar-Mongols. Under Lithuanian rule, there was a
fortress in Chernigov. Later it became the province center as a part of
Russia. The city still preserved a lot of ancient sights and is very interesting
for cultural trips. It is convenient to travel to Chernigov from Kiev, as the
distance between the cities is only 130
km. One hour and a half by car, and you
can roam its streets, see its cathedrals
and have rest at its night clubs and
discos. Even Kiev dwellers often go to
Chernigov to play bowling, to swim in the
river, to watch its sights and just to have
nice time. This city is full of historic sights
dating back to the ancient times, it
collected numerous architectural
monuments of the time before Mongol
invasion. Chernigov also has several
comfortable hotels, some night clubs and restaurants where you can have
rest, eat and drink a glass of beer Like every ancient city, Chernigiv has its
own mysteries and legends, the first being its name. For a long time, the
origin of the name “Chernigiv” was associated with the name of the legendary
Prince Chorny (“Black Prince”), who was allegedly buried in the Chorna
Mohyla (“Black Grave”) burial mound that stills sits on top of the Boldyni Hills
and is one of the pre-Christian necropolis hills. The most romantic theory is
that the city was named after Prince Chorny’s daughter, Princess Chorna
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 97
(“Black Princess”), whose beauty caught the lustful eyes of a Polovtsian
king, whose army laid siege to the city. The Boldyni Hills are crowned with
the Troyitsko-Illinsky (Trinity-St. Elijah) Monastery, one of the oldest
monasteries in Rus. The biggest mystery of this monastery is Antony’s caves.
They were founded back in 1069 by the monk Antony, who was also the
founder of the Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra (Cave Monastery). It is an entire
underground city with cells, a necropolis and underground churches. The
Chernigiv caves also impress researchers and visitors with their size. The
largest of the underground churches, Feodosiy Totemsky’s Church, is over
eight meters high and is crowned with a dome. When you get inside this
church, you completely forget that you are underground.
Another one of Chernigiv’s historic sites is the Val (“Mound”). The Val itself
has not survived to our days, and the place where the Chernigiv stronghold
once stood surrounded by high walls is now bordered by an alley with a
fascinating panorama of the city. The Val is crowned by the Spaso-
Preobrazhensky (Savior Transfiguration) Cathedral (11th century), the oldest
remaining cathedral in Rus, and the Boryso-Glibsky (Borys and Glib)
Cathedral (12th century). It is a single temple virtually completely
reconstructed in its original form. It is decorated with a jewelry masterpiece –
a gilded silver iconostas. It was cast from a pagan god’s silver statue.
Another ancient monastery, the Yeletsky Uspensky (Assumption) Monastery
(11th century), is nestled between the Chernigiv stronghold and the Boldyni
Hills. Together with the Troyitsko-Illinsky (Trinity-St. Elijah) Monastery and
the Spaso-Preobrazhensky (Savior Transfiguration) Cathedral towering over
the Desna River, it forms a breathtaking panorama of the old Chernigiv.
A picturesque town with a long and turbulent history Baturyn was from 1669
to 1708 the capital of Left Bank Ukraine which, somewhat confusingly, was
located on the right side of the country when looking at the map. It was
founded by Polish King Stephen Batory in 1576, who ordered the
construction of fortress which was to undergo a series of reconstructions and
renovations over the centuries. The town thrived during the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, becoming a thriving mercantile centre governed under
its own charter and, as a seat for the Hetmans Demian Mnogogrishny, Ivan
Samoilovych and the controversial Ivan Mazepa, a political power base; this
was a golden era for the town, with merchants and craftsmen doing good
business with travelling tradesmen, attracted by a growing population and the
garrison. There are several legends associated with Baturyn, both involving
Mazepa; the first is of the romantic sort which was noted down by the
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 98
immortal Pushkin in his poem ‘Poltava’ in which Mazepa falls for the fair
Motrya, the daughter of his old military colleague, the Supreme Judge
Kochubey. The second is altogether darker and based on the actual
destruction of the town following Mazepa’s betrayal of Peter the Great, when
the Hetman leader decided to throw in his lot with the Swedish monarch
Charles XII. As a reprisal Peter levelled the city, executing men, women, and
children alike. Local legend says that whenever a storm brews over the town,
cries of anguish can be heard from the victims of Peter’s massacre. It took
almost a century for Baturyn to recover though it was never the same again;
Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky spent the last ten years of his life there after it -
along with several surrounding villagers - was granted to him by the aging
Katherine the Great; historians remain divided as to what services were
rendered by him to have received this honour. Like many a retired pensioner,
Rozumovsky’s thoughts began to turn towards his legacy, enlisting
fashionable British architect Charles Cameron to come up with a blueprint for
a palace according to his instructions; a magnificent three storied building
with two adjacent wings, with a vast ‘English’ garden stretching out to the
river. Rozumovsky died just before the palace was finished and with nobody
to oversee its completion, the building began to crumble. Today the romantic
ruin is one of Baturyn’s main attractions, together with the tomb of
Rozumovsky, which is located within the so-called ‘Hetman’s Capital’ part of
the Christ Resurrection Church. Till present there exist a legend in Chernihiv
that caves of Lyubech, Kyiv and Chernigiv were united in ancient times and
served people to escape during enemy’s attacks.
Later on in Cossack epoch Lyubech was owned by Chernihiv colonels and
then Ukrainian hetmans. That period is recalled by the ruins of stone building
of hetman Polubotok (end of 17th century). There has also been preserved
the Transfiguration church (1811-1817) which is a burial vault of the family of
Earls Miloradoviches. For a long years Lyubech was owned by
representatives of this outstanding family. 11th to 13th cent., Chernihiv was
the capital of a principality of the same name, but the city declined after the
Mongol invasion of 1239. It passed to Lithuania in the 14th cent. and to
Russia in the 16th cent. It was under Polish control during part of the 17th
cent. Chernihiv's architectural monuments include the 11th-century Spaskyy
Cathedral, the Church of the Assumption in the Yelets Monastery (11th
cent.), and Ivan Mazeppa's baroque army building (17th-18th cent.).
One of the oldest and most important East Slavic monasteries, the Kievan
Caves Monastery is located in the southern part of Kiev along the Dnieper
River. Its name derives from the tunnels and caves that served first as cells
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 99
for monks and later as burial crypts. According to the Primary Chronicle, the
monastery was founded by Saint Anthony of the Caves (died c. 1073) in 1051
after his return from Mount Athos in Greece, where he was tonsured.
Anthony's pious life attracted a number of followers, and soon he appointed
Varlaam, the son of an influential boyar, as abbot and secluded himself in a
nearby cave. In 1062 Varlaam left to lead the St. Demetrius monastery, and
the brethren chose Theodosius to replace him. The monastery grew steadily
under Theodosius's guidance, and in an attempt to provide an orderly life for
the monks, he introduced the Byzantine rule of Theodore of Studion (759 -
826). Despite the strong coenobitic nature of this rule, which required a
common life under the strict guidance of the abbot, the way of life described
in the Primary Chronicle at the time of Theodosius's death in 1074 is more
idiorrythmic, in that each monk was left to develop his own method of
monastic practice. A hallmark of caves monasticism in the Kievan period was
the claim, often repeated in the sources, that the Caves was a monastery
founded not by princes or rulers, but through tears, fasting, prayer, and vigils.
As a spiritual center, the monastery was a major source of bishops and
missionaries in pre-Mongol Rus.
The Caves Monastery was also the center of cultural life in Kievan Rus. The
Primary Chronicle has been traditionally ascribed to Nestor, a monk of the
Caves Monastery writing at the end of the eleventh century, who also wrote
the Life of Theodosius and the life of the slain princes Boris and Gleb. In
addition, the monastery is the setting of the Kievan Caves Patericon, a
thirteenth-century compilation of stories about caves monks, which was
reworked and later reprinted until the nineteenth century.
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Chernigiv Secret Caves 100
monastery was an important center of Orthodox spirituality until 1926, when it
was made a museum by the Soviet government. It was restored to the
Orthodox Church in 1988.
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During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been
successfully used for the construction of non-uniformly scaled
solid models, the geological environment, which is also an integral
part of the estimation of perspectivity of geological structures on
different minerals.
The magnetic or geomagnetic field, is a force field caused by
electromagnetic processes in a kernel of the Earth (main, or a normal
field), in the top layers of the ionosphere (a variation of a geomagnetic
field) and magnetisation of earth crust materials. The former factor
forms an abnormal magnetic field which displays presence of materials
with different concentration of magnetic minerals in earth crust. The
most abnormal magnetic field on the territory of Ukraine is represented
on NAU map "the Abnormal magnetic field". It is received by an
exception of the variations connected with ionospheric processes, and,
a so-called, normal field from intensity of the general geomagnetic field.
The normal field has no exact analytical image and consequently has
several approximating models, one of which is represented on NAU
map "the Normal magnetic field".
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criteria for the different types of minerals, including oil-and-gas. From
this point of view special value acquires tracing according to abnormal
magnetic field data of the so-called through faults and a trance of
regional tectonic zones, which are often enough zones of activization
and concentration of minerals.
During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been successfully
used for the construction of non-uniformly scaled solid models, the
geological environment, which is also an integral part of the estimation
of perspectivity of geological structures on different minerals.
Conclusions
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On the base of gravitational modeling of the schistose inhomogeneous
three dimensional deep structures with the usage of data about
abnormal gravitational field, deep seismic sounding data (DSS),
experimental correlate dependences between specific thickness and
seismic-wave propagation under the conditions of different
temperatures and tenses considering material constitution amendments
was created a map of abnormal Earth crust and upper mantle thickness.
Due to the tendency to isostatic equilibrium of separate blocks and its
complexes the bottom of the Earth crust immerses under heavier blocks
and rises under lighter ones.
Thermal field also gives the important information about structure and
dynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust is
characterized by thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earth
subsoil and dissipates from its surface and by temperature change
depending on depth.
The main part in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-living
radioelements’ (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, the
maximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crust materials,
primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemical processes
that take place in its subsoil. The important part in positive geothermal
anomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditions that
significantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. The
leading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays active
tectonic and magmatic processes that is attended by release of the
great amount of heat.
Thermal flow thickness – is a quantity of heat that is released from
subsoil to surface per time unit on area unit. It is measured in mW/m2
and is defined as the result of multiplication of the geothermal gradient
in the definite depth interval and the material thermal conductivity of this
interval. On the territory of Ukraine the thermal flow thickness changes
from 25-30 mW/m2 to 100-110 mW/m2. Temperatures on the depth of 1
km changes from 20 to 70oC, and on the depth of 3 km – from 40 to
135oС. Thermal flow distribution is closely connected with geological
development characteristics or the regions and its tectonics.
Deep thermal flow (DTF) is defined as observed thermal flow corrected
considering numerous nearsurface influences: paleoclimate,
groundwater move with vertical component, geological structures, that
cause out-of-level bedding of the distribution surfaces with different
thermal conductivity, young overthrusts, conglomeration of young
sediments etc. DTF map shows the distribution of its background (35-50
mW/m2) and abnormal (60-130mW/m2) values on the territory of
Ukraine.
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Earth thermal energy is a geoenergy resource. The map given in the
atlas (map of geoenergy resources thickness in tones of conditional fuel
on square meter that can be mined with water geocirculate system with
the carrier temperature not less than 60oC and its returning to the
subsoil with T ~ 20oC) was made on the base of DTF data. General
geoenergy resources of Ukraine (present time defined) approximately
20 times exceed all the reserves of fuel minerals on its territory. They
reach 10 t c.f/m2 on some areas, that exceeds reserves that can be
mined from the big oil or gas field. Geoenergy resources suitable for
practical usage by steam getting (electric power) without additional
heating are investigated only in Transcarpathia and not very limited
territories of Crimea.
Magnetic or geomagnetic field is geophysical force field caused by
electromagnetic processes in the Earth core (main or normal field), in
upper ionosphere (geomagnetic field variation) and Earth crust material
magnetization. Last factor forms abnormal magnetic field that shows
availability of the materials with different concentration of magnetic
minerals in the Earth crust. It is defined by excluding normal field
intensity and its variations from general geomagnetic field intensity.
Normal field does not have exact analytical image. Several approximate
models are used for its description, one of which is in the atlas.
Abnormal magnetic field of the territory of Ukraine is very differentiated
and consist of regional and local components which differ by diametrical
anomaly sizes and source placing depth.
Regional field component showed on the map “Long waved magnetic
anomalies” is provided by inhomogeneous structure of the Earth crust
lower part and the relief of magnetoactive layer bottom, that can be
equaled to Earth crust bottom (Mokhorovichich discontinuity) or to
isothermal surface Curie temperature magnetite – the main carrier of
materials’ magnetism. It reflects regional characteristics of the big
geostructure.
Local abnormal field component is formed under the influence of
magnetized materials of upper Earth crust part and represents its
structure. This magnetic field component is used as one of the
important information sources for geological material mapping, fold and
disjunctive tectonics, tectonic zoning study and in complex with regional
component and other geophysical data – for studying surface and deep
lithosphere structure correlations, for making non-uniformly scaled
three-dimensional models of geological environment, that are used
when geologize geological structures to find different materials.
Magnetotelluric Earth field is a natural electromagnetic field, caused
current system. This field is one of the important source of knowledge
about present geological structure, tectonic processes, geodynamics
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and fluid rate of Earth crust and mantle. Material electrical properties
are closely connected with temperature and fluid subsoil rates, mineral
chemical composition, consisting of C, S, Fe and other metals, juvenile
waters mineralization level, available melt of crust and mantle materials
etc. On the base of observed magnetotelluric field analysis using the
methods of film and two-dimensional finite difference electromagnetic
fields modeling the given in atlas maps “Earth crust electroconductivity”
and “Upper mantle electroconducivity” in the siemens (S) – units of
conductivity were made. Electroconductivity anomalies are
distinguished above “normal” generalized Eastern Europe geoelectrical
section, that characterized by specific electric resistance (in ohm.m):
1000, 600, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 – in the geological
environment layers with power (in km): 160, 40, 50, 70, 80, 100, 100,
160, 200, ∞. Value of longitudinal electroconductivity of the environment
film was taken as 10cm.
For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounder
location, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc
– another type of GF is used widely – seismic field. It is observed in the
form of mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves,
adits, boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves
(longitudinal, diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from the
source fading, reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types on
geological environment inhomogeneities. Depending on source seismic
field can be natural or anthropogenic.
Studying of anthropogenic seismic fields that were by special
explosions or by Vibroseis generated and observed along geologic
profiles, allowed getting unique data about Earth structure, that are
used for minerals searching and solving other geological-geophysical
problems. There are Earth crust and lithosphere sections through the
main tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine in the atlas.
1. Observations on the deep seismic sounding (DSS) geotraverse
“Holovanivs’k – Kirovohrad - Taganrog”, that crosses in
latitudinal way Eastern and Central parts of Ukrainian board,
were made according to the uninterrupted profiling method
using the mutually connected travel- time curves of the main
waves. This model shows velocity properties and deep
structure of the Archean-Proterozoic parts of the board.
2. Geotraverse “Black Sea – Baltic Sea” on the territory of Ukraine
has the 900 km length. It crosses Paleozoic Skythian plate and
Precambrian Ukrainian board. Velocity model was made on the
base of two-dimensional figure wave field modeling, that was
taken by DSS method.
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3. DSS profile “Poltava- Sverdlovsk” goes along Dnipro-Donets’k
avlakogen. DSS results was taken and interpreted by the big
staff of Ukrainian geologists and geophysicians.
4. Deep seismic researches on the profile “Berehovo – Dolyna –
Vyshnevets’ – Shepetivka - Chernigiv” showed the tectonic
structure of different age and genesis: Transcarpathian
Mesozoic – Palaeogene bending, Carpathia, that are one of the
main European Alpine orogenes and Archean-earlyProterozoic
Ukrainian board.
5. DSS profile “Putyvl’-Kryvyi Rih” join the ultradeep well UDW-8
and 9. In its Southern part it goes along Kryvoriz’ko-
Kremenchutc’ka submedidianal early protherozoic
protogeosyncline, and in the Northern – obliquely crosses
Dnipro-Donets’k late proterozoic- Devon paleorift north-western
extent.
6. On the territory of Ukraine great amount of seismic profiling
were done (over 10 th km) for studying Earth crust and
lithosphere structure. A map of Mokhorovichich surface was
made in the atlas according to these data. The word “surface” is
conventional, as actually it is powerful transition zone, that
divide Earth crust from the upper mantle, that is characterized
by complicated structure, alternation of thin layers with higher
and lower seismic waves velocities.
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Geomagnetic data
The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour and
minute).
Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of the geomagnetic
field (publishing).
Coordinates
Name Code
Latitude Longitude
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Geomagnetic data
The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour and
minute).
Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of the geomagnetic
field (publishing).
Coordinates
Name Code
Latitude Longitude
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Floating stations:
Geomagnetical ecology
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2005
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01JAN2
01FEB2005LVV
005LVV
01JUL2005LVV
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01MAR2
01JUN2005LVV 01MAY2005LVV
005LVV
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01OCT2
01SEP2005LVV
005LVV
01NOV2005LVV
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02APR2005LVV 02AUG2005LVV
2006
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the Ukrainian shield magnetic field shield and anomalies of Ukrainian
related shield
Deep magnetic
The magnetic model of Magnetic model along
heterogeneity and
the earth's crust along geotraverse
depth of insulation to
geotraverse II EUROBRIDGE
the surface
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Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association with
section knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.
Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with section
knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproite
magmatism.
Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magnetic
field of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.
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On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magnetic
anomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic
deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gas
providing channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbons
migration can be connected with it.
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UKRANIAN UBNORMAL SHIELD
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REGIONAL MAGNETIC ANOMALITIES
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Deep magnetic heterogeneity and depth of insulation to the
surface
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Magnetic model along geotraverse EUROBRIDGE
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Comparison between the magnetic heterogeneity of Ukrainian board earth
crust and distribution areas of magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the basic
structure
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The scheme of the Ukrainian board magnetic heterogeneities
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Local anomalies of the geomagnetic field
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Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with the
Nodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactive
zones
Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association with
section knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.
Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with section
knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproite
magmatism.
Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magnetic
field of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.
On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magnetic
anomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic
deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gas
providing channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbons
migration can be connected with it.
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3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical data
in connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisation
and minerals prognostication were analysed.
Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-
platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on
the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (or
their edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;
Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basic
and ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation age
is discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms of
archaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovsky
megablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in the
Volynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of the
platform activization areas is connected with it.
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Demetrios is teaching Latin to the three boys. Nikolai sits in on the lessons.
Marya sits in when she can.
Veritor sets off on the trip to Chernigov. He takes a Gunther, a Varangian,
and Grigorii, Marya's tiun. Paulo also goes along. He also takes 5 of Marya's
guards.
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Gunther hits the water again, but it just splashes. Heidi is nowhere to be
seen. Acernus says that maybe Heidi will be back in the morning, or maybe
he should come back next month without Heidi.
Elsewhere, Sebastian is having fun.
Back at the pool, Grösschen is looking around. Veritor decides to catch some
sleep.
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Sunday, 25th day of August, 1051
Heidi is still gone at dawn. Veritor flies everyone, including Grösschen and
his guards, back to the covenant. The buckets do contain processable vis.
We get back to the covenant to find Rotblitz sitting in the hall. Lochlan is
there, too.
Rotblitz has news from Novgorod. He just happened to be flying in the area,
and heard a rumor about a possible gathering of the Perun worshippers
around the statue. He was flying at high altitude, and had to go north of the
city to get away from the gathering storm. Lightning hit the statue, then the
city gates. Then the people from the hill stormed the gates, and the statue
came along behind them. He saw the statue go into the square in front of the
palace and the cathedral. As of dawn, the statue was facing south. The
cathedral was being battered by something big, but he couldn't see exactly
what happened.
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Rotblitz is heading south to tell Vilus what happened last night. After some
talk, though, he agrees to take Acernus, Lochlan, and Cormac into the city so
he will have more concrete news to tell Vilus.
Rotblitz sets them down on the edge of the woods. They walk toward the
town through the fields of crops. The statue is gone, and can be made out
over the city walls. The gate is destroyed, and the buildings just past them
have been smashed. Some cleanup efforts are ongoing. There are no guards
around.
They approach the bridge, where there are some guards stationed. The
guards challenge us, and ask who we are. "Foreign wizards," says Acernus.
He says that we are here to see the prince who rules Novgorod. The guards
give them an escort to the other end of the bridge, and hand them off to the
guards there. The statue is standing in front of the palace, facing southwards.
They go in to see Prince Sevaschek. The hall is a little messed up, but there
is Sebastian near the throne wearing unevenly dyed red boots. Acernus
greets him as "Prince Sevaschek."
Acernus explains that he heard about some excitement last night. Sebastian
says that "we won," and Rotblitz wants to know if he intends to hold the city.
Sebastian says that he plans to get things organized. Acernus asks if he
plans to rule the city. Sebastian evades the question, but says that he will be
moving on. Not according to his own ambition, though. Presumably, that will
be Perun's ambition.
Acernus asks what he plans to do with the Christians in Novgorod. Sebastian
says that he plans to get rid of the Church and have everyone follow Perun.
Those who don't wish to follow Perun may leave. Acernus asks Sebastian's
policy on foreign wizards. Sebastian says that Perun will leave them alone if
they do not try to hinder Perun's forces. Sebastian beat the previous prince in
battle, but Sebastian hasn't seen the corpse.
Acernus requests that we be allowed to take the books from the library.
Sebastian doesn't give an answer. Acernus asks to be allowed to treat the
wounded. "Which side?" Sebastian asks. "Both," is the answer. Sebastian
wants to know if he intends to use "the food thing." Acernus mainly plans to
keep wounds from going bad, not heal them quickly. Sebastian has no
objections to his healing those on Perun's side, or innocents. He's not sure
how Perun would feel about Acernus healing the wounded enemy.
Sebastian allows the healing of his people, and the city guard, and any of the
city folk who got injured in the course of the fighting.
Rotblitz returns to Holly Hill with Lochlan.
Everything happens around Holly Hill. The secret is there. The Stone
Grave, discovered in the 1820s, contains caves and grottoes with
petroglyphs of animals and other motifs. Shilov is convinced that these
glyphs constitute a primitive script; on the basis of this conviction, he
declared that the world’s first writing system was developed in the lower
Dnieper basin at least two millennia before the Sumerians invented
cuneiform.
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the only venue that would publish his writings was a magazine called Useful
Technology.
Professional archeologists believe that the Stone Grave glyphs have nothing
to do with any script. Kifishyn, however, concluded his book with an even
more astonishing statement. He asserted that the linear markings painted
with red ochre on mammoth bones, which have been found at several
Paleolithic sites in Ukraine, are also primitive texts. Thus he has extended the
history of writing back 44,000 years.
This high-level attention paid to the subject of the extremely distant past
provoked a veritable frenzy of well-publicized archeological discoveries that
supported Ukraine’s claim to be the cradle of civilization. Thus there were
reports on a burial site of “pure Ukrainians” unearthed in Kiev; on the remains
of a Varangian (Norse) warrior found near the city of Chernigov, described as
evidence of “Ukraine’s European past”; on the alleged invention of
hamburgers by the Scythians; on Polischuk’s museum as proof that Ukraine
was the birthplace of the “white race”; on the settlement of Kharkov 6,000
years ago (the city was founded in the 17th century); and many other
interesting facts. All of these reports appeared in a single month, reflecting
the intensity of the mythmaking.
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WHY?
Pechersk Lavra
Have you ever dreamed about
travelling back in time?
If you'd like to know what it was
like in the Kiev Rus of the 11th
to 18th centuries, then visit the
Pechersk Lavra monastery.
The remarkable complex was
founded in the 11th century by
a monk named Antoniy, and it
is still an active monastery.
When you visit it, you can see
that the atmosphere is still like
it was in medieval times.
The first magnificent building of
the complex, which you can
see even before entering, is
the Troitskaya (Nadvratnaya)
Church, which towers above
the main gates. The church
was built in the 12th century,
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but most of it was
reconstructed in 1718 after a
disastrous fire. The beautiful
paintings that hang on the
church's walls were also done
in the 18th century. A medieval
legend says: When you pass
through the Saint gates under
the Nadvratnaya Church, you
get rid of 50 percent of your
sins. So come on in. It certainly
won't do you any harm, will it?
The centre of the complex and
the main temple of the
monastery is Uspenskiy
Cathedral. The original
structure was the first building
in the complex, built in 1078. It
was reconstructed in the 18th
century in Ukrainian baroque
style but destroyed during
World War II. Happily, it was
rebuilt in 2000.
Unless you are really fit, you
shouldn't try to make your way
to the top of the church's Bell
Tower. At 96 meters high, the
graceful, refined creature of the
18th century was the tallest
building in the country at the
time. If you can make it to the
top, you will find an
unbelievable view of Kiev
downtown, the River Dniper, its
bridges and the districts of the
low left bank. The big clock on
the tower's fourth floor has
seven bells, which strike every
15 minutes.
The Lavra complex includes
other wonderful churches as
well as the two largest. The
high, proud white buildings
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have dark-blue and green
capes and gilded stars. Their
marvellous interiors include
paintings and carved gilded
icons of Ukrainian and Russian
artists of the 18th century.
The most mysterious and holy
feature of the complex is the
Lavra caves. Originally, the
monks lived there. Later, the
caves became a burial places
for Lavra's saints. The caves
have many branches, making
them a labyrinth of
underground corridors, niches
and even small underground
churches. So far about 600
meters of the caves have been
discovered. Many people
believe that much more has yet
to be found.
The monastery grounds
include unique exhibitions and
museums. Visitors can see
historical jewellery, ancient
book printing, Ukrainian
decorative art and other
interesting artefacts.
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St. Sofia's Cathedral
St. Sofia's is a historic part of
Ancient Kiev Ruse that has
survived intact since it was built in
1037.
The builder was one of the most
capable Kiev Ruse princes -
Yaroslav the Wise. In the 10th
century the temple was a cultural
center of the whole Kiev Ruse
state.
Lots of scientific societies and
schools were established at the
facility. Their members wrote,
translated and commented on
scientific and religious books.
Yaroslav the Wise established an
enormous library in the cathedral.
It disappeared sometime during
the medieval centuries -- an
occurrence that is still a mystery to
historians.
In the 17th and 18th centuries,
other stone buildings were built
around the cathedral, transforming
the complex into a monastery.
The interior of the cathedral has
been left unchanged since the
11th century! The most impressive
part of the interior is about 3,000
square meters of ancient Ruse
frescoes. The shining mosaic
background contains at least 177
colors. In the center you can see
the figure of Maria Oranta with her
arms up.
A medieval legend says Kiev will
last as long as St. Sofia does.
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St. Michael's Cathedral
Together with St. Sophia, St.
Michael's Cathedral gives you
a unique portrait of ancient
Kiev.
The building was built in 1113
by Prince Svyatopolk. Other
buildings were added later to
create the St. Michael's
monastery complex. The
cathedral was partially
destroyed during the time of
Tatar-Mongol rule, but it was
reconstructed in the 17th
century.
During that century,
St.Michael's became one of
the most important
monasteries of Kiev Rus. The
monastery complex itself was
enlarged, a bell tower to the
cathedral and gates built. The
Ukrainian getman
Skoropadskiy added
wonderful icons to the
cathedral during that time.
It is hard to believe it now, but
in 1934 the government of
Soviet Ukraine decided to put
the headquarters of the
Central Committee of the
Ukrainian Communist Party
on the St. Michael's grounds.
To make for that building, the
government ordered the
cathedral razed.
When Ukraine became
independent in recent years,
it decided to rectify the
situation. It rebuilt the
cathedral between 1997 and
2000. It even used copies of
the frescos and mosaics of
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the 12th century to
reconstruct those
masterpieces.
Visitors enjoy the gloomy
charm of the ancient
Orthodox cathedral. It is
always dark and cool inside.
The only light comes from the
candles of visitors. By
candlelight, the icons glimmer
and the religious paintings
look very mysterious. Light a
second candle and ask God
to wipe away your sins.
Podol
Where the St. Andrew's Street slope levels off is Podol, a district that
from ancient times has been a centre of handicrafts, portrait painting,
education and of course beautiful churches and monasteries.
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Brotherhood
Bogoyavlenskiy
Monastery
The Kiev Brotherhood
founded the monastery
and the academy in 1615.
In the 17th century the
complex was a cultural
and spiritual centre of Kiev
Rus. Thus it had a
significant impact on
European cultural life.
Famed Ukrainian educator
Peter Mogila was the force
behind the founding of the
academy. He modelled it
on the principles of the
best European schools of
the times. The school and
a university that grew out
of it prepared generations
of Ukrainian scientists,
artists and teachers.
The main temple of the
monastery/academy
complex, the
Bogoyavlenskiy Cathedral,
became a victim of
political repression in
1935: Stalin's government
blew it up. The most
important building that still
stands is the Old
Academic building, which
along with
Blagoveschenskaya
Church was built in 1703.
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Flora and Lavra Monastery
This is one of the oldest women's
monasteries in the world.
The complex, situated right at the
foot of Mount Zamkovaya, was
built between the 17th and 20th
centuries. It was a wealthy
institution because the nuns were
mostly from aristocratic families -
and those families poured money
into the complex and its
programs. The nuns made
beautiful embroidery, carpets and
decorations that gained fame in
Kiev and beyond.
The monastery was closed in
1929. Some buildings were
destroyed while others were
reconstructed. The complex
reopened in 1941.
The most beautiful old buildings
that continue to stand today are
the Trapeznaya Church of Flor
and Lavr, the Voznesenskiy
Cathedral and the Nadvratnaya
bell tower.
Pokrovskiy Monastery
This women's monastery was
founded in 1889 by Russia's
Princess Alexandra Romanova. It
has achieved fame for its medical
and educational facilities.
For example, the monastery
hospital was the first in Kiev to
have X-ray equipment. Lots of
well-known scientists and doctors
worked in the monastery complex.
The famed Ukrainian entrepreneur
Nikolay Tereschenko financed the
complex's administration building
on the foothills of Mount
Voznesenskaya.
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The complex's architectural style
is known as Moscow-Jaroslavl -
for the two Russian cities. The
complex includes the biggest
church in Kiev - Nikolaevskiy
Cathedral - which seats 3,000
people. It also includes Pokrov
Church, a hotel, and surgery and
therapy facilities.
Pirogoscha Church
Kiev's Prince Mstislaw
started the church in 1131.
After the Mongol-Tatar
invasion, the church became
a centre of Kiev social life.
Many important celebrations
were held there, many
notables were buried on the
church grounds, and the city
archive was kept there.
The original building was
destroyed in 1935 by
Stalinists.
The people of Kiev decided
to rebuild the church after
Soviet rule ended. The
restoration was completed in
1998.
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St. Ilea Church
This church was
built not far from
the River Dnieper
in 1692. The one-
story building,
while only
modestly
decorated, is a
great example of
Ukrainian Baroque
architecture. The
building was
rebuilt in the 18th
century, and
repainted in the
19th century.
Some of the 18th
century painting
has been kept
inside the building.
The complex also
includes a bell
tower that was
built in the early
18th century.
Chernigiv Branch
Shchorsa Str., 8, 14000 Chernigiv
tel. +380-46-224-10-46
fax +380-46-224-32-86
e-mail: ukrggri@golsi.net
DC "CHERNIGIVNAFTOGAZGEOLOGIYA" Tel.: +38 (04622) 7-70-81,
Ουκρανία, 14000, Chernigiv, 16, st Shevchenka. fax: +38 (04622) 10-14-65
Juridikal διεύθυνση
NJSC "Nadra Ukrayny"
Volodymirska Str.34, Κίεβο, 01601, Ουκρανία
Ταχυδρομική διεύθυνση
NJSC "Nadra Ukrayny"
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Povitroflotskiy av.54, Κίεβο, 03151, Ουκρανία
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Ancient Chernigiv
Chernigiv and the surrounding oblast are worth a visit for at least three
reasons. First of all, in the 12th-13th centuries, the town was the capital of a
mighty principality about the size of modern-day France. Secondly, you can
view musical instruments 15 thousand years old. Thirdly, you might see the
mysterious Black Monk in St Anthony’s Caves, a phenomenon that Ukraine’s
top scientists are unable to explain According to historians, Chernigiv
conceals as many secrets as Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. The first historical
mention of this town on the right bank of the Desna River 140km from Kyiv
dates back to 907. In the 11th-13th centuries, it was the capital of the
Chernigiv principality before being looted by the Mongol Tatars and later
conquered by Lithuania and Poland. In 1654, Chernigiv became affiliated with
the Kyivan Rus, becoming one of its major cultural and handicraft centres.
Some believe the city was named after its founder, the warrior Cherniga.
Locals prefer the romantic legend about a girl who threw herself out a window
rather than be forced to marry against her will. Her father, Prince Chornyy,
was allegedly the founder of the town and was buried there in the Chorna
Grave.
Archaeologists’ Paradise
The Chernigiv area is a prize catch for researchers, since the Mezinska
excavation site is unrivalled in the world. About 20 thousand years ago,
people of the late Palaeolithic period lived in the few primitive shelters there.
Tools made from the local chalky flint along with interesting works of ancient
art, such as a bracelet made from mammoth ivory, female figurines and
pendants were found at the site. These artefacts are on display in the
Chernigiv V.V. Tarnovsky Historical Museum (4 Gorky St., tel.: 0462-17-66-
50, 17-67-93). But the most interesting exhibits are a “noisy bracelet” similar
to a castanet and six mammoth bones decorated with patterns that represent
the world’s only remnants of a Palaeolithic percussion orchestra! By
analysing the impact patterns on the bones, experts have even been able to
reconstruct the music composed in those prehistoric times.
Getting there
The best way is by car along the Kyiv-Chernigiv road or by public transport
van from the Lisova metro station. The two-hour trip costs UAH10.
International Airlines offers convenient, daily flights to Kyiv from almost each
capital of Western Europe. For more information on flights schedules and
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ticket reservations, please contact the UIA office in Kyiv at (+380 44) 581-
5050, or visit the UIA website: www.flyUIA.com .
Gradetsky Hotel
Chernigiv’s biggest hotel is a 10-minute walk from the centre and has deluxe
and semi-deluxe suites, single and double rooms and probably the best
cuisine in town.
Address: Chernigiv, 68 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 45-025
Etoile Cafe
Located on the Ramparts and very popular with the locals, it offers the
Courage disco, billiards, the Traffic Light bowling alley and delicious,
inexpensive meals.
Address: Chernigiv, 50 Pyatnitska St., Tel.: (0462) 18-57-30
Kachanivka Hotel
This hotel sleeps 26 people (UAH20 per person), has its own restaurant and
is located in the former servant and guest wings of the Tarnosky Palace.
Address: Kachanivka Village, Ichnyanskiy District; Tel.: (04633) 24-115, 24-
125
Mislivets-Cozelets Grill
It works round-the-clock at the 79th kilometre on route E-95, a 30-minute ride
from Kyiv. A very stylish place decorated with hunting trophies and Ukrainian
souvenirs with a large hall seating 50 people, a 10-person banquet hall, an
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area with sofas and two braziers.
Address: 79th km, Chernigiv Route, Cozelets; Tel.: (04646) 42-454
Physical fields that were caused or changed with planet natural environment
called geophysical fields (GF). GF change and distribution in time and space
depend on resources availability and power and on natural environment
characteristics structure and its dynamics under the influence of natural and
anthropogenic factors as well. It is important to know the present condition
and change nature of GF for understanding of natural processes, that
influence the people’s life and country economics, for long-timed socio-
economic planning, rational earth usage, task-oriented minerals seeking and
dangerous processes prediction.
Gravitational field of the Earth or field of gravity force is the field caused by
gravity force and centrifugal force, that was entailed Earth axial rotation. It is
conventionally divided into abnormal and normal. Abnormal gravitational field
(AGF) represents Earth form and its subsoil structure characteristics. AGF
changes in the wide range on the territory of Ukraine, thatia connected with
characteristics of Earth crust material and upper mantle thickness. On the
atlas map the AGF distribution is showed with the lines of the similar values
of its quantity, that is called isoanomaly.
Thermal field also gives the important information about structure and
dynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust is characterized
by thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earth subsoil and dissipates
from its surface and by temperature change depending on depth. The main
part in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-living
radioelements’ (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, the
maximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crust
materials, primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemical
processes that take place in its subsoil. The important part in positive
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geothermal anomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditions
that significantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. The
leading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays active tectonic
and magmatic processes that is attended by release of the great amount of
heat.
For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounder
location, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc –
another type of GF is used widely – seismic field. It is observed in the form of
mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves, adits,
boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves (longitudinal,
diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from the source fading,
reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types on geological environment
inhomogeneities. Depending on source seismic field can be natural or
anthropogenic.
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Studying of anthropogenic seismic fields that were by special explosions or
by Vibroseis generated and observed along geologic profiles, allowed getting
unique data about Earth structure, that are used for minerals searching and
solving other geological-geophysical problems. There are Earth crust and
lithosphere sections through the main tectonic structures on the territory of
Ukraine in the atlas.
On the territory of Ukraine Earth crust thickness changes in wide ranges from
25 to 65 km. Maximal crust thickness fixes under the Carpathia (65 km),
Mountain Crimea (up to 60 km), jn the Ukrainian board (Odessa-Yadliv,
Kryvyi Rih-Krupets’k, Orikhovo-Pavlohrad early Protherozoic geosyncline
zones – 50-60 km). Minimal Earth crust thickness is observed in the
Transcarpathian bending region (25 km), under Dnipro-Donets’k avlacogene
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(30-35 km), on the Ukrainian board, in the Zaporizhzhya middle massif region
(25-30 km), Kirovohrad protoplatform block region (35 km) and on the water
area of Black Sea depression (25-30 km).
Natural seismic fields caused by the local and strong distant earthquake foci,
must be taken into account because of their dangerousness when
accommodations, important buildings, objects at ecological and
anthropogeneous risk are built. The cause of earthquakes is the present
geological structure tectonic activity. Distribution of different magnitude
earthquakes on the given territory in time and dimension is called seismicity.
On the territory of Ukraine the high seismicity level is observed mainly on the
territory or Carpathia and Crimea-black Sea region.
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On the platform part of Ukraine only several local earthquakes are known.
Their foci were in the Earth crust range, and to it, seismic effect had local
character. Seismic swing intensity in the epicenter reached 6-7 point.
Earthquake with intensity of 6 points on the MSK-64 scale that took place on
January 3, 2002, near the village Mykulyntsi Ternopils’ka region and
aftershock trail are the evidence of seismic activity availability of the platform
tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine.
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LIAPIC PANAGIOTIC