Chapter 03

3.
HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN
3.1
Can you have a cross-flow exchanger in which both flow are mixed? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, as long as there is a mixing portion in the line of flow like the illustration below.
3.2
Find the appropriate mean radius, r , that will make Q = kA(r )T (ro ri ) , valid for the
one dimensional heat conduction through a thick spherical shell, where A(r ) = 4 r 2 (cf.
Example 3.1)
Solution:
1 2 (rT )
=0
r r 2
2 (rT )
=0
r 2
(rT )
= C1
r
rT = C1r + C 2
C
T = C1 + 2
r
At r = ro, T = To
At r = ri, T = Ti
Then,
C2
ro
C
Ti = C1 + 2
ri
To = C1 +
3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN
Ti > To
1 1
Ti To = T = C 2
ri ro
(T T )(r r )
C2 = i o i o
(ro ri )
(T T )r T r T r T r + T r
C
C1 = To 2 = To i o i = o o o i i i o i
(ro ri )
ro
ro ri
T r T r
C1 = o o i i
ro ri
T r T r (T T )(r r )
T= oo ii+ i o io
(ro ri )r
ro ri
(T T )(r r )
dT
= i o i 2o
(ro ri )r
dr
Q = kA
(T T )(r r )
dT
= k (4 r 2 ) i o i 2 o
dr
(ro ri )r
k 4 ri ro (Ti To )
ro ri
k 4 ri ro T
Q=
ro ri
Equating:
Q=
kA(r )T k 4 ri ro T
=
ro ri
ro ri
2
k 4 r T k 4 ri ro T
=
ro ri
ro ri
Q=
r = ri ro Answer.
3.3
Rework Problem 2.14, using the methods of Chapter 3.
Solution:
m& a = 0.5 kg/s
air At 20 C = 1.205 kg/m3
c pa At 20 C = 1006 J/kg.K
Cmin = m& a c pa = (0.5 kg/s)(1006 J/kg.K) = 503 W/K
U = 300 W/m2.K
Equation 3.22:
lim = 1 e NTU
C max
NTU =
UA
Cmin
Q
Cc
Cc = C min = 503 W/K
Tcin = 20 C
Tcout = Tcin +
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin )
Thin = 120 C
(a) q = U (Thin Tcin ) = (300 W/m2.K)(120 C 20 C) = 30,000 W/m2

(b) at x :
A = (1 m)(x) = x m2
V = (1 m)(1 m)(x) = x m3
At the entrance:
dT
ma c pa
= UA(Thin Tcin )
dt
dT
Vc pa
= qA
dt
dT
xc pa
= qx
dt
dT
q
30000
=
=
= 24.75 C/s
dt c pa (1.205)(1006)
(c)
x=2m
UA (300)(2)
=
=1.19284
C min
503
= 1 e 1.19284 = 0.69664
Q = (0.69664 )(503)(120 20) = 35,041 W
Q
35041
Tcout = Tcin +
= 20 +
= 89.7 C
Cc
503
NTU =
3.4
2.4 kg/s of a fluid have a specific heat of 0.81 kJ/kg.K enters a counterflow heat
exchanger at 0 C and are heated to 400 C by 2 kg/s of a fluid having a specific heat of
0.96 kJ/kg.K entering the unit at 700 C. Show that to heat the cooled fluid to 500C, all
other conditions remaining unchanged, would require the surface area for a heat transfer
to be increased by 87.5 %.
3
Solution:
Tcin = 0 C
Tcout = 400 C
Cc = (2.4 kg/s)(0.81 kJ/kg.K) = 1.944 kW/K

Thin = 700 C
Ch = (2 kg/s)(0.96 kJ/kg.K) = 1.92 kW/K
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = (1.944 kW/K)(400 0 K) = 777.6 kW
Q
777.6
= 700
= 295 C
Ch
1.92
For counterflow heat exchanger
Thout = Thin
Ta = Thin Tcout = 700 C 400 C = 300 C

Tb = Thout Tcin = 295 C 0 C = 295 C
LMTD =
Ta Tb 300 295
= 297.5 C
=
300
Ta
ln
ln
295
T
Q
U (LMTD )
Assume U is constant or unchanged at any new conditions.
A=
AU =
Q
777.6
=
= 2.6138 kW/K
LMTD 297.5
if Tcout = 500 C
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = (1.944 kW/K)(500 0 K) = 972 kW
Q
992
= 700
= 193.75 C
Ch
1.92
Ta = Thin Tcout = 700 C 500 C = 200 C
Thout = Thin
Tb = Thout Tcin = 193.75 C 0 C = 193.75 C
LMTD =
AU =
Ta Tb 200 193.75
=
= 196.86 C
Ta
200
ln
ln
193.75
T
b
Q
972
= 4.9375 kW/K
=
LMTD 196.86
Percentage Increase =
3.5
4.9375 2.6138
(100% ) = 88.9 %
2.6138
A cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed is used to heat water (cp = 4.18
kJ/kg.K) from 40 C to 80 C, flowing at the rate of 1.0 kg/s. What is the overall heat
transfer coefficient if the hot engine oil (cp = 1.9 kJ/kg.K), flowing at the rate of 2.6 kg/s,
enters at 100 C? The heat transfer area is 20 m2. (Note that you can use either an
effectiveness or an LMTD method. It would be wise to use both as check.)
Solution:
Cross-flow heat exchanger: A = 20 m2.
Water: Cc = m& w cw = (1.0 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.K) = 4.18 kW/K
Tcin = 40 C
Tcout = 80 C
Hot Engine Oil: Ch = m& o co = (2.6 kg/s)(1.9 kJ/kg.K) = 4.94 kW/K

Thin = 100 C
Heat Balance:
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
(4.18)(80 40) = (4.94)(100 T )

hout
Thout = 66.15 C
Use Effectiveness Method:

Eq. (3.16a)
C (T T ) (4.18)(80 40)
= c cout cin =
= 0.667
Cmin (Thin Tcin ) (4.18)(100 40)
For cross-flow heat exchanger, both unmixed flow.
Fig. 3.17, = 0.667
Cmin Cc 4.18
= 0.85
=
=
Cmax Ch 4.94
UA
= 2.3
NTU =
C min
5

U (20 )
= 2 .3
4.18
U = 0.48 W/m2.K
Use LMTD Method:
T Tb
LMTD a
T
ln a
T b
Ta = 66.15 C 40 C = 26.15 C
Tb = 100 C 80 C = 20 C
26.15 20
= 22.94 C
LMTD
26.15
ln
20
Q = UAF (LMTD )
Fig. 3.14 x, cross-flow heat exchanger, both passes unmixed.
Tt T tin
P = out
Tsin Ttin
Ts T sout
R = in
Ttout Ttin
use,
Tsin =100 C
T sout = 66.15 C
Ttout = 80 C
Ttin = 40 C
100 66.15
= 0.85
80 40
80 40
= 0.667
P=
100 40
Then F = 0.81
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = UAF (LMTD )
R=
(4.18 )(80 40 ) = U (20 )(0.81)(22.94 )

U = 0.45 W/m2.K
3.6
Saturated non-oil-bearing steam at 1 atm enters the shell pass of a two-tube-pass shell
condenser with thirty 20 ft tubes in each tube pass. They are made of schedule 160, in.
steel pipe (nominal diameter). A volume flow rate of 0.01 ft3/s of water entering at 60 F
enters each tube. The condensing heat transfer coefficient is 2000 Btu/h.ft2.F, and we
6
calculate h = 1380 Btu/h.ft2.F for the water in the tubes. Estimate the exit temperature of
the water and the mass rate of condensate.
Solution:
Properties of water at 60 F (15.56 C).
w = 999 kg/m3 = 62.37 lbm/ft3.
c pw = 4.1887 kJ/kg.K = 1.000 Btu/lbm.F
For 30 tubes,
3
3
m& w = (0.01 ft /s)(62.37 lbm/ft )(30) = 18.711 lbm/s = 67,360 lbm/hr
Tcin = 60 F
Properties of steam at 1 atm (14.696 psia), from steam table of other references.
hfg = 1150.4 Btu/lbm 180.2 Btu/lbm = 970.2 Btu/lbm
Thin = Thout = 212 F
Properties of Sch. 160 Steel Pipe, in Nom. Diameter, from other references.
1 Btu / h. ft.F
= 24.85 Btu/h.ft.F
k s = 43 W/m.K
1.7307 W / m.K
ri = (1/2)(0.612 in) = 0.306 in = 0.0255 ft
ro = (1/2)(1.050 in) = 0.525 in = 0.04375 ft
Based on outside area:

r
ro ln o
1
r
ri + 1
= o +
U o ri hi
ks
ho
hi = 1380 Btu/h.ft.F, ho = 2000 Btu/h.ft.F
0.04375
0.04375 ln
1
0.04375
1
0.0255
=
+
+
U o (0.0255)(1380)
24.85
2000
2
U o = 371 Btu/h.ft .F
U A
NTU = o o
C min
Ao = 2 ro L
L = 30 (20 ft)(2) = 1200 ft
Ao = 2 (0.04375)(1200 ) = 330 ft2.
Cmin = m& w c pw = (67,360 lbm/h)(1.000 Btu/lbm.F) = 67,360 Btu/h.F
7
U o Ao (371)(330 )
=
= 1.818
Cmin
67,360
= C lim = 1 e NTU = 1 e 1.818 = 0.838
NTU =
max
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.838)(67,360)(212 60) = 8,580,047 Btu/h
Exit Temperature of Water

Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = m& wc pw (Tcout Tcin )
8,580,047 = (67,360)(Tcout 60 )
Tcout = 187.4 F
Mass flow rate of Condensate:

Q = m& c h fg
8,580,047 = m& c (970.2 )
m& c = 8,844 lbm/h
3.7
Consider a counterflow heat exchanger that must cool 3000 kg/h of mercury from 150 F
to 128 F. The coolant is 100 kg/h of water, supplied at 70 F. If U is 300 W/m2.K,
complete the design by determining reasonable value for the area and the exit-water
temperature.
Solution:
Mercury
Thin = 150 F = 65.56 C
Thout = 128 F = 53.33 C
m& m = 3000 kg/h = 0.833333 kg/s

c pm @ 60 C, Table A.3, pg.707 = 138.244 J/kg.K
Water
Tcin = 70 F = 21.11 C
m& w = 100 kg/h = 0.027778 kg/s
c pw @ 21.11 = 4187.3 J/kg.K
U = 300 W/m2.K
Cc = mwc pw = (0.027778)(4183.7) = 116.2 W/K
Ch = mm c pm = (0.833333)(138.244) = 115.2 W/K
Effectiveness Method
8
For counterflow heat exchanger:

C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
C min = 115.2 W/K

C max = 116.2 W/K
Solve for .
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
Ch (Thin Thout )
Cmin (Thin Tcin )
(115.2)(65.56 53.33) = 0.275

(115.2)(65.56 21.11)
Then:
115.2
1 exp 1
NTU
116.2
= 0.275 =
115.2
115.2
1
exp 1
NTU
116.2
116.2
0.008606 NTU
0.275(1 0.9914e
) = 1 e 0.008606 NTU
e 0.008606 NTU = 0.996749
NTU = 0.37843
UA (300) A
=
= 0.37843
C min 115.2
A = 0.1453 m2.
NTU =
C h (Thin Thout )
Q
= Tcin +
Cc
Cc
115.2(65.56 53.33)
= 21.11 +
= 33.24 C = 91.83 F
116.2
Tcout = Tcin +
Tcout
3.8
An automobile air-conditioner gives up 18 kW at 65 km/h if the outside temperature is 35

C. The refrigerant temperature is constant at 65 C under these conditions, and the air rises
6 C in temperature as it flows across the heat exchanger tubes. The heat exchanger is of
the finned-tube type shown in Fig. 3.6b, with U 200 W/m2.K. If U ~ (air velocity)0.7
and the mass flow rate increases directly with the velocity, plot the percentage reduction
of heat transfer in the condenser as a function of air velocity between 15 and 65 km/h.
9
Solution:
Let C1 and C2 are constant,
V = air velocity, km/h.
m& a = C1V
U = C 2V 0.7
Solving for C2.
0.7
U = 200 = C 2 (65)
C2 = 10.76442
Solving for LMTD.
T Tb
LMTD = a
T
ln a
T b
Ta = Tr Tcin = 65 C 35 C = 30 C
Tb = Tr Tcout
Tcout Tcin = 6 C
Tcout = 35 C + 6 C = 41 C
Tb = Tr Tcout = 65 C 41 C = 24 C
Ta Tb 30 24
=
= 26.89 C
Ta
30
ln
ln
24
T
Solving for A.
Q = UA(LMTD )
18000 = (200 )A(26.89 )
A = 3.347 m2.
LMTD =
Solving for m& a

c pa = 1007 J/kg.K
Q = m& a c pa (Tcout Tcin )
Q = m& a (1007 )(6 )

m& a = 2.979 kg/s
Solving foe C1.
m& a = C1V
2.979 = C1 (65)
C1 = 0.04583
Then at any air velocity:
m& a = 0.04583V
10
U = 10.76442V 0.7
Solving for NTU.
UA
NTU =
Cmin
Cmin = m& a c pa = (0.04583V )(1007 ) = 46.15V
(10.76442V )(3.347 ) = 0.7807

0.7
NTU =
46.15V
V 0.3
Solving for :
lim = 1 e NTU
= C max
0.7807
0.3
V
= 1 exp
0.7807
Q = 1 exp
(46.15V )(65 35)
0.3
V
0.7807
Q = 1384.5V 1 exp
0.3
V
Percentage reduction , x, %.
Q Q

(100% ) = 1 1384.5V 1 exp 0.7807
x=
(100 )
0.3
Q
18000
V
0.7807
x = 1001 0.07692V 1 exp

0.3
V

Tabulation:
x, %
66.2
58.1
50.6
43.4
36.6
30.0
23.7
17.5
11.5
5.7
0.0
V , km/h
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
11
Plot:
3.9
Derive eqn. (3.21).
Solution:
Eq. (3.21), Counter-flow:
C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
Cmax
Derivation:
Equation (3.17)
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin )
Equation (3.18)
UA
NTU =
Cmin
Equation (3.9)
1
Ta
1
ln
= UA
C
Cc C h
1 + c (Tcin Tcout ) + Ta
Ch
C
1 + c (Tcin Tcout ) + Ta
Ch
1
1
ln
= UA
Ta
Cc C h
Ta = Thin Tcout from Eq. 3.8 , counterflow.
12
Then
Ta = Thin Tcin (Tcout Tcin )
Q
Q
Cmin Cc
Let Cc = Cmin , Ch = Cmax
Q(1 )
Ta =
Cmin
Ta =
Cmin Q

1 +
Cmax C min UA Cmin
ln
+1 =
Cmin Cmax
Q (1 )
Cmin
C Cmin
NTU
ln 1 min
+ 1 = 1
Cmax 1 Cmax
Cmin
+ 1
1
Cmax
= 1 Cmin NTU
ln
Cmax
1
C min
+1
C max
= 1 Cmin NTU
ln
1
Cmax
1
= 1 Cmin NTU
ln
C
C min
max
C +1
max
1
= exp 1 min NTU
C
Cmax
min + 1
C max
C
Cmin
exp 1 min NTU + exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
C max
Cmax
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
1 =
13
3.10
Derive the infinite NTU limit of the effectiveness of parallel and counterflow heat
exchangers at several values of Cmin/Cmax. Use common sense and the First Law of
Thermodynamics, and refer to eqn. (3.20) and eqn. (3.21) only to check your results.
Solution:
Eq. (3.20) Parallel
C
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
Cmin
1+
Cmax
Eq. (3.21) Counterflow
C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
By energy balance, First Law of Thermodynamics.

Q
Thout = Thin
Ch
Q
Tcout = Tcin +
Cc
For Parallel Flow:
Thout = Tcout
Then
Q
Tcout = Thin
Ch
Q
Tcout = Tcin +
Cc
1
1 Q C min
1 +
Thin Tcin = Q + =
Cc C h Cmin C max
C
Thin Tcin = (Thin Tcin )1 + min
C max
1
C
1 + min
Cmax
14
Check with Eq. (3.20) with 1 exp 1 + min NTU = 0

Cmax
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
= 1+ 0
=
C
C
1 + min
1 + min
Cmax
Cmax
1
=
C
1 + min
Cmax
For Counterflow
Thin = Tcout
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = C min (Thin Tcin )
=1
C
Check with Eq. (3.21) with 1 exp 1 + min NTU = 0

Cmax
1 exp 1 min NTU

C max
= 1+ 0
=
C
1+ 0
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
Cmax
=1
3.11
Derive the equation = ( NTU , C min Cmax ) for the heat exchanger depicted in Fig. 3.9.
Solution:
= ( NTU , Cmin Cmax )
Eq. (3.22), Cmax
= C max
lim = 1 e NTU
Derivation for Parallel Flow
C
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
Cmin
1+
Cmax
15

1 exp[ (1 + 0)NTU ]
1+ 0
= lim = 1 e NTU
C max
Derivation for Counterflow

C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
1 exp[ (1 0 )NTU ]
1 (0) exp[ (1 0 )NTU ]
= C max
lim = 1 e NTU
3.12
A single-pass heat exchanger condenses steam at 1 atm on the shell side and heats water
from 10 C to 30 C on the tube side with U = 2500 W/m2.K The tubing is thin-walled, 5
cm in diameter, and 2 m in length. (a) Your boss asks whether the exchanger should be
counterflow or parallel flow. How do you advise her? Evaluate: (b) the LMTD; (c) the
m& H 2O ; (d) .
Solution:
(a) I will advise here that counterflow or parallel flow configuration is irrelevant. The
temperature on the hot side is constant.
(b) For steam, Th = 100 C
For water, Tcin = 10 C
Tcout = 30 C
c p = 4187 J/kg.K
For tubing, D = 5 cm = 0.05m
L=2m
A = DL
Ta Tb
LMTD =
T
ln a
T b
Ta =100 C 10 C = 90 C
Tb = 100 C 30 C = 70 C
90 70
LMTD =
= 79.58 C
90
ln
70
16
(c) Q = UA( LMTD ) = m& H 2O c p (Tcout Tcin )
(2500)( )(0.05) (2)(79.58) = m& (4187)(30 10)

2
H 2O
m& H 2O = 0.7464 kg/s
(d) = C max
lim = 1 e NTU
UA
UA
(2500 )( )(0.05) (2) = 0.2153
=
=
C min m& H 2 O c p
(0.7464)(4187 )
2
NTU =
= 1 e 0.2513 = 0.2222
3.13
Air at 2 kg/s and 27 C and a stream of water at a1.5 kg/s and 60 C each enter a heat
exchanger. Evaluate the exit temperatures if A = 12 m2, U = 185 W/m2.K, and:
a. The exchanger is parallel flow;
b. The exchanger is counterflow;
c. The exchanger is cross-flow, one stream mixed;
d. The exchanger is cross-flow. Neither stream mixed.
Solution:
m& a = 2 kg/s
m& w = 1.5 kg/s
Tcin = 27 C
Thin = 60 C
A = 12 m2
U = 185 W/m2.K
Specific heat of air at 27 C = cpa = 1007 J/kg.K

Specific heat of water at 60 C = cpw = 4186.2 J/kg.K
Cc = m& a cpa = (2 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.K) = 2014 W/K = Cmin
Ch = m& w cpw = (1.5 kg/s)(4186.2 J/kg.K) = 6279.3 W/K = Cmax
(a)
Eq. 3.20 for parallel flow

C
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
Cmin
1+
Cmax
UA (185)(12 )
NTU =
=
= 1.1023
(2014)
C min
17
2014
1 exp 1 +
(1.1023)
6279.3
= 0.5806
=
2014
1+
6279.3
Q = (0.5806 )(2014 )(60 27 ) = 38,587.8 W

Q
38,587.8
= 60
= 53.86 C
Ch
6279.3
Q
38,587.8
= Tcin +
= 27 +
= 46.16 C
Cc
2014
Thout = Thin
Tcout
(b)
Eq. 3.21 for counterflow

C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
2014
1 exp 1
(1.1023)
6279.3
=
= 0.6213

2014
2014
1
exp 1
(1.1023)
6279.3
6279.3
(
)
Q = Cmin Thin Tcin
Q = (0.6213)(2014)(60 27 ) = 41,292.8 W
Q
41,292.8
= 60
= 53.42 C
Ch
6279.3
Q
41,292.8
= Tcin +
= 27 +
= 47.50 C
Cc
2014
Thout = Thin
Tcout
(c)
For cross-flow, one stream mixed, Figure 3.17b

NTU = 1.103
C mixed
C
2014
= min =
= 0.32
Cunmixed C max 6279.3
Then, = 0.60
Q = (0.60 )(2014 )(60 27 ) = 39,877.2 W

18
Q
39,877.2
= 60
= 53.65 C
Ch
6279.3
Q
39,877.2
= Tcin +
= 27 +
= 46.80 C
Cc
2014
Thout = Thin
Tcout
(d)
For cross-flow, neither stream mixed, Figure 3.17a

NTU = 1.103
C mixed
C
2014
= min =
= 0.32
Cunmixed C max 6279.3
Then, = 0.60
Q = (0.60 )(2014 )(60 27 ) = 39,877.2 W

Q
39,877.2
= 60
= 53.65 C
Ch
6279.3
Q
39,877.2
= Tcin +
= 27 +
= 46.80 C
Cc
2014
Thout = Thin
Tcout
3.14
Air at 0.25 kg/s and 0 C enters a cross-flow heat exchanger. It is to be warmed to 20 C by

0.14 kg/s of air at 50 C. The streams are unmixed. As a first step in the design process,
plot U against A and identify the approximate range of area for the heat exchanger.
Solution:
m& a1 = 0.25 kg/s

Tcin = 0 C
Tcout = 20 C
m& a 2 = 0.14 kg/s

Thin = 50 C
Specific heat of air at 10 C (average of 0 C and 20 C) = c pa1 = 1006 J/kg.K
Specific heat of air at 50 C = c pa 2 = 1008 J/kg.K
Cc = m& a1c pa1 = (0.25 kg/s)(1006 J/kg.K) = 251.5 W/K = Cmax
Ch = m& a 2 c pa 2 = (0.14 kg/s)(1008 J/kg.K) = 141.12 W/K = Cmin
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
19
(251.5)(20 0 ) = (141.12)(50 T )
hout
Thout = 14.36 C
Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin )

(141.12 )(50 0) = 251.5(20 0)
= 0.713
Fig. 3.17a, cross-flow unmixed,
C min 141.12
=
= 0.56
Cmax
251.5
= 0.713
Then,
UA
=2
Cmin
UA = 2(141.12) = 282.24 W/K
NTU =
Table 2.2, Typical range of magnitudes of U for Air-to-Air is U = 60 550 W/m2.K

Plot:
282.24
= 4.704 m2
60
282
.24
At 550 W/m2.K, A =
= 0.513 m2
550
Range of area = 0.513 m2 to 4.704 m2.
At 60 W/m2.K, A =
20
3.15
A particular two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger uses 20 kg/s of river water at
10 C on the shell side to cool 8 kg/s of processed water from 80 C to 25 C on the tube
side. At what temperature will the coolant be returned to the river? If U is 800 W/m2.K,
how large must the exchanger be?
Solution:
Shell side:
m& r = river water = 20 kg/s
Tsin = Tcin = 10 C
Tube side:
m& p = processed water = 8 kg/s
Ttin = Thin = 80 C
Ttout = Thout = 25 C
Specific heat of water at 52.5 C (average of 80 C and 25 C), c pp = 4183.2 J/kg.K

Specific heat of water at 10 C , c pr = 4196.2 J/kg.K
Cc = m& r c pr = (20 kg/s)(4196.2 J/kg.K) = 83,924 W/K
Ch = m& p c pp = (8 kg/s)(4183.2 J/kg.K) = 33,465.6 W/K
Using LMTD Method:

(Th Tcout ) (Thout
LMTD = in
T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
Solving for Tcout ;
Tcin )
Q = Ch (Thin Thout ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin )
(33,465.6 )(80 25) = (83,924 )(T
cout
10 )
Tcout = 31.93 C = Tsout
LMTD =
(T
hin
Tcout ) (Thout Tcin )
T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
(80 31.93) (25 10) = 28.4 C
LMTD =
80 31.93
ln
25 10
U = 800 W/m2.K
Tt Ttin 25 80
P = out
=
= 0.786
Tsin Ttin 10 80
R=
Tsin Tsout
Ttout Ttin
10 31.93
= 0.40
25 80
21
For two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger, Fig. 3.14b

With P = 0.786, R = 0.4, then F = 0.936
Q = UAF (LMTD ) = C h (Thin Thout )
(800)A(0.936)(28.4) = (33,465.6)(80 25)

A = 86.552 m2.
3.16
A particular cross-flow process heat exchanger operates with the fluid mixed on one side
only. When it is new, U = 2000 W/m2.K, Tcin = 25 C, Tcout = 80 C, Thin = 160 C and Thout =
70 C. After 6 months of operation, the plant manager reports that the hot fluid is only
being cooled to 90 C and that he is suffering a 30% reduction in total heat transfer. What
is the fouling resistance after 6 months of use? (Assume no reduction of cold-side flow
rate by fouling.)
Solution:
U = 2000 W/m2.K
Tcin = 25 C
Tcout = 80 C
Thin = 160 C
Thout = 70 C
Use LMTD Method:
(Th Tcout ) (Thout Tcin ) = (160 80) (70 25) = 60.83 C
LMTD1 = in
T T
160 80
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
70 25
in
out
Q = UAF (LMTD )
Q1 = U 1 AF1 (LMTD1 )
Tt Ttin 70 160
P = out
=
= 0.67
Tsin Ttin 25 160
Tsin Tsout
25 80
= 0.611
Ttout Ttin 70 160
Fig. 3.17d, cross-flow, fluid mixed on one side only, F1 = 0.76
Q1 = U 1 A(0.76 )(60.83) = 46.23U 1 A
with Q2 = (1 0.30 )Q1 = 0.70Q1
Thout = 90 C
R=
22
LMTD2 =
(T
hin
T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
Q2 = U 2 A(0.90 )(72.24 ) = 65.02U 2 A
Q2 = 0.70Q1
65.02U 2 A = 0.70(46.23)U 1 A
U 2 = 0.4977U 1
(160 80) (90 25) = 72.24 C

160 80
ln
90 25
1
1 1
1 1.00924
=
1 =
U 2 U 1 0.4977 U 1
U1
1.00924
Rf =
= 0.0005 m2.K/W
2000
Rf =
3.17
Water at 15 C is supplied to a one shell-pass, two tube-passes heat exchanger to cool 10

kg/s of liquid ammonia from 120 C to 40 C. You anticipate a U on the order of 1500
W/m2.K when the water flows in the tubes. If A is to be 90 m2, choose the correct flow
rate of water.
Solution:
m& a = 10 kg/s
Tsin = Thin = 120 C
Tsout = Thout = 40 C
Ttin = Tcin = 15 C
U = 1500 W/m2.K
A = 90 m2.
Specific heat of water at 15 C, c pw = 4189.4 J/kg.K

Specific heat of liquid ammonia at 80 C (average of 120 C and 40 C).
c pa = 5838.1 J/kg.K
Cc = m& a c pa = (10)(5838.1) = 58,381 W/K
Try C min = Cc = 58,381 W/K

Use Fig. 3.17c (one shell-pass, two tube-passes)
UA (1500 )(90)
NTU =
=
= 2.312
C min
58,381
Cmax = Ch
23
Cmin (120 15) = Cmax (120 40)

Cmin
= 0.762
C
max
From Fig. 3.17c, NTU = 2.312
Tabulation:
Cmin
Cmax
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.80
0.72
0.64
0.58
Cmin
Cmax
0.20
0.36
0.48
0.58
C
Since min < 0.762, Cmin Cc
Cmax
Use Cmin = Ch
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cmin (Thin Thout )
(120 15) = (120 40)

= 0.762
Cmax = Cc = 58,381 W/K
UA (1500)(90 ) 135,000
NTU =
=
=
C min
Cmin
Cmin
Fig. 3.17
Tabulation: = 0.762
NTU
Cmin
Cmax
0.25
0.375
0.5
1.9
2.5
3.6
C
C min from min
Cmax
14595
21893
29191
By extrapolation:
x 21893
x 54000
=
29191 21893 38571 54000
x 54000 = 2.11414( x 21893)
x = 32,203 = C min
or
C min
(32203 21893) (0.5 0.375) = 0.552
= 0.375 +
(29191 21893)
C max
Cmin = 0.552(58,381) = 32,226 W/K
24
C min from NTU

71053
54000
38571
Or
NTU = 2.5 +
(32203 21893) (3.6 2.5) = 4.05
29191 21893
135,000
NTU =
Cmin
135,000 135,000
Cmin =
=
= 33,333
NTU
4.05
Then:
Cmin =
1
(32203 + 32226 + 33333) = 32,587 W/K
3
and
Cmin = m& w c pw
32,587 = m& w (4189.4 )
m& w = 7.8 kg/s
3.18
Suppose that the heat exchanger in Example 3.5 had been a two shell-pass, four tube-pass
exchanger with the hot fluid moving in the tubes. (a) What would be the exit temperature
in this case? (b) What would be the area if we wanted the hot fluid to leave at the same
temperature that it does in the example?
Solution:
From Example 3.5
Tcin = 40 C
Cc = 20,000 W/K
Thin = 150 C
C h = 10,000 W/K
A = 30 m2
U = 500 W/m2.K
Answer from Ex. 3.5, Thout = 84.44 C
(a) Fig. 3.17d, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger
Cmin = Ch = 10,000 W/K
Cmax = Cc = 20,000 W/K
UA (500)(30 )
NTU =
=
= 1.5
C min
10,000
C min 10,000
=
= 0.5
C max 20,000
= 0.673
25
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.673)(10,000)(150 40) = 740,300 W
Thout = Thin
Q
740,300
= 150
= 75.97 C
Ch
10,000
(b) Thout = 84.44 C

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cmin (Thin Thout )
Thin Thout
Thin Tcin
150 84.44
= 0.596
150 40
Cmin
= 0.5
Cmax
Fig. 3.17d, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger,
UA
= 1.14
C min
(500)( A) = (1.14)(10,000)
NTU =
A = 22.8 m2.
3.19
Plot the maximum tolerable fouling resistance as a function of Unew for a counterflow
exchanger, with given inlet temperature, if a 30 % reduction in U is the maximum that
can be tolerated.
Solution:
1
1
= Rf +
U old
U new
if U old = (1 0.30)U new = 0.70U new
Then:
1
1
1
=
= Rf +
U old 0.70U new
U new
1
1
1
= Rf
0.70 U new
3
Rf =
7U new
26
3.20
Water at 0.8 kg/s enters the tubes of a two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat exchanger at 17
C and leaves at 37 C. It cools 0.5 kg/s of air entering the shell at 250 C with U = 432
W/m2.K. Determine: (a) the exit air temperature; (b) the area of heat exchanger; and (c)
the exit temperature if, after some time, the tubes become fouled with Rf = 0.0005
m2K/W.
Solution:
m& w = 0.8 kg/s
Tcin = 17 C
Tcout = 37 C
m& a = 0.5 kg/s

Thin = 250 C
U = 432 W/m2.K
c pw at 27 C = 4181 J/kg.K
c pa at 250 C = 1035 J/kg.K
Cc = mwc pw = (0.8)(4181) = 3344.8 W/K
Ch = ma c pa = (0.5)(1035) = 517.5 W/K
(a) Solve for exit air temperature.

Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
(3344.8)(37 17 ) = (517.5)(250 T )
hout
Thout = 120.74 C
(b) Solving for the area of the heat exchanger.

Q = UAF (LMTD )
27
LMTD =
(T
hin
(250 37) (120.74 17) = 151.88 C
T T
250 37
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
120.74 17
in
out
For two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat exchanger, use Fig. 3.14b
Ttout = 37 C
Ttin = 17 C
Tsin = 250 C
Tsout = 120.74 C
P=
Ttout Ttin
Tsin Ttin
Tsin Tsout
37 17
= 0.086
250 17
250 120.74
= 6.463 > 1
Ttout Ttin
37 17
Since R > 1, use reciprocal rule.
P = PR = (0.086)(6.463) = 0.56
R = 1/R = 1/(6.463) = 0.155
Fig. 3.14b, F ~ 1.0
Then,
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin ) = (3344.8)(37 17 ) = 66,896 W
U = 432 W/m2.K
Q = UAF (LMTD )
66,496 = (432)(A)(1.0)(151.88)
A = 1.02 m2.
R=
(c) Exit temperature if Rf = 0.0005 m2K/W

1
1
= Rf +
U
U
1
1
= 0.0005 +
U
432
U = 355.3 W/m2.K
Cmin = Ch = 517.5 W/K
Cmax = Cc = 3344.8 W/K
U A (355.3)(1.02 )
NTU =
=
= 0.7003
C min
517.5
Fig. 3.17b, two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat exchanger.
C min
517.5
=
= 0.155
C max 3344.8
NTU = 0.7003
Then, = 0.47
28

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.47 )(517.5)(250 17 ) = 56,671 W
Q
56,671
= 17 +
= 34 C
Cc
3,344.8
Q
56,671
= Thin
= 250
= 140.5 C
Ch
517.5
Tcout = Tc in +
Thout
3.21
You must cool 78 kg/min of a 60%-by-pass mixture of glycerin in water from 108 C to
50 C using cooling water available at 7 C. Design a one-shell-pass, two-tube-pass heat
exchanger if U = 637 W/m2.K. Explain any design decision you make and report the area,
TH 2Oout , and any other relevant features.
Solution:
m& g = 78 kg/min
Thin = 108 C
Thout = 50 C
Tcin = 7 C
c pg at 79 C of 60 % glycerin in water = 3474 J/kg.K
c pw at 7 C = 4201 J/kg.K
One-shell-pass, two-tube-pass heat exchanger. Fig. 3.17c

Ch = m& g c pg = (78)(3474)/60 = 4516.2 W/K
Q = Ch (Thin Thout ) = (4516.2)(108 50) = 261,940 W
say C min = Ch = 4516.2 W/K

Q = (4516.2)(108 7 ) = 261,940
= 0.5743
assume C min = Cmax
Cmin
= 1.0
C max
then, NTU = 2.32
UA
Cmin
(637 )A
2.32 =
4516.2
A = 16.45 m2.
Check for F-factor, LMTD = 50 C 7 C = 43 C
NTU =
29
Q = UAF (LMTD )
261,940 = (637)(16.45)(F)(43)
F = 0.58, very small
Cmin
= 0.5, = 0.5743
C max
then, NTU = 1.091
Say
UA
Cmin
(637 )A
1.091 =
4516.2
A = 7.735 m2.
Check for F-factor
Cmax = 2C min = 2(4516.2) = 9032.4 W/K
Q
261,940
= 7+
Tcout = Tc in +
= 36 C
Cc
9,032.4
(Th Tcout ) (Thout Tcin ) = (108 36) (50 7) = 56.26 C
LMTD = in
T T
108 36
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
50 7
in
out
Q = UAF (LMTD )
261,940 = (637)(7.735)(F)(56.26)
F = 0.95
From. Fig. 3.14a
Tt Ttin
P = out
Tsin Ttin
NTU =
R=
Tsin Tsout
Ttout Ttin
Ttout = 50 C
Ttin = 108 C
Tsin = 7 C
Tsout = 36 C
50 108
= 0.574
7 108
7 36
R=
= 0.5
50 108
Then F = 0.90 < 0.95
P=
30
Cmin
= 0.25
C max
= 0.5743
then, NTU = 0.9545
Say
UA
Cmin
(637 )A
0.9545 =
4516.2
A = 6.7672
NTU =
Cmax = 4C min = 4(4516.2) = 18,064.8 W/K

Q
261,940
= 7+
= 21.5 C
Cc
18,064.8
(Th Tcout ) (Thout Tcin ) = (108 21.5) (50 7) = 62.24 C
LMTD = in
T T
108 21.5
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
50 7
in
out
Q = UAF (LMTD )
261,940 = (637)(6.7672)(F)(62.24)
F = 0.976
From. Fig. 3.14a
Tt Ttin
P = out
Tsin Ttin
Tcout = Tc in +
R=
Tsin Tsout
Ttout Ttin
Ttout = 50 C
Ttin = 108 C
Tsin = 7 C
Tsout = 21.5 C
50 108
= 0.574
7 108
7 21.5
R=
= 0.25
50 108
Then F = 0.96 < 0.976
P=
By extrapolation:
x 0.95
x 0.90
=
0.976 0.95 0.96 0.90
31
2.3077( x 0.95) = x 0.90

x = 0.99
From Fig. 3.14a, for F = x = 0.99 at P = 0.574
R ~ 0.099
C
But R = min = 0.099
Cmax
C min = 4516.2 W/K
C max = 4516.2 / 0.099 = 45,618 W/K
Q = 261,940 W
C
Fig. 3.17c, = 0.5743, min = 0.099
C max
UA
NTU =
= 0.895
C min
(637 )A
0.895 =
4516.2
A = 6.35 m2.
Check for F.
Q
261,940
Tcout = Tc in +
= 7+
= 12.74 C
Cc
45,618
LMTD = in
T T
108 12.74
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
50 7
in
out
Q = UAF (LMTD )
261,940 = (637)(6.35)(F)(65.70)
F = 0.99 = 0.99 o.k.
Therefore:
A = 6.35 m2.
TH 2Oout = 12.74 C
Cmin
= 0.099
Cmax
= 0.5743
3.22
A mixture of 40%-by-weight glycerin, 60%-water, enters a smooth 0.113 m I.D. tube at

30 C. The tube is kept at 50 C, and m& mixture = 8 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficient inside the
pipe is 1600 W/m2.K. Plot the liquid temperature as a function of position in the pipe.
Solution:
Tcin = 30 C
32

m& g = 8 kg/s
hi = 1600 W/m2.K
Thin = Thout = 50 C
c pg at 30 C, 40%-glycerin = 3480 J/kg.K
Cmin = Cc = m& g c pg = (8)(3480) = 27,840 W/K
Cmax
Cmin
=0
C max
lim = 1 e NTU
C
max
Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = C min (Tcout Tcin )

Tcout = (Thin Tcin ) + Tcin
UA hi A
=
C min C min
A = Dx
where x position in pipe from Tcin .
NTU =
Tcout = (1 e NTU ) (Thin Tcin ) + Tcin
hi A hi (Dx )
=
C min
Cmin
(1600 )( )(0.113)x = 0.0204 x
NTU =
27840
0.0204 x
Tcout = (1 e
)(50 30) + 30
NTU =
Tcout = 50 20e 0.0204 x
Tabulation:
x, m
Tcout = 50 20e 0.0204 x , C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
30.4
30.8
31.2
31.6
31.9
32.3
32.7
33.0
33.4
33
10
20
30
40
50
33.7
36.7
39.2
41.2
42.8
50.0
Plot:
3.23
Explain in physical terms why all effectiveness curves Fig. 3.16 and Fig. 3.17 have the
same slope as NTU 0. Obtain this slope from eqns. (3.20) and (3.21).
Solution:
For parallel flow, Eq. (3.20)
C
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
C
1 + min
Cmax
For counterflow, Eq. (3.21)
C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
Slope for parallel flow:
34
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
Cmin
1+
Cmax
C
Cmin
1 +
exp 1 + min NTU
d
Cmax
Cmax
=
Cmin
dNTU
1+
Cmax
C
d
= exp 1 + min NTU
dNTU
Cmax
if NTU = 0
d
C
= 1 , independent of min , therefore, the same for all.
dNTU
Cmax
Slope for counterflow:

C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
d
dNTU
Cmin
C
C
exp 1 min NTU 1 min
1
C
C
max
max

Cmax
=
exp 1 min
Cmax
NTU 1 exp 1 min

Cmax
Cmin
C
exp 1 min
1
Cmax
Cmax
NTU
C C
C
NTU min 1 min exp 1 min
Cmax Cmax
Cmax
e, NTU = 0.
Cmin C min
C C
1
1
(1 1) min 1 min
C max C max
d
Cmax C max
=
2
dNTU
Cmin
1
Cmax
Cmin C min
C C
1
1
(1 1) min 1 min
C max C max
d
Cmax C max
=
2
dNTU
Cmin
1
Cmax
d
C
= 1 , also independent of min , therefore, the same for all.
dNTU
Cmax
35
NTU
Substitut
3.24
You want to cool air from 150 C to 60 C but you cannot afford a custom-built heat
exchanger. You find a used cross-flow exchanger (both fluids unmixed) in storage. It was
previously used to cool 136 kg/min of NH3 vapor from 200 C to 100 C using 320 kg/min
of water at 7 C; U was previously 480 W/m2. K . How much air can you cool with this
exchanger, using the same water supply, if U is approximately unchanged? (Actually,
you would have to modify U using the methods of Chapters 6 and 7 once you had the
new air flow rate, but that is beyond our present scope.)
Solution:
m& N = 136 kg/min
Thin = 200 C
Thout = 100 C
m& w = 320 kg/min

Tcin = 7 C
U = 480 W/m2.K.
Use c pN at 107 C = 7818 J/kg.K, since values at 127 C and above from table.
c pw at 7 C = 4201 J/kg.K
Cmax = m& wc pw = (320)(4201)/(60) = 22,405 W/K
Cmin = m& N c pN = (136)(7818)/(60) = 17,721 W/K
C min 17,721
=
= 0.79
C max 22,405
Ch = Cmin = 17,721 J/kg.K

Q = (17,721)(200 7 ) = (17,721)(200 100)
= 0.52
From Fig. 3.17a, Cross-flow
C
= 0.52, min = 0.79
C max
then, NTU = 1.05
UA
NTU =
Cmin
(480)A
1.05 =
17,721
A = 38.765 m2.
For the new conditions:
36

c pa at 105 C (average of 150 C and 60 C) = 1012 J/kg.K
Using the same water temperature is used as 7 C

Thin = 150 C
Thout = 60 C
Tcin = 7 C
C min = C h = m& a c pa = 1012m& a W/K
UA (480 )(38.765) 18.3866

=
=
Cmin
1012m& a
m& a
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = C min (Thin Thout ) = Ch (Thin Thout )
NTU =
(Thin Tcin ) = (Thin Thout )

(150 7 ) = (150 60)
= 0.63
Cmax = m& wc pw = 22,405 W/K
C min = 1012m& a
C min 1012m& a
=
= 0.04517 m& a
C max 22,405
Fig. 3.17a, cross-flow
C min
= 0.04517 m& a
C max
18.3866
NTU =
m& a
= 0.63
Tabulation of trial and error method:

C min
m& a
C max
20
0.9034
15
0.67755
16
0.72272
By interpolation:
x 1.22577
x 1.143
=
1.1492 1.2257 1.2 1.143
1.342( x 1.22577 ) = x 1.143
x = 1.19
Then:
37
NTU
NTU (graph)
0.91933
1.22577
1.1492
1.4
1.143
1.2
1.19 1.143
m& a =
(16 15) + 15 = 15.8 kg/s 950 kg/min
1.2 1.143
3.25
A one tube-pass, one shell-pass, parallel-flow, process heat exchanger cools 5 kg/s of
gaseous ammonia entering the shell side at 250 C and boils 4.8 kg/s of water in the tubes.
The water enters subcooled at 27 C and boils when it reaches 100 C. U = 480 W/m2.K
before boiling begins and 964 W/m2.K there-after. The area of the exchanger is 45 m2,
and hfg for water is 2.257 x 106 J/kg. Determine the quality of the water at the exit.
Solution:
m& a = 5 kg/s
Thin = 250 C
Parallel Flow:
m& w = 4.8 kg/s

Tcin = 27 C
From Appendix A, extrapolated.
Specific heat of gaseous ammonia at 250 C, c pa = 2524 J/kg.K
Specific heat of water at 63.5 C, c pw = 4188 J/kg.K
Boiling water at 100 C, U1 = 480 W/m2.K
Tcout = 100 C
Q1 = m& wc pw (Tcout Tcin )
Q1 = (4.8)(4188)(100 27)
Q1 = 1,467,475 W
Q1 = U 1 A 1( LMTD1 )
(Th Tcin ) (Thout Tcout )
LMTD1 = in
T T
ln hin cin
Th Tc
out
out
Q1 = m& a c pa (Thin hhout )
1, 467,475 = (5)(2524 )(250 Thout )

Thout = 133.72 C
LMTD1 =
(250 27 ) (133.72 100) = 100.2 C
250 27
ln
133.72 100
Q1 = U 1 A 1( LMTD1 )
1,467,475 = (480 ) A 1(100.2 )
38
A 1 = 30.5 m2.
Total Area, A = 45 m2.
Remaining area for evaporation at 100 C.
A 2 = A A1
A 2 = 45 30.5 = 14.5 m2.
At evaporation, U2 = 964 W/m2.K.
Thin =133.72 C
Specific heat of gaseous ammonia at 133.72 C

c pa = 2297 J/kg.K, from Appendix A
Q2 = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = m& w h fg ( x )
C min = m& a c pa =(5)(2297) = 11,485 W/K
Tcin = 100 C
hfg = 2.257 x 106 J/kg
= lim = 1 e NTU
C max
U 2 A2 (964)(14.5)
=
= 1.2171
C min
11485
= 1 e 1.2171 = 0.704
Q2 = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = m& w h fg ( x )
NTU =
Q2 = (0.704 )(11485)(133.72 100 ) = (4.8)(2.257 106 )( x )

x = 0.025 or 2.5 % vapor
3.26
0.72 kg/s of superheated steam enters a cross-flow heat exchanger at 240 C and leaves at
120 C. It heats 0.6 kg/s of water entering at 17 C. U = 612 W/m2.K. By what percentage
will the area differ if a both-fluids-unmixed exchanger is used instead of a one-fluidunmixed exchanger?
Solution:
m& s = 0.72 kg/s
Thin = 240 C
Thout = 120 C
m& w = 0.60 kg/s

Tcin = 17 C
Specific heat of superheated steam at 180 C, c ps = 1976 J/kg.K, Table A.6
39
Specific heat of water at 17 C, c pw = 4187 J/kg.K.

Solving for Tcout .
Q = m& s c ps (Thin Thout ) = m& wc pw (Tcout Tcin )
(0.72 )(1976 )(240 120 ) = (0.60 )(4187 )(T
c out
Tcout = 85 C
LMTD =
(T
hin
P=
T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
Ttout Ttin
R=
Tsin Tsout
17 )
(240 85) (120 17) = 127.23 C

240 85
ln
120 17
Tsin Ttin
Ttout Ttin
Ttout = 120 C
Ttin = 250 C
Tsin = 17 C
Tsout = 85 C
120 85
= 0.54
120 240
17 85
R=
= 0.57
120 240
Q = m& s c ps (Thin Thout ) = (0.72 )(1976 )(240 120 ) = 170,727 W
P=
For cross-flow, both fluid unmixed, Fig. 3.14c.

F1 = 0.95
Q = UA 1 F1 ( LMTD )
170,727 = (612 ) A 1(0.95)(127.23)
A 1 = 2.308 m2.
For cross-flow, one fluid unmixed, Fig. 3.14d
F2 = 0.933
Q = UA 2 F2 (LMTD )
170,727 = (612 ) A 2 (0.933)(127.23)
A 2 = 2.350 m2.
A A1
% area = 2
(100%) = 2.308 2.350 (100%) = - 1.8 %
A2
2.350
3.27
Compare values of F from Fig. 3.14c and Fig. 3.14d for the same conditions of inlet and
outlet temperatures. Is the one with higher F automatically the more desirable exchanger?
Discuss.
40
Discussion:
At given the same conditions of inlet and outlet temperatures, value of F from Fig. 3.14c is
higher than values from Fig. 3.14d. Higher values of F automatically will be the more desirable
heat exchanger because it will give lesser heat transfer area, A.
3.28
C min
in parallel and counterflow heat
C max
exchangers. Is the one with higher automatically the more desirable exchanger?
Discuss.
Compare values of for the same NTU and
Discussion:
Reference to Fig. 3.16, -value for counterflow gives higher values than parallel-flow for the
C
same NTU and min . Higher values of will automatically be the more desirable heat
C max
exchanger because it will give higher heating capacity, Q = C min (Thin Tcin ) .
3.29
The irreversibility rate of a process is equal to the rate of entropy production times the
lowest absolute sink temperature accessible to the process. Calculate the irreversibility
(or lost work) for the heat exchanger in Example 3.4. What kind of configuration would
reduce the irreversibility given the same end temperatures?
Solution:
From Ex. 3.4, two-shell pass, four-tube passes oil cooler.
Oil: m& o = 5.795 kg/s
Thin = 181 C
Th out = 38 C
Water:
Tcin = 32 C
Tc out = 49 C
c poil = 2282 J/kg.K
U = 416 W/m2.K
Using P = 0.959, R = 0.119, F = 0.92
A = 121.2 m2.
Solving for irreversibility:

T
T
S&un = m& o c po ln hout + m& wc pw ln cout
Th
Tc
in
in
Specific heat of water at 40 C, c pw = 4180 J/kg.K
Q = m& o c po (Thin Thout ) = m& wc pw (Tcout Tcin )
41
(5.795)(2282)(181 38) = m& (4180)(49 32)

w
m& w = 26.612 kg/s

38 + 273
49 + 273
S&un = (5.795)(2282 ) ln
+ (26.612 )(4180 ) ln
= 1031 W/K
181 + 273
32 + 273
Irreversibility = Tsink S&un = (32 + 273)(1031) = 314,455 W
Any configuration will give the same irreversibility for the given the same end temperatures.
3.30
Plot Toil and TH 2 O as a function of position in a very long counterflow heat exchanger
where water enters at 0 C, with C H 2O = 460 W/K, and oil enters at 90 C, with Coil = 920
W/K, U = 742 W/m2.K, and A = 10 m2. Criticize the design.
Solution:
For counterflow case:
C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
C max
C max
UA
Cmin
C min = C H 2O = 460 W/K
NTU =
C max = Coil = 920 W/K

Thin = 90 C
Tcin = 0 C
UA (742)(10 )
=
= 16.13
C min
460
C min 460
=
= 0.5
C max 920
1 exp[ (1 0.5)(16.13)]
=
= 0.9997
1 (0.5) exp[ (1 0.5)(16.13)]
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.9997 )(460 )(90 0) = 41,287.6 W
NTU =
Q =C H 2 O (Tcout Tcin )
41,387.6 = (460 )(TH 2O 0)
TH 2 O = 89.973 C
Q =Coil (Thin Thout )
42
41,387.6 =(920 )(90 Toil )

Toil = 45.014 C 45 C
Plot:
3.31
Since NTU =
UA
> 5 , the area of 10 m2 is very large.
Cmin
Liquid ammonia at 2 kg/s is cooled from 100 C to 30 C in the shell side of a two shellpass, four tube-pass heat exchanger by 3 kg/s of water at 10 C. When the exchanger is
new, U = 750 W/m2.K. Plot the exit ammonia temperature as a function of the increasing
tube fouling factor.
Solution:
U new = 750 W/m2.K
m& a = 2 kg/s
Thin = 100 C
Thout = 30 C
m& w = 3 kg/s
Tcin = 10 C
Specific heat of liquid ammonia at 65 C, c pa = 5348 J/kg.K
Cmin = Ch = m& a c pa = (2)(5348) = 10,696 W/K
Cmax = Cc = m& wc pw = (3)(4196) = 12,588 W/K
1
1
U old U new
For new unit: two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass
Q = Ch (Thin Thout ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin )
Rf =
43
(10,696)(100 30 ) = (12,588)(T
cout
10 )
Tcout = 69.48 C
LMTD =
(T
hin

T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
(100 69.48) (30 10) = 24.89 C

100 69.48
ln
30 10
Tsin = 100 C
Tsout = 30 C
Ttin = 10 C
Ttout = 69.48 C
P=
Ttout Ttin
R=
Tsin Tsout
Tsin Ttin
Ttout Ttin
69.48 10
= 0.66
100 10
100 30
R=
= 1.18 > 1
69.48 10
P=
Use Reciprocal Rule:

P = PR = (0.66)(1.18) = 0.78
R = 1/R = 1/1.18 = 0.85
From Fig. 3.14b, F = 0.60
Q = Ch (Thin Thout ) = UAF (LMTD )
(10,696)(100 30) = (750)A(0.60)(24.89)

A = 66.85 m2.
For old unit:
1
1
Rf =
U old U new
U new = 750 W/m2.K
1
1
1
= Rf +
= Rf +
U old
U new
750
750
U old =
750 R f + 1
44
750
(66.85)
U old A 750 R f + 1
NTU =
=
C min
10,696
4.6875
NTU =
750 R f + 1
Cmin 10,696
=
= 0.85
C max 12,588
Fig. 3,17d, Tabulation for
C min
= 0.85
C max
NTU
5
4
3
2
0.778
0.760
0.720
0.66
By curve fitting:
2
= 0.4761 + 0.1129(NTU ) 0.0105(NTU )
Then,
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) =C h (Thin Thout )
, for 5 > NTU > 2
C min = Ch
Thout = Thin (Thin Tcin )
Thout = 100 (100 10) = 100 90
Thout = 100 90 0.4761 + 0.1129( NTU ) 0.0105( NTU )
Thout = 57.151 10.161( NTU ) + 0.945( NTU )
Thout
Thout
4.6875
+ 0.945 4.6875
= 57.151 10.161
750 R + 1
f
750 R f + 1
47.63
20.764
= 57.151
+
2
750 R f + 1 (750 R f + 1)
Tabulation of Values:
R f , m2.K/W
Thout , C
0
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
30
33.5
36.7
39.3
Plot:
45
3.32
A one shell-pass, two tube-pass heat exchanger cools 0.403 kg/s of methanol from 47 C
to 7 C on the shell side. The coolant is 2.2 kg/s of Freon 12, entering the tubes at 33 C
with U = 538 W/m2.K. A colleague suggests that this arrangement wastes Freon. She
thinks you could do almost as well if you cut the Freon flow rate all the way down to 0.8
kg/s. Calculate the new methanol outlet temperature that would result from this flow rate,
and evaluate her suggestion.
Solution:
First condition,
m& m = 0.403 kg/s
Thin = 47 C = Tsin
Thout = 7 C = Tsout
46

m& f = 2.2 kg/s
Tcin = -33 C = Ttin
U = 538 W/m2.K
Specific heat of Methanol at 27 C, c pm = 2534 J/kg.K

Specific heat of Freon at 33 C, c pf = 1100 J/kg.K
Q = mm c pm (Thin Thout ) = m f c pf (Tcout Tcin )
(0.403)(2534)(47 7 ) = (2.2)(1100 )[T
cout
( 33)
Tcout = -16.12 C = Ttout
Q = (0.403)(2534)(47 7 ) = 40,848 W
Q = UAF (LMTD )
(Th Tcout ) (Thout Tcin ) = [47 ( 16.12)] [7 ( 33)] = 50.684 C
LMTD = in
T T
47 ( 16.12 )
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
7 ( 33)
in
out
Tt Ttin 16.12 ( 33)
P = out
=
= 0.211
Tsin Ttin
47 ( 33)
Tsin Tsout
47 7
= 2.37 > 1
Ttout Ttin 16.12 ( 33)
P = PR = (0.211)(2.37) = 0.50
R = 1/R = 1/(2.37) = 0.42
From Fig. 3.14b, F = 0.95
Q = UAF (LMTD )
40,848 = (538) A(0.95)(50.684 )
A = 1.577 m2.
R=
Second Condition: U = 538 W/m2.K, A = 1.577 m2.

m& m = 0.403 kg/s
c pm = 2534 J/kg.K
m& f = 0.8 kg/s
c pf = 1100 J/kg.K
Thin = 47 C
Tcin = -33 C
Ch = m& m c pm = (0.403)(2534) = 1021.2 W/K
Cc = m& f c pf = (0.80)(1100) = 880 W/K
47
C min = Cc
Cmax = Ch
C min
880
=
= 0.86
C max 1021.2
UA (538)(1.577 )
NTU =
=
= 0.964
Cmin
880
Fig. 3.17c, one shell-pass, two-tube pass heat exchanger,
= 0.48
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.48)(880 )[47 ( 33)] = 33,792 W
Thout = Thin
Q
33,792
= 47
= 13.9 C
Ch
1021.2
Check for Tcout :

Tcout = Tcin +
Q
33,792
= 33 +
= 5.4 C
Cc
880
New Methanol outlet temperature, Thout = 13.9 C > 7 C. Therefore her suggestion will not attain 7
C methanol temperature.
3.33
The factors dictating the heat transfer coefficients in a certain two shell-pass, four tube0.6
pass heat exchanger are such that U increase as (m& shell ) . The exchanger cools 2 kg/s of
air from 200 C to 40 C using 4.4 kg/s of water at 7 C, and U = 312 W/m2.K under these
circumstances. If we double the airflow, what will its temperature be leaving the
exchanger?
Solution:
m& a = m& shell = 2 kg/s
Thin = 200 C = Tsin
Thout = 40 C = Tsout
m& w = 4.4 kg/s

Tcin = 7 C = Ttin
U = 312 W/m2.K
0. 6
U (m& shell )
U = k (m& shell )
0.6
312 = k (2.0)
k = 205.84
0.6
0. 6
U = 205.84(m& shell ) = 205.84(m& a )
0.6
48
Specific heat of air at 120 C, c pa = 1013 J/kg.K

First condition:
Q = m& a c pa (Thin Thout ) = m& w c pw (Tcout Tcin )
(2 )(1013)(200 40 ) = (4.4)(4201)(T
c out
7)
Tcout = 24.55 C = Ttout
Q = (2 )(1013)(200 40 ) = 324,160 W
Q = UAF (LMTD )
LMTD = in
T T
200 24.55
ln
ln hin cout
Th Tc
40 7
in
out
Tt Ttin 24.55 7
P = out
=
= 0.090933
Tsin Ttin
200 7
Tsin Tsout
200 40
=9.11681 > 1
Ttout Ttin 24.55 7
P = PR = (0.090933)(9.11681) = 0.83
R = 1/R = 1/(9.11681) = 0.11
From Fig. 3.14, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger
F = 0.975
Q = UAF (LMTD )
324,160 = (312)(A)(0.975)(85.256)
A = 12.5 m2.
R=
Second Condition:
m& a = m& shell = 2(2 kg/s) = 4 kg/s
Thin = 200 C
m& w = 4.4 kg/s

Tcin = 7 C
U = 205.84(m& shell ) = 205.84(m& a )
0.6
0. 6
U = 205.84(4.0) = 472.9 W/m2.K

A = 12.5 m2.
Ch = m& a c pa = (4)(1013) = 4052 W/K
0. 6
Cc = m& wc pw = (4.4)(4201) = 18,485 W/K
Cmin = Ch = 4052 W/K

Cmax = Cc = 18,485 W/K
49
Cmin
4052
=
= 0.22
C max 18485
UA (472.9 )(12.5)
NTU =
=
= 1.46
C min
4052
Fig. 3.17d, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger
= 0.72
Q = (0.72 )(4052 )(200 7 ) = 563,066 W

Thout = Thin
3.34
Q
563,066
= 200
= 61.0 C
Ch
4052
A flow rate of 1.4 kg/s of water enters the tubes of a two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat
exchanger at 7 C. A flow rate of 0.6 kg/s of liquid ammonia at 100 C is to be cooled to 30
C on the shell side; U = 573 W/m2.K. (a) How large must the heat exchanger be? (b) How
large must it be if, after some months a fouling factor of 0.0015 will build up in the tubes,
and we still want to deliver ammonia at 30 C? (c) If we make it large enough to
accommodate fouling, to what temperature will it cool the ammonia when it is new? (d)
At what temperature does water leave the new, enlarged exchanger?
Solution:
(a) Two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass
m& w = 1.4 kg/s
Tcin = Ttin = 7 C
m& a = 0.6 kg/s
Thin = Tsin = 100 C
Thout = Tsout = 30 C
U = 573 W/m2.K
Specific heat of liquid ammonia at 65 C, c pa = 5348 J/kg.K
Ch = Cmin = m& a c pa = (0.6)(5348) = 3208.8 W/K
Cc = Cmax = m& wc pw = (1.4)(4201) = 5881.4 W/K
Q = C h (Thin Thout ) = (3208.8)(100 30) = 224,616 W
Q = UAF (LMTD )
50
LMTD =
(T
hin

T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
Q = Cc (Tcout Tcin )
224.616 = (5881.4 )(Tcout 7 )
Tcout = 45.2 C = Ttout

LMTD =
(100 45.2) (30 7 ) = 36.63 C
100 45.2
ln
30 7
Tt Ttin 45.2 7
= 0.4108
P = out
=
Tsin Ttin
100 7
Tsin Tsout
100 30
= 1.8325 > 1
Ttout Ttin 45.2 7
P = PR = (0.4108)(1.8325) = 0.75
R = 1/R = 1/(1.8325) = 0.55
From Fig. 3.14, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger
F = 0.915
Q = UAF (LMTD )
224,616 = (573)(A)(0.915)(36.63)
A = 11.7 m2.
R=
(b) if R f = 0.0015
1
1
= Rf +
U old
U new
1
1
= 0.0015 +
U
573
U = 308.15 W/m2.K
Q = UAF (LMTD )
224,616 = (308.15)(A)(0.915)(36.63)
A = 21.75 m2.
(c) if A = 21.75 m2, U = 573 w/m2.K
C min = 3208.8 W/K
C max = 5881.4 W/K
Thin = 100 C
51

Tcin = 7 C
C min 3208.8
=
= 0.55
C max 5881.4
UA (573)(21.75)
NTU =
=
= 3.9
C min
3208.8
Fig. 3.17d, two shell-pass, four tube-pass heat exchanger
= 0.85
Q = (0.85)(3208.8)(100 7 ) = 253,656 W
Thout = Thin
Q
253,656
= 100
= 21 C
Ch
3208.8
(d) Tcout = Tcin +

3.35
Q
253,656
=7
= 50 C
Cc
5881.4
Both Cs in a parallel-flow heat exchanger are equal to 156 W/K, U = 327 W/m2.K and A
= 2 m2. The hot fluid enters at 140 C and leaves at 90 C. The cold fluid enters at 40 C. If
both Cs are halved, what will be the exit temperature of the hot fluid?
Solution: Cmin = Cmax

For parallel flow, Eq. 3.20
C
1 exp 1 + min NTU

Cmax
=
C
1 + min
Cmax
Cmin
=1
Cmax
if Cmin = Cmax = (1/2)(156 W/K) = 78 W/K
UA (327 )(2)
NTU =
=
= 8.385
C min
78
1 exp[ (1 + 1)(8.385)]
=
= 0.5
1+1
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.5)(78)(140 40) = 3900 W
Q
3900
= 140
= 90 C
C
78
This is still the same since NTU >5, remain the same.
Thout =T hin
52
3.36
A 1.68 ft2 cross-flow heat exchanger with one fluid mixed condenses steam at
atmospheric pressure ( h = 2000 Btu/h.ft2.F) and boils methanol ( Tsat = 170 F and h =
1500 Btu/h.ft2.F) on the other side. Evaluate U (neglecting resistance of the metal),
LMTD, F, NTU, , and Q.
Solution:
Steam at atmosphere, Th = 212 F
Methanol, Tc = 170 F
Solving for U,
1
1
1
=
+
U 2000 1500
U = 857 Btu/h.ft2.F
Solving for LMTD.
F = 1.0 for isothermal fluid.
Solving for NTU,
UA
NTU =
Cmin
but Cmin
NTU = 0
Solving for
= C max
lim = 1 e NTU
but NTU = 0
= 1.0
3.37
Eqn. (3.21) is troublesome when
C min
= 1.0 . Develop a working equation for in this
C max
case. Compare it with Fig. 3.16.

Solution:
Eq. (3.21)
C
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
=
C
C
1 min exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
C max
C min
= 1.0
C max
0
=
0
LHospital rule.
if
53
1 exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
Lim = CLim
C min
min 0
0
C
C
C max
C max
1 min exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
Cmax
Cmin

NTU
1 exp 1
C
Cmax
Cmin =1
min
C max
C max
Cmin
C

exp 1 min NTU

1
C
C
Cmax
Cmin =1
min max
C max
C max
C

( NTU )( 1) exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
Cmin =1
C max
C

C
C
( NTU ) min ( 1) exp 1 min NTU exp 1 min NTU
Cmax
Cmax

Cmax
Cmin =1
Cmax
NTU exp 1 min NTU

Cmax
Cmin =1
C max
Cmin
1 exp 1 min NTU
NTU
Cmax
Cmax
Cmin =1
C max
NTU
Cmin
+ 1
NTU
C
max
Cmin =1
C max
NTU
NTU + 1
Comparison Table:
NTU
5
4
3
2
NTU
NTU + 1
0.83
0.8
0.75
0.67
54
Fig. 3.16,
0.83
0.8
0.75
0.67
3.38
The effectiveness of a cross-flow exchanger with neither fluid mixed can be calculated
NTU 0.22
from the following approximate formula: = 1 exp [exp ( NTU 0.78 r ) 1]
C
where r min . How does this compare with correct values?
Cmax
Solution:
Fig. 3.17a
Comparison
C
r min = 1.0
Cmax
NTU
5
4
3
2
1
r
Cmin
= 0.75
Cmax
NTU
5
4
3
2
1
(approximate)
(Fig. 3.17a)
0.749
0.723
0.684
0.615
0.469
0.75
0.72
0.68
0.62
0.47
(approximate)
(Fig. 3.17a)
0.828
0.800
0.755
0.675
0.505
0.83
0.800
0.75
0.67
0.51
Therefore it gives very near values to two digits.

Cmin
=0
Cmax
The term
If r
[exp( NTU
0. 78
r ) 1]
NTU 0.22 0
=
r
0
Use LHospital rule:

Lim
r 0
[exp( NTU
0. 78
r ) 1]NTU
0.22
{[exp( NTU 0.78 r ) 1]NTU 0.22 }r =0
r
=
(r )
r r =0
55
NTU 0.78 exp ( NTU 0.78 r )r =0

= NTU 0.78
(1) r =0
Then
= 1 exp( NTU 0.78 )
=
Comparison r
Cmin
=0, = 1 exp( NTU 0.78 )
Cmax
NTU
5
4
3
2
1
At lower values of r
3.39
(approximate)
(Fig. 3.17a)
0.970
0.948
0.905
0.820
0.632
0.99
0.98
0.95
0.87
0.64
Cmin
C
or r min 0 , this will not give correct values accurately.
Cmax
Cmax
Calculate the area required in a two-tube pass, one-shell pass condenser that is to
condense 106 kg/h of steam at 40 C using water at 17 C. Assume that U = 4700 W/m2.K,
the maximum allowable temperature rise of the water is 10 C and hfg = 2406 kJ/kg.
Solution:
= 1 e NTU
UA
NTU =
Cmin
Th = 40 C
Tcin = 17 C
Tcout = 27 C
m& s = 106 kg/h

U = 4700 W/m2.K
hfg = 2406 kJ/kg
Q = Cmin (Tcout Tcin ) = m& s h fg
1
Cmin (27 17 ) = (10 6 )
(2406)
3600
C min = 66,833 W/K
Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = m& s h fg
56
1
(2406)
3600
(66,833)(40 17 ) = (106 )
= 0.4348
= 1 e NTU
0.4348 = 1 e NTU
NTU = 0.5706
UA
NTU =
Cmin
(4700)A
0.5706 =
66,833
A = 8.114 m2.
3.40
An engineer wants to divert 1 gal/min of water at 180 F from his car radiator through a
small cross-flow heat exchanger with neither flow mixed, to heat 40 F water to 140 F for
shaving when he goes camping. If he produces a pint per minute of hot water, what will
be the area of the exchanger and the temperature of the returning radiator coolant if U =
720 W/m2.K?
Solution:
Thin = 180 F
Tcin = 40 F
Tcout = 140 F
Specific heat of water at 180 F, c ph = 1.003 Btu/lb-F

Specific heat of water at 90 F, c pc = 0.998 Btu/lb-F
Density of water at 180 F, h = 60.56 lb/ft3.
Density of water at 140 F, c = 61.37 lb/ft3.
720
Btu/hr-ft2-F
5.6786
U = 126.8 Btu/hr-ft2-F
U = 720 W/m2.K =
Solving for m& h

m& h = hVh
Vh = (1 gal/min)(231 in3/gal)(1 ft3 / 1728 in3)( 60 min/hr)
Vh = 8.0208 ft3/hr
m& h = (60.56)(8.0208) lb/sec = 485.74 lb/sec
57
Solving for m& c

m& c = cVc
Vc = (1 pint/min)(0.125 gal/min)(231 in3/gal)(1 ft3 / 1728 in3)( 60 min/hr)
Vc = 1.0026 ft3/hr
m& c = (61.37)(1.0026) lb/sec = 61.53 lb/sec
Q = m& c c pc (Tcout Tcin )
Q = (61.53)(0.998)(140 40) = 6141 Btu/hr

Q = m& h c ph (Thin Thout )
6141 = (485.74)(1.003)(180 - Thout )

Thout = 167.4 F
LMTD =
(T
hin
T T
ln hin cout
Th Tc
in
out
(180 140 ) (167.4 40 ) = 75.45 F
LMTD =
180 140
ln
167.4 40
Tt Ttin 140 40
P = out
=
= 0.71
Tsin Ttin 180 40
R=
Tsin Tsout
Ttout Ttin
180 167.4
= 0.126
140 40
Fig. 3.14c, Cross-flow exchanger, neither mixed, F = 0.965.

Q = UAF (LMTD )
6141 = (126.8)(A)(0.965)(75.45)
A = 0.665 ft2
And Thout = 167.4 F
3.41
In a process for forming lead shot, molten droplets of lead are showered into the top of a
tall tower. The droplets fall through air and solidify before they reach the bottom of the
tower. The solid shot is collected at the bottom. To maintain a steady state, cool air is
introduced at the bottom of the tower and warm air is withdrawn at the top. For a
particular tower, the droplets are 1 mm in diameter and at their melting temperature of
600 K when they are released. The latent heat of solidification is 850 kJ/kg. They fall
with a mass flow rate of 200 kg/hr. There are 2430 droplets per cubic meter of air inside
58
the tower. Air enters the bottom at 20 C with a mass flow rate of 1100 kg/hr. The tower
has an internal diameter of 1m with adiabatic walls.
a. Sketch, qualitatively, the temperature distribution of the shot and the air along the
height of the tower.
b. If it is desired to remove the shot at a temperature of 60 C, what will be the
temperature of the air leaving the top of the tower?
c. Determine the air temperature at the point where the lead had just finishing
solidifying.
d. Determine the height that the tower must have in order to function as desired. The
heat transfer coefficient between the air and the droplets is h = 318 W/m2.K
Solution:
(a)
(b)
Specific heat of lead shot = c pl = 130 J/kg.K
Specific heat of air = c pa = 1008 J/kg.K
m& l = 200 kg/hr
h = 850 kJ/kg = 850,000 J/kg
Q = m& l h + c pl (Thin Thout )
Thin = 600 K = 327 C

Thout = 60 C
1
Q = (200 )
[850,000 + 130(327 60)] = 49,151 W
3600
m& a = 1100 kg/hr
Tcin = 20 C
Q = m& a c pa (Tcout Tcin )
59
1
49,151 = (1100 )
(1008)(Tcout 20)
3600
Tcout = 179.6 C
(c) Cooling required after solidification
Q2 = m& l c pl (Thin Thout )
1
Q2 = (200 )
(130 )(327 60) = 1928.33 W
3600
Q2 = m& a c pa (Tcout 2 Tcin )
1
1928.33 = (1100 )
(1008)(Tcout 2 20 )
3600
Tcout 2 = 26.3 C
(d) h = 318 W/m2.K

Q = UA(LMTD )
U = h = 318 W/m2.K
Solidification: Q1 = 49,151 1928.33 = 47,233 W
LMTD1 =
(T
hin
Tcout 2 ) (Thin Tcout1 )
T T
ln hin cout 2
Th Tc
out1
in
(327 26.3) (327 179.6 ) = 215 C
LMTD1 =
327 26.3
ln
327 179.6
Q1 = UA 1(LMTD1 )
47,223 = (318)( A 1 )(215)
A 1 = 0.691 m2.
Cooling, Q2 = 1928.33 W
(Th Tcout 2 ) (Thout Tcin )
LMTD2 = in
T T
ln hin cout 2
Th Tc
in
out
(327 26.3) (60 20 ) = 129.24 C
LMTD2 =
327 26.3
ln
60 20
60
Q2 = UA 2 (LMTD2 )
1928.33 = (318) A 2(129.24)
A 2 = 0.047 m2.
A T = A 1+ A2 = 0.691 m2 + 0.047 m2 = 0.738 m2.
AT
0.738
=
= 234,913
2
2
d
(0.001)
234,913 droplets
VT = Volume of Tower =
= 96.67 m3.
3
2430 droplets / m
4VT
4(96.67 )
H = Height of Tower =
=
= 123 meters
2
2
D
(1)
No. of droplets =
-000-
61

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3.

HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Rework Problem 2.14, using the methods of Chapter 3.

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin )

(a) q = U (Thin Tcin ) = (300 W/m2.K)(120 C 20 C) = 30,000 W/m2

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin )

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Cc = (2.4 kg/s)(0.81 kJ/kg.K) = 1.944 kW/K

Ta = Thin Tcout = 700 C 400 C = 300 C

Tb = Thout Tcin = 193.75 C 0 C = 193.75 C

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Hot Engine Oil: Ch = m& o co = (2.6 kg/s)(1.9 kJ/kg.K) = 4.94 kW/K

(4.18)(80 40) = (4.94)(100 T )

Use Effectiveness Method:

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

(4.18 )(80 40 ) = U (20 )(0.81)(22.94 )

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Based on outside area:

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = (0.838)(67,360)(212 60) = 8,580,047 Btu/h

Exit Temperature of Water

Mass flow rate of Condensate:

m& m = 3000 kg/h = 0.833333 kg/s

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

For counterflow heat exchanger:

1 exp 1 min NTU

C min = 115.2 W/K

Cmin (Thin Tcin )

(115.2)(65.56 53.33) = 0.275

An automobile air-conditioner gives up 18 kW at 65 km/h if the outside temperature is 35

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

V = air velocity, km/h.

Solving for m& a

Q = m& a (1007 )(6 )

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

(10.76442V )(3.347 ) = 0.7807

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin )

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Derive eqn. (3.21).

1 exp 1 min NTU

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

1 exp 1 min NTU

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

1 exp 1 + min NTU

1 exp 1 min NTU

By energy balance, First Law of Thermodynamics.

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Check with Eq. (3.20) with 1 exp 1 + min NTU = 0

1 exp 1 + min NTU

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = Cc (Tcout Tcin )

Q = Cmin (Thin Tcin ) = C min (Thin Tcin )

Check with Eq. (3.21) with 1 exp 1 + min NTU = 0

1 exp 1 min NTU

1 exp 1 + min NTU

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

Derivation for Counterflow

1 exp 1 min NTU

3. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

(c) Q = UA( LMTD ) = m& H 2O c p (Tcout Tcin )

(2500)( )(0.05) (2)(79.58) = m& (4187)(30 10)

m& H 2O = 0.7464 kg/s