Athenian tragedy, a civil war divided two brothers, one died defending Thebes, and the other, Polyneices, died attacking it.
401 - 500 5th
1101
John Locke political theory was
used to justify resistance to Charles II over the right of succession to the English throne and the Whig Revolution of 1688-89 by which James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary under terms which weakened the power of the crown and strengthened the power of the Parliament.
The following century saw
a shift from a natural law concept that was revelation-centered to a concept related to mans reason and what was discoverable by it, under the influence of Aristotles writings which were
12 th
1200
1201
1300 13 th
Lockes modern natural law and rights theory
was influential to those who framed and ratified the United States constitution and served as its theoretical foundation is undeniable. In September 1787, In a letter in which George Washington formally submitted the Constitution to Congress, he spoke of the difficulties of drafting the document in words borrowed from the standard eighteenthcentury natural rights analysis: Individuals entering into society, must give up a
1601
1700 17 th
The 1780s and early 1790s, American natural law scholars
occasionally specified which rights were natural and which were not. On the Lockean assumption that the state of nature was a condition in which all humans were equally free from subjugation to one another and had no common superior, Locke explained In the medieval times, By the thirteenth American scholars tended to agree that natural liberty was the his political shortly after 1139, Gratian century, natural law freedom of individuals in the state of nature. theory in his published the Decretum, a was understood as the Lockes natural law and rights theory was restated by the major collection and reconciliation law of right reason, eighteenth-century political thinker and activist, Thomas Paine. work, Second of the canon laws in force, coinciding with the Citing the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Treatise of In 1942, The British leader Citizens, Paine identified these rights as the right to liberty, which distinguished between biblical law but not Government, ori Winston Churchill and the property, security and resistance of oppression. All other civil divine or natural law and ginally published 16, 1966, the United Nations American leader Franklin On December and political rights - such as to limits on government, to human law. in 1690, where Roosevelt stated in the freedom the to choose a government, to freedom of speech, and to adopted International heGeneral adopted the In 1948, the United NationsAssembly Organization fair published taxation - were derived from those fundamental natural preface of their Atlantic Covenant on Economic, Social and modern view its Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as Cultural rights. In the 1940s, thethat concept of Charter complete that human Rights (ICESCR) andHis the International a systematic attempt to secure universal recognition phrase rights of man was used in the 1789 French victory their natural rights orover rights of enemies beings enjoyed Onand March 23, 1976, These by of a whole gamut of human rights. The Declaration Declaration of the Rights of Man of Citizens, proclaimed Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is essential to decent life, natural rights in man regained force and affirmed the importance of civil and political rights the French Constituent Assembly in August 1789.into Thereafter, treaties entered force liberty, independence and the(ICCPR) state ofand the Optional Protocol to the influence because of the the phrase rights of man gradually replaced natural rights such as the rights to life, liberty, property; equality and are binding as
religious freedom, and to
growing preserve awareness of the human wide scale violation of such in their rights and justice, rights perpetrated bywell the as in 1901 own land as
Civil and Political Rights providing for the
before the law; privacy; a fair trial; freedom of speech international law upon mechanismof ofreligion, checking and assembly, of movement, ofstate compliance to MOLATO, CHRISTOPHER governments subscribing to the international rightsth instruments participation in government directlyhuman or indirectly; the JOSELLE 20 them. C.